UNIT Developing reading skills Lead-in 1 Tak about how the people in the family tree are related to each other, using the words in the box. 2. Work with a partner and answer the following questions. ‘# Do you get on well with everyone in your family? Which members of your family do you have a particularly close relationship with? ‘© Which of your relations do you often see? Which do you rarely see? Are there any you have never seen? ‘© Did you grow up in a large or small family? Is the size of the average family in your country growing or getting smaller? Do you know why? Reading task: Multiple choice Strategy: Looking for reference sentences ‘You will often meet sentences that refer back to important information contained earlier in the text. These reference sentences can help you work out the answers to some of the multiple-choice questions. Reference sentences usually ~ but not always = cuntaitn words lke hi, hat, dese, tose, ete. 1 Match the sentences (2-<) with the statements they refer back to (14), 1 I grew up in a huge family and I helped my ‘mother look after the younger children. It never crossed my mind to complain about havi do this, As kids, we all knew we had to help out 2 Iwas an only child and my parents gave me everything, They worried about me all the time and they were very selective about the children they would allow me to play with. 3 When I was a child we lived really well. We had « beautiful house, a maid and expensive for holidays. My parents never saved a penny. Then my father lost his job. After that, we were always terribly short of money and I couldn't go to college because I had to go out and get a job. = 4 I was very close to my grandparents when I was growing up. They used to take me out and buy me things and tell me all kinds of stories which I loved listening to. 2 All that made me a rather nervous and selfish person, if I'm honest b This is why I feel itis very important that my children should spend time with my ‘own parents. © That’s the kind of upbringing which teaches you to get on well with other people and to be unselfish That experience showed me how important it is to look after your money2 Read the folowing paragraphs ofa text about a person's upbringing and answer the mutiple choice questions. [grew up in a small industrial town, My parents both worked in a nearby factory. Few. families in the town were welloff but most ‘of us were content with our lives. More than anything, it was the closeness of our families that kept us happy. On Sundays, everyone ‘would put on their best clothes and go out to visit relatives and friends. All of us were brought up to understand the importance of ‘our families to us and we developed a strong sense of belo grew up in, Those values have stayed with ime throughout my life to the community we 1. What do the words those to? ralues in the above sentence in italics ref A respecting your family and the people around you B being happy to work in a factory all your life C keeping in touch with relatives as well as with friends D wearing respectable clothes when you go out on Sundays Although our town was industrial, it was surrounded by beautiful unspoilt country. As a child, 1 spent hours on end playing with my brothers and sisters, cousins and friends the woods arvuinl tie town, caching fl, in a nearby river and, in the summer, swimming in the freezing water. We would all rush out of the house after breakfast, appear briefly for our lunch, which we ate as fast as we possibly could, and then we ‘would be off again out of the house to meet ur friends, By the evening, we were so tired that we couldn't stay awake and had to be carried to bed by our parents. I often wish ‘my own children could have grown up like that. 10 2. What do the words like that in the above sentence in italics refer to? Aliving in an industrial area B being free to go out and play all day CC having a river nearby D being tired and ready to go to bed early My parents couldn't afford to send me to college so I had to get a job. Like most of my relatives, T went to work in a local factory. I was assigned to the accounts office where one of my uncles worked. I knew I would have to wait years to get a good position there. Many people, including my parents, told me I was lucky to have got a job in that department because there were @ lot of people unemployed. I knew I could never look at life in this tay. After just six ‘months in the job, T walked out. 3 What does the phrase look at life in this way in the above sentence in italics refer to? A wanting to work with your relatives B accepting that you cannot go to coll C wanting to have a high position D being satisfied with whatever you have got I moved to a city in the south of the country where, after a lot of hard work, [built up a whole business empire. Today, I am one of the richest people in the country. I have children of my own now, who I send to an expensive private school. I have seen most parts of the world and I own several houses, racehorses and a private collection of classic cars. On the other hand, I often remember how happy I was while I was growing up. Then I wonder if such things are, in the end, all that important, ‘4 What do the words such things in the above sentence in italics refer to? A moving to another part of the country B the experiences of your childhood C living the typical lifestyle of a we person D being able to give children a private educationExam practice: Part 2. ‘You are going to read an extract from a book in which a famous writer racalls the time he lft home. For Questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Remember to look for reference sentences and the information in the text