MADE BY:

Name: Kaleem ullah

Father’s name: Shakir ali
Class: BS Computational Mathematics (1st year
2021)
Class roll no: B20203022
Department: Mathematics

“IMPROTANCE OF University of Karachi (Pakistan)

Report: Astronomy assignment

JUPITER AND
SATURN IN THE
SOLAR SYSTEM”
Index :

1. Introduction of Jupiter:
2. Movements of Jupiter :
3. Exploration of Jupiter (Mission):
4. Interesting Facts About Jupiter:
5. Atmosphere by Juno Mission:
6. Mission timeline for Juno:
7. Importance of Jupiter:
8. Juno Mission spacecraft:
9. Introduction of Saturn:
10. Movement of Saturn:
11. Surface andatmosphere of
Saturn:
12. Mission about Saturn:
13. Titan moon in Saturn:
14. Enceladus moon in Saturn:
15. Saturn’s Rings:
16. Interesting Facts about Saturn:
“Importance of Jupiter and Saturn in the Solar “
 Introduction of Jupiter:
Jupiter is fifth(5th ) planet from the sun . The Jupiter is largest planet in the solar and
Jupiter is twice as heavy as all other planets put together (1400 times the volume of the
earth). The Jupiter is of type: Gas Giant, the planet is having many satellites in its orbits
and has a wide faint ring of particles. Beside this, The Jupiter is surrounded by dozens of
moons. Jupiter also has several rings, but unlike the famous rings of Saturn, Jupiter’s
rings are very faint and made of dust, not ice. In the solar Jupiter is the one of planets
which is having 79th natural moons. The Jupiter also having sound . Jupiter orbits about
484 million miles (778 million kilometers) or 5.2 Astronomical Units (AU) from our Sun
(Earth is one AU from the Sun).

 Movements of Jupiter :

The Jupiter has the shortest rotational period means( shortest Day) in all planets of the
solar system. Because the speed of Jupiter’s rotations flattens (elliptical) the planets at
its Poles & its equatorial diameter is greater than its polar diameter. Jupiter rotates at
25,000 miles per hour. It completes one orbit round the Sun in about 12 Earth years
(4,333 Earth days). Jupiter rotates once about every 10 hours (a Jovian day).

 Exploration of Jupiter (Mission):

Nine shuttle have considered Jupiter very close. NASA's Juno shuttle is at present
considering the gas goliath planet from circle. The shuttle, which showed up at Jupiter in
July 2016, is quick to consider the planet's baffling, cloud-covered inside. Researchers
additionally utilize the Earth-circling Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based
telescopes to consistently monitor Jupiter.
Pioneer 10 was the primary rocket to go by Jupiter. It was trailed by Pioneer 11, Voyager
1 and Voyager 2 flybys. NASA's Galileo mission was first to circle Jupiter and to send an
air test into the blustery mists. The worldwide Ulysses mission utilized Jupiter's
incredible gravity to throw itself into orbital passes of the Sun's northern and southern
poles. The two Cassini and New Horizons considered Jupiter as they plunged on to their
fundamental science targets — Saturn for Cassini and Pluto and the Kuiper Belt for New
Horizons.
Two new missions are in progress to make close investigations of Jupiter's moons
NASA's Europa Clipper and ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE). Jupiter holds a
special spot throughout the entire existence of room investigation. In 1610, space
expert Galileo Galilei utilized another development called the telescope to take a gander
at Jupiter and found the principal moons known to exist past Earth. The disclosure
finished erroneous, old conviction that everything, including the Sun and different
planets, circled the Earth.

 Interesting Facts About Jupiter:

