Sin Rasaswadaya 10-11

isxy,
idys;H ridiajdoh
10-- ¡ 11 fYa%‚
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
i
m<uqjk uqøKh 2014
fojk uqøKh 2015
f;jk uqøKh 2016
isõjk uqøKh 2017
miajk uqøKh 2018
yhjk uqøKh 2019
y;ajk uqøKh 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs
ISBN 978-955-25-0392-4
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

mdk¿j" mdÿlal msysá rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dfõ
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'
Published by: Educational Publications Department

Printed by: State Printing Corporation, Panaluwa, Padukka.
ii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/¢ w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd -
Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s -
wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla -
wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ -
wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
iii
iv
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh -ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
fufyhùu
ví' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßiaa îxj¾Ok&
iïnkaëlrKh m%.S;sld chfialr
ksfhdacH flduidßiaa
iydh iïnkaëlrKh
ta'ù' Èf,ald y¾I‚ wurfiak
ixj¾Ok ks,OdÍ
f,aLl uKav,h
1' ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy m%ùK f,aLl
2' ir;a ks;,j -.=re fiajh
l=,s$l=,shdmsáh uOH uyd úoHd,h" l=,shdmsáh
3' Wfml,d w;=fldar< iyldr lÓldpd¾h
isxy, wxYh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
ixialdrl uKav,h
1' wdpd¾h iaj¾Kd by<.u fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
le,‚h úYajúoHd,h
2' ã' ví,sõ' Èidkdhl fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
3' mS'à'tï' r;akdhl lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
4' m%.S;sld chfialr ksfhdacH flduidßia
fidaÿm;a lshùu
l,Hd‚ úfÊiqkaor lÓldpd¾h
fld<U úYajúoHd,h
msgljr ks¾udKh
1' fÊ'tÉ' ufkdaßld ms%hx.kS mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"
mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh
1' tia'ù'Ô' trx.d È,arelaIs mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"
2' fk,ald m%idÈks mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"

vii
ixialdrl igyk
NdIdj Wmfhda. lr .ksñka rih ckkh lrk l,dj" idys;Hh f,i

ye¢kafjhs' th yqfola NdId úl%uhla muKla fkdj udkj Ôú;fha úúO
me;slv ksrEmKh lrk udOHhls' idys;Hh ks¾udKh" ri úkaokh yd
úpdrh hk lafIa;% ;=klska iukaú; nj we;eï úpdrlfhda mji;s' ri
úkaokh idys;Hh mßYS,kfhka ,eìh yels m%;s,dNhls'
2015 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul flfrk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j 10-11
fYa%‚ i|yd iïmdokh flfrk fï idys;H ridiajdoh fm<fmd; Tng tu
m%;s,dNh w;a m;a lr §u wruqKq lr f.k we;' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úiska iïmdÈ; b.ekaùï wkql%uh mokï lr f.k fuys f,aLk fm< .iajd
;sfí'
ks¾ÈIag idys;Huh WoaOD; o ta WoaOD; ms<sn| iy tajdfha l;=jreka ms<sn|
ixlaIsma; úia;r o fuys wka;¾.; fõ' tfuka u m<uqjk mßÉfþoh f,i
kQ;k idys;Hdx. jk flál;dj" kjl;dj iy kQ;k isxy, lúh ms<sn|
ye¢kaùï lsysmhla Tnf.a wOHhk myiqj ms‚i tl;= lr we;' wdrïNfha
§ u idys;H ridiajdoh ms<sn| ixlaIsma; ú.%yhla o fuys we;=<;a fõ'
wod< idys;Huh WoaOD; ri úkaokhg uÕ fmkajk wNHdi lsysmhlska o
iukaú; fï fm< fmd;" wOHhkfha § Tfí .=rejrekaf.a iy jeäysáhkaf.a
iydh wjYH wjia:dj, úfgl ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' WoaOD;j, wka;¾.;
we;eï ÿrjfndaO jpk i|yd wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍï we;=<;a lr ;sîu Tng
myiqjla fj;ehs woyia lruq'
idys;H riúkaokh weiqfrka uki ÈhqKq lr f.k ixfõ§ ñksil= f,i
iudchg msúfikakg Tng yels fõjdZhs iqNdYxikh lruq'
fï fmd; iïmdokfha § iydh oela jQ ish¨ fokd f.!rjfhka isysm;a lrk
w;r uydpd¾h frdaysKS mrKú;dk uy;añhg wmf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh ysñ fõ'
ixialdrl uKav,h
viii
mgqk
msgq wxl
idys;H ridiajdoh 1
1 kQ;k idys;Hdx. lsysmhla 4

² flál;dj 4
² kjl;dj 7
² kQ;k mµ 10
2 l=i cd;lh 13
3 iqNdIs;h 52
4 fjila myk 61
5 ;=xux yxÈh 69

6 ck lú 71
7 hq;=lu 77
8 W;=frka 79
9 wd.ka;=l i;aldrh 81
10 we;a .df,a ore fmu 83
11 jeys j,d l=< 87
12 w¨; f.kd ukd,sh 89

13 kkao f;reka jykafiaf.a jia;=j 91
14 je,mSu 102
15 Woh 110
16 jeiai 112
17 mq;= bmÿKq fï forfKa 114
18 Èidm;s lduf¾ § h 116
19 uÕ 118
20 ldka;dr .ul Wm; 120

ix
idys;H ridiajdoh
wm Ôj;a jk f,dalfhys mj;akd “wdiajdo” hk jok" Y%S iqux., Yío
wdrïNh fyda wjidkh fyda fuf;lehs fldaIfhys,d je,súáfha fidar; ysñ
ksYaph l< fkd yels hï lsisjla we;akï úiska f;areï lrkq ,nkafka u;=
ta w;r idys;Hh o fjhs' idys;Hfha oelafjk mßÈ h'
uq," udkj j¾.hdf.a b;sydifha wE;g “^ri& ú£u" iemh'”
Èfjhs' idys;Hfha jmißh" uq¿ uy;a
Or‚ ;,fhka w;súYd, fldgila jid tfia u" tysñfhda “wdiajdok” hk jok"
f.k isáhs' “ri ú| .ekSu” f,iska myod fo;s'
isxy, idys;H b;sydih úuiSfï § th “ridiajdo” hk jok ielfikafka"

wju jYfhka wjqreÿ fo oyila j;a “ri - wdiajdo” hk joka oajh tla
blaujk nj fmfka' ta wre;ska" wm ùfuks' ta wkqj ridiajdo hkq" ri ú|
i;= j we;s iqúi,a idys;Hh w.kd Ok .ekSu h¦ fjk;a jpkj,ska lsj fyd;a"
ksOdkhla jeks h' ridiajdoh hkq idys;H ks¾udKhl ri
ú| .ekSu h'
isxy, idys;Hh o we;=¿ f,dal
idys;Hfhka úYd, fldgila" f,aLk .oH - moH - pïmq hk f,iska o"
.;j we;' ;j;a fldgila" ckY%e;s kjl;d - flál;d - kdgH - .S; hk
f,i w,sÅ;j ;sfí' tlS ,sÅ; iy f,iska o úúOdldr jk idys;Hh" wm
w,sÅ; idys;Hh l=ula i|yd o@ ljr úiska mßyrKh lrkq ,eìh hq;= jkafka
wruqKla Wfoid o@ ljr wNsu;d¾:hla thska èjks; jk rih ú|.ekSug hs'
isoaO lrkq i|yd o@ fuys § ridiajdoh hk jok" jvd;a
mq¿,a f,i ú.%y lr .ekSu w;HjYH
ta m%Yakj,g Èh yels flá ksh; fõ' idys;H ks¾udKhl ri ú£u
ms<s;=rla we;' ta ms<s;=r kï" muK jkdyS udkisl l%shdj,shls' fjk;a
fuf;lehs msßis| lsj fkd fyk" wdldrhlg lsj fyd;a" lsis hï idys;H
udkj j¾.hd i;= fï iqúi,a idys;Hh ks¾udKhla" wOHhkh lsÍfuka
mj;skafka" wka lsisjla Wfoid fkd j" miqj wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka" tu.ska
wdiajdoh Wfoid u nj h' lsis hï idys;Huh rihla w;a ú£u hs'
wdiajdoh" wdiajdokh" ridiajdoh" ke; fyd;a wm is;a i;ka wdkkaofhka
ridiajdokh hk fhÿïj,ska f;drj m%{dj lrd f.k hdu hs'
f,dfõ lsis u rgl" lsis u oehl" lsis tlS idys;H ri úkaokh fya;= fldg
u j.l" idys;Hhla .ek l;d l< fkd f.k wm is;ays we;s jk úm¾hdih
fyhs' fln÷ o@ ta úm¾hdih y÷kajk úfYAI
jokla idys;H úpdrfhys i|yka h'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 1
tkï" pu;aldrh hs' “pu;aldrh” hkq" hful=g mejish yels h' kuq;a idys;Hh"
flfkl=f.a is; u;a lrk .=Kh iEu wjia:dfõ u msÍ we;af;a h' iys;
muKla fkd fõ' idys;H lD;shla nj u idys;H fj;ehs ^“iys;iHNdjx
lshùfuka miqj" tys i|yka fmr fkd jQ idys;Hï”& lshk ,oafoa tfyhsks'
úrE fohla ms<sn|j úiauhla wm ;=< yg b;d ieflúka lsj fyd;a - idys;Hh
.kshs' pu;aldrh kï jkqfha" ta úiauh hkq Tnf.a yoj; fmdaIKh lrk
hs' ish¨ u rihkaf.a yrh pu;aldrh Okhls' Wiia idys;H lD;shla
fj;ehs lshk ,oafoa tfyhsks' mßYS,kfhka ,nk wdiajdoh fyj;a
ta wkqidrfhka is;k úg" idys;H rih" wdOHd;añl jQ u m%;s,dNhls' uq¿
lD;shla ri ú¢h hq;af;a" Bg fmr wm uy;a f,dal idys;Hh u wdOHd;añl
úiska fkd ,nk ,o w¨;a m%;s,dNhla Okhla jkafka tlS wre;sks'
,nd .ekSug neõ" fmkS hhs' Wiia Wla; lreKq weiqfrka jgyd .; hq;=
idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú£fuka uQ,sl ldrKhla we;af;a h' tkï"
miqj - th kjl;dj" flál;dj" idys;Hh mj;skafka" úkaokh i|yd u
lúh" kdglh wdÈ fldg .;a ljrla nj h' fojeks merl=ïndjka" iajlSh
jqj o - wdOHd;añl jYfhka wm u|la uyd ldjHh jk lõis¿ñK wrUk
bÈßhg f.dia we;s neõ" wmg u yeÕS whqre Bg ksoiqka h'
hkq we;' is; msÍ .sh njla" úiauhg
“iriúh neüfilaks - fj;ajd lsú ofkda
m;a jQ njla" wmg oefkkag fjhs' túg"
Tn w¨;a jQ njla" Tng u oefkkq we;' fmfoys riyõ ú÷kd - fofk;d b;d
tlS ish¨ u úm¾hdihka fya;= fldg ÿ,fnda”
f.k" Tn is;a ;=< idys;H ixl,amkd iriúhf.a ne¨ï ud;%hlska jqj"
mjd my< jkq we;' tmuKla fkdj flfkl= lúhl= jkq we;' tfy;a
Ñ;a;dNHka;rh ixfõ§ njg m;aj lúfhys ri Ndj ú¢k ck;dj kï"
;sfí' fyd| idys;H ks¾udK úiska b;d ÿ,n h'
Tnj Wiia ri úkaokhla lrd le|jd idys;H ks¾udKhl ri ú| .ekSu" tlS
f.k hkq ,nkafka tf,isks' ks¾udKh ìys lsÍug;a jvd wmyiq
fyd| idys;H lD;shla ri ú£u fya;= nj;a th b;d jákd nj;a uy lú
fldg f.k Tn ;=< isÿ jkakd jQ fï merl=ïndjka úiska meyeÈ,s lrk
fjki" w;ska w,a,d .; yels - iam¾Yfhka ,oafoaa tjka w;sYfhdala;shlsks' tfia
y÷kd.; yels - fk;ska oelsh jqj o th ienEjls' idys;H ri úkaokh
yels - fN!;sl m%;s,dNhla fkd fõ' - jdikdjla fyj;a jdikd .=Khla
idys;H ridiajdofhka ,nk rih neõ" tu .Sfhkaa mejfihs'
wf,!lsl hhs o w;Skaøsh hhs o lshk iajlSh lú YslaIdj kue;s lD;sfhys,d
,oafoa tfyhsks' idys;H ri úkaokh uqksodi l=udr;=x. fufia mejiS h'
jkdys" bkaøshhka blaujk m%;s,dNhls'
“hula lshjQ l,e" weiQ l,e" ú,sìh
bkaøshkaf.ka mila lr .; fkd yels we;shjqkg rihla oefka kï" ta
jQ ksid u" idys;Hh ;=< lsisjla ke;ehs lúfhls'”
2 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

tneúka idys;Hfha úkaokh hkak wm myod §ug h' b;d m%n, .eUqre fYdal
is;kjdg jvd .eUqre fohla neõ" Tng kdglhla keröfuka blaì;sj" iyDohd
wjfndaO jkq we;' fld;rï ixlS¾K ;=< isÿ jkafka yoj; msßissÿ ùulehs
fyd| idys;H lD;shla mßYS,kfhka Tjqyq mejiQy' idys;H ks¾udKhl ri
wm ú¢k rih - ,nk pu;aldrh - is; ú£fuys w.%M,h - wjidk M,h - kï"
msßisÿ lsÍug fya;= ^ldrl& jkafka h' is; msßisÿ njg m;a ùu h' idys;Hfha
.S%l niska “l;disia” (Catharsis) ienE pu;aldrh kï th hs'
hkqfjka ye¢kafjk jok Tn y÷kd tfia fyhska" Tn bÈßfhys we;s
.; hq;= h' tlS jpkh uy.;alre idys;H lD;sh Tn úiska ksis f,i
ud¾áka úl%uisxy úiska wre;a .kajkq mßYS,kh lrkq ,nkafka kï" Tn
,nkafka “Ndj úf¾pkh” lshd h' ,nk ridiajdoh - pu;aldrh - Tnf.a
Ndj úf¾pkh hkq" isf;ys we;s jk wOHd;auh fmdaIKh lrk wmQ¾j;u
rd. fodai fudayd§ flf,ia u, fidaod m%;s,dNhla jkq we;'
yeÍu h' .S%l úpdrlhkaa “l;disia” hk
jok fhÿfõ" .S%l fYdal kdglfhka
fm%alaIlhdf.a yoj; ;=< we;s jk fjki