that they refer back to. You will also need to use other strategies. ‘The stooping figure of my mother, waist-deep in the ‘grass and caught there like a piece of sheep's wool, ‘was the last I saw of my country home as Ileft it to discover the world. She stood old and bent at the top of the bank, silently watching me go, one hand raised in farewell and blessing, not questioning why went. At the bend of the road I looked back again ‘and saw her; then I turned! the comer and walked ‘out of the village. I had closed that part of my life for ever, It was a bright Sunday morning in early June, the right time to be leaving home. We had been a close family who always got on well together but my three sisters and a brother had already gone. There ‘were two other brothers who had not yet got around to making a decision, They were still sleeping that morning, but my mother had got up carly and cooked me a heavy breakfast, had stood ‘wordlessly while I ate it, her hand on my chair, and had then helped me pack up my few belongings. ‘There had been no fuss; there had been no attempt to persuade me to stay; she just gave me a lon searching look. Then, with my bags on my back. Td gone out into the early sunshine and climbed through the long wet grass to the road. and It was 1934. I was nineteen years old, stil soft at the edges, but with a confident belief in good fortune. [carried a small rolled-up tent, a violin in a blanket, a change of clothes, a tin of biscuits, and some cheese. I was excited, full of self-confidence, knowing I had far to go; but not, as yet, how far. eft home that morning and walked away from the sleeping village. It never crossed my mind that others had done this before me. ‘And now T was on my journey at last, ina thick pair of boots and a stick in my hand. Naturally, was going to London, which lay a hundred miles to the east; and it seemed equally obvious that I should go on foot. But first, as Pd never seen the sea, I thought I'd try to walk to the coast and find This would add another hundred journey. It would also cost me several extra days of walking. Such considerations didn’t trouble me, however. I fet that I'd get by, whatever happened. ‘That first day alone ~ and now I was really on my own at last ~ steadily declined in excitement. ‘Through the solitary morning and afternoon 1 found myself longing for hurrying footsteps coming after me and family voices calling me back. None came. I was free. The day's silence said. “Go where you will. I's all yours. You asked for it It’s up to you now” As T walked I was followed by thoughts of home, by the tinkling sounds of the kitchen, shafts of sun from the windows falling ‘across familiar furniture, across the bedroom and the bed I had left ‘When I judged it to be tea-time I sat on an old stone wall and opened my tin of biseuits. As I ate them, could almost hear mother making tea and my brothers ratling their teacups. The biseuits tasted sweetly of home ~ still only a dozen miles away might have turned back then if it hadn't been for my brothers, but I knew I could never have put up. with the teasing I would have got from them. So I ‘When darkness came, I was too weary to put up the tent. So I lay down in the middle of a field and stared up at the brilliant stars. Finally. the smells of the night put me to sleep ~ my first night without a roof or bed. I was awoken soon after midnight by drizzling rain ‘on my face. I was cold and the sky was black and the stars had all gone. Two cows stood over me, ‘moaning in the darkness. Those memories have stayed with me ever since. But when the sun rose in the morning, the birds were singing. I got up, shook myself, ate a piece of pie, and turned again to the south,1 The writer left his home feeling that [A he would soon be back to continue his life in the village. B life outside the village would be difficult. he could not stand the smallness of the village any longer. D this was the end of an important part of his life 2 >In the writer's family A the rest of the children were still living at home. B all the other children had left home. © the boys had left but the girls had stayed. 1D some of the boys had stayed but the rest of the children had left 3. Before the writer left the house, his mother ‘A had looked at him to be sure that he really wanted t0 go. B had let him make his own preparations to leave. had helped him to prepare for the journey but asketl him not to go. D had tried to persuade him to take his brothers with him, 4 Ashe walked out of the village, the writer felt A sadness about leaving his mother. B excitement about all the opportunities ahead of him. that many generations of young men had done the same thing before. D that he should hurry because of the long journey in front of him. 5 The writer A was worried that he might not find his way to the sea. B did not care if he used time and energy to go to the sea. G did not care if he did not get to London after all D wondered if he could walk all the way to London. 6 On the first day of his journey, the writer A. was followed by his brothers who asked him to come back. stopped for a meal only when he was a long way from home. did not tum back because his brothers would think he had failed. D was thoroughly happy that he was finaly free. 7 What the writer most clearly remembers about his first night alone is AA seeing two cows in a field. B lying in bed and looking at the stars. C having difficulty putting up his tent. D waking up feeling wet and miserable. 8 ‘The extract shows the writer looks back on his experience and A regrets wasting so much time as a young man. B feels a strong sense of love for his mother. feels he should go back and live in the village. Dis glad he does not live in the village any more.Word attack 1 Look back at the text on p.64. Find the words and expressions that mean the same as the fallowing definitions. 