Human Speech Organs

Nhóm 2
1. Human speech organs

In the spaces provided, fill in the names of the human speech organs numbered in
the diagram.
1. upper lip 6. uvula 11. tongue blade
2. upper teeth 7. epiglottis 12. tongue body
3. back part of tooth ridge 8. lower lip 13. tongue root
4. hard palate 9. lower teeth 14. back
5. velum 10. tongue tip
2. Description of consonants
Give the IPA symbol corresponding to the consonants underlined in the following
words and provide the appropriate description for them. The first two have been
done for you.
IPA Voiced or Place of Manner of
symbol voiceless articulation articulation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Peter /p/ voiceless bilabial stop
oven /n/ voiced alveolar nasal

singing / N/ voiced velar nasal
this /D/ voiced dental fricative
chew /Í/ voiceless palate alveolar affricate
hall /l/ voiced alveolar lateral
haggis /g/ voiced velar stop
funny /f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative
hedge /Z/ voiced palate alveolar fricative
rough /r/ voiced alveolar approximant
fines /z/ voiced alveolar fricative
behind /h/ voiceless glottal fricative
seizure /Z/ voiced palate alveolar fricative
3. Phonetic description
Work out the vowel sound associated with each of the following descriptions.
Supply its correct phonetic symbol and illustrate the vowel with a word in English.
a) long (tense) high front unrounded [ I: ] heatn
b) short low central unrounded [V ] __among __[ @'mVN ]_
c) short high back rounded [ U ] _foot [ fUt ]____
d) long mid-high back rounded [ o ] ___go [ g@U]__
e) long mid central (slightly) rounded [ 3: ] _bird [b3:rd ]____
4. Assimilation
Provide two phonetic transcriptions for each of the following examples, one which
reflects the way you would say it in formal or careful speech style, the other the way
you would say it in more rapid, casual speech style. Identify the assimilation process
that occurs in the sound sequence.
1. last year
Careful style: [læst.jɪə]
Casual style: [læst.t∫ɪə]
Assimilation process: Mutual assimilation
2. red carpet
Careful style: [red ˈkɑːpɪt]
Casual style: [reg ˈkɑːpɪt]
Assimilation process: Velarization
3. the green belt
Careful style: [ðə ɡriːn.belt]

Casual style: [ðə ɡriːm.belt]
Assimilation process: Labialization
5. Stress:
Stress in a sentence is used to emphasize important information in a sentence,

usually Noun, Verb, Adjective & Adverb.
Look at the underlined word that receives the stress in each sentence and tell what
the speaker means. One example has been done for you.
Word stressed in sentence What the speaker means

1. Sophie adored her gorgeous new It was Sophie – not Anna or anybody else
motorbike.
2. Sophie adored her gorgeous new Sophie did adore her gorgeous new motorbike.
motorbike.
Sophia did not hate her gorgeous new motorbike.
3. Sophie adored her gorgeous new It was her – not anybody’s else
motorbike.
4. Sophie adored her gorgeous new It was gorgeous – She adored her not ugly new
motorbike. motorbike
5. Sophie adored her gorgeous new It was new motorbike – not old motorbike or
motorbike. another motorbike
6. Sophie adored her gorgeous new It was motobike Sophie adored her gorgeous – not
motorbike. anything else
6. Consider the distribution of [r] and [l] in Korean in the following

words:
rupi mul
kiri pal
saram soul
irumi ilkop
ratio ipalsa
No minimal pairs.
Environment
[r]: beginning, inside
[l]: end, inside
[r] :
+ before [i], [a], Ø
+ after [u], [a]
[l] :
+ before [s], [k], Ø
+ after [i], [a], [u]
They are two allophones of one phoneme, they are in a complimentary

distribution: only [l] appears before consonants and at the end; and [r] appears
only before vowels and at the beginning.
7. Analyze the syllable structure of the words: spy, apple, delight, convict.
Word Number of First syllable Second syllable

syllables
Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme
Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda
Spy 1 [s] [p] [aI]
Apple 2 [æ] Ø [p] Ø [@] [l]
Delight 2 [d] [I] Ø [l] [aɪ] [t]

Convict 2 [k] [ə] [n] [v] [Ik] [t]
8. What is Received Pronunciation in English? What is the difference

between an accent and a dialect? Give examples to illustrate the
points you make.
* Received Pronunciation is the standard way in which middle-class speakers

of southern British English pronounce words.
Example:
1. “class” - /klɑːs/ ( Received Pronunciation) - /klɑs/ (General American)

2. “schedule” - /ˈʃedʒ.uːl/ ( Received Pronunciation) - /ˈskedʒ.uːl/ ( General
American)
3. “asthma” - /ˈæs.mə/ (Received Pronunciation) - /ˈæz.mə/ ( General
American)
* Difference between an accent and a dialect:
- Accent is a mark used to show the pronunciation of a letter in certain languages
Ex: 1. biology: /baIˈolədʒI/
2. organization: /ˌɔːr.ɡən.əˈzeɪ.ʃən/
3. volunteer: /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/
- Dialect is a way of speaking found only in a certain area or among a certain

group or class of people
Example:
1. People in the West call a big road where you can drive fast “a freeway”
and most Americans call it “ highway”
2. A Northern American say “pail” and most a southern American say
“bucket”
3. A Northern American might say, “hello.” And a Southern American

might say, “howdy.”

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Nhóm 2

1. Human speech organs

oven /n/ voiced alveolar nasal

this /D/ voiced dental fricative

chew /Í/ voiceless palate alveolar affricate

hall /l/ voiced alveolar lateral

haggis /g/ voiced velar stop

funny /f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative

hedge /Z/ voiced palate alveolar fricative

rough /r/ voiced alveolar approximant

fines /z/ voiced alveolar fricative

behind /h/ voiceless glottal fricative

seizure /Z/ voiced palate alveolar fricative

Careful style: [læst.jɪə]

Casual style: [læst.t∫ɪə]

Assimilation process: Mutual assimilation

Careful style: [red ˈkɑːpɪt]

Casual style: [reg ˈkɑːpɪt]

Assimilation process: Velarization

3. the green belt

Careful style: [ðə ɡriːn.belt]

Stress in a sentence is used to emphasize important information in a sentence,

Word stressed in sentence What the speaker means

6. Consider the distribution of [r] and [l] in Korean in the following

[r]: beginning, inside

[l]: end, inside

+ before [i], [a], Ø

+ after [u], [a]

+ before [s], [k], Ø

+ after [i], [a], [u]

They are two allophones of one phoneme, they are in a complimentary

Word Number of First syllable Second syllable

Delight 2 [d] [I] Ø [l] [aɪ] [t]

8. What is Received Pronunciation in English? What is the difference

* Received Pronunciation is the standard way in which middle-class speakers

1. “class” - /klɑːs/ ( Received Pronunciation) - /klɑs/ (General American)

* Difference between an accent and a dialect:

- Accent is a mark used to show the pronunciation of a letter in certain languages

Ex: 1. biology: /baIˈolədʒI/

- Dialect is a way of speaking found only in a certain area or among a certain

3. A Northern American might say, “hello.” And a Southern American

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