1 kQ;k idys;Hdx. lsysmhla
rEmhlehs uu lshkafkñ' ks¾jpkhla
jYfhka ta lshuk lsisfia;a u mßmQ¾K
flál;dj fkd jk njg újdohla ke;' tfy;a
flál;dfõ iuia; iajNdjh ms<sn|
flál;dj hkq uQ,sl woyila bÈßm;a b`.shla" ta ;=< .eí ù we;ehs uu is;ñ'˜
jk fia w;aoelSula yd ne÷Kq ixisoaêhla ôhdfiak .=Kisxy - fla;=u;S fydag,fha
biau;= lrk l,d ks¾udKhls' idudkH rd;s%hla - 1990&
jYfhka flál;djl újrKh jkafka"
iSñ; pß; ixLHdjla mu‚' tla isoaêhla tfuka u iudc Ôú;fhka wxY= ud;%hla
fyda isoaê lsysmhla fyda mdol lr f.k ksrEmKh lrk rpkh flál;dj nj
ks¾udKh flfrk flál;djl uqLH fla' ch;s,l uy;d mjihs' tu;= fkdj
mrud¾:h jkqfha" lsis hï úfYaIs; tla w¾:j;a f,i pß;dx.hla fyda pß;hla
ldrKhla yqjd oelaùu h' u;= lrk m%n, wjia:dj flál;dj nj
ta'ù' iqrùr uy;d mjihs'
flál;dj ye¢kaùu i|yd Èh
yels ks¾jpk fndfyda h' ta w;r" j¾;udk flál;dj" f,dfjys mer‚;u
flál;dj jQl,S Ôú;fhka fm;a;lehs l;d l,djl kùk;u iajrEmh fjhs'
(A slice of life) hk wekagka fpfld*af.a fn!oaO cd;l l:d o" ysf;damfoaYfha
újrKh" w;sYh w¾:iïmkak fõ' tk WmfoaY l:d o" mxp;ka;%fha
Wmud l:d o" ls%ia;= mQ¾j fooyig;a
m%udKfhka flá jQ ks¾udK flál;d fmr ñirfha ìys jqKq l;dka;r o"
hkqfjka ye¢kaùu idjµ fõ' f,dal ls%ia;= mQ¾j yh jeks ishjfiys úiQ .S%l
idys;Hfhys tk fY%AIaG flál;d yeu cd;sl jyf,lehs ie,flk Bfidmaf.a
tlla u flá fkd fõ' tajd w;r msgq Wmud l;d o" tfuka u .S%isfhys
ishh blaujk §¾> flál;d olakg ,shjqKq flá fma%u jD;a;dka; o" wrdì
,efí' wekagka fpfld*af.a m<Õeáhd" ksfid,a,difhys oelafjk l;dka;r o"
yfha jdÜgqj jeks flál;d Bg j¾;udk flál;dfõ mQ¾j.dó wjia:d
ksoiqka h' f,i ie,lSu újdo rys; h' bkq;a uE;
m%;sNdmQ¾K kQ;k isxy, ld,fhl" bx.S%is idys;Hfha fc*aß
flál;dlrejl= jk ohdfiak fpdai¾f.a lekagnß l;d iy b;d,s
.=Kisxy flál;dj ks¾jpkh flf<a cd;sl ðfhdajkaks fndleisfhdaf.a
fumßÈ h' Èleurka l;d mka;sh o j¾;udk
“flál;dj hkq ljf¾ oehs tl u flál;dfõ ióm;u {d;Syq fj;s'
jelshlska mjik f,i hul= ug lsj isxy, flál;dfõ W;am;a;s ia:dkh
fyd;a" flál;dj hkq Ôú;fha ióm .ek woyia olajk uy .;alre ud¾áka
úl%uisxy" iajlSh jy,a¨ ^1951& kue;s kÈhla f,isks' th ngysr l:dj
flál;d ix.%yhg ‘flál;dj’ hk wdY%fhka u Wmkakla f,i i,ld
ud;Dldj hgf;a ,shQ §¾> f,aLkfhys úfõpkh lsÍu jQ l,S tys jeãu" ngysr
fufia mjihs' tl u mrïmrdjl úpdrlhka ál
“wmf.a lúfld<ldrhd" ngysr fyda fofkl=ka t,an .;a kS;sÍ;sj,ska msg
fmrÈ. fyda l:d l,dj fkd oek fkd mekakSug lrk jEhula fjhs' yeu
flál;d rpkd l< f,aLlfhls' tl, w;ska Èh ,nk kÈh jvd;a fõ.fhka
W.;a;= .%ka:drEV mer‚ nK l;d o nishs' ta neiSu ksid tys Èh msßisÿ fjhs'
mer‚ lùka rpkd l< lõfialrh" .eUqre fjhs' bjqre m<,a fjhs'
.=;a;s,h" l=iodj wdÈ lú l;d o bx.sßis l:djla wdY%fhka ,shk
lshùfuka wdiajdohlA ,enQy' thska ,o isxy, l:dj jqj o ni" Í;sh"
wdiajdohla fkd ,eìh yels fmdÿ f,aLlhdf.a .;s" m%;sNdj yd mßirh o
ckhdf.a l:d weiSfï l=yq, ÿgq ksid .kafka mer‚ isxy, l:djg u|la
lúfld<ldrhd" ixfõ.ckl mqj;a yqre iajrEmhls'”
jia;= fldg f.k" Tjqka Wfoid lúfhka ngysr Ñpdrlhka fmdÿfõ my;
flál;d rpkd flf<a h' w,xldr oelafjk ish¨ u rpkd" flál;d f,i
Ydia;%h yd úhrKh úiska ;<d fm<d y÷kaj;e hs" Tyq fmkajd ÿkafka h'
ne£fuka iSud fkd lrk ,o l,amkdj;a
Yla;sh;a we;s lúfld<ldrhd" mKaä; 1' tl u isÿùula uq,a fldg f.k
lùkag jvd fyd| l:dldrfhla úh' Tyq rÑ; l:dj
hï lsis W.ekaula yd wdfõYhla ,eî 2' pß;dx.hla ksrEmKh i|yd ,shk
kï" th ck l:dfjks' ck lúfhks'˜ ,o wdLHdhsldj
ngysr f,dalfha ìys jQ flál;dj o 3' isÿùï lsysmhla weiqßka rÑ; l:dj
kS;sÍ;sj,ska fkd ne÷Kq idys;Hdx.hlehs 4' lsishï wjia:djl ñksil=f.a is;g
Tyq ;j ÿrg;a fmkajd ÿkafka h' keÕ=Kq yeÕSula újrKh lrkq
“ngysr flál;dj fnfyúka i|yd lrk ,o rpkh
fjkia jQfha;a" úldikh jQfha;a th 5' flkl=f.a há isf;ys ieÕjqKq
úpdrlhkaf.a kS;sß;sj,ska fkd n¢kq yeÕSula fy<s flfrk újrKh
,enQ ksidh' wmQre rgj,a fidhd hd;%d
6' Wmydih yd udhd l:dj (fantasy)
l< keúhka fuka ngysr f,aLlfhda