1 had a friendly relationship 2 found the time 3 the thought occurred to me 4 walk 5 manage, whatever the difficulties 6 alone, with no one to turn to for help 7 returned in the same direction 8 accept something unpleasant without complaining, 2 Complete the following text using the words and expressions frem Exercise 1 ‘Make any necessary changes. Even in families where parents and children a with each other, there can be some arguments when the children become teenagers. Parents find it difficult to (2) the bad moods some teenagers have. (On the other hand, many parents seldom @ sitting with their teenage children to talk to thi their problems. It never (4) n about ‘of many teenagers that their pa nts were once Compounds beginning with self- 1 Look at the example from the text on p.64. Ioas excited, full of self-confidence teenagers themselves and they might be able to give them some helpful advice. Some parents, of course, worry a lot about their children's future, while the children just assume they will (5) in whatever they decide to do. Parents look at their teenage children's relaxed attitude to life and wonder if they will be able to survive CO) after they have left home. 2 Complete the folowing sentences, sing the compounds with Sef inthe box. self-catering self-centred self-confidence self-defence self-discipline self-employed self-reliant self-service 1. My family like eating in restaurants because they are cheap and informal. 2 I want my children to learn some techniques, just in ease they are ever in danger. 3 Children without brothers and sisters can become if their parents sive them everything they want. 4 We lke staying in holiday flats because we like to eat whenever = 5 My father is for himself, not for a company He works 6 Parents should help their children to gain by praising them when they do well 7 Children have to develop so that they can study efficiently 8 They wanted their children to grow up to become rather than being dependent on them.Compound nouns: family relationships 1. Give one word to describe each of the following family relationships (15). Use the prefixes and sul hal, grat, step, ex- and -indow 1 the father ofthe man a woman has married 2 aman who is nota chld’s natural father but ‘who their mother has married 3 a sister related to another child through onty fone oftheir parents 4 the woman who a man used to be martied 10 but isn't marred to any more 5 the grandtather of someone's father or mother 2 Complete the following interview with a woman Called Susan, using the compound nouns from Exercise 1 andthe phrasal verbs in the box. Use each compound noun and phrasal vet once only. ‘bring up grow up look down on take after take care of (take to Interviewer: Susan, you (1) in a huge old castle in Scotland. I imagine you were quite a well-off family Susan: Oh, yes. My (2) on ry father’s side ofthe family had made a fortune, back in the nineteenth century. Then my ‘mother’s father had done well in business, too Interviewer: So your father was already wealthy ‘when he married, and then he also had a @) who had made a lot of money. Some uses of leave | home | school 1. Look at the example from the text on p.64. the right time t0 be leaving home. 2 Complete the following text, using the correct form of kave and appropriate words or ‘expressions from the boxes. | met my bestfriend and some other friends in a pub a few evenings ago. We were going on to a club but my bestfriend dida’t want to come so, in the end, we (1) her in the pub. The next day, I phoned her house and (2) with her brother for her to call me back. She didn't, and when [finally gor through to her, she just told me (3) her and put the phone down, I went round to her house to find out what was the matter with her. 10 Susan: Yes, that’s right. We were lucky. realy. Interviewer: I suppose you must (4) in a pretty traditional, conservative way? Susan: Not really. My mother taught my brother and me that we should never (5) people who were less fortunate than ourselves, Interviewer: Do you think you (6) your mother or your father? Susan: My mother. Her respect for people has stayed with me all my life and 1 know I think lke her. Unfortunately my father was killed in the war when I was was quite young. Interviewer: Did your mother remarry? ‘Yes, she did, so my brother and I had to get 1g a (7) Interviewer: Was that dificult? Susan: Not really, because we (8) him straightaway. He was a kind man who showed us a lot of love and (9) us as if we had been his own children, When he married my mother, he already had a daughter but she was often away, staying down in London with his (10) Interviewer: So, he had already been married once before when he married your mother? ‘Susan: Yes, that’s right. So, he sort of inherited us, then he and my mother had a child together, a girl, so have a brother and a (11) ‘a decision to someone a message ‘money/pruperty to somebody somebody/something behind somebody/something alone Sus ased 10h She told me that she (4) her just a few days before, after ‘working there for just over a month, She was starting to regret (5) the year before, because she had no qualifications to help her to get a decent job. She even criticised her parents for (6) the to her about whether she should siay on at school or not. Some people are never satisfied!SMM Developing reading skills Lead-in 1 Look at the photograph ‘and answer the questions. ee 1. What kind of things do people put in recycling bins? 2 Why do people use recycling bins? 3. Do recycling facilities like the ones in the photograph exist where you live? Do you use them? Why?