Introduction To Pharmacology Week1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• Define Pharmacology and the basic terms related to it

• Understand the areas of studies within Pharmacology
• Know the guidelines drug schedules for controlled substances
• Discuss the relationship between dosage of drug and response or
effect it produces
Areas of Study within Pharmacology
PHARMACOLOGY
• is the study of drugs. In its broadest definition,a
drug can be described as “any substance that,
when taken into a living organism, may modify one
or more of its functions.”(Ciccone,2007)
• Can be defined as the study of substances that
interact with living systems through chemical
processes.(Katzung,2006)
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
• is the area of pharmacology that refers to the use of
specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease.
PHARMACOKINETICS
• . is the study of how the body deals with the drug in terms
of the way it is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
• is the analysis of what the drug does to the body, including
the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect.
TOXICOLOGY
• is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
PHARMACY
• deals with the preparation and dispensing of medications.
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
CHEMICAL NAME
• refer to the specific compound’s structure and are usually
fairly long and cumbersome.
GENERIC NAME
• (also known as the “official” or “nonproprietary”
name) tends to be somewhat shorter and is often derived
from the chemical name.
TRADE NAME
• (also known as the brand name) is assigned to the
compound by the pharmaceutical company
Drug Approval Process
Animal (Preclinical) Studies

Drugs are typically tested in animals initially, often using several different
species. Initial information on the basic pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamics properties of the compound is obtained.
Human (Clinical) Studies
Phase I
-tested on small numbers of volunteers
-obtain some initial information about the pharmacologic actions,
and the drug’s possible toxic effects in humans
Phase II
-The drug is tested in a relatively small sample (200 to 300 people)
with a specific disease or pathologic condition
Phase III
-Clinical evaluation is expanded to include more patients (several
hundred to several thousand) as well as more evaluators.
Schedules for Controlled Substances
Schedule I
-These drugs are regarded as having the highest potential for abuse,
and are not typically used as an acceptable medical treatment in
the United States
Schedule II
-Drugs in this category are approved for specific therapeutic
purposes but still have a high potential for abuse and possible
addiction.
Schedule III
-Although these drugs have a lower abuse potential than those in
schedules I and II, there is still the possibility of developing
mild to moderate physical dependence.
Schedule IV
-These drugs supposedly have a lower potential for abuse than
schedule III drugs, with only a limited possibility of physical
dependence, psychologic dependence, or both.
Schedule V
-These drugs have the lowest relative abuse potential
Dose-response curves are used to provide information about the
dosage range over which the drug is effective, as well as the peak
response that can be expected from the drug.
Ceiling effect, or maximal efficacy-point at which there is no
further increase in the response.
Dose-Response Curves
and Maximal Efficacy
Potency
Potency is related to the dose that produces a given response in a
specific amplitude.When two drugs are compared, the more potent drug
requires a lower dose to produce the same effect as a higher dose of the
second drug.
Quantal Dose-Response Curves
and the Median Effective Dose
Quantal Dose-Response Curve
-The percentage of the population who exhibit a specific
response increases as the dosage increases.
Median Effective Dose
-This is the dose at which 50 percent of the population respond
to the drug in a specified manner.
Toxic Dose
-point where population experience adverse secondary effect
Therapeutic Index
The median effective and toxic doses are used to determine the
therapeutic index. The TI is calculated as the ratio of the TD50 to
the ED50:

Introduction To Pharmacology Week1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Pharmacology Week1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Pharmacology Week1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

• Define Pharmacology and the basic terms related to it

Animal (Preclinical) Studies

You might also like