SEDIMENTARY

ROCKS
THIRD EDITION

F. J. PETTIJOHN
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore

HARPER INTERNATIONAL EDITION

HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS

New York, Evanston, San Francisco, and London
CONTENTS

PREFACE xi frequency distributions 36 • Characteristics of

size frequency distributions 38 • Mathematical
nature of size frequency distributions 40
G r a i n Size Distributions and C a u s a l Factors 40
1 Grain size and provenance 41 • Grain size
INTRODUCTION 1 and transportation 45 • Grain size and
depositional processes 48
G r a i n S i z e Distributions and E n v i r o n m e n t a l
Definitions 1 Analysis 50
H i s t o r y of Sedimentology 2 Summary 51
E c o n o m i c V a l u e of Sediments 8 S b a p e and R o u n d n e s s 52
References 9 Shape (Formj 52
Textbooks and G e n e r a l References 10 Roundness 56
Laboratory and F i e l d Manuals 10 Surface T e x t u r e s 61
Sedimentary Petrography 11 Polish versus F r o s t 61
Sedimentation and Stratigraphy 11 Microrelief 62
Processes, P h y s i c a l and C h e m i c a l 11 F a b r i c and F r a m e w o r k Geometry 64
Sedimentary E n v i r o n m e n t s , A n c i e n t Fabric 64
and Modern 11 Definitions and Concepts 65
Sedimentary Structures 12 F a b r i c E l e m e n t s and A n a l y s i s 65
Periodicals and Serials 12 S y m m e t r y Concepts and F a b r i c T y p e s 67
F a b r i c of Sediments 68
Gravel fabric 68 • Till fabric 69 • Sand fabric 69
Fabrics of clays and shales 70 • Fabrics of lime-
stones and dolomites 71 • Fossil orientation 71
2 E v a l u a t i o n of Sedimentary F a b r i c s 72
NATURE AND ORIGIN OF F r a m e w o r k Geometry of Detritai Sediments 72
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 13 Packing 72 • Porosity 76 • Permeability 77
C r y s t a l l i n e and Otber Endogenetic F a b r i c s 79
C r y s t a l l i n e Textures 80
Introduction 13 Crystal elements 80 • The fabric of cements 81
Fabric 15 Recrystallization fabrics 82 • Textures of replace-
Composition 16 ment and paragenesis 82 • Fabrics of veins 83
Classification 17 Oolites, Spherulites, and Peloids 83
T o t a l V o l u m e and M a s s of Sediment 19 Oolites and pisolites 83 • Spherulites 87
R e l a t i v e A b u n d a n c e of tbe C o m m o n Biogenic F a b r i c s 87
Sediments 21 Composition and Mode of Preservation 88
References 22 Petrology of F o s s i l s 89
References 89

THE TEXTURE OF SEDIMENTS 25

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION AND

Particle S i z e of Detritai R o c k s 25 STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY
Concept of Size 25 ROCKS 100
Size T e r m s 27
Classification of Sedimentary Aggregates 31
G r a i n Size Distributions 34 Introduction and C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 100
Grade scales 34 • Representation of size Bedding 101

