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    Basics of CFD Analysis

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    Amit Dharkar
    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and related phenomena by solving mathematical equations. CFD provides advantages like low cost, speed, and ability to simulate real conditions. Limitations include accuracy of physical models and boundary/initial conditions. CFD applies numerical methods like finite volume to the governing equations to model fluid flow and extract quantities of interest like pressure, velocity, and temperature distributions.

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    Basics of CFD Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Amit Dharkar
    27 views21 pages
    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and related phenomena by solving mathematical equations. CFD provides advantages like low cost, speed, and ability to simulate real conditions. Limitations include accuracy of physical models and boundary/initial conditions. CFD applies numerical methods like finite volume to the governing equations to model fluid flow and extract quantities of interest like pressure, velocity, and temperature distributions.

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    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and related phenomena by solving mathematical equations. CFD provides advantages like low cost, speed, and ability to simulate real conditions. Limitations include accuracy of physical models and boundary/initial conditions. CFD applies numerical methods like finite volume to the governing equations to model fluid flow and extract quantities of interest like pressure, velocity, and temperature distributions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views21 pages

    Basics of CFD Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Amit Dharkar
    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and related phenomena by solving mathematical equations. CFD provides advantages like low cost, speed, and ability to simulate real conditions. Limitations include accuracy of physical models and boundary/initial conditions. CFD applies numerical methods like finite volume to the governing equations to model fluid flow and extract quantities of interest like pressure, velocity, and temperature distributions.

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    of 21

    CFD

    What is CFD?
    • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid
    flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related
    phenomena by solving the mathematical equations which govern
    these processes using a numerical process
     We are interested in the forces (pressure , viscous stress etc.)
    acting on surfaces (Example: In an airplane, we are interested in
    the lift, drag, power, pressure distribution etc)
     We would like to determine the velocity field (Example: In a
    race car, we are interested in the local flow streamlines, so that
    we can design for less drag)
     We are interested in knowing the temperature distribution
    (Example: Heat transfer in the vicinity of a computer chip)
    Advantages
    • Relatively low cost.
    – CFD simulations are relatively inexpensive, and costs are
    likely to decrease as computers become more powerful.
    • Speed.
    – CFD simulations can be executed in a short period of
    time.
    • Ability to simulate real conditions.
    – CFD provides the ability to theoretically simulate any
    physical condition.
    • Comprehensive information.
    – CFD allows the analyst to examine a large number of
    locations in the region of interest, and yields a
    comprehensive set of flow parameters for examination.
    Limitations
    • The CFD solutions can only be as accurate as the physical
    models on which they are based.
    • Solving equations on a computer invariably introduces
    numerical errors.
    – Round-off error: due to finite word size available on the
    computer. Round-off errors will always exist (though they
    can be small in most cases).
    – Truncation error: due to approximations in the numerical
    models. Truncation errors will go to zero as the grid is
    refined. Mesh refinement is one way to deal with truncation
    error.
    • Boundary conditions.
    – As with physical models, the accuracy of the CFD solution
    is only as good as the initial/boundary conditions provided
    to the numerical model.
    Purpose and Aim
    • Main purpose is Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”
    hence saving a lot of time since it enables easy repetitions.
    For example combustion explosions(unrepeatable).
    • Aim is the simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult for
    experiments
    – Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and airplanes)
    – Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)
    – Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
    – Physics (e.g., planetary boundary layer, stellar evolution)
    How it works?
    • Analysis begins with a mathematical model of a
    physical problem.
    • Conservation of matter, momentum, and energy
    must be satisfied throughout the region of
    interest.(Continuity, Momentum equation and
    Energy equation).
    • Fluid properties are modeled empirically.
    • Simplifying assumptions are made in order to
    make the problem tractable (e.g., steady-state,
    incompressible, inviscid, two-dimensional etc.)
    How It Works?
    • Appropriate initial and boundary conditions
    are provided for the problem.
    • CFD applies numerical method called
    discretization to develop approximations of
    the governing equations of fluid mechanics in
    the fluid region of interest.
    • The solution is post-processed to extract
    quantities of interest (e.g. lift, drag, torque,
    heat transfer, separation, pressure loss, etc.).
    Discretization
    • Domain is discretized into a finite set of control volumes
    or cells. The discretized domain is called the “grid” or the “mesh.”
    • General conservation (transport) equations for mass, momentum,
    energy, etc., are discretized into algebraic equations.
    • All equations are solved to render flow field.

    Fluid region of pipe flow discretized


    into finite set of control volumes
    (mesh).
    Types Of Meshes
    • Tri/tet vs. quad/hex meshes
    • Hybrid mesh

    tet mesh

    hex mesh

    wedge mesh

    Hybrid mesh for an IC


    engine valve port
    Finite Volume Method Used In
    Discretization
    • The finite volume method (FVM) is a common approach used in CFD
    codes, as it has an advantage in memory usage and solution speed,
    especially for large problems, high Reynolds number turbulent flows,
    and source term dominated flows (like combustion).
    • In this method the governing partial differential equations are recast
    in the conservative form and then solved over a discrete control
    volumes and thus guarantees the conservation of fluxes through a
    particular control volume.
    • Here Q is the vector of conserved variables, F is the vector of
    fluxes V is the volume of the control volume element, and A is the
    surface area of the control volume element. The finite volume
    equation yields governing equations in the form:
    Finite element method
    • The finite element method (FEM) is used in
    structural analysis of solids, but is also
    applicable to fluids.
    • It is much more stable than the finite volume
    approach. However, it can require more
    memory and has slower solution than the
    FVM.
    Finite difference method
    • The finite difference method (FDM) has
    historical importance and is simple to
    program.
    • It is currently only used in few specialized
    codes, which handle complex geometry with
    high accuracy and efficiency by using
    embedded boundaries or overlapping grids
    (with the solution interpolated across each
    grid).
    Dinosaur mesh example
    Examples:
    The first figure shows the pressure fields on the given
    layout
    whereas the second one shows the velocity vectors
    Numerical Model Setup
    • For a given problem, you will need to:
    – Select appropriate physical models.
    – Define material properties.
    • Fluid.
    • Solid.
    • Mixture.
    – Prescribe operating conditions.
    – Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary
    zones.
    – Set up solver controls.
    – Set up convergence monitors.
    Calculation of Coefficient of Drag over
    the Dinosaur
    We calculate the theoretical values for the various parameters required for
    calculation of the coefficient of drag on the dinosaur:
    • Drag force: 17.4 N.
    • Lift force: 5.5 N.
    • Wind velocity: 5 m/s.
    • Air density: 1.225 kg/m3.
    • The dinosaur is 3.2 m tall.
    • It has a projected frontal area of A = 2.91 m2.
    • The drag coefficient is:
    F 17.4
    CD  D
      0.11
    1
    2
    v A
    2
    0.5 *1.225 * 25 * 2.91

    • This is pretty good compared to the average car! The streamlined back of the
    dinosaur resulted in a flow pattern with very little separation.
    Applications
    Flow over F-16 at 45o angle of attack
    Applications
    • Flow over fixed wing – Expt. vs. CFD of
    velocity contour
    Applications
    • Car safety thermal imaging using CFD
    • Heat exchanger imaging
    • Imaging of missile prototypes
    Applications
    • Electronics thermal analysis
    • Designing of super duty vehicles like trucks ,
    tempos etc.(based on thermal stress points)
    • Thermal comfort in office environment

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