/Why not? 2. Look at the following examples of environmentally-friendly activities. Say what benefits they provide, using the words in the box. congestion increase oxygen pesticides pollution reduce sustain ‘© recycling things like paper and plastic © growing food organically «© planting trees ng public transport rather than private cars 3 Make statements about environmental prablems, choosing the corec information from the table. eg. Acid rain is created by power stations and vehicle exhausts It kills fe in rivers and lakes. Environmental problems ‘Main causes ‘Most serious effects, ‘water pollution nuclear power stations increases the risk of skin cancer ‘noise pollution refrigerators, air-conditioning leads to several forms of cancer acid rain forest fires and air pollution creates floods and soil erosion ozone layer damage power stations, vehicle exhausts threatens fish stocks radiation vehicles, loud music, power tools results in breathing disorders turban smog oil, industrial waste, sewage kis if in rivers and lakes tree loss damages people's mental heaith 4. Read the following statements by people about the places where they lve. Say whether you think they are happy with their local environment, dissatisfied or concemed about it. Give reasons for your answers. 1 “This is a lovely place to ive but if they build 3 “There's a great view over the valley from the the new road through here, things will change. hill just up the road where T take the dog in Instead of being able to hear birdsong we'll just the mornings. get the roar of heavy tra 4 “This is a diny old industrial area but we've 2 ‘Ie would be so nice to have a few tree’ ‘got some nice parks and there are some around us rather than conerete and rubbish pleasant walks down by the canal. everywhere you look.” =Reading task: Multiple choice Strategy: Identifying the writer’s purpose 1. Skim through the following four texts and decide where each extract is from. @ leaflet from an environmental organisation € an advertisement for an adventure holiday bb an account of a journey through the rainforest a scientific discussion of an environmental issue ; as The rate of deforestation worldwide is difficult to estimate, Recent studies have suggested that around 100,000 square kilometres are probably being lost annually. There are three identifiable ‘consequences of forest loss to the global ‘environment. The firt isthe contribution that the burning of trees makes to global ‘warming through the release of earhon dioxide into the atmosphere. The second ‘consequence isthe loss of species In pars ofthe forest, the vegetation is so dense that when you! look up you can't ‘even see the sky.‘The atmosphere is thick ‘and heavy. You sweat all the time and you are constantly troubled by biting insects. ‘The sounds of the rainforest are extraordinary: the songs of many different bird species, the cries of animals in the ‘treetops that you never see. Underfoot, the ‘ground is soft and your fect sink into the ‘carpet of rotting leaves. You tread carefully, keeping an eye out for snakes that wind + | brought about by the destruction of ‘ecosystems. ‘The third ‘themselves around branches in your path. ‘The rainforests contain about 50 per cent of all the plants and animals species on ‘earth, and we haven't even identified most ‘of them yet. The rainforests have already ‘given us lifesaving medical drugs and ‘delights like oranges, lemons, bananas and ‘chocolate. No one really knows what else lies waiting to be discovered. Yet, through ‘our irresponsibility and greed, we are potting all such future discoveries at risk. ‘The awful fact is that we are destroying about 50,000 plant and animal species a year through If you're expecting comfort and Iuxury, the Amazon is not the place for you. If you can put up with basie accommodation, biting mosquitoes, the sticky heat and frequent exhaustion, ‘you may be the kind of person we're ooking for. What you get in return for all this hardship is the chance to experience the most extraordinary place on earth: where you ean sce birds with the most exotic plumage imaginable, trees that reach the height of 20-storey buildings, 2a Look a the table below and complete the fst section, saying what the write’s purpose in cach ofthe texts 1-4. Put the number ofthe text in the correct column, Complete the rest ofthe table by putting a tick (V) in the appropriate boxes to identity features of the diferent styles of text. Sometimes you will need to put more than one tick (/) in a row) “The writer's purpose —-==—S—Sstosanalysetoentertain to warn Tet 3 i writen in 2 very foral ste has words that express strong feelings contains fas intended to shock contains descriptive deta contains verbs in the passive voce addresses the reader directly contains the words we and our contains spect vocabulary challenge the reader © Answer the following questions. 1. Why is one of the texts written in a very formal style? 2 Why are words that express strong feelings used in one of the texts? 