o" .;dkq.;sl kS;sÍ;sj,ska fkd n¢kq
,enQ l,amkdj we;af;da jQy'” fcdai*a n¾.a tikaùka kï úpdrlhd"
flá l;djla fkd jkafka ljr
bkslaì;s j" tiufhys ^bl=;a ish jfia
,laIKj,ska hq;= m%nkaO ks¾udKhla
ueo Nd.fha § muK&" isxy, flál;dj
oehs meyeÈ,s lrkafka fï whqßks'
jevqKq yd úldikh jQ wdldrh .ek
Tyq fufia o i|yka lrhs'
“isxy, flál;dj o ful, ye¢kaúh
hq;af;a" w;= b;sj,ska Èh ,nñka kÕsk
1' flál;dj ixlaIsma; kjl;djla isoaëka wìnjd isák tla m%n, isoaêhla
fkd fõ' iy biau;= ù fmfkk tla m%Odk
2' th WmdLHdkhla o fkd fõ' pß;hla wkdjrKh flfrkakd jQ o"
3' th flgqïm;la fyda o< igykla tlg leá ù issák l:d úkHdihlsska
fyda fkd fõ' hqla; jQ o" ukd wjhj ixúOdkhla
we;a;d jQ o" tal;ajfhka hqla;
4' th pß; l:djla o fkd fõ' OdrKdjla we;a;d jQ o flá" l,ams;
5' th yqÿ pß;df,aLhla o fkd fõ' wdLHdkhls'˜
6' th yqÿ l;dka;rhla o fkd fõ' j¾;udk flál;dj" l;d úkHdih
ta lsisjla" ta f,iska u flál;djla wkqj" w;sYh úo.aO ixhq;shlska hq;=
fkd jkafka kï" flál;djl uQ,sl idys;H ks¾udKhla njg m;a j ;sfnkq
.=Kdx. ljf¾ oehs úuid n,uq' fcdai*a oelsh yels h' fï iïnkaOfhka id¾:l
n¾.a tikaùka kue;s úpdrlhd" flál;djl mej;sh hq;= talSh;ajh
flál;djl ;sìh hq;= wx. y;la .ek ms<sn|j ,sfhdka i¾fu,shka (Leon
i|yka lrhs' Surmelian) kue;s úpdrlhd iajlSh
Tyq mjik wdldrhg" fyd| Techniques of Fiction Writing
flál;djla ;=< kue;s lD;sfhys olajk woyila"
u;= i|yka h'
1' ish,a, wìnjd isák tla m%n,
isoaêhla ;sìh hq;= h' “tla isoaêhla wfkla ;eklg oeuQ
l,ays fyda bj;a l< l,ays fyda" l;dfõ
2' biau;= ù fmfkk tla m%Odk
talShNdjh fyda mßiudma;sh m¨ÿ
pß;hla o ;sìh hq;= h'
jk mßoafoka l:d úkHdifha wjhj
3' ks¾udKlref.a mßl,amkfhka ìys ixia:dkh isoaO l< ukd h' hï isoaêhla
jk ks¾udKhla úh hq;= h' we;=¿ ùu fyda fkd ùu fyda fya;= fldg
4' l:d úkHdihla ;sìh hq;= h' f.k" l;dfõ m%lg f,i fjkila we;s
jkafka kï" ta isoaêh iuia;fha kshu
5' l;dfõ isoaê ud,dj tlg leá ù
bkaøshhla fkd jkafka h'”
;sìh hq;= h'
l;djla bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%u folls'
6' l;dfõ ixúOdkd;aul nj ;sìh
uq,a l%uh" l;dka;rhl iajrEmfhka
hq;= h'
l;dj bÈßm;a lsÍu h' wfkla l%uh
7'
OdrKdfõ talSh;ajhla ;sìh l;dj lSfuka je<lS mdGlhdg th oel
hq;= h' .kakg ie,eiaùu h' m<uq jk l%uh
flál;djl ;sìh hq;= tlS wx. ,laIK l:kh kñka o" fojekak rEmKh
oelaùfuka miqj" fcdai*a n¾.a tikaùka kñka o ye¢kafjhs' flál;djl §
kue;s tu úpdrlhd" flál;dj f,aLlhd úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a"
ks¾jpkh fldg olajkafka u;= rEmK ud¾.h hs' hï f,aLlhl= rEmK
oelafjk f,isks' ud¾.h .%yKh lr.kakd f;la u"
“flál;dj jQ l,s wfkla ish¨ Tyqf.a l;d l,dj mQ¾K;ajhg m;a
jQfha hhs lshkq neß h'
,oafoa" “fkdfj,d” (Novella) hk
kjl;dj joksks' zÈleurkaZ l;kaor bx.S%is nig
keÕSu;a iuÕ u" Novel hk moh"
kjl;dj hkq .oHuh m%nkaOhls' th bx.S%is nfiys jyrg meñ‚fha h'
lsis hï l;djia;=jl rduqjla ;=< isÿ
jk wjia:djkaf.a iy pß;hkaf.a .oHfhka ,shefjk m%nkaO l,d
ksrEmKhla fõ' ta wkqj" úfYaIhla f,i" kjl;dj f,dal
idys;H jyrg tla jkafka tf,isks'
1' pß; yd wjia:d ksrEmKh
2' m%nkaO fyj;a l,ams; l;dka;r .oHfhka lrk ,o l,ams; m%nkaO
iajrEmh rpkh" mqrdK f,dalh mqrd u me;sr .sh
3' .oH f,aLkhla ùu' l,djla nj fmfka' ta lD;Ska y÷kajkq
i|yd kjl;dj hk jpkh fkd
hk wx." j¾;udk kjl;dfõ uQ,sl fhÿKq kuqÿ" kjl;dfõ uQ,djia:dj
wx. jYfhka y÷kd .; yels h' fia ie,lsh hq;= jkafka" tlS m%nkaO h'
f,dal idys;H b;sydih foi n,k miq ld,Skj hqfrdamSh idys;H iïm%odfha
úg" ixl,amkd;aul fyj;a l,ams; fldgila njg m;a jQ fndfyda l;dka;r
m%nkaOlrKfha ;=kajeks wjia:dj fia wdrïN jQfha ñirfha h' bkaÈhdfõ §
.efkkafka" kjl;dj h' uq,ska u ìys kjl;dfõ fmr .ukalre fia y÷kd
jQfha" ùr ldjH hs' bkaÈhdfõ jHdi .; yelafla" yhjeks ish jfia wmr
RISka úiska úrÑ; fia ie,flk uyd Nd.fha úiQ ixialD; m`äjrhl= jk
Ndr;h;a" jd,aóls RISka úiska rÑ; oKaãka úiska úrÑ; oY l=udr pß;h hs'
rdudhKh;a" .S%isfha fydau¾ úiska fndfyda idys;H úoaj;=ka úiska ienE u
mn¢k ,oehs ie,flk b,shâ iy uq,a kjl;dj f,i i,lkq ,nk f.xð
Täis hk uyd ldjH oajhh;a m%nkaO l;dka;rh" cmka cd;sl l;=jßhl jk
idys;Hfha uq,a wjia:d fia y÷kd f.k uqrils Islsnq wd¾hdj úiska tlf<dia
we;' bka wk;=rej wdfõ" fma%u ldjH jeks ish jfia § ,shkq ,eì‚' 1935 § ta
hs' th m%nkaO .Kfhys u ,d ie,flhs' lD;sh bx.S%is nig keÕ=fKa" The Tale
fï wkqißka f,dalfha m%nkaO of Genji hk kñkss'
idys;Hh ;=< mefkk ;=kajeks m%nkaO Y%S ,xldfõ isxy, mdGlhkag
wjêh f,i" kjl;dj ìys úh' “kjl;dj” kue;s l,d udOHh
w¨;a m%nkaOlrKh “kjl;dj” fia ms<sn|j m<uq jrg oek .ekSug
ye¢kaùug mgka .eks‚' th kj,a ,efnkafka" oy kj jeks ishjfia § h'
(Novel) fyj;a kjl;dj jkqfha" wdÈ u isxy, kjl;dlrejkag iajlSh
“w¨;a” hk wre;sks' bx.S%is nig ta moh udOHh wjfndaO lr .ekSug uy;a
tla jkafka" ,;ska Novellus hk joksks' mßY%uhla oeÍug isÿ ú‚' tfia u"
mqk¾Ôjk hq.fha uq,a wjêfha §" fï isxy, mdGl ckhdg o kjl;d udOHh
jok jyrg tkafka" “w¨;a l;dka;rh” jgyd .ekSug uy;a jHdhduhl fh§ug
hk wre; iys;j h' iqm%lg b;d,s isÿ úh' uq,a u isxy, kjl;dlrefjda
cd;sl ðfhdajkaks fndldIsfhda úiska bx.S%is kjl:dfõ iajrEmh ta yeáfhka
,shk ,o ‘Èleurka’ lD;sh y÷kajk u wkq.ukh lsÍug wiu;a jQy' flfia
jqj o" isxy, kjl;dfõ úldYkh .ek mshodi isßfiak kjl;dlrKhg
is;d n,k úg" uq,a u wjêfha my< jQ msúiSfuka u| l,lg miqj" isxy,
kjl;dlrejkaf.ka buy;a fiajhla m%nkaO b;sydifhys o¾Ykh jk
isÿ jQ nj kï meyeÈ,s h' Tjqka w;ska ó<Õ l;=jrhd ví,shq' ta' is,ajd h'
fulS kj l,d udOHhg iaÓridr Tyqf.a kjl;dlrKh ms<sn|j ueoy;a
mokula jegq‚' úu¾Ykhl fhfok uydpd¾h tÈßùr
isxy, kjl;dfõ j¾;udk iajrEmfhys irÉpkaø" iajlSh isxy, kjl;d
uQ, îch olakg ,efnkafka 1905 b;sydih yd úpdrh kue;s iqm%lg
jif¾ § w¨;a.uf.a ihsuka o is,ajd .%ka:fhys fufia i|yka lf<a h'
úiska ,shd m< lrk ,o ókd kue;s “j¾;udk kjl;djka w;r úYd,
lD;sh ;=< h' Tyqf.a fiiq kjl;d ixLHdjla" is,ajd uy;df.a lD;s h¦
w;r" f;Íid iy wfma wd.u kue;s Tyqf.a iEu lD;shla u uyckhd úiska
l;d fol o olakg ,efnhs' b;d wdYdfjka lshjkq ,efí' Tyqf.a
ókd m< jkafka 1905 jif¾ § h' lD;s fumuK ckm%sh jQfha" tajd
tkï" mshodi isßfiakf.a b;d iqm%lg" ish,a,la fm%au l:d jk fyhsks' ta u;=
tfuka u w;sYhska u ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jQ o fkd fõ' O¾ñIaGhd iEu úg u ch
ch;siai iy frdia,ska hk kjl;dj .kakd" ÿIaghd mrdch jk" wjidkfha
m<jkag wjqreoaolg fmr h' § fmïj;=ka tla jk" ufkda rdcHhlg
Tyq mdGlhd we;=¿ lrjhs' mdGlhd
we;eï idys;Hfõ§ka mjik wdldrhg" yuqfjys Tyq ujd mdk ufkdauh f,dalh"
bx.S%is kjl;dfõ wdÈ l¾;Djrhd isßfiak uy;df.a f,dalh ;rï wNjH
f,i ie,flk ieuqfj,a ßpâikag" fkd jk w;r u" ;d;a;aúl f,dalh
kjl;dj l=ula oehs bx.S%is mdGlhkg ;rï ÿla mSvd wdÈfhka .yK jQjla o
y÷kajd §fï f.!rjh ysñ jkakdla fkd fõ' th b;d ruŒh f,dalhls'
fuka u" mshodi isßfiakg isxy, tn÷ f,dalhl ;djld,sl jYfhka
kjl;d b;sydifhys úfYaI ia:dkhla jqj o úiSug fndfyda fokd leu;s h'
ysñ fjhs' uq,a u isxy, kjl;dj ,shQ ta' ienE f,dalfhys fuka fkd j" is,ajd
ihsuka is,ajd ,shQ ókd" f;Íid yd wfma uy;df.a udhd f,dalfhys fmïj;ayq
wd.u hk kjl;d ;=fkka u" isxy, ish¨ u ndOd uev f.k ;u ufkdar:h
mdGlhkag fuu w¨;a idys;Hdx.h bIag lr .ks;s' Tjqyq Ôú;dka;h olajd
ms<sn|j" mshodi isßfiakf.a jdikdfjka fjfi;s' Tjqkag ndOd
kjl;dj,ska muK wjfndaOhla ,nd muqKqjkag ;e;a l< ÿIaghdg ksis
.; yels ù hhs is;kq W.yg h' o~qjï ,efí'”
mshodi isßfiakf.a fojeks kjl;dj ví,shq' ta' is,ajdf.a uq,a u kjl;dj
ksl=;a jQfha wmg fjÉp foa hk jk isßh,;d fkdfyd;a wkd: ;re‚h
kñks' bkslaì;s j Tyq úiska ,shk ,o m< jkafka 1909 jif¾ § h' ta jk úg
kjl;d ;re‚hlf.a fm%auh" äx.sß l;=jrhdf.a jhi wjqreÿ oykjhla úh'
ue‚ld" j,õjl m<ys,õj" úu,;siai bka wk;=rej ,shk ,o lD;Ska w;r"
yduqÿrejkaf. uqo,a fmÜáh" ufyaYajÍ" ,laIañ fyj;a fkdkefik /ðksh"
fvnr fl,a, wdÈh fõ'
le,E y|" ys`.k fld,a,d" iqfka;%d .ïfmr<sh" l,shq.h yd hq.dka;h hk
fkdfyd;a wúpdr iuh" ffojfhda.h" ;=ka we÷;= kjl;dj tlla jYfhka
úchnd fld,a,h hk lD;Ska o cQ,s .;a l," th ud¾áka úl%uisxy mßKdu
y; iy ß§ yjäh hk ryia mÍlaIl jdoh ms<sn| oerE od¾Yksl u;dka;r
kjl;d fol o mdGlhskaf.a úfYaI ks¾udKd;aul f,i m%ldY lrk ,o
m%idohg ,la úh' wjia:djla fia o ie,flhs'
ud¾áka úl%uisxy isxy, kjl;d 1956 § ksl=;a jqKq ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a
lafIa;%hg wj;S¾K jkafka" 1914 úrd.h fndfyda úpdrlhkaf.a
jif¾ § rpkd l< ,S,d lD;sfhks' wjOdkhg;a úu¾Ykhg;a ,la jQfha h'
ck;dj w;r mej;s ñ:Hd u; yd <dul isxy, kjl;d jxih ;=< wrúkao jeks
woyia uq,skqmqgd oeófuka" iudcfha pß;hla ìys jQ uq,a u j;dj th úh'
meje;aug o mdrïmßl l=, O¾uj,g o Bg fmr tjka pß; ,laIKj,ska o"
ydks fkd jk wdldrfha fm%au l;djla tjka wdl,amhkaf.ka o fyì pß;hla
f.dv keÕSu" Tyqf.a wruqK jQ neõ isxy, kjl;dj ;=< o¾Ykh fkd
meyeÈ,s h' ù h' tfyhska wrúkaof.a pß;h
wmQ¾jhla fia biau;=j fmks‚'
isxy, m%nkaO l,dj kj Èidjlg
fhduq lsÍfï o" thg iqúfYaI jQ udkqIsl .ïfmr<sfhka miqj iudch;a" ñksia
w¾:hla §fï jdikd uysuh we;s Ôú;h;a foi ishqï wkaoñka ne,Sug iu;a
m%;sNdu;a kjl;dlrejl= f,i ud¾áka m%;sNd iïmkak kjl;dlrejka lsysm
úl%uisxy keÕS isákafka" 1925 § m< jQ fokl= u ìys jQ whqre oel .; yels úh'
ñßÕ=j kjl;dfjks' fuu kjl;dj úfYaIfhka u" .=Kodi wurfialrf.a
uq,ska u m<j we;af;a" ñßÕ= Èh hk lreulaldrfhda ^1955& yd ud¾áka
kñks' úl%uisxyf.a úrd.h ^1956& ,sheùfuka
wk;=rej" isxy, kjl;d l;=jreka
isxy, kjl;dj l,d;aul uÕlg jvd;a W;aiql jQfha" Ôú;fha we;eï
mssúiqfKa 1944 § ksl=;a jqKq úl%uisxyf.a .+V ia:dk foi n,d" ta wkqj Ôú;h
.ïfmr<sh lD;sfhka neõ wújdofhka h:d¾:j;aj újrKh lsÍug h' we;eï
ms<s.efkk lreKls' kjl;dfõ úIhh f,aLlhl= fï m%Yak ;u ks¾udKhkays §
mq¿,a lsÍu;a" th ishqï l,d;aul idOdrŒh;ajhg m;a lsÍug iu;a jQ w;r"
ks¾udKhla jYfhka w.h lsÍug we;efula ta ld¾hfhys § wid¾:l jQy'
ie,eiaùu;a fuu kjl;dfjka isÿ jQ .=Kodi wurfialrf.a h<s Wmkafkñ
uy;a u fiajh fjhs' kjl;djla u.ska ^1960&" uvj, tia' r;akdhlf.a mdfkka
l;=jrhl= lsis hï Ôjk oDIaáhla w÷rg ^1963& jeks lD;Ska tfia wid¾:l
m< lsÍug .;a m%:u id¾:l jEhu o" jQ lD;Ska yeáhg úpdrlfhda fmkajd
ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a .ïfmr<sh fj;ehs fo;s'
ie,lSu" idjoH ks.ukhla fkd
fjhs' “;=ka wE÷;= kjl;dfjys” fo fuu l;=jreka úIhh lr .;a wfkla
fl<jfrys jk .ïfmr<sh yd hq.dka;h m%Yakh kï" ixialD;sl .eàï h'
tlg wEf|kafka" miqj rpkd lrk ,o" ixialD;sl .eàï hkqfjka fuys woyia
l,shq.fhks' flfrkafka" .eñ iudcfhka kd.ßl
iudchg ixl%uKh ùu" .fuka w;r úYsIag ks¾udK fia y÷kd.;
úYajúoHd,hg hdu" ,xldfjka msgrglg yelafla w;sYhska u iaj,amhla neõ o
hdu jeks wjia:d wdY%fhka mek ke.=Kq wu;l fkd l<ukd h'
.eàï iuqodh hs' fuu m%Yakj,g fmdÿ
iajrEmhla §ug .;a m%h;ak w;r" kQ;k isxy, lúh
tÈßùr irÉpkaøf.a u<.sh we;af;da
^1959& j,au;a ù yirla kqÿáñ ^1962&" iïNdjH isxy, moH idys;Hfha
isß .=kisxyf.a fyjke,a, ^1960&" fla' ksudj;a iu`. ;;ald,Sk foaYmd,ksl"
ch;s,lf.a wm%ikak l;djla ^1963& iudchSh yd ixialD;sl miqìu mdol
jeks lD;Ska i|yka l< hq;= jkafka lr .ksñka 19 jk ish jfia w. yd 20
h' l,ska iudc yd ixialD;sl fjkia jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § muK zkQ;k
ùï úIh fldg .;a isxy, kjl;dj" isxy, lúfhaZ iudrïNh isÿ fjhs'
miqj ,sx.sl Ôú;h u mokï fldg mqrd;k moH idys;Hfhys jQ wd.ñl
f.k ke.S isákakg ;e;a lf<a jk' uqyqKqjr mQ¾j ksYaÑ; ldjH wdlD;sh"
t oji kjl;d l;=jreka Ôú;fha tla NdIdj yd w,xldr Ndú;fhys jQ kshuhka
m%foaYhla u n,kakg .;a ;e; ksid;a" l%ufhka fjkia ù fuu hq.fha § lúh
,sx.sl Ôú;h woaN+;hla fldg bÈßm;a iuld,Sk foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudÔh
lsÍu ksid;a miq hq.fha we;eï l;=jre yd ixialD;sl fjkia ùïj,g iu.dój
kjl;dfõ kj lafIa;% fidhd hdug ìys jQfha h' lúfha wd.ñl uqyqKqjr"
fm,ö we;' uvj, tia' r;akdhlf.a fmdÿ ckhdf.a f,!lsl w;aoelSï yd
wlalr my ^1959&" ,S,a .=Kfialrf.a yeÕSï m%;sks¾udKh lrd ú;eka fjoa§
fm;aiu ^1961&" w;aik ^1963& iy fla' NdIdfõ jQ mKaä; m%sh jQ úo.aO Ndjh
ch;s,lf.a pß; ;=kla ^1963& jeks l%ufhka jHjydßl NdIdjg ióm
lD;Skaf.ka fy<s jkafka ta m%;sl%shdj hs' úh' lúiuhdkq.; w,xldr yd Í;SSka
bka wk;=rej" isxy, kjl;d f,dalhg fjkqjg fmdÿ ck iqLdjfndaOh yd
tla jQ ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a lrej, wruqKq idOkh Wfoid jQ w,xldr
f.or ^1963&" Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a yd Í;Ska fj; lùyq keUqre jQy'
fïOd ^1964&" pdreuqL" jro;a; iy fla' uqøK ;dlaIKfha wd.ukh;a iu.
ch;s,lf.a fof,djg ke;s wh ^1964& lúh fmdÿ ck iudch w;r ckm%sh
jeks lD;Ska fmkajkafka" m%udo ù fyda idys;H udOHhla njg l%ufhka m;a
isxy, kjl;dfõ lafIa;%h" ;j ;j;a úh' tf;la mej;shd jQ iïNdjH moH
mq¿,a ùug ork ,o m%h;akh hs' idys;Hfha yd bka miq fmdÿ ck
bl=;a oYl myl ;rï ld,h ;=< isxy, idys;Hhla lrd ú;eka jQ lúfha
kjl;dj úúO Èidjkg keUqre fjñka fkd u| fmdaIKh;a ngysr idys;Hfha
ixLHd;aul jYfhka w;súYd, kjl;d m%n, wdNdih;a ,nñka th isÿ úh'
l;=jreka msßila o" kjl;d w;suy;a kQ;k lúfha m%:u Nd.fha lùka
m%udKhla o wmf.a idys;Hhg tlaj w;r mshodi isßfiak" wdkkao
we;s neõ úfYaIfhka ie,lsh hq;= rdclreKd" Ô' tÉ' fmf¾rd yd tia'
lreKls' tf;l=ÿ jqj;a" tlS lD;Ska uyskao ysñ m%uqL fj;s' tjlg hg;a