V
 vii Diagenesis 276
vi 6 CONTENTS Classification a n d Petrology of Shales 278
GRAVELS, CONGLOMERATES Classification 278
AND BRECCIAS 154 R e s i d u a l Clays 279
C o m m o n Shales 281
R e d Shales and Mudstones 282
Introduction 154
B l a c k (Carbonaceous) Shales 282
Modern Gravels 155 Classification of Sandstones 209
I n t e r n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n and Structure Siliceous Shales 284
F a b r i c s and C o m p o s i t i o n of G r a v e l s 157 Sandstone Petrography 213
of Beds 103 Calcareous Shales and Marls 285
T e x t u r e of G r a v e l s and Conglomerates 157
FeJdspathic Sandstones and A r k o s e 213 Miscellaneous S h a l e s 285
M a s s i v e Bedding 103 Composition of G r a v e l s and Definitions 213 • Arkose 213 • Fabric and com-
Laminations 104 Geological O c c u r r e n c e of M u d s
Conglomerates 161 • position 214 • Varieties and manner of occur-
internal Organization and Structure 104 and S h a l e s 288
Structure of G r a v e l s a n d Conglomerates 162 rence 216 • Origin and geologic significance 218
C r o s s - B e d d i n g and R i p p l e M a r k s 105 In the Modern W o r l d 288
B a s i c Differences B e t w e e n G r a v e l s L i t h i c Sandstones and S u b g r a y w a c k e s 219
Ripple marks 109 • Ripple bedding 111 Definitions 219 • General description and In the A n c i e n t W o r l d 289
and S a n d s 162
G r a d e d bedding 113 varieties 219 • Occurrence and significance 222 Siltstones and L o e s s 290
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of G r a v e l s
G r o w t h bedding 117 G r a y w a c k e s and Related R o c k s 224 Loess 290
and Conglomerates 163
Bedding Plane M a r k i n g s and Structures 117 Fabric and composition 225 • The matrix prob- Origin of Silt 291
Ortboconglomerates 164
Sole M a r k s 117 lem 227 • The soda problem 229 • Occurrence References 292
Orthoquartzitic Conglomerates 164
Scour and tool marks 117 • Mud crack casts 120 and geologic significance 230
Petromict Conglomerates 167
Load structures 120 Quartz A r e n i t e s (Orthoquartzites) 230
Paraconglomerates
Surface M a r k s 121 Definitions 230 • Fabric and composition 231
(Conglomeratic Mudstone) 170
Parting lineation 121 • Rill, swash, and related
Lominated Pebbly Mudstone 170
Distribution in time and space 232 • Origin 9
marks 122 • Rain, hail, and spray pits 122 and geologic significance 234
T i l l and T i l l i t e 171 VOLCANICLASTIC SEDIMENTS 299
Mud cracks 122 Miscellaneous Sandstones 235
Textures 172 • Structures of till 175 Greensand 235 • Phosphatic sandstones 236
Deformed and D i s t u r b e d Bedding 123
Composition 176 • Stratigraphic aspects 176 Calcarenaceous sandstones 237 • Placer
Load C a s t s and B a i i - a n d - P i i l o w Structures 124 Introduction a n d Definitions 299
Distribution in time and space—examples 179 sands 238 • Itacolumite 238
S y n s e d i m e n t a r y F o l d s and Breccias 124 T e x t u r e s and Structures of V o l c a n i c l a s t i c
Origin and geologic significance 180 Diagenesis of Sandstone 238
Sandstone D i k e s and Sills 126 Sediments 300
Tilloid ( " G e r o l l t o n " ) : Nonglacial Pebbly Cementation 239
Convolute Bedding 126
Mudstones 180 Decementation 245 Composition 304
Stromatolites and Otber Biogenic
Definitions 180 • Textures, structures, and Intrastratal Solution 245 Petrography of V o l c a n i c l a s t i c Sediments 306