3 What is the effect of using words like we and our? 4 Why are descriptive details used a lot in one of the texts? EtoBUR Cg You are going to read an extract from a book in which a famous conservationist and author describes his ‘xperiences of searching for rare animals in South America. For Quostions 1-7, choose thé aniawer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Remember to decide on the style of the text in questions which ask you about the writer's Purpose. Ask yourself whether there is a lot of entertaining detail or ifthe writer is presenting factual information. Most people seem to be under the impression that a frog is just a frog the world over. Nothing could be further from the truth, for with frogs and their near relatives, toads, you find that they vary from country to country, displaying a bewildering variety of shapes, sizes, colours, and habitats where they are to be found, ‘The so-called flying frog of Asia, a large, tree dwelling species, has developed very elongated fingers and toes. ‘The skin between them is like a web and as this frog leaps from tree to tree, it spreads its fingers and toes wide so that it can glide like an aeroplane. The goliath frogs of West Africa measure two feet in Iength and ‘can eat a rat, while a pygmy species of South America, is about as big as your fingernail. In coloration, frogs are pethaps the only species that could seriously claim to rival binds, for there are frogs coloured red, green, gold, and blue. When it comes to rearing their young, frogs produce some startling results. The midwife toad Cf Europe hands her eggs over to the male who, in ‘order to protect them, winds them around his hind Jegs and carries them around until they hatch. A species of tree frog glues two leaves together, and when, ‘water collects in the cup thus formed, the frog lays its eggs in this homemade pond. Guiana has more than her fair share of frogs that possess ingenious methods of safeguarding their ‘eggs and young, and the creek lands proved to be the best place for catching them. Bob was amusing himself by dragging one of these narrow, smelly litte streams with a long-handled net, while I prowled hopefully around some tree roots. With the aid of a torch I succeeded in capturing three large tree frogs with huge eyes. Bob continued doggedly with his net. I saw him haul his net out, a8 usual full oa pile of diry leaves, and tip them out onto the bank. He was just going to plunge his ret back into the water again when he stopped and peered down at the pile of leaves he had just pulled up. oo ‘Then he dropped the net and Tet ou » de T've got one!” he yelled, ‘What have you got?" ‘A pipa toad, ‘Nonsense,’ I said, “ with pride. and have a wok, then, said Rob, bursting, He opened his hand for my inspection and revealed a strange, ugly creature. It looked, 10 be quite frank, like a brown toad that had been run over by a heavy truck. Its short rather thin arms and legs stuck out stfly, one at each corner of its squarish body, and it looked quite dead. It was, as Bob said a large male pipa toad, perhaps one of the most curious amphibians in the world. Ever since we arrived in Guiana we had been trying to get specimens of this creature. Now, after Bob's success, we searched every inch of that small stream, producing a mountain of rotting leaves which we picked over as carefully ae « couple of monkeys searching each other’ fur. An hour later wwe had captured four more of these weird toads. Moreover one of them was a female with eggs, a prize that was worth ansthing in our eyes, for the breeding habits of the pipa toad are the most ‘extraordinary thing about it. At the beginning of the breeding season, the skin ‘on the female's back becomes soft and spongy. When her eggs are laid they are deposited with the help of the male along her back, where they stick like glue. After they have been fertilised they sink into her skin, forming cup-like depressions. The soft tops of the eggs then harden, forming litle pockets ‘on her back. In these pockets her young spend the ‘whole of their early life until they have fully developed when they push the litle lid on the top of the pocket and make their way out into the dangerous world ‘The female we captured could only just have had her ‘eggs installed, for their lids were still soft. When her ‘young were at last old enough to leave their mother's back they chose a moment when I was looking after their mother and the other animals I had collected on board a ship, in the middle of the Atlantie Ocean,What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A to provide a scientific description B to show that frogs have similarities with birds to emphasise variety in nature D to entertain readers The writer and his assistant searched for frogs in Guiana bocause A the frogs in Guiana have wonderful colours. B the behaviour of Guianan frogs is interesting © Guianan frogs are unusual in their appearance D the frogs in Guiana live in unust ‘The place where they searched for frogs was 5 A. dangerous. B unpleasant C attracti D uninteresting Bob A nearly missed a valuable find, B was systematic in his method of searching, C was about to give up when he found the toad. D was disappointed when he saw what his toad looked like, The author particularly wanted to catch a pipa toad because . A itis such an unusuaHlooking creature, B itis very difficult to find, C itis unique because it looks dead when alive. D it has a fascinating breeding method. The female twaal’s babies A were born in dangerous circumstances, B were born soon after the author eatight her. C were born at an inconvenient time. D were born in an unusual way for this species The writer's overall purpose in the text is to A inform his readers about a rare : Texts that are written to entertain are often in a es formal syle, with interesting, amusing fand descriptive deta Texts that are written 1 D interest his readers in the natural word Tan oan a oaseatoea moe formal syle, wth factual information and statistics B make his readers like frogs and toads, C amuse his readers with a funny storyeas Language development. Word attack 1 Look back at the text on p.90. Complete the following list of words, all of which are used in the text to descrbe how animals reproduce and take care oftheir young, All the words can be fourd in paragraphs | and 5. The fist eter of each word i provided 4 rearing 2h 3p. al 5b. 6a 7 8a 2 Complete the folowing sentences using the words from Exercise 1. Make any necessary changes, 1A chicken can many eggs in a single week 2 Birds’ eggs require the warmth from the bodies of the parent birds in order 31h 4 Female fish release their eggs into the water, where the eggs by the male fish, baby bird slowly inside the egg. 5 Many mammals like apes and monkeys are very good parents. They put a lot of effort into their young, 6 Some insects have a special tool with which the their eggs on. the undersides of leaves. 