úð;lrKhg ,laj isá Y%S ,dxflah kQ;k lúh iïnkaOj i,ld ne,Sfï §
ck;dj tu udkisl;ajfhka uqojd ‘fy< yjq,’ idlÉPdjg Ndckh l< hq;=
.kq jia ‘cd;Hkqrd.h’ l=¿.ekafjk fjhs' l=udr;=x. uqksodi m`äjrhdf.a
ldjH nkaOkh lsÍug fuu hq.fha § mqfrda.dó;ajfhka werUqKq jHdlrK
m%uqL;ajh ysñ úh' ta i|yd flakaøh Ydia;%h iïnkaO oeä u;OdÍ .=re
jYfhka <uhd fhdod .;a nj by; l=,hla jk fuys isxy, lúh flfrys
lùkaf.a ldjH iuqÉp ksÍlaIKh ie,lssh hq;= odhl;ajhla iemhQ lùyq
lsÍfï § úYo fjhs' tu hq.fha lúh lsysm fofkla o fj;s' iajlSh NdId
fjfiiska u fufyh jQfha hq.fha u;jdo ks¾udK ld¾hfha § mjqrla jqj o
wjYH;dj fjkqfjks' tfyhska fuu iQlaIauj ksÍlaIKfha úYsIag ks¾udKYS,S
m%;sNdjla l=udr;=x. uqksodi" wßfika
ldjH wOHhkh l< hq;af;a ta ta lú
wyqnqÿ" /hsmsh,a f;kakfldaka jeks
yqfol,dj .ksñka fkdj hq.fha iudc
lùkaf.a ks¾udKj,ska ms<sìUq fjhs'
miqìu flfrys iú{dksl fjñks'
by; wjëkays lúfha jQ ÿn,;d y÷kd
ñka miq wjêh b;d m%n, f,i lúh
.ksñka udkj yd iudc w;aoelSï
fmdÿ ckhdg ióm jQ ld, jljdkqjla m%;sks¾udKh lrkq jia kjuq ldjH
f,i ie,lsh yels h' id.r m,kaiQßh m%ia;=;" NdId yd Í;Ska fuka u
^flahia&" úu,r;ak l=udr.u" mS'î' w,xldr iïm%odhl ld,Sk wjYH;dj
w,aúia fmf¾rd" î' tÉ' wurfiak" ld,Skj mek k.sñka ;snQ hq.hl Ô' î'
óuk fm%au;s,l" tÉ'tï' l=v,s.u" Y%S fiakdkdhl m,s .ekSu ^1948& kï jQ
pkaør;ak udkjisxy hk lùyq fuu iajlSh flá l;d iuqÉphg wka;¾.;
hq.h ksfhdackh l<y' m%udKd;aulj fldg “.oHh;a moHh;a w;r rpkd
b;d úYd, ixLHdjla lú ,shejqKq fuu úfYaIhla” f,i kï lrñka ‘ksoyia
hq.fha lúh ck;dj w;r m;< ùu moH’ wdlD;sh lúhg y÷kajd fohs'
flfrys uqøK Ys,amfha ÈhqKqj Rcqj isß .=kisxy Tyq úiska u ‘nqoaê f.dapr
n, mEfõ h' lú fmd;a" lú i`.rd" lú ldjH’ f,i y÷kajd fok ksi|eia ldjH
fld< iq,n jQ fuu hq.fha fndfyda lùyq iïm%odh o ìysjkafka óg ;odikak
ngysr frduekaála lùkaf.a wdNdih ld,hl § h' 1956 § uia f,a ke;s weg
fkd u|j ,oy' ta wkqj Tjqkaf.a lúh hkqfjka ldjH .%ka:hla m%ldYhg m;a
Bg mQ¾j hq.fha lùka f.ka fnfyúka l< isß .=kisxy “lúfhys we;af;a
fjkia úh' jia;= úIh úúO ùu;a NdIdj nqoaêfhka .%%yKh lr .; hq;= ye`.Sï
ir, yd iq.u ùu;a Ndj f.dapr Wmud yd woyia h” hk u;fhys ;rfha t,an
rEmlj,ska iukaú; ùu;a fuys úfYaI isáfhls' Tyq lúh kjuq udj;lg m%fõY
,laIK f,i oelaúh yels h' ia;s%h lsÍfï ke;s kï isjq mo wdlD;sfhka
yd ia;%SmqreI fm%auh fi!kao¾hd;aulj ñ§ kjH ldjH iïm%odhlg m%fõY
lsÍfï ld¾hfha § m%n, ueÈy;alrejd
Ñ;%Kh lsÍug fndfyda lùka fm,UqKq
f,i ye¢kaùu idjoH fkd fõ' fufia
w;r mqoa., yd iudc w;aoelSï udkj
wdrïN jQ ‘ksi|eia ldjH’ iïm%odfhys
ohdfjka hqla;j m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug
we;eï ÿn,;d mej;=K;a lú ri ú¢k
fudjqyq ksn|j u W;aidy .;ay'
ckhdg th wd.ka;=l w;aoelSula úh'
ta wkqj ksi|eia lúfhys ksfIaOkSh jeks lùkag yd lsú¢hkag kQ;k
,laIK neyer lrñka idOkSh lú flf;ys m%uqLia:dkhla ysñ
,laIK Wlyd .ksñka" iïNdjH fõ' kQ;kfhys § lúh w¾:mQ¾K
isxy, moH idys;Hfhka o ck ldjH yd NdjmQ¾K udOHhla njg m;a
iïm%odfhka o" úfoaYSh lúfhka o fkd lsÍfuys ,d kkaok ùrisxy" huqkd
u| wdNdih ,nñka kQ;kh olajd lúh ud,skS fmf¾rd" tßla b,hma wdrÉÑ
/f.k wd mqfrda.dóka f,i .=Kodi jeks lúfhda yd lsú¢fhda mqfrda.dó jQy'
wurfialr yd uy.u fialr hk ta w;r ,laYdka; w;=fldar<" uxcq,
lùka fo m< ie,lsh yels h' uy.u fjäj¾Ok" uyskao m%idoa uiabUq,"
fialr .;a ud¾.h wkqj .sh r;ak YS% iqy¾IŒ O¾ur;ak jeks ;reK lùyq o
úfÊisxy" ohdfiak .=Kisxy" mrdl%u fj;s'
fldä;=jlal=" fudksld rejkam;srK

2 l=i cd;lh
l=reKE., wjêh
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a mQ¾j fuu l;d ish,af,a u wdlD;suh
W;am;a;s l;d lshkakd jQ jD;a;dka; jYfhka iudk;ajhla ;sfí' j;auka
fyj;a mQ¾j pß; l;d cd;l l;d l;dj" w;S; l;dj yd ifudaOdkh
kï fõ' ms<sfj<ska we;=<;aj ;sîu tu
cd;l l;d ieliS we;af;a mer‚ ,laIKh hs' j;auka l;dfõ nqÿka
Ndr;Sh iudch wdY%h lr f.k h' jykafia jev isák w;r w;S;
tfy;a ld,jljdkqj ms<sn| úúO l;dfõ fndai;dKka jykafiaf.a
u; mj;S' nqoafOda;amdo ld,hg;a pß;h yuq fõ' ifudaOdkh hkq
fmr mgka u meje;s l;d miq l,l j;auka w;S; l;d .e<mSu hs'
cd;l l;d njg m;a jQ nj tla fndai;dKka jykafiaf.a YS,h"
u;hls' nqÿka jykafiaf.a YS% uqL {dkh" ù¾hh" bjiSu" ;Hd.jka;
foaYkd f,i cd;l l;d ish,a, nj wdÈh w;S; l;dfjka ksrEms; h'
ìys jQ njg o u;hla mj;S' flfia tu.ska Wmfoia iemhSu" iqpß;fhys
fj;;a ;s%msglfha iQ;% msglfha Lqoaol w.h fmkajd §u isÿ flf¾' foõ
ksldfha fmd;a 15 w;rg cd;l l;d ñksia i;a;aj pß; w;S; l;dfjka
wh;a fõ' nqÿka jykafia flf¾ ;snQ yuq fõ' l¾uh" mqk¾Njh ms<sn|
wp, Nla;sh ksid wkdÈu;a ld,hla fmkajd§u;a cd;l l;dj,ska isÿ
mqrd uqL mrïmrdkq.;j fïjd flf¾' t ksid i¾jld,Sk njla
mej;s‚' ;sfí'
uyskaod.ukh;a iu. ,laÈjg fuu l;d jia;=j, idys;Huh
f.k tkq ,enQ fï l;d ck;dj jákdlula o we;' .+V ñksia is;
w;r ckms%h úh' fï fya;=j ksid újrKh lsÍu tys,d jeo.;a fõ' ta
l=reKE., rdcOdks iufha y;rjk l;d weiqfrka ,shd we;s fmd;-m;
merl=ïndjkaf.a wkq.%yfhka md,sfhka fndfyda h' úydr Ñ;%" uQ¾;s"
mej;s tu l;d ir, isxy,hg ldjH" kdgl" <ud l;d" iskud
mßj¾;kh lr we;' tf;la md,s mg i|yd o cd;l l;d miqìï lr
NdIdfjka ;snQ “md,s cd;lÜG l:dj” f.k we;' cd;l l;d nd, uy¨
isxy,hg ke.Su ùrisxy m%;srdc mKaä; ljrl=g jqj o lshùfuka o
wud;H;=udf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿ jQ weiSfuka o ri ú¢h yels h' cd;l
nj uyd jxifha i|yka fõ' mkaish fmd; lshùfuka ñksfil=g jir
mkia cd;l fmdf;ys we;af;a l;d 200la Ôj;a ù ,nk w;aoelSï ,nd.;
547ls' th l;d 550laj meje;s njg o yels nj uyd .;alre ud¾áka
úoaj;a u;hla mj;S' úl%uisxy i|yka lr ;sfí' “l=i
cd;lh” cd;l fmdf;a we;s 523 jk
l;dx.h hs'
Ydikh flf¾ l,lsreKq NslaIqka ù we;' l=i cd;lh w;=re l;djlska
jykafia flkl=ka wrnhd th foaYkd o iukaú; fõ' mndj;shf.a rEm
lr we;' fYdaNdfjka u;aj f;acdkaú; l=i
ia;S%ka flf¾ oeä rd. is;a we;s lr ne,fufyjr lsÍug mjd fm,fUk
.ekSu f;aciska msßyS fkdfhla whqre ydiH rih uqiq lrñka fuys
úkdYhkag uqyqK mEug fya;= jk úia;r flf¾' l=i cd;lh j;auka
nj j;auka l;dfjka fmkajd fohs' iudchg mjd .=re fldg .; yels fõ'
tu ixisoaêh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd l=i bka oelafjk oyï m‚úvhg;a jvd
rcq ms<sn| w;S; l;dj bÈßm;a lr bka cks; jk idys;H rih ksid
we;' ia;s%h ms<sn| mer‚ iudcfha u ,dxlsl ck iudcfha uq,a nei
mej;s wdl,amh;a fuu woyig mdol f.k we;s nj i|yka l< yels h'
;j o oin,OdÍ jQ iqrdiqrjrpl%pdre Èj i¿ ls¨gq ùu h" YÍrh ÿ¾j¾Khg