Structures 127 composition of tilloids 181 • Stratigraphic
Matrix 246 Classification 306
Stromatolites 127 associations 181 • Distribution in time and Petrography 306
Other Biogenic Structures 129 F r a c t u r e d and Deformed G r a i n s 246
space 181 • Origin of tilloids 182 Vitric tuffs 306 • Crystal tuffs 307 • Lithic
Introduction 129 • Classification 130 Diagenesis of Conglomerates 183 Petrogenesis of Sandstones 246
tuffs 307 • Tuffaceous sedimentaries 308
Geological significance 131 Intraformational Conglomerates 183 References 250
Alteration of Tuffs 308
Diagenetic Structures 132 Breccias 185 O r i g i n and Nature of V o l c a n i c l a s t i c Deposits 310
References 132 Cataclastic Breccia 186 P r i m a r y P y r o c l a s t i c Sediments 310
L a n d s l i d e and Slump B r e c c i a s 186 Ash falls 310 • A s h flows 310 • Base-surge
C o l l a p s e (Founder) and Solution B r e c c i a s 187
8 deposits 313 • Mudflows 313
Pyroclastic Breccias 187 SHALES, ARGILLITES, AND Secondary ( R e w o r k e d ) Pyroclastic
Impact or F a l l b a c k B r e c c i a s 187 SILTSTONES 260 Sediments 313
5 Pseudoconglomerates and P s e u d o b r e c c i a s 188 E p i c l a s t i c V o l c a n i c Sediments 313
GEOMETRY OF SEDIMENTARY References 188 References 314
BODIES 140 Introduction 260
Definitions and T e r m i n o l o g y 260
T e x t u r e s a n d Structures 261
Introduction 140
7
G r a i n Size and F a b r i c 261 10
Sandstone Bodies 141 Fissility 263
SANDS AND SANDSTONES 195 LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES 316
Shoestring Sands 143 Laminations 264
Complex S a n d Bodies 145 Concretions and Other Structures 265
Wedge-shaped (Fan) S a n d Bodies 145 M i n e r a l C o m p o s i t i o n of S h a l e s Introduction 316
Introduction 195
Sheet Sands 146 and A r g i l l i t e s 265 Definitions 316
Modern Sands 195
S a n d Body Orientation 146 T h e Clay Minerals 266 O c c u r r e n c e of Limestones 316
Properties of Sandstones 198
Sandstone D i k e s , S i l l s , and A u t o i n t r u s i o n s 147 Composition and structure 266 • Base E c o n o m i c V a l u e of Limestones 317
T h e F a b r i c of Sandstones 198
Carbonate R o c k G e o m e t r y 148 exchange 268 • Occurrence and origin of
T h e Structures of Sandstones 200 General References 317
Reefs 149 clay minerals 268
T h e Mineralogy of Sandstones 200 Modern Carbonate Sediments 318
Mounds and B a n k s 149 O t h e r M i n e r a l s of Shales 269
Quartz, opal, and chalcedony 200 • Feldspar 202 O c c u r r e n c e and Distribution 318
Other Carbonate Bodies 150 T h e A v e r a g e Shale 269
Rock fragments 204 • Micas 205 • "Heavy Shallow-water carbonates 318 • Deep-sea
Salt D o m e s , Stocks, and A n t i c l i n e s 150 C h e m i c a l Composition 270 carbonates 319 • Freshwater carbonates 320
minerals" 206 • Calcite, dolomite, and siderite 207
F i l l e d C a v i t i e s and S i n k s 151 Color 274 Evaporitlc carbonates 320 • Eolian
Clay minerals and other silicates 208
M i s c e l l a n e o u s Sedimentary Bodies 152 Cellophane 208 Diagenesis of S h a l e s 275 carbonates 320
References 152 C h e m i c a l Composition of Sandstones 208 Compaction 276 E n v i r o n m e n t s of Carbonate Deposition 320
viii E v a p o r i t i c C a r b o n a t e Facies 379
R e l a t i o n s B e t w e e n Facies 380
References 380
" ^^^^^^ J ^ L E O C U R R E N T S AND
PALEOGEOGRAPHY 506