7 The patterns and colours of birds’ eggs make them hard to see and help them from predators. 8 Many zoos have tried to get pandas so that the pandas born in the zoos can be returned to the wild. 3 Louk back at te text 11 p.90. Find re wares that neat dhe sate 3s Ure following definitions 1 the natural home of a plant or animal 2 a group of plants or animals of the same kind 3 moved around quietly, trying not to be se 4 catching an animal after chasing or following it 5 animals that are able to live both on land and in water 6 single plants or animals that are typical of their kind 7 the hair that grows thickly over the bodies of some types of animal 8 unusual or surprising4: Complete the folowing tex, using the words om Exerise 3 Make any necessary change Africa has some of the most interesting animal (1) in the world. ‘The large mammals, like lions and elephants are well known, but there is also an extraordinary variety of birds, snakes, (2) and some of the @) insects on earth. went (4) led to supply dhe In the old days, Europeans used to go to Africa to shoot m of lions and other large animals. A lot of animals were also ©) trade. Nowadays, however, visitors from Europe go to enjoy seeing the animals in their natural (6). - There is simply no ‘comparison between seeing a lion in a zoo and secing one (7) at dusk, looking for an opportunity to hunt. Some of the national parks have wo many lions and so some (8) and transferred to areas where the lion populations are smaller. Raise, rise, rear, lay, lie 1 Look at the examples from the text on p.90. When it comes to rearing their young, .. lays its eggs in 2 Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of raise, rise, rear, lay oF le. 1 Public concer about environmental issues considerably recent years. 2 We came across a magnificent ion down in the shade of a tree. 3 We got some wonderful photos of a tiger cub its head on its mother's side. 4 In some parts of England, bis nsnnerto be shot for sport during the shooting season. 5 In z00s, itean sometimes be difficult 10 get animals heir young as they would do in the wild. ‘Compound adjectives 1 Look atthe example from the text on p90. in this home-made pond. 2 Complete the following newspaper article, using the compound adjectives in the box. deep-sea free-range lead-free man-eating nuclear-free world-famous Environmentalists meeting at a conference in London today diseussed several serious issues. A (1) conservationist expressed concern about the number Of tigers still surviving in the wild. Hee suggested that one reason for the continuing, decline in their numbers is the myth of the (2) tiger, which continues in some places, leading to tigers being shot by local farmers out of fear. ‘The conference delegates were warned that marine pollution appears to be getting worse, so much so that (3) fishing vessels are finding that their catches are decreasing every year. Despite these ongoing problems, there are also some encouraging developments. In ‘many countries, the demand for factory-farmed produce is falling, while there is inereased demand for produce like (4) ‘eggs and organically-grown vegetables. Further good news for the environment is that more countries have declared themselves to be (5) ‘zones and there has been a huge rise in the amount of (6) petrol being sold.Developing reading skills Lead-in 1 Match the names of the objects (1-6) with the photos (a-P. 1 laser 3 robot 2 telescope 4 X-ray machine 3 syringe 5 microscope 1b Which of the objects in a would you use i you wanted to: ‘* see if someone had broken a bone? ‘¢ make something tiny look larger? © improve efficiency in a factory? «@ take blood from someone or inject a medical drug into them? «search for new planets and stars? @ perform a delicate medical operation or cut through a diamond? 2. How much do you know about famous scientists? Make statements about the people, choosing the correct information from the table. Isaac Newton radium Charles Richter the orbits ofthe planets Marie Curie devised mathematical laws Galileo invented the telescope Jacques Cousteau discovered the aqualung (used in scuba diving) Pythagoras 2 sea route to India, going around Arica ‘Nicolaus Copernicus the law of gravity Vasco da Gama «a scale for measuring earthquakesm8 3. Match the verbs (1-8) with the nouns (ah) to make statements about the work done by scientists. 1 perform 2 condition apply make do clone develop a factories to make them work more efficiently with fewer people new drugs and vaccines to immunise people against diseases research into various scienti « issues experiments to test their theories © people and animals to behave in a certain way £ scientific knowledge to practical problems 9 calculations based on statistical data h plants and animals to make exaet copies of them 4a Match the kst of statements (16) withthe scientific and technological developments (a-d) they refer to 1 “This 1 real breakthrough in medical 2 “This will mean dangerous speeds of up tos 25 km per ho “This could cause the destruction of humanity.’ “This will make long distances seem like nothing, “This will give us immense power? 6 “This will give people tremendous independence 3 4 5 2 the splitting of the atom the discovery of penicillin the invention of the aeroplane b the invention of the car 'b Make statements about the advantages and disadvantages of automation and animal cloning, using the expression on the one hand, ... and on the other hand, following ideas to help you, ‘© It has made factory production highly efficient ‘© It could possibly be used on human embryos. Use the © Ic has given us the ability to standardise meat production, # It has forced many people to work in dehumanising conditions, Strategy overview Part 2: Multiple choice When you do Part 2 of Paper 1, remember to apply the strategies and tips in this book. Jook for words and phrases of similar meanings in the text and in the answers to the questions, (See Unit 2) look for implied meaning in the text when answering the questions. (See Unit 6.) ¥ look for reference sentences (sentences that refer back to important information contained carlier in the text) to help you answer the ‘questions. (See Unit 10.) tty to identify the writer’s purpose in the text (See Unit 14.) fonget that when a multiple choice question is an incomplete sentence, the meaning of the whole sentence must match the text. leave a question unanswered. Ifyou really cannot work out the answer to a question, guess! Exam time! © Allow about 15 minutes to do Part 2 of the exam, ‘© Skim through the text and questions before you attempt to answer any of the questions ‘© Read the text again and answer the questions. Spend a maximum of 8 minutes on this. ¢ If you cannot find the answers to any of the ‘questions, move on. © Check your answers. Look at the alternative answers and make sure they are wrong. Answer any questions you did not answer before. ‘© Transfer your answers to the answer sheet before you move on to Part 3 of the exam.‘You are going to read an extract from a famous novel about a future society. For Questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Inside a large, factory-ike building, the Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning was addressing a ‘group of young students as they followed him around the building Hr explained, ‘Bokanovsky’s process produces standard men and women and stndardiss the level of inteligence within each social group; the whole ofa small factory can now be stale ith the products of a single human egg, Ninetysix identical Epsilon wins, for example, working ninety-six identical machines. Automation perfected’ He quoted the motto of the planet. ‘Community, Identity, Stability? Grand words The aim isto create standard Gammas, unvarying Deltas, uniform Epsilons. Millions of identical twins. The principle of mass production at last applied to human biology. (Of course, there was the problem of the mocification of human entbryos. Could a process be found to produce the same growth rate as in dogs and cows, but without defects? They had produced individuals who were full grown at six. A scientific triumph, But socaly useless. Sixyearold men and women were too stupid to do even the simple, repetitive work of Epsitons, And the process was all or nothing: either you failed 10 modify at al, or else you modified the whole way. Scientists were sil trying to find the ideal compromise between adults of twenty and adults of six. So far this had been a failure ‘The visitors had arrived at Metre 170 on Rack 9. From this point onwards Rack 9 was enclosed and the bots containing human embryos continued the remainder of thee journey in kind ‘of tunnel, interrupted here and there by openings two or three metres wide. Heat conditioning, explained Mr Foster, the young man who was in charge ofthis area Hot tunnels altemated with cold tunnels. Coolness was associated with discomfort inthe form of hard X-rays. The embryos were leaming the horror of cold. They would become adults who would go to the tropics, to become miners and steel workers. When they beeame small children, they would be taught to love heat, but now, as tiny embryos still in the bottles where they were developing, they were being taught to hate co. “And that’ stated the Director, ‘is the secret of happiness and correct living ~ liking what you've got ‘0 do. All conditioning aims at that: making people ike the work that society has chosen for them? In a gap between two tunnels, a nurse was delicately inserting a syringe imo a passing bottle The students stood watching her for afew moments in silence. ‘Well, Lenina, asked the young guide, ‘What are you giving them?" “Oh, the usual tropical diseases.” “Tropical workers start b explained Mr Foster. ‘On Rack 10, rows of the next generation of chemical workers were being trained in the toleration of lead, chlorine and other industrial chemicals, as they travelled along on a giant conveyor belt. The first batch of two hundred embryonic rocket-plane engineers were just passing the eleven tundredth meter mark on Rack 3. A special mechanism kept their containers in constant rotation, “To improve their sense of balance, Mr Foster explained. ‘Doing repairs on the outside of rockets is a dificule job. We decrease the circulation of oxygen when they're the right way up, so they're halfstarved of oxygen, and we double the flow when they're upside down. They learn to associate being the wrong way up with well-being; in fact, they're only truly happy when they're standing on their heads. ‘And now, he continued, ‘i like to show you some very interesting conditioning for Alpha Plus intellectuals. ing inoculated at Metre 150. We immunise them against future diseases,| 1 The aim of Bokanowsky’s process isto A inerease the human population, B train men and women to do industrial work. |G create skilled factory workers. D produce large numbers of people who are the same. 2 Fpsilons must be AA a type of human being produced for industrial work. B some kind of industrial machine. © people who are as stupid as simple animals D adults withthe minds of sixyearold children 3 What had filed so far were attempts to produce AA young and mature people. B humans that resembled animals. C twenty-year-olds with childish mentalities. D sixyearold children. 