 Jupiter's four biggest moons (the Galilean Satellites) are Io, Europa,
Ganymede and Calisto.
 Jupiter is the biggest planet in our close planetary system at almost
multiple times the size of Earth and multiple times its mass.
 Jupiter, being the greatest planet, gets its name from the ruler of the
antiquated Roman divine beings.
 Not withstanding its size, Jupiter has the most brief day of some other
planet; it just requires around 10 hours for a total revolution.
 A great deal like the Sun, Jupiter is for the most part made out of
hydrogen and helium. Jupiter contains the biggest sea in the close
planetary system, an expanse of fluid hydrogen.
 The Juno spacecraft was launched in 5 August 2011(UTC) Successfully
entered the orbit of Jupiter on July 4 2016, will for the first time peer
below the dense cover of clouds to answer Question about the gas giant
and the origins of our solar system.
  The Great Red Spot is a gigantic tempest on Jupiter. It has seethed for
no less than 350 years. It is enormous to the point that three Earths
could fit inside it.
 The Juno spacecraft give data to Earth when the Jupiter became near to
orbits the Juno spacecraft .
 The brightest moon in Jupiter is
1. Europa
2. Lo
3. Ganymede
4. Calisto
 The Jupiter is not having Habitable zone (that place either hot or cold, it
knows that is Earth) Goldilocks .
 Astronomers see that the Europe surface having the water vapor(ice) .
so the chances of life in Jupiter Moon.
 The Jupiter’s moon lo is the most volcanically active world in the Solar
system.
 Atmosphere by Juno Mission:
How profound Jupiter's brilliant zones, belts, and different highlights enter is
perhaps the most exceptional crucial inquiries regarding the goliath planet. Juno will
decide the worldwide design and movements of the planet's climate beneath the
cloud beat interestingly, planning varieties in the air's organization, temperature,
mists and examples of development down to uncommon profundities.

 Mission timeline for Juno:

 Launch - August 5, 2011

 Deep Space Maneuvers - August/September 2012
 Earth flyby gravity assist - October 2013
 Jupiter arrival - July 2016

 Importance of Jupiter:
The Jupiter is like a gatekeeper for the Earth from many comet impacts. Today
Jupiter is protecting planets on inner orbits and Earth. Besides this, the all inner
planets are having solid surface . But the Jupiter is not having any solid surface also
not having traditionally solid core. Why do we need Jupiter? Some astronomers
believes that one reason Earth is habitable is that the gravity of Jupiter does help
 protect us from some comets. The Jupiter is protecting the Earth from 4.5 Billion
years ago. How we know the Jupiter is protecting the Earth? In July-1994 the
Hubble Telescope was looking that a very big stone is coming towards Earth,
But the great Jupiter attract the big stone ( comet, asteroid ) by the help of big
gravity. The Jupiter gravity was so strong that make the big stone ( comet,
asteroid ) in small pieces. The Two Astronomers was named that stone is
comet shoemakers-levy 9 on 24 March 1993.

 Juno Mission spacecraft:

The planets gravity pulls in Juno faster and faster until the spacecraft reaches a speed
over 250,000 kilometers per hour. The Juno is one of the fastest human made object
over. The Juno purpose was to complete 37 orbits around Jupiter. Juno will cover 2.8
billion kilometer during its long. On Jupiter, Year will become short and the body mass
will be bigger . Because of the movement of Jupiter.

 Introduction of Saturn:

The Galileo Galilei was first man who observe the Saturn with a telescope in 1610.The
most common nick name for Saturn is “Ringed planet". Saturn is the 6th planet from the
Sun and the second-biggest planet in our solar systems. This planet is made up mostly of
hydrogen and helium, which are very light gases. The Saturn is know as Rings Planet
because of many Rings ( dust, pieces of rock and ice) are orbit around the Saturn. Saturn
cannot support life as we know it, but some of Saturn's moons have conditions that
might support life. Saturn is a gas-giant planet and the distance from the Sun is 1.4858
billion kilometer. Besides this , Saturn is one of the five planets visible from Earth using
only the naked-eye. But it’s ring system cannot be seen with the naked eye and requires
a telescope. At the last, The Saturn is having many rings in its around.

 Movement of Saturn:
One day on Saturn is taking only 10.7 Hours ( the Saturn to rotate on its own axis ).
Saturn make a complete orbits around the Sun in about 29.4 years (10,756 Earth days).

 Surface and atmosphere of Saturn:

The Saturn atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2) and Helium (He). The
Jupiter and Saturn are almost same atmosphere like the Sun. The Saturn is not having
any surface because the Saturn and Jupiter are gas Gaint planet in the solar system.

 Mission about Saturn:

The Saturn has been visited by four spacecraft mission were done. The first spacecraft
for the Saturn is know as Cassini-huygens.it was launch on the October 15,1997
and the end of space mission on September 15,2017. Cassini-huygens space
research was completed 20 years around the Saturn . Cassini
spacecraft is having the old Technology . Besides this, the NASA research think that:
Cassini spacecraft should orbit the Saturn with carefully . because the dust and ice are
in as Ring so the mission for Saturn . At the last, The Cassini spacecraft completed the 22
times orbits the Saturn. The Cassini mission was also visited the Saturn Moon.