Introduction 506
11 D i r e c t i o n a l Structures and F a b r i c 508
P e t r o l o g y of M o d e r n C a r b o n a t e S e d i m e n t s 321
M i n e r a l o g i c a l a n d C h e m i c a l Composition 323
NONCLASTIC SEDIMENTS 12 Cross-Bedding, Ripple M a r k and
(EXCLUDING LIMESTONES) 392 CONCRETIONS, NODULES, AND Paleocurrents 508
C a r b o n a t e M i n e r a l s 323
Silica and Silicates 324
OTHER DIAGENETIC Sole-Marks and Paleocurrents 509

Minor Constituents 325

SEGREGATIONS 462 Fabric and Paleocurrents 511
Introduction 392 S c a l a r Properties and Paleocurrents 512
C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n 326 C h e r t and Other S i l i c e o u s Sediments 393 D o w n c u r r e n t Size D e c l i n e of Clasts 512
I s o t o p i c C o m p o s i t i o n 329 D e f i n i t i o n s a n d C l a s s i f i c a f i o n 393 Introduction 462 R o u n d n e s s , Shape, a n d P a l e o c u r r e n t s 515
T e x t u r e s a n d Structures of Limestones 330 C o m p o s i t i o n of C h e r t s 395 Definitions and Classifications 462 C o m p o s i t i o n a l Properties
Introduction 330 Mineralogic composition 395 • Chemical Origin 463 and Paleocurrents 517
A l l o c h e m s ( " F r a m e w o r k " Elements) 330 composition 396 Carbonate Concretions a n d Nodules 464 B e d T h i c k n e s s , I s o p a c h s , and Paleocurrents 519
Oolites 330 • Fossils 330 • Intraclasts 332 P e t r o g r a p h y of C h e r t s 397 C o n c r e t i o n s of S a n d a n d S i l t s t o n e s 464 Paleocurrents a n d T i m e 520
Pellets 333 Geologic O c c u r r e n c e s of C h e r t s Kugelsandstein 464 • Imatra stones 465 Paleocurrents a n d B a s i n A n a l y s i s 521
Micrite 333 and Related Rocks 400 Sand crystals 466 F a c i e s M a p s a n d Paleogeography 522
S p a r r y Calcite ("Spar"] 334 O r i g i n of C h e r t 402 C a l c a r e o u s C o n c r e t i o n s of Shale 466 References 525
Noncarbonate Components 335 Silcrete 407 Septarian N o d u l e s 469
P o r o s i t y of C a r b o n a t e Rocks 335 I r o n - B e a r i n g Sediments 407 Cone-in-Cone 470
Bedding and Other Structures Definitions 407 Concretionary Layers and Veins 471
of L i m e s t o n e 337 M i n e r a l o g y a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 408 C a l i c h e N o d u l e s a n d Loess C o n c r e t i o n s 472
Hydrodynamic structures 337 • G r o w t h fabrics Iron oxides 408 • I r o n carhonates 409 S i l i c e o u s Nodules and C onc r e tions 472
and structures 338 • Nodular bedding 338 Iron silicates 409 • I r o n sulfides 411 C h e r t N o d u l e s 472
15
Stylolites 340 Facies of I r o n - B e a r i n g S e d i m e n t s 411 Geodes 474 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 530
Classification of L i m e s t o n e 342 Bedded iron sulfides 411 • Bedded siderite 413 S i l i c e o u s C o n n e c t i o n s i n B e d d e d Sulfates 475
Petrography of L i m e s t o n e s Bedded i r o n oxides 414 -i Bedded i r o n P h o s p h a t i c Concretions a n d Nodules 475
(and Dolomites] 348 silicates 417 Introduction 530
I r o n - O x i d e Nodules and C onc r e tions 476
Grainstones (Calcarenites Occurrence and Distribution Concept of E n v i r o n m e n t 530
a n d C a l c i r u d i t e s ) 348 P y r i t e and M a r c a s i t e Nodules
of I r o n - B e a r i n g S e d i m e n t s 418 E n v i r o n m e n t a l Parameters 531
B o u n d s t o n e s (Reef-Rock) 354 and C r y s t a l Aggregates 476
O r i g i n of I r o n - B e a r i n g S e d i m e n t s 420 Physical Parameters 532
Carbonate Mudstone (Calcilutites Barite Nodules and Rosettes 477
Diagenesis of I r o n - B e a r i n g S e d i m e n t s 425 The nature of the depositing medium 532 • The
a n d C a l c i g r a n u l i t e s ) 355 G y p s u m C r y s t a l s and C r y s t a l C l u s t e r s 478
Glauconite 425 depth of water problem 534 • Current
A l l o d a p i c (Graded) Limestones 357 Pseudoconcretions 478 velocity, direction, and stability 536
Phosphorites and O t b e r P h o s p h a t i c
Tufa, Travertine, and M a r l 357 A r m o r e d M u d Balls 478 Chemical Parameters 537
Sediments 427
Caliche and Other E v a p p r i t i c Carbonates 358 Oncolites 479 Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) 538