pQvduŒuÍÑi`[aphmßpqïì; prKhq., meñŒu h" folsis,af,ka vd jeySu h
we;s i¾j{hka jykafia ieje;akqjr ÈjH f,dalfhys wd,h u| ùu h hk
iómfhys jQ fÊ; kï rdc l=udrhkaf.a fï mxp mQ¾j ksñ;a;fhda my< fjoao
Whkays wfkams`vq uyisgdKka úiska t mßoafoka u Wlg,S jQ is;a we;sj
isõmkia fl<la Ok úhoï fldg lrjd Ydikfhka msßfykq leu;s NslaIQkag;a
ms<s.kajk ,o rd;%sia:dk Èjdia:dk ieoE kue;s u,a u,dksl ùu h ms<s
pxl%uK uKavm ud,ld§ka úrdcudk is,a ls¨gqùu h lerjeyeï yd kq.=K
jQ moafuda;am, l=j,hl=uqol,aydr me;sfrñka úrEm njg meñŒu h" laf,aY
l=iqfudamfYdaNs; mqIalrŒka ruH jQ kue;s vd jEySu h" úfõlia:dkfhys
N=ñm%foaY we;s fÊ;jk uyúydrfhys fkd we,Su h hk mxpmQ¾j ksñ;a;fhda
ÈjH n%yau wd¾h B¾hdm: úyrKfhka my< jkakdy' ta uyK yg o tlshk
ojia hjk fiala iiafkys Wlg,S jQ ,o mia jeoEreï jQ .=Kfhda o my<
tla;rd NslaIq flfkl=ka wrNhd fï jQy' tnj oek fiiq NslaIQka jykafia
l=i cd;l O¾u foaYkdj jod< fial' ta uyK fkd leue;s lrjd nqÿka
ta flfia o h;a@ iómhg le|jd f.k f.dia “iajdóks" uQ
ieje;a kqjr jikakd jQ tla;rd Ydikfhys Wlg,S jQ” hhs oelajQ fial'
l=, mq;%fhla nqÿ iiafkys fh§ uyK tl, i¾j{hka jykafia “uyK ;d
j tla ojila ieje;akqjr ms~q is`.d Ydikfha Wlg,S jQfha oe”hs úpdrd
weúÈfka h" i¾jdNrK úN+Is; jQ tla jodrd ienEhe iajdóks hs oekajQ l,ays
ud;=.duhl= oel iqNksñ;a; .%yKfhka “uyK laf,Y ji`.j fkd mj;=j'
n,d laf,aYji`.j Ydikfhys fï ud;=.dufhda kï múgq i;a;aj
we¨ï ke;sj Èla jQ kshflia yd flfklehs Tjqka flfrys ms<sn| is;a
bms¨Kq kyrnyka ls¨gq jQ isjqre yd yer Ydikfhys we,S jdih lrj ia;%Ska
iqÿue,s jQ isrere we;sj jikafka h' flfrys ms<sn| is;a ksid f;ciaù jQ;a
hï fia ÈjHf,dalfhka pq; jkakd jQ mqrd;kfhys kqjKe;af;da f;aciska msßyS
ÈjHmq;%hkag me,¢ u,a u,dksl ùu h" fkdfhla jHdikhg meñ‚hdyq fjoaoe˜hs
jodrd NslaIQka jykafia úiska wdrdê; yer wjfYaI ia;%Ska y< uekj'
jQ mrÿlaLÿlaÅ; jQ lreKd ksOdk jQ taldka;fhka fuf;la fokd w;=frka
;sf,da.=re nqÿrcdKka jykafia lv;=rdjla l=i,a we;s flfkla ore flfkl=ka
my fldg úÑ;% Ñ;%l¾udka;hla ,n;s”hs lSjdyq h' tl, rÊcqrefjda
olajk flfkl=ka mßoafoka Njfhka Tjqkaf.a niska tf,i lrjd;a ore
m%;sÉPkak jQ bl=;aj;a l:dj lD;hq. flfkl=ka fkd ,Èka fkd i;=gq jQy'
uyfï>hla ke.S jiakd l,la fuka kej; kqjr jeiafida /ia j flda,dy,
f.k yer olajd jodrk fiala' l<dy' ta wid rÊcqrefjda “f;dm yeu
hg.sh oji u,, rg l=idj;S kï kqjr lSfuka mqrx.kdjka /lj,a yrjd;a
Tlaldl kï rÊcqre flfkla oi rdc tf;la fokdf.ka ore flfkl=;a ,;a
O¾ufhka oeyefuka rdcH lrkakdy' flfkl=;a ke;' oeka l=ula lrfuda
Tyqf.a fidf<dia oyila mqrx.kdjkag oehs úpdrd Tjqka úiska “foajhka
m%Odk jQ iS,j;S kï w.fufyiqka jykai" fï ish¨ ia;S%yq ÿrdpdÍ l=i,a
ìfida flfkla jQy' ¥ mq;a ore flfkla u| i;aj flfkl' fudjqkag ore mska
ke;a;dy' tl, kqjr jeiafida yd ke;ehs kqUjykafia ksre;aidy kqjqj
rdcH jdiSyq yd mqrfodrg /iaj rg uekj' w.fufyiqka jQ iS,j;S foaùka
kiafka h úkiafka hhs uy;a fldg jykafia iS,dpdr iïmkak fial' Wka
flda,dy, l<dyq h' ta flda,dy, weiQ jykafia /lj,ska y< uekj' ore
rÊcqrefjda iSueÿre ljq¿j yrjd “ud flfkla we;s fj;” lS i| rÊcqrefjda
rdcH lrñka isáh § wkHdhla lrk tnia ms<sf.k kqjr jeishka /ia lrjd
flfkla ke;a;dy' l=ula ksid iS,j;S foaùkajykafia i¾jdNrKfhka
fudr.jqoe”hs úpd<y' irid ud,s.dfjka msg;a l<dyq h'
tl, Tjqka úiska “ienj" foajhka tflfKys ìijqkaf.a iS,dkqNdjfhka
jykai" wO¾uldÍ flfkla ke;' jxY Yl% foafõkaøhkaf.a mdKavqlïn,
mßmd,kh lrkag ksis ore flfkla ffY,dikh Wka fkd lue;s mßoafoka
ke;a;dy' wksla flfkla wm rdcHh yqKq úh' tflfKys óg ldrKd lsïfoda
werf.k wO¾ufhka rdcHh ki;s' ta fyda hs ;ukaf.a oyila kqjKeia fufyhd
ldrKfhka oeyefuka rdcHh lrkag n,d iS,j;S foaùka orejka m;k kshdj
ksis mq;Kq flfkl=ka me;=j uekje”hs oek “ud úiska Wkag ore flfkl=ka
lSy' ti| rÊcqrefjda o orejka m%d¾:kd Èh hq;=”h is;d ish¨ ;õ;sid Njkh
lrkakd jQ ud úiska l=ula lghq;= n,d f.k f.dia thska pq; j u;af;ys
oehs úpd<dyq h' “foajhka jykai" kqU ÈjH f,dalhg hkq leu;sj isáhd jQ
jykafiaf.a ;=ka jeoEreï jQ kdgl fndaêi;a;ajhka oel Yl%foafõkaøfhda
i;S%kaf.ka m<uq fldg /lj,a we;s j Tyqf.a úuka fodrg f.dia “in|
msg; bkakd jQ iq¿ k¿ uq¿ /lj,a yer f;dm úiska ukqIHf,dalhg f.dia
ia;S%ka is; fia weúokdj yer jod< Tlaldl rÊcqrejkaf.a w.fufyiqka
uekj' bÈka bka tla flfkla ore ìijqka l=i ms<sis| .; hq;= hhs lshd
flfkl=ka ,oaod kï uekj' ke;akï .súiajd wka ÈjH mq;%fhl=;a tf,i u
blaì;s w.fufyiqka ìijqka jykafia .súiajd “ljqre;a ìijqkaf.a iS,fNaoh