 Importance of Saturn:

After the Cassini successful mission about nearly orbiting the Saturn they know that. We
know that Saturn is wild planet , if we want to place our earth in has length inside of
Saturn than 10 earth can be possible to be inside of Saturn….By the Cassini mission we
know that Saturn is gas planet like Jupiter and as the most massive planet in the solar
system after Jupiter. The pull of Saturn gravity has helped shape the fate of our solar
system , it may have helped violently Neptune and Uranus outward. The Saturn is not
having any surface But Saturn is having the core which made of heavy elements, liquid
metallic hydrogen layer and gaseous molecular hydrogen envelope so like Sun. In the
Saturn there is no chance for life, But the Saturn moon there is chance of life . The
important moon is know as Titan in Saturn.

 Titan moon in Saturn:

The Titan is bigger than mercury as size. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the 2 nd
largest natural satellite in the solar system. It is chance for life because Titan is having
the atmosphere and where stable bodies of surface liquid has been found so means that
life is possible .

It is the lone moon in the nearby planetary group with mists and a thick, planet-like
atmosphere. Titan's environment is dynamic and complex, and it is predominantly made
out of nitrogen (95%) and methane (5%). Titan likewise has a presence of natural atoms
that contain carbon and hydrogen, and that frequently incorporate oxygen and different
components like what is found in Earth's climate and that are fundamental forever.

 Enceladus moon in Saturn:

 The discovery of Enceladus' global ocean, icy jets and their role in creating Saturn's E-
ring is one of the top findings of the Cassini mission. Cassini also found the first signs of
hydrothermal activity beyond Earth – making this tiny Saturnine moon one of the
leading locations in the search for possible life beyond Earth .

 Discovered: 1789
 Discoverer: William Herschel
 Size: 314 miles (505 km) across, small enough to fit within the length of the
United Kingdom.
 Distance from Sun: 9.5 Astronomical Units (AU) (Earth = 1 AU)
 Mission By: Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini.
 Saturn’s Rings:

While all the gas giants in our solar system have rings none of them are as extensive or
distinctive as Saturn’s. The rings were discovered by Galileo Galilei 1610 who observed
them with a telescope. The first ‘up close’ view of the rings were by Pioneer 11
spacecraft which flew by Saturn on September 1, 1971.
Saturn’s rings are made up of are billions of particles that range in size from tiny dust
grains to to objects as large as mountains. These are made up of chunks of ice and rock,
believed to have come from asteroids comets or even moons, that broke apart before
they reached the planet.
Saturn’s rings are divided into 7 groups, named alphabetically in the order of their
discovery (Outwards from Saturn; D, C, B, A, F, G and E). The F ring is kept in place by
two of Saturn’s moons, Prometheus and Pandora, these are referred to as ‘shepherd
moons’. Other satellites are responsible for creating divisions in the rings as well as
shepherding them

 Interesting Facts about Saturn:

 It is the fifth brightest object in the solar system and is also easily studied through
binoculars or a small telescope.
 It is named for the Roman god Saturnus, and was known to the Greeks as Cronus.
 Its polar diameter is 90% of its equatorial diameter, this is due to its low density
and fast rotation. Saturn turns on its axis once every 10 hours and 34
minutes giving it the second-shortest day of any of the solar system’s planets.
 Its slow movement against the backdrop of stars earned it the nickname of
“Lubadsagush” from the ancient Assyrians. The name means “oldest of the old”.
 The Saturnian rings are made mostly of chunks of ice and small amounts of
carbonaceous dust. The rings stretch out more than 120,700 km from the planet,
but are amazingly thin: only about 20 meters thick.
 It is composed mostly of water ice and rock. Its frozen surface has lakes of liquid
methane and landscapes covered with frozen nitrogen. Planetary scientists
consider Titan to be a possible harbour for life, but not Earth-like life.
 Pioneer 11, Voyager 1  and 2, and the  Cassini-Huygens mission  have all studied
the planet. Cassini orbited Saturn from July 2004 until September 2017, sending
back a wealth of data about the planet, its moons, and rings.
 20 new moons were discovered in 2019 bring the total to 82, 3 more than
Jupiter.

Reference:
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/#otp_introduction
https://space-facts.com/jupiter/
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Saturn-important-to-our-Solar-System
https://www.space.com/15257-titan-saturn-largest-moon-facts-discovery-
sdcmp.html
https://www.space.com/7062-earth-hit-jupiter.html