Introduction 427
Dolomite 359 L a k e Balls 479 A l k a l i n i t y - a c i d i t y (pH) 539 • Salinity 540
M i n e r a l o g y a n d C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n 428
Nomenclature 360 • Composition 361 • Textures References 479 Temperature 541
Petrology 429
and structures 361 • Occurrence and E v a l u a t i o n a n d S u m m a r y 542
Associations and Geologic Occurrence 431
associations 364 Classification of E n v i r o n m e n t s 543
Origin 432
Diagenesis of Carbonate R o c k s 365 F a c i e s Models a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l
Salines and Other E v a p o r i t e s
Cements a n d C a v i t y F i l l i n g s 366 ( E x c l u d i n g Carbonates) 434
13 Reconstruction 545
Solution 367 PROVENANCE 483 Introduction 545
Definitions and Classifications 434
G r a i n G r o w t h ( A g g r a d i n g N e o m o r p h i s m ) 368 Alluvial E n v i r o n m e n t s 547
Modern Evaporites 434
Grain D i m i n u t i o n (Micritization A l l u v i a l fans 547 • Braided rivers 548 • Meander-
C o m p o s i t i o n of E v a p o r i t e s 435
o r D e g r a d i n g N e o m o r p h i s m 368 Introduction 483 ing rivers and fining-upward alluvial cycles 550
P e t r o g r a p h y of E v a p o r i t e s 436
Compaction 369 Definitions and Concepts 484 Shore-Zone E n v i r o n m e n t s and C y c l i c
O c c u r r e n c e of E v a p o r i t e s 440
L i m e s t o n e R e p l a c e m e n t a n d the D o l o m i t e M i n e r a l s and Source R o c k s 484 Sequences 552
O r i g i n of E v a p o r i t e s 441
Problem 369 M i n e r a l Stability: I n the S o i l Profile 486 Prograding Delta and Coarsening-Upward
C a r b o n a c e o u s Sediments 443
M o b i l i t y of the O x i d e s 488 Sequences 552
Dedolomitization 371 I n t r o d u c t i o n 443 '
M i n e r a l S t a b i l i t y 489 I n t e r d e l t a i c S h o r e l i n e E n v i r o n m e n t s 554
Other Replacements 371 N a t u r e a n d F o r m of O r g a n i c Residues 444
Maturity 491 Barrier beach 554 • Lagoon and tidal marsh 556
D i a g e n e t i c Paragenesis 372 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of C a r b o n a c e o u s S e d i m e n t s 445
M i n e r a l Stability: D u r i n g T r a n s i t 493 Prograding m u d d y shorelines 556 • Tidal-flat
Limestone Facies 372 T h e C o a l Series 446 and tidal sequences 557
S t r o m a t o l i t i c ( T i d a l F l a t ) Facies 372 M i n e r a l Stability: Intrastratal 495
General characteristics and classification 446 T h e Carbonate Shelf Complex 558
B i o h e r m a l (Reef a n d M o u n d ) Facies 373 Chemical composition of coal 447 • Constituents Heavy Mineral Zones 497
The carbonate tidal-flat sequence 558 • The
C r o s s - B e d d e d ( W i n n o w e d Shelf) Facies 376 of coal 448 • Occurrence of coal 451 • Origin M i n e r a l S t a b i l i t y : T h e o r e t i c a l a n d Other sabkha cycle 558 • The reef cycle 558
A l l o d a p i c (Basinal) L i m e s t o n e Facies 377 of coal 451 Considerations 499 M a r i n e E n v i r o n m e n t s 558
N o d u l a r L i m e s t o n e Facies 376 O i l Shales, P e t r o l e u m , a n d N a t u r a l Gas 452 R e a d i n g Provenance H i s t o r y 501 Shallow marine 560 • Turhidite ("graded-
C h a l k (Pelagic) Facies 379 References 453 References 503 bedded") facies 560
X G e o s y n c l i n e s a n d Plate T e c t o n i c s 584
References 585

17
SEDIMENTS AND E A R T H HISTORY 588
Interior B a s i n E n v i r o n m e n t 563
T h e G l a c i a l Model 564
References 564 Introduction 588
E v o l u t i o n of S o i l s 589
E v o l u t i o n of S h a l e s 590
E v o l u t i o n of the Sandstones 591
E v o l u t i o n of the C a r b o n a t e s 593
16 R e l a t i v e A b u n d a n c e of the C o m m o n
SEDIMENTATION AND TECTONICS 571 Sediments a n d Geologic T i m e 594
Rate of Sedimentation 594
Length of the D a y a n d L u n a r T i d e s 595
Introduction 571
T h e Q u e s t i o n of the E a r l y A t m o s p h e r e 596
Cratons 572
S u m m a r y and C r i t i q u e 597
Geosynclines 575
References 597
Orogenic Sediments 578
Fiysch 578
Molasse 580 INDEX OF NAMES 599
Pre/Iysch F a c i e s 582
T h e G e o s y n c l i n a l C y c l e 583 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 614