fkd flfr;aj”hs is;d ;=uQ uy¨ nuqKq ke.S fkdfhla Èj k¿jka úiska
fjila ujd f.k rÊcqrejkaf.a ud<s.d msßjrk ,ÿj mri;= rel uq, m~qq
fodrg .shdyq h' ti| /ia jQ fndfyda weUq,ai, wiafkys b| Èj biqre ú¢kdjQ
fok ta Yl% n%dyauKhd oel “l=ula ksid ilafoõrcyq lrd f.dia je| tl;amiaj
f;da fu;kg wdfhys oe”hs hkd§ka isáfhda h'
mßNj neK úpd<dy' tl, Yl% foafõkaøfhda “f;dmg
ta wid Yl%foafõkaøfhda o “l=ula ksid jrodkhla foñ" leu;s jrhla b,ajd
ug kskaod lrjq o YÍrh crm%dma; .ke”hs lSy' tnia wid i;=gq jQ ìiõ
muKla úkd rd.h ;reK jkafka h' “foajhka jykai mq;% jrhla ÿk
bÈka iS,j;S foaùka ,Èka kï f.k uekje”hs b,ajQ h' tl, Yl%foafõkaøfhda
fhñ hs is;d wdñ” lshd ;ukaf.a “foaùks tla flfkl=ka ;nd orejka
wdkqNdjfhka yeufokdg fmrgqj fokafkl= foñ' n, bka tla flfkla
isgf.k msg;a jQ ìijqka w; w,ajdf.k kqjKe;sj rE ke;s fj;s' tla flfkla
ta ish¨ ckhd kskaod mßNj lrñka rE we;sj kqjK ke;s fj;s' Tjqka
isáh § kslauqKdyq h' ti| ìiõ o fo fokdf.ka m<uqj ljqreka ,nkakd
fï uy¨ nuqKq ud f.k hkafka hhs oe”hs úpdrd “kqjKe;s ;eke;a;ka m<uq
ms<sl=f,ka fm,S ,Êcdjg meñ‚fhda h' j ,nkakd leue;af;ñ” lS i| tnia
rÊcqrefjda o nuqKq ud,a,d úiska f.k Yl% foafõkaøfhda ms<sf.k tìijqkag
hk ,o ìijqka oel fkd i;=gq jQ l=i ;K ñgla o Èj i¿jla o Èj i÷ka
h' blaì;s Yl%foafõkaøfhda ìijqka yrhla o mri;= uodrd u,a o fldlko
werf.k kqjr jdi,ska msg;a j jdi,a kï ùKdjla o § ìijqka le|jd
iómfhys mkjk ,o o`vqueis we;s yrkd f.k wjq;a rÊcqrejkaf.a Y%S hyka
,o fodr me,,s we;s me,am;la ujd ta .nvdjg jeo rÊcqrejka yd tla hyka
me, iómhg .sfhda h' tl, ìiõ “fï lrjd ;udf.a mh uymg we`.s,af,ka
kqUf. f.or oe”hs úpdrd nuqKq úiska ìijqkaf.a fmlksh msßueo iqrmqrg
“tfia h fid÷r m<uq uu Wol,dfhñ' u ke.S .shdy' tflfKys mqrk ,o
oeka wms fo fokfuda jQïy' tfyhska ud fndaêiïNdr we;s wm uy fndai;dfKda
id,a ud¿ wdÈh is`.d f.k tk f;la fï ;õ;sid Njkfhka pq;j wjq;a iS,j;S
ueiafia jefodje”hs lshd ìijqka weÕ foaùka nv ms<sis| .;ay'
fudf,dl;ska msßueo Èjmyia m;=rejd ìijqka ;uka l=i ore .en msysá nj
ksÈ .kajd Èjmyia ,en úix{j ksokag o;ay' blaì;s rÊcqrefjda msìo ìijqka oel
jka i| ;ukaf.a wdkqNdjfhka ìijqka “foaùks ljqreka úiska f.khk,o oe”hs
;õ;sid Njkhg f.k f.dia iryk úpdrd Yl% foafõkaøhka úiskehs lSl,
,o ÈjH úudkfhlays w;=rk ,o Èj “fï lsfula o uy¨ nuqfKl= f.k.sh
hykays i;mamd Æy' kshdj uu Èáñ' l=ula lshd ug j<yd
blaì;s ìiõ i;shlska msìo tys lshõ oe”hs lsjq h" “foajhka jykai"
ÈjH f,dalfhys iïm;a oel “fï woyd .; uekj" Yl% foafõkaøfhda ud
ud f.kdfha ñksfila fkd fjhs yer f.k ÈjHf,dalhg .shdyqh”hs fo
Yl% foafõkaøfhda jke”hs is;d hykska fjks ;=ka fjks j;a lshd .súiajd,sh
fkd yS Yl%foafõkaøhka úiska fok ,o lï lsï oehs m,d hkakS h' ta wmg
l=i ;K yd Èj i¿ wdÈh mE .súiajd ,Êcd lghq;= jkafka h' tfyhska ug
Æy' “jkakdg Yl% foafõkaøfhda f;dm .Dy jdifhka m%fhdack ke;' udmsh
f.k .sfhda h' ore flfkl=ka ,ÿoe”hs fo fokd Ôj;a jk f;la Wmia:dk
úpdrd “tfia h foajhka jykai" ore fldg .=re fo fokd wejEfuka f.dia
flfkl=ka ,Èñ lsjq h'” tnia wid uyK fjï h is;d uyfndaêi;a;ajfhda
i;=gq jQ rÊcqrefjda ìijqkag .n ;ukaf.a fï woyi ta lïñ;a;shg
fmryr ÿkay' lsjq h' ´ f;dfuda f.dia tmj;a ìijqkag
blaì;s ta ìijq o l%ufhka oi lsj' ìijq tmj;a rÊcqrejkag lSy' ta
tlvuila wejEfuka mq;Kq flfkl=ka wid rÊcqrefjda fkd i;=gqj kej;
je¥y' ta l=udrhdyg l=i l=udrfhda lSm ojilska tf,i u lshd hjq h'
hhs kï ;=nQy' ta l=i l=udrhka mshjr fndaêi;ajfhda fkd lue;af;a hhs ;=ka
k.d weúÈkd ld,fhys wksla ÈjH h,la j<ld i;r fjks jdrfhys fo
mq;%fhla foõ f,dúka wjq;a ìijqka ujqmshka lSjd fkd fldg jrojd ms<sme§u
l=i Wmkay' ýg chïm;S hhs kï lghq;= fkd fjhs" Bg ksis Wmfoila
;=nQy' ta rdc l=udrjre fofok uy;a jQ flfrñhs is;d uyd fndaêi;ajfhda
fmryßka fmrvui i| fia u jeäúh ;rd,a fogqjl= le|jd fndfyda r;arka
meñ‚hdy' uyd fndaêi;a;ajfhda ;uka § tla ia;%SrEmhla fldg f.fkjhs lshd
kqjKe;s fyhska ish¨ Ys,amhka u Tyq kslaujd ;=uq r;arkska ia;S% rEmhla
wdpdÍ flfkl=kaf.ka fkd bf.k lf<da h'
ish kqj‚ka u oek ksu jQy' blaì;s fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a wNsm%dh is;+
uyd fndaêi;a;ajhka fidf<dia yeúßÈ me;+ f,i u isoaO jk neúka ta rkarej
jhig meñ‚ l,ays msh rÊcqrefjda lshd ksuúh fkd yels rEmfYdaNd
l=udrhka rdcHfhys wNsfIal lrkq we;af;a úh' tl, uy fndaêi;a;ajfhda
leu;sj ìijqka le|jd “foaùks" f;dmf.a ta rkarej iqr;a flduq ms<shla w|jd
mq;Kqjka wNsfIal lrjd kdgl ia;%Ska Y%S hyka .¾Nfhys isgjQy' blaì;s
yd ftYaj¾h mdjd § Ôj;a jkakd jQ wms fndaêi;a;ajfhda ;rd, weÿrd úiska
rdÊcfhys msysáhdyqf.a Y%S úN+;sh ol=ïy' f.fkk ,o rkarejg kskaod fldg
fï uq¿ oUÈj hï rclayqf.a ÿjl leu;s “hj" wmf.a .¾Nfhys ;=nQ iaj¾K rEmh
fõ o Wka f.kajd w.fufyiqka lrïy" f.fkjhs iaj¾Kldrhdyg ksfhda.
ljr rÊcqreflfkl=kaf.a l=udßldjl lf<a h' ti| ta f.dia Y%S hyka .¾Nhg
leue;af;da o Wkaf.a wNsm%dh oek jeo ta rkarej oel l=udrhka jykafia yd
lshj”hs lSy' ìijqka hym;ehs .súi iu. l%Svd ms‚i wd ÈjHmairdjla jkehs
l=udrhkag fumj;a lshd wNsm%dh úpdrd is;d w; Èlalrkag;a fkd fmdai;aj
f.k tjhs lshd lïñ;a;l hjQy' ta fndaêi;a;ajhka lrd f.dia “foajhka
ia;%S f.diska fndaêi;a;ajhkag tmj;a jykai ìijqka jykafia ;ksj jevisá
lsjq h' ta wid uy fndai;dfKda “uu fihska jeoao fkd fyñhs lS h' kej;
rE ke;af;ñ' rEmY%Ska hqla; jQ rdc fndaêi;a;ajhka úiska “weÿr" t
l=udßldjla f.fkk ,o kï ud oel rkarej iel ke;sj yer f.k tjhs
hll= fuka úrEm jQ fudyq f.ka ug lshd hjk ,ÿj f.dia f.kdfha h'
blaì;s fndaêi;a;ajfhda nvd,d f.kd ke;s fyhske”hs ta rej yer f.k wksla
r;%ka rej .fnys ,d ;uka l< rej kqjrlg hkakdy' fï f,i l%ufhka
wdNrK wdÈka iryd r: hdkdfjlays f.dia uÿrg id., kqjrg meñ‚hdyq h'
;nd “fun÷ rEmY%S we;s flfkl= ,Èka tkqjr uÿ rÊcqrejkaf.a ÈjH ia;%Ska yd
kï mdjd .ksñ” lshd rkarej uE‚hka iudkj W;=ï jQ rEmfYdaNd we;s ¥ wg
iómhg hjQy' ta oel ìiõ i;=gq fofkla we;' Tjqka weufokdg jeäud¨
j wud;Hhka /ia lrjd “i.fhks" m%Ndj;Sf.a YÍrfhka yeu fõf,ys u
umq;Kqfjda kï uymske;a;dy' Yl% nd,d¾lrYañhg n÷ jQ meye úysÿfKa
foafõkaøhka úiska fok ,o flfkl' h' >kdkaOldr jQ;a rd;%sfhys i;rßhka
tfyhska iqÿiq l=udßld flfkl=ka f.fhlays m%§mdf,dalhla ke;sj
,efn;s' f;ms yeu fï rkarej ms<sika YÍrdf,dalfhka u tldf,dal jkafka h'
r: hdkdfjl ;nd f.k uq¿ oUÈj Wkag lsßujq jQ l=ÿ f;dfuda m%Ndj;Skag
weúÈñka hï rÊcqre flfkl=kaf.a kyk meka f.fkk ms‚i ia;%Ska wg
fun÷ rE we;s l=udßldjl ÿgq kï ta fofkl= ,jd rka l< wgla f.kajdf.k
rcyg fï rka rej § Tlaldl rÊcqrejka ijia fõf,ys mekg hkakS" Tlaldl
jykafia kqUjykafia yd iu. újdy rÊcqrejkaf.a rkarej f.kd mqreIhka
iïnkaOhla lrkq leu;s fiale”hs lshd úiska uxyi isgqjk ,o rej oel
ojiaa kshu fldg tjhs ksfhda. l<dyq m%Ndj;S hhs hk is;ska <Õg f.dia “fï
h' fkd lSlre orefjda wm mekg tjd ;=uQ
ti| ta ksfhda. ,o weu;sfhda uy fï fõf, m<uq fldg wjqÈka fu;k
fmryßka u ta rkarej yer f.k isáfhda h' rcl=,hg mßNj Wmojkakd
weúÈkdyq hï kqjrlg meñfKoao tys jQ fl,a," bÈka rÊcqrejka jykafia
ijia fõf,ys fndfyda fokd /ia jk o;a fiala ù kï wm yeu kid mshk
f;kl ta rej jia;%dNrK l=iqud§ka fiale”hs lshd lsmS fldmq,f;ys myrla
iryd rkaisúf.fhlays ;nd meka .eiqj' tflfKys w;a, me,S hk l,la
f;dgg hk tk uxyi isgqjd ;=uQ bj;a j mßoafoka fõokdjg meñK rka rejlehs
hkq tkakka nia wikq ms‚i ieÕ ù oek ,Êcdj iskdfiñka “n,. ud l<
isákdy' tl, fndfyda fok ta rej fohl' uï uf.a Èh‚hlehs is;d myrla
oel rkarejlehs fkd oek “ukqIHjQ;a .eiSñ' fuda f;du udf.a orejkaf.a
fuda f;dfuda ÈjHmairdj fuka b;d rejg l=ula w.S o udf.a w;g wdhdi jQ
fydnkS h' fuda f;dfuda fldhs isg muKle”hs ;ud yd tlaj .shjqkag lsj'
wjqoehs l=ula ksid fu;k isáhd o tnia wid rdc ¥;fhda “udf.a Èh‚fhda
wmf.a kqjr fun÷ rEmY%S we;s flfkla óg;a jvd rE we;a;dyhs lshkakdyq f;ms
ke;ehs hkd§ka m%Yxid flfrñka l=ula lshõoe”hs úpd<dyq h'
hkakdy' tl, wud;Hfhda “bÈka tl, Tjqkag fï rkarej uÿ rÊcqrejkaf.a
fukqjr fun÷ jQ l=udßld flfkla Èh‚hka m%Ndj;Skaf.a rEmY%Ska
we;akï wfida rÊcqrejkaf.a wfida fidf<diajk l,dfjka l,djl=;a fkd
wud;Hhkaf.a Èh‚hka jeksfhda hhs y`.fka hhs l=o lsj' Tyq tnia wid
lsh;s' tf,i fkd lSfha taldka;fhka i;=gqj rcf.hs jdi,g f.dia Tlaldl
fun÷ rE we;s flfkl=ka fukqjr
rcacqrejkaf.ka wd ¥;fhda jdi, lsjq h' rÊcqrefjda;a uekjehs ms<sf.k
isáhdyqh”hs uÿ rÊcqrejkag lshd hjqy' Èh‚hka le|jd hjq h' ti| m%Ndj;S
tnia wid uÿ rÊcqrefjda Wkiafkka i¾jdNrKfhka ieriS lsßujqka
ke.S isg “f.fkj f.fkj”hs jyd úiska msßjrk ,ÿj wjq;a kekao‚hka
f.kajd .k ÿgy' tl, ¥;fhda “foajhka oel,d isáhdy' iS,j;S foaú m%Ndj;Ska
jykai" wmf.a rÊcqrejka jykafia oel fï l=udßld hym;a rE we;a;S h'
kqU jykafiaf.a iqjÿla úpd< fial'” umq;Kqfjda úrEmhy' bÈka uQ Wka Ègqyq
hkd§ka l:d fldg lrk ,o iïNdjkd kï tlojil=;a fkdr|d m,d hkakdy'
we;sj rÊcqrejka úiska “l=ula ms‚i Bg ksis Wmdhla flfrñhs is;d blaì;s
wjq oe”hs úpd< l,ays “wmf.a rÊcqrejka ìij “uyrc" udf.a fhfy<‚fhda
jykafiaf.a isxy .¾ckdjg n÷ jQ umq;Kqjkag ksiaiy' t;l=ÿ Wj;a wmf.a
wNS; kdo we;s l=i kï l=udrfhla jxY mrïmrdfjka mej; tk pdß;%fhla
we;' wmf.a rÊcqrejka jykafia Wka we;' bÈka uQ ta jQ f,i ms<smÈ;a kï
jykafiag rdcHh fokq leu;s fiala" le|jdf.k hïyhs uÿ rÊcqrejkag
kqU jykafia iómhg tjQ fial' kqU lsjq h' ta wid uÿ rÊcqrefjda “ljr
jykafiaf.a m%Ndj;S kï l=udßldjka wdpdrfhla oe”hs úpd<y' wmf.a
jykafia fï rkarej úhoug wer f.k jxifhys ore .¾Nhla msysgk f;la
fojd jod< uekeje”hs lsjq h' ia;%Syq odj,a idñmq;%hd olskag fkd
ta wid uÿ rÊcqrefjda fun÷ jQ ,n;s' bÈka uQ tf,i mj;s;a kï
uyrÊcqre flfkl=ka yd iu. újdy le|jd f.k hïy”hs lsjq h' ta wid
iïnkaOfhla jkafka hhs i;=gq j rÊcqrefjda “Èh‚fhks" tf,i mj;skag
uekjehs .súiaidy' tl, ¥;fhda “wm ms<sjkaoe”hs úpd<y' m%Ndj;S ‘hym;e’hs
úiska l,a heúh fkd yelehs jyd f.dia .súiaiy' blaì;s Tlaldl rÊcqrefjda uÿ
rdcl=udßld flfkla we;s kshdj rÊcqrejkag fndfyda iïm;a § m%Ndj;Ska
wmf.a rÊcqrejka jykafiag lshïy' le|jdf.k .shy' uÿ rÊcqrefjda;a
Wka jykafia u wjq;a le|jd f.k hk uyfmryßka Èh‚hka kslaujQy'
fiale”hs lsjq h" ta rÊcqrefjda;a hym;ehs Tlaldl rÊcqrefjda f.dia l=idj;S kqjr
ms<sf.k ¥;hkag m%ido § hjQy' Tyq ÈjHmqrhla fuka irid nkaOk.;
f.dia tmj;a rÊcqrejkag yd ìijqkag ish¨ i;a;ajhka uqod yrjd mq;Kqjkag
lsjq h' tmj;a wid Tlaldl rÊcqrefjda m%Ndj;Ska w. fufyiqka fldg wNsfIal
uy msßjßka l=idj;S kqjßka kslau lrjd l=i rÊcqrejkaf.a wd{dj hhs
l%ufhka f.dia id., kqjrg meñ‚hy' wKfnr ,jd fiai;a kexjQy'
tnj wid uÿ rÊcqrefjda isjqr`. fik`. oUÈj ish¨ rcorefjda ;uka ;ukaf.a
msßjrd fmr .uka f.dia kqjrg le|jd orejka l=i rÊcqrejkag fiajh ms‚i
f.k f.dia uy;a i;aldr iïNdjkd tjQy' tl, fndaêi;ajfhda k¿ kdgldÈ
l<dyq h' lSmojilska Tlaldl uy;a msßjßka hqla;j wmuK jQ
rÊcqrejkaf.a iS,j;S foaùf;dfuda ftYaj¾hfhka rdcH Y%S ú|skdy'
kqjKe;s neúka ljqre oksoaoehs is;d
rÊcqrejka jykafia fhfy<‚hka ti| l=i rÊcqrejka yd m%Ndj;S
olakd leue;a;ïyhs uÿ rÊcqrejkag foaú yd fofokd Èjd Nd.fhys
Tjqfkdjqk a fkd oel rd;%sfhys kekao‚hkag lshd Wka úiska j<lk
u olakdy' ta m%Ndj;Skaf.a YÍr ,ÿj kej;;a hdÉ[d fldg ìijqka
fYdaNdj uydfndêi;a;j a hka f;aciska úiska “tfia ù kï l=i rÊcqrefjda fig
iQ¾hdf,dalfhys lfodame‚hka fuka o kqjr meol=Kq flfr;s' f;ms tafj,djg
Èjd pkaøhd mßoafoka o ksIam%Nd úh' l=i iSueÿre ljq¿fjka ol=j”hs lshd fojk
rÊcqrefjda;a Y%S hyka .ìka myka jkakg ojia kqjr iryjd rÊcqrejkaf.a
m<uq j msg;a jkakdy' fuf,iska l,la u,Kqjka chïm;s l=udrhka
.sh i| m%Ndj;Ska odj,a olakd leu;sj rdcdNrKfhka iryd uÕ=,e;=msg
uE‚hkag lsjq h' uE‚fhda;a Tyq nia ys÷jd fndaêi;a;ajhka we;af.djq
wid “mq;Kqfjks ore flfkl=ka ,nk fõYfhka mYaÑudikfhys b÷jd
l,a bjiqj”hs kej;+y' kqjr meol=Kq lrjd m%Ndj;Ska le|jd.k
fndaêi;a;ajfhda kej; kej;;a iSueÿre ljq¿fjka n,ñka “f;dmf.a
weúá,s fldg lsjq h' tl, uE‚fhda iajdñmq;%hdKkaf.a Y%S úN+;sh n,j”hs
“olakd leu; fyd;a we;ay,g f.dia lsjq h' tl, m%Ndj;S chïm;s l=udrhka
we;af.dõjka yd tlaj isgqj" uu t;kg oel “ug iqÿiq j,a,NhdK flfkl=ka
le|jd.k tñ" tl, weia mqrd oel mshj" ,Èñ˜ i;=gq jQ h' tojia we;af.dõ
f;dm jQ kshdj fkd y`.j”hs lsjq h' fjiska msámi Wka fndaêi;a;ajfhda
fndaêi;a;ajfhda;a hym;ehs ms<sf.k is;a jQ mßoafoka m%Ndj;Ska olsñka yia;
we;ay,g .shdyq h' tl,ays iS,j;S foaú úldr uqLúldrfhka Wiq¿ úiq¿ mE
m%Ndj;Ska we;ay,g le|jd f.k f.dia fl<shy'
fï wij,a we;d h fï wij,a kï tf,i we;a .sh miq “f;dmf.a
we;d hhs kï lsh lshd olaj olajd hk iajdñmq;%hdKka ÿgqoe”hs m%Ndj;Ska
i| l=i rÊcqrefjda m%Ndj;Skaf.a msg úpdrd Wka úiska “iajdóks" Èáñ
we;a b,;a;shla .eiQy' tl, m%Ndj;S msámiafia Wka we;af.djq b;d u pm,h"
“rÊcqrejka jykafiag lshd f;dmf.a w; ug Wiq¿ úiq¿ mEfha h" tn÷ jQ fkd
lmamd,ñ” hkd§ka lshd ìijqka ,jd;a yslauqKq mskau| ;eke;a;jq l=ula ms‚i
fldam lerjQ h" ti| ìijq m%Ndj;Skaf.a rÊcqrejkag msámiafia b÷jq oe”hs lsjq h'
msg w;ska msß ueo “fï we;ay, tnia wid ìijq “Èh‚fhks" rÊcqrejkag
fld,af,da kï b;d pm,fhda h' kqU wdrlaId ms‚i ie,iQ we;af.dõjdh”hs
jykafiag WrKjkafkda h”hs hkd§ka j<yd lsjq h' ta wid m%Ndj;S “fï
lshd wiajid rcf.g .shyq h' we;af.dõjd b;d ks¾NS; h" rÊcqrejkag
;j o lf,lska fndaêi;a;ajfhda rÊcqre flfklehs fkd is;hs' fï
m%Ndj;Ska olakd leu;sj fmr lsfula o l=i rÊcqrefjda kï uQ u
mßoafoka u uE‚hkag lshd wiai,g jkehs taldka;fhka Wka rE ke;s
f.dia wiai,hlayq mßoafoka isg flfkl=ka úh hq;= h' ta ldrKfhka
m%Ndj;Ska oel t;k §;a wiafnÜgla ud fkd olaj;s” is;d l=o le|jd “hj
.eiQ h' toji o lsmshd jQ m%Ndj;Ska ìijq uE‚hks" l=i rÊcqrefjda we;=msg
ikays÷jQ h' blaì;s l,ahdfuka m%Ndj;Ss bÈßfh Wka ;eke;af;da o fkdfyd;a
fndaêi;a;ajhka olakd leu;s jkehs msámiafia Wka f;ke;af;da oehs kshu