4 What happened at Metre 170 in the building? | People were being experimented on, |B People were given injections against diseases. C Unborn human beings were prepared for ther future lives. D Children were taught to like the jobs they would do in the future. | 5 How were the future rocketplane engineers being prepared for thetr jobs? [A They were being exposed to special chemicals B They were kept upside-down all the time. C They were being trained to live without oxygen 1D They were being made to enjoy being upside-down. © ‘The overall aim of what was going on inside the building, seems to be | A touse science to improve human health B to use science to improve people's lives. 1n machines D to help people cope with living in an industrial environment to use science to create hy The writer's overall purpose is to A entertain his readers with an imaginative picce of science fiction, B_wam readers about the dangers of scientific progress. show that science cannot replace nature. D amuse readers by treating the issue of cloning humorously. iPeek Language development Word attack Look back atthe text on 116. Focus onthe sections of the text which begin Inside a lage The aim 10... Of couse, there was... and On Rack 1. t find the words and ‘expressions to complet the fllowing text. Make any necessary changes. The fs eter of cach missing word is given to help you) Many attempts have been made to use (1) m. Pp ‘methods in farming, most successfully in egg farming. Chickens spend their entire lives in tiny cages inside (2) f 4 buildings, where (3) ¢ b carry their eggs the moment they are laid straight to the packing arca in the building. Special (4) m above every eage dispense food and water to the birds in carefully measured amounts. Science has played its part by (5) m. chicken breeds to produce a bird that ean lay eggs at the amazing (6) r. of up to 300 a year. Not only that, but the eggs each bird lays are of (7) u sia @)s. ‘quality can be guaranteed in each (9) b. of eggs. Many scientists and egg farmers claim that the birds are perfectly happy living in this way. Opponents say that the animals’ (10) w b, unnatural conditions, Preposition + noun + preposition 1 Look atthe example from the text on p16. be affected by such the young man who was in charge of this area. 2. Complete the following sentences, using the phrases in the box. Jn case of in charge of in control of in danger of in fear of in place of in sight of in terms of on account of on behalf of 1 The famous scientist accepted the award of his emtire research team. 2. A researcher has announced that she believes her team are a major development in treating cancer. 3. Many workers feel they are being replaced by industrial robots. 4 Professor James is the Linguistics Department, 5 Thad to stand up and give a short speech the guest lecturer ‘who had to cancel at the last minute, 6 Technologists at the power station where the accident occurred say they are now completely the situation, 7 This has been a highly successful project, both... the results| we have achieved and the team spirit we have had all along 8 A team of scientists in the Himalayas have had to abandon their experiments the terrible conditions they have met with 9 When the rocket exploded, spectators ran as fast as they could thei 10 All laboratories have instructions about what to do fire,Some uses of do something the housework for a living the washing-up, ete, ‘Complete the following sentences with the correct form of do and the expressions from the boxes. Make any necessary changes. 1 Td been working half the night in the laboratory and I thought a short walk would 2 Our daughter in computing at the moment. 3 Don't worry if you can’t find the answers to all the qhestions. Just 4 Could you + please, and help me with this experiment? 5 What does he v=? Oh, he's a mechanical engineer. 6 We are both computer programmers and we're out at work all day, so when we get hhome in the evening we have a lot of household chores in front of us, like Use of English Read the following text and decide which answer A, B, C or D bes fits each space. Science promises to change our lives in many ways in the (wenty first century. Most people probably (1)... future scientific (2)... with travelling to distant planets (or with the host of new (8) that will be available in twenty-first century homes. However, it is probably in the (4) of medicine that science will have the greatest (8) o-n-- om people's Lies. (6) von» 8 going on to find Ways t0 (2) ou... people against AIDS, which has claimed the lives of so many young people, and to (8) cures for terrible (9)... lke cancer. Of course, before any of these are made available to the public, they will have been thoroughly (10) 1 Aconneet Blink C associate D join 2 A developments B progresses C improvement D advance 3° Amechanisms B gadgets instruments D machines 4 Asubject B department Cregion D field 5 Aimpact Biorce C change D alfect 6 A Research B Investigation Studying D Analysis 7 Ainjeet Bimmunise C defend D cure 8 A invent Blocate C discover D make 9 Adiseases Bilinesses Gsicknesses D infections 10 Aproven Buried C checked D tested