oekf.k tj”hs lsjq h' tú.i “uu .shd h' ti| rÊcqrefjda w; wermSy'
flfia oek .ksïoe”hs úpd<y' l=og blaì;s ìfida isys ,Èka is;kakdyq “ud
“m<uqfhka we;=msg ng f;ke;af;da w; we,a¨fjda bÈka l=i rÊcqrefjda ù
rÊcqrefjda h' fuf,i i,l=fKka kï we;a;, § b,;a;sfhkq;a wiai,
kshu oek f.k tj”hs lsjq h' ta ksfhda. § wiafnáfhkq;a uqka úiska u .ik
,o l=o f.dia tla f;kl isg m<uq ,Èñ' we;=f.a mYaÑudikfhys o ud
fldg fndaêi;a;ajhka yd fofjksj fjfyijQfjda;a uQ u h' fufia úrEm jQ
chïm;s l=udrhka ng kshdj ÿg' tl, ÿ¾uqL jQ j,a,Nhdf.ka ug m%fhdack
fndaêi;a;ajfhda wE; uE; n,d ÿr isg lsï o" Ôj;aj Wksï kï ug j,a,Nhka
l=o oel uE wdfha fï mÍlaId lrkakg wreu fkd jkafka h”hs is;d ;uka yd
hhs oek <`.g le|jd “fï f;dr;=re tlaj wd wud;Hhka hjd “hdk jdyk
fkd lshj”hs lshd kslaujQy' ´ f.diska iryj" wo ojfia u kslafuñ”hs lSy'
“fmr wdikfha Wka f;ke;af;da u Tyq tmj;a rÊcqrejkag lSjdyq h' ta
m<uq fldg u ngqh”hs lshd .súiajd Æy' wid rÊcqrefjda “uQ hkag wjir fkd
kej; l,a hdulska fndaêi;a;ajfhda ,oaÿ kï <h me<S ñh hkakdy' jkakdg
m%Ndj;Ska olakd leu;sj uE‚hkag oekg fh;aj”hs kej; udf.a n,fhka
lsjq h' ìfida kj;d .; fkdyS “tfia f.kajd .ksñ is;d .uka wkqo;ay'
ù kï wm%isoaO fõYfhka Whfka f.dia tl,ays m%Ndj;S msßjr yd iu. msh
isgqj”hs lsjq h' rÊcqrejkaf.a id., kqjrg u .sfhda h'
tnia wid l=i rÊcqrefjda Whkg m%Ndj;S f;du l=i rÊcqrejkag cd;sfhys
f.diska uÕ==,a fmdl=fKa lrjgla l< m%d¾:kdfjka fkd leu;s jqj fndaê
Èhg nei fk¨ï m;lska bi jid i;a;ajfhda o mQ¾jfhys lrk ,o wl=i,
f.k fk¨ï u,lska uQK jid f.k n,fhka úrEmj .shy'
isáhdyq h' ìijqka m%Ndj;Ska Whkg ta flfiao h;a
le|jd f.k f.dia ijia fõf,ys
mqIamM,m,a,jfhka i[apkak jQ imq hg.sh oji nrKeia kqjrg kqÿre .fulays
ÿkqfla kd mkd iSksoao fnda,soao oEiuka ùÓ foll flf<ô l=, foflla
wdÈ .ia ,sh o .srd fndl,a wE mlaISka o we;af;a h' bka f.hl mq;a;= fokafkla
olajñka uÕ=,a Whka weúo f.k wef.a jQy' blaì;s fndaêi;a;ajfhda nd,
is;a fmd,Uñka fmdl=Kq f;rg .sfhda h' u,Kqfjday'
tflfKys m%Ndj;S f;dfuda miamshqfuka wksla flf<ô l=,fhys Èh‚ flfkla
.ejiS .;a fmdl=K oel kykq leu;sj jQy' ta l=udßldj fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a
msßjr yd iu. fmdl=Kg nei fl<sñka nEKkag irK f.kajQ h' fndaêi;ajfhda
uyfndaêi;a;ajhka uQK jid f.k fjk f.hla fodrla ke;sj nEKkaf.a
isá mshqug w; Èla l<d h' tl,ays f.hs jdih flfr;s' blaì;s tla ojfil
rÊcqrefjda fk¨ïm; bj;a fldg “uu w;sri lejqï msi lsis lghq;a;la ksid
l=i rch”hs m%Ndj;Ska w; we,aÆ h' j, .sh fndaêi;a;ajhkag ;snd ;=uQ fo
Tyqf.a uqLh oel “hlaIfhla ud w; fok wkqNj l<y'
w,ajd .;e”hs uqr.dñka Nhska uQ¾Pdj

tfõf,ys is`.d jeä mfia nqÿ flfkl=ka uE‚hka iS,j;S foaùka iómhg f.dia
jykafia oel fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a “uE‚hka jykai Ok OdkHd§ka Nß;
neoE‚fhda Wkag lejqï miqj msi Èh jQ we;awe‚ wiawe‚ ßhn,hhs isõr`.
yelalehs is;d fndaêi;a;ajhkag ;snQ fik.ska hqla; jQ mxpll=ONdKavhka
fldgi ms<s.ekajQy' fndaêi;a;ajfhda we;s ish¨ WmfNda. mßfNda. jia;=fjka
“f;dm ika;l fldgi ld mshd uf.a iuDoaO jQ fï rdcHh m%Ndj;S le|jd
fldgi oka fokag ldrKd lsï oe”hs lsmS f.k tk f;la mdjd .; uekje”hs
ÿqn|jd f.diska mfia nqÿkajykafiaf.a uE‚hkag lshd wjir b,ajQy'
md;%fha ;=nQ lejqï wr.;a;= h' tl, tnia wid ìfida ìhm;aj “mq;" ia;%Syq kï
ia;%S uE‚hkaf.a f.g f.dia imqu,a fkdfhla jxpd oks;s” hkd§ka wjjdo
fm;a;la fia >krkajka jQ w¨;a oejQ lshd u. § wkqNj lrk ms‚i wk.s
.sf;,a f.k md;%fhys mqrd i;=gqj rifhka hqla; jQ rdcfNdackh rkauqvul
“iajdóks" ud Wmkqmka cd;sfhys mqrd ÿkay' ti| uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda
udf.a YÍrfhka wdf,dal me;sf¾jhs uE‚hka ;=kah,la meol=Kq fldg
W;=ï jQ rE we;sfjïjhs wi;amqreIhd miÕ msysgqjd je| “Ôj;aj Wksï kï
yd tl;ek jdih fkd flfrïj”hs iemfia wjq;a olsfkï fõoe”hs lshd
lshd l< m%d¾:kd jYfhka m%Ndj;S wjir b,ajd f.k Y%Shyka .nvdjg
fndaêi;a;ajhka fkd leu;s jQ h' jeo ÿkquq.=re lvq fldka; fidá hk
fndaêi;a;ajfhda o mfia nqÿkajykafiaf.a m[apdhqO ikakoaOj f.k n;a uqvu
md;%hg lejqï fldgi ms<s.kajd yd iu. lyjkq oyil=;a mhsfhys ,d
“iajdóks" bÈka fhdÿka ishhl Wkak;a f.k fldlko kï ùKdj w;ska f.k
uqka udf.a n,fhka f.kajd f.k ug kqjßka msg;aj u.g ms<smkaj uy;a
mdomßpdßld lrkag iu¾: fjïj˜hs jQ n,ù¾h we;s uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda
m%d¾:kd lf<da h' tojia odj,a n;g mkia fhdÿka u.
lsmS f.dia mfia nqÿkaf.a md;%fha ;=nQ f.jd f.k f.dia n; wkqNj fldg
lejqï yer .;a fyhska uqLh úiq¿ j miajre Nd.fhys ;=nQ mkia fhd;ak
.sfha h' fï f;u fudjqkaf.a mQ¾jl%shd f.jd f.dia ijia fõf,ys meka ikyd
jkafka h' fndaêi;ajfhda m%Ndj;Ska .sh id., kqjrg jkay' fndaêi;a;ajhka
kshdj wid fYdalhg meñ‚hy' wjfYAI tkqjrg jka flfKys u m%Ndj;S
kdgl ia;S%yq fkdfhla m%ldrfhka is;a Wkiafkys b| fkd yS hyfkka ìug
k<jkakdyq fmd,Ud .; kqyqKqjy' nei mqj' tl, kqjrg jeo úvdm;a j
hkakd jQ fndaêi;a;ajhka oel tla;rd
m%Ndj;Ska ke;s rcf.h l=i rÊcqrejkag ia;s%hla ;udf.a f.g le|jd f.k
ysiajQjdla fuka jegfykafka h' f.dia b¢kd wiqka § mh fidaOjd ie;mS
fuf,iska rd;%sfhys fndfyda ÿla ú| yqka l,ays n;aud¿ imhd wkqNj lrjQ
w¨hu ke.S isg id., kqjrg f.dia h' ti| i;=gq jQ uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda
m%Ndj;S foaù le|jd f.k tñ lshd ud rkauqvu yd iu. uiqodi ta ia;s%hg §
tk f;la rdcHh mshdKkajykafiag f.k .sh m[apdhqOh tu f.hs ;nd “ud
fõjdhs u,Kqjkag fõjhs mdjd § ,Sï kï f.dia wd hq;= ;efkla wef;”hs lshd
kej; wer.ekau wdhdi fõ oehs is;d
ùKdj w;g wer f.k we;ay<g f.dia ljqre oehs úpdrd l=U,d úiska “uu h"
“fï rd;%sfhys ie;fmk f;kla fojq iajdóks” lSl,ays “f;dmf.a l¾udka;h
kï f;dmg ùKd .dhkd flfrñ” lshd uu fkd oksï o fkd j<yd lshj”hs
we;af.dõjka úiska wkqokakd ,ÿj tla ;rj úpd< i| “foajhka jykai udf.a
f;kl jeo fyj u|la ksod msìo .uka w;jeiaid úiska lrk ,oe”hs lS h'
úvd ikays÷jd f.k ùKdj ;;a iryd “tU, ta ;g w;jeis lug ksis tflla
ish¨ kqjrjdiS i;ajfhda fï wi;ajhs fkd fjhs weÿrelug ksiafida h' f;da
is;d .S lshñka ùKd .dhkd lrkakdy' fu;eka mgka Wkaf.ka is,am W.kqj'
tl,ays ìu jeo fyd;a m%Ndj;S o ta ;j o tf;u fu;eka mgka udf.a
Yíoh wid fï wksla flfkl=kaf.a orejkag fl<sj<ka flf¾j˜hs
ùKd Yíofhla fkd fjhs taldka;fhka ksfhda. fldg —fï ýg fojd,˜hs
l=i rÊcqrejka jykafia ud ksid fï fndaêi;ajhkag rka uiqoyila hjd fï
kqjrg wd fiala u hhs o;a;dyq h' l=vd j<ka orejkag foj”hs hjQy'
uÿ rÊcqrefjda o úKd Yíoh wid “b;d l=U,d o ta j<ka werf.k wka;#mqrf.g
ñysß fldg .dhkd lrkafka h' fig f.dia fl<sj<ka f.kdñ lshd
Tyq le|jd .dhkd lrkag Wjuekje˜hs hjqfha h' tnia wid rdcl=udßldjre
is;=y' fndaêi;a;ajfhda fu;k úiSfuka t;kg /iajQ h' ta l=U,d úiska
m%Ndj;Ska oelal fkd yelal" tfyhska j<ka fnok i| fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a
wia:dkhhs Wodikla fia u we;ay,ska wdkqNdjfhka m%Ndj;Ska Wfoid rE k.d
kslau iji n;a wkqNj l< f.ka u lrk ,o j<ka u Wkag Èk' ti| m%Ndj;S
fmr n;a wkqNj fldg ùKdj f.hs ;nd ta j<kaj, uydfndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a yd
uÿ rÊcqrejkaf.a u.=,a l=U,df.a f.g ;ukaf.a yd l=of.a rE oel “fï wksla
f.dia ýg w;jeisj tl ojiska u flfkl=ka úiska l< fohla fkd fjhs
ueá f.k yer “wdpdÍks j<ka flfrï l=i rÊcqrejka úiska u lrk,oe”hs
oe˜hs úpdrd" “tfiah" l< uekje”hs lsmS “fuhska ug m%fhdack ke; leu;s
lS i| ueámsvla werf.k iflys ;nd flfkl=kag § mshj”hs lsjq h' ti|
il lrlejQy' tflfKys tl úg Wkaf.a k.= lsms nj oek fï l=i
lrljk ,o ta il br uqÿkg tk rcqcqrejka jykafia úiska l< fohlehs
f;la u lrleúK' uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda is;jq o" l=U,d úiska l<d h" wer.kqj”hs
fkdfhla m%ldr we;s l=vd uy;a fndfyda hkd§ka lsjq h' ta m%Ndj;S f;du l=i
j<ka rE k.d fldg fï rE m%Ndj;Ska rÊcqrejka t kqjr .sh nj o ta j<ka Wka
úkd wksla ljqre;a fkd ols;ajhs úiska l< nj o Tjqkag fkdlSj' blaì;s
wêIAGdk l<dyq h' l=U,d rÊcqrejkaf.ka hjk ,o uiqoyi
f.k f.dia fndaêi;a;ajhkag § “in|"
fuf,iska j<ka Wld úh<d m,yd rÊcqrejka jykafia f;dmg iudê jQ fial'
l=U,ay, msrEy' ti| l=U,afogqjd fu;eka mgka rdcl=udßldjrekag u
fkdfhla úis;=re w;alï olajd lrk f;ms j<ka lrj" uu ta f.kf.dia
,o j<ka f.kajd f.k f.dia rÊcqrejka foñ” lSfhah' ta wid fndaêi;a;ajfhda
oelaù h' tl, uÿ rÊcqrefjda kqÿgq “m%Ndj;Ska fu;k jid;a oelal fkd
úrE u j<ka oel i;=gq j fï lf<da
yelale”hs is;d ta lyjkqoyi ýg w;jeiafila fkd fjhs" f;dmg
u § t;kska f.dia rÊcqrejkag uÕ=,a weÿrelug ksis h' Tyq flfrka u,a
fufy lrk k<lrejd <`.g f.dia f.;Sï bf.k .kqj" Tyq ,jd u fu;eka
ýg w;jeisj ;,a jegla fldg tys u isg udf.a orejkag u,a f.d;d,j”hs
fiai;h" rdy,h" rd Tvu f.k isá i;=gqj uiqoyila § “ fï u,alï
m%Ndj;Skaf.a rEmh hkd§ úis;=re jQ orejkag foj”hs hjQy'
w;alï oelajQ h' k<lrejd ta ;,ajeg ta u,alrejd o fndaêi;a;ajhka úiska
wd§ fndaêi;a;ajhka úiska lrk ,o m%Ndj;Ska Wfoid rE k.d lrk ,o
l¾udka; úfYaIh f.dia oelaù h' u,aiqUq, Wkag u ÿkafka h' m%Ndj;S o ta u,a
rÊcqrefjda ta l¾udka; úfYAIh oel iqUqf,ys l=i rÊcqrejkaf.a yd ;ukaf.a
“fu;,ajeg wdÈh ljqreka úiska lrk yd fkdfhla rE oel l=i rÊcqrejkaa l<
,oafoa oe”hs hkd§ka fmr mßoafoka úpdrd nj oek lsmS ìug oeuQj' f;iq k.= fmr
uiqoyila § fu;,ajeg wdÈh “udf.a mßoafoka u fjfyiQ h' u,alrejd o
l=udßldjrekag foj”hs ksfhda. l<y' uiqoyi f.k f.dia fndaêi;a;ajhkag
ta l¾udka;hka fnod fok k<lrejd o § tmj;a lSfha h' fndaêi;a;ajfhda
fndaêi;a;ajhka úiska m%Ndj;Ska Wfoid —fuhs;a ug wia:dkh”hs t rka ýg
lrk ,o ;,ajeg Wkag u ÿkafka h' § t;kska rÊcqrejkaf.a wrlaleñhd
ti| m%Ndj;S ta úis;=re rEmhka oel lrd f.dia ýg w;jeisj ojila
l=i rÊcqrejka úiska lrk ,o nj oek wrlaleñhd rÊcqrejkag fï jvd
leu;s flfkla wer.kqjhs ìug oeuQj" f.k hñka ;uyg msik ms‚i
ta oel b;sß l=udßldjreka fjfyik fndaêi;a;ajhkag weguqiq ovuila §,d
,o' k<lrejd rÊcqrejka úiska fok ,o .sfha h' fndaêi;a;ajfhda o ta wegh
uiqoyi f.k f.dia fndaêi;a;ajhkag msi uq¿ kqjr iqj| me;sfrk fia ÿï
ÿkafka h' lrjQ y' ti| rÊcqrefjda iqj| wid
blaì;s fndaêi;a;ajfhda “fuhs;a ug “lsfula o" uq¿;ekaf.hs wksla ud¿jl=;a
wia:dkh”hs is;d ta rka ýg § t;kska msi;aoe”hs úpdrd wrlaleñhd úiska
f.dia rÊcqrejkaf.a ud,dldrhdg “foajhka jykai" wksla msik ud¿jla
w;jeisj fkdfhla m%ldr we;s u,amá ke;af;a h' t;l=ÿ j;a weguqiq uila
f.d;d m%Ndj;Ska ms‚i fkdfhla reúka wm weug msik f,i w;jeiaidg È,d
úis;=re fldg u,aiqUq,la o l<dyq h' wdñhs" tys iqj| úh hq;= h”hs lS i|
u,alrejd;a ta ish,a, yer f.k f.dia rÊcqrefjda ta f.kajd f.k bka iq`.la
rÊcqrejkag ÿkafka h' wkqNj fldg neÆ h' tflfKys tys
ri i;aishhla muK ri kyrj,
rÊcqrefjda;a úfYaI l¾udka;h oel me;sr isáfha h' rÊcqrefjda ta ri
“fï f.;=fjda ljqre oe”hs úpdrd ;DIaKdfjys ne£ ýg uiafika oyila
“foajhka jykai" ud úiske”hs lSl,ays § “fu;eka mgka f;dmf.a w;jeiaid
“f;dmf.a u,a f.;Su wms fkd okqfuda o ,jd ug;a udf.a orejkag;a n;a ud¿
fï f.;=jka lshj”hs ;rfha úpdrk msi ud orejkag Tyq úiska f.k
,oafoa “w;jeiaid úiska f.d;k ,oe˜hs fokag lshj" f;da wmg f.fkj”hs
lSfha h' tnia wid rÊcqrefjda “tf;u ksfhda. lf<a h' wrlaleñ f.dia
fndaêi;a;ajhkag lSfha h' tnia wid m%foaY we;s rkalñka úis;=re jQ jia;%fhka
fndaêi;a;ajfhda “oeka udf.a ufkdar:h fYdaNudk jQ foay we;s m%Ndj;Sks" f;dmf.a
uia;lm%dma; j .sfhah”hs i;=gqj rEm fi!kao¾hfhka meyer .kakd ,o
“fu;eka mgka m%Ndj;Ska olsñ” is;d is;a we;s laf,aYdkaOldrfhka jik
ýg rkaoyi § fojk ojia n;aud¿ ,ÿj ÈlaúNd.fhys wiu¾: fyhska
msi rÊcqrejkag § wrlaleñhd w; hjd l=idj;S kï rdcOdkshg hd fkdtñ'
rdc l=udßldjrekag f.k hk jiqka ta rdcHY%Sfhka ug m%fhdack
lo ;=uQ yer f.k f.dia m%Ndj;Skaf.a ke;af;a h" furg u jdih lrñ” lSy'
ud<s.djg kex.yq h' ti| m%Ndj;Ska fndaêi;a;ajhka úiska fuf,i
jiqka lo f.fkk fndaêi;a;ajhka oel lS l,ays uQ úms,sirj ke.S fh;s" mßNj
uqka jykafia ;uka jykafiag kqiqÿiq jQ fldg lshñka isáh § u ud flfrys
jy,a l<ukd foh lrk fial' bÈka we,S u l:d flfr;s" bÈka uQ uu
uu ojia .Kkla neK fkd ke.S Wksï l=irc hhs wjq;a ud w; w,ajd .;a;=
kï uQ ud leue;af;da jkehs is;d wka kï ljqre j<l;a oehss f.g jeo fodr
f;klg f.dia ud oel oel fuys jdih w.=¿ ,d .;a;= h'
lrk fial' tfia fkd fldg fuys
weis,a,l=;a fkd r|d hk ieáfha neK fndaêi;a;ajfhda o jiak yer f.k
fodvd kslaujñ is;d fodr wvj, fldg f.dia f;iq rdcl=udßldjreka n;a
f.kf.dia tla w;lska fodr w,ajd lejQy' blaì;s m%Ndj;S “l=i rÊcqrejka
f.k w`.=¿ lkqfõ je;sr isg “l=i úiska imhk ,o wdydrh f.fkj˜hs
rÊcqrejka jykai" fun÷ jQ ldßhla l=og úOdk fldg f.kajd f.k “fï
bÈka Ôú;h fia kuq;a fkd lrk fial' n;a wkqNj fkd flfrñ" f;dms ,;a
t;l=ÿ jqj;a ud ksid Wodikh ijih n;a mshd fï n;a f;dms ld mshj" l=i
uOHu rd;%s h uOHdyakh hk úNd.hla rÊcqrejkajykafia fukqjrg wd nj
ke;sj Èh or iemhSï mssiSï leùï ldg;a fkd y`.jj˜hs lsjq h' t;eka
fmùï wdÈ ySkl%shdfjka yd ÿ¾fNdack mgka l=o;a m%Ndj;Skaf.a n;a fldgi ;=uQ
ÿlaLfihHdfjka ojia hjñka fuys wkqNj fldg ;ukaf.a n;a m%Ndj;Skag
isg ÿla fkd ú| kqU jykafiaf.a fokakS h'
l=idj;S kqjrg ke.S f.dia ud flfrys l=i rÊcqrefjda t;eka mgka m%Ndj;Ska
is;sú,a,la fkd is;d kqU jykafia jeks fkd olakdyq h' ud flfrys m%Ndj;Ska
il=re mQjla fia odye,S .sh uqyqKq we;s iafkay we;s ke;s nj mÍlaId flfró
hlskakl w.fufyiqka fldg f.k is;d tla ojila rdcl=udßldjreka
rdcHh l< uekj' bÈka úrEm jQ kqU n;a ljd j<ka lo f.k hñka
jykafia flf;la l,a ó b| ÿla m%Ndj;Skaf.a fodr iómfhys wä
WK;a uu fkd leue;af;ñ" fkd r|d wek j<ka w`vjd mels, jeá yS
jyd kslauqKq uekj”hs lsjq h' tl,ays fl¢ß .dñka T;a;dyq h' tl, m%Ndj;S
uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda m%Ndj;Skaf.ka fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a fl¢ß .Eú,s wid
fuúpr l:d iïNdIKhla ,Èñhs i;=gqj f.hs fodr wer n,d lo lr ;nd f.k
“uqjfmd,a,kag n÷ jQ weia we;s jeo fyd;a;jqka oel “uqkajykafia
fyaudNrK úN+Is; .d;%d we;s ukd jQ là uq¿ oUÈjg w.%rdchka fial' ud ksid
? odj,a ÿla ú¢ñka isõue,s neúka tnia wid l=irÊcqrefjda “pdgq ufkda{
jiqka lo nßka ueã jeà .sh fial' jQ wx.m%;Hx.d§ ia;%Sfi!Nd.Hfhka
bÈka wuq;af;la ù kï ug óg jvd hqla; jQ m%Ndj;Sks" wfkalfldaá yd
je/oafola ke;' m%dKh weoao keoaoehs kdgl ia;%Ska yd wkka;iduka;pl%
mÍlaId flfrñ˜hs is;d Nh f.k f.ka fu!,sud,,d,s; mdo mSG we;s rdcHY%S o
msg;aj fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a Yajdih yer fmr f;dm flfrys ne÷Kq is;ska fkd
mÍlaId lrkq ms‚i keUqrej uqyqK rgg meñK ÿla ú¢ñka f;dm yd iu.
ne¨j' ti| l=i rÊcqrefjda fl< lgla fm%Audkaú; jQ l:d iïNdIK ud;%hl=;a
mqrd f.k m%Ndj;Ska uqyqKg oeuQy' fkd ,oaod jQ uu ydjNdj,S,dlgdlaI
tl, m%Ndj;S neK fodvd f.dia f.g ks Í la I Kuka o ia ñ ;uOq u Oq r NdIs ; d§
jeo fodr wvj¨ fldg “rÊcqrejka fi!Nd.Hfhka hqla; fldau,dx. we;s
jykai" hfula úrEmSj rE we;a;ka f;dmf.a <h .,lska lrk ,oehs is;ñ'
m%d¾:kd flf¾ o fkd leu;shka leu;s ;j o m%Ndj;Sks" f;ms hï muK l,la
fõ o ýg wjev jkafka h” hkd§ka fldamfhka neu ì| rEIagj n,kakS o
m%Ndj;Ska úiska fkd fhla f,i neK ta ;dla uÿ rÊcqrejkaf.a fï Njkfhys
fodvd mßNj l<;a fndaêi;a;ajfhda ÿla ú¢ñka wrlaleñj jdih flfrñ'
Wka flf¾ fkd l,lsÍ “tïnd hï lf,lays iskd my< lr iaks.aO jQ
m%Ndj;Sks" fï f,dalfhys hï mqreIfhla ksÍlaIKfhka i;=gqj n,kafkys o tl,
f,daldiajdor;s jYfhka ;ud fkd Ñ;a; ika;dmhka ÿre fldg rdcHY%Shg
leu;s jQ o ia;s%hf.ka o¾Ykh iam¾Yh meñ‚hdla fuka fjñ' tfyhska
iïNdIKh iïfNda.hhs hk fuhska fid÷r fu;eka mgka fun÷ jQ ;ouka
tla;rd ikaf;daI ldrKhla ,efí o fkd lrj” hkd§ka hd{d lSjdyq h'
tfia ,nk ,o ,dNh ukd jQ ,dNhlehs tnia wid m%Ndj;S f;du fuf;u j÷re
m%Yxid lrïy' ;ud fkd leu;sj;a ,dfjys ne÷Kq jdkrhlayq mßoafoka
ia;s%h flfrka m%S;shla fkd ,eîu kmqre ud flf¾ b;d Yla;j lshkafka h'
jkafka h' tfyhska f;dmf.a o¾Yk Wmfoilska fndrejla lshd fuhska
,dNd§ ftYaj¾h ú¢ñka fuys u jdih kslaujó is;d “uyrc" l=i rÊcqrejka
flfró” lSy' jykafia ug iajdñ jk fiala o fkd
fndaêi;a;ajhka fuf,i lS l,ays;a jk fialaoehs ksñ;a; úpd< f;k
m%Ndj;S u|l=;a miq fkd nei ta ksñ;a; mdGlfhda kqU jykafia
;o fldg u lshd fudyq m,jñ is;d i;alvla fldg lemqj;a Wka jykafiag
“u|l=;a iafkyr;s jYfhka fkd w. fufyiqka jkafka ke;ehs ;rfha u
leue;a;djQ;a ud flfrys ms<sn| is;ska lsjq h' tfyhska fkdfhla ldrKfhka
leu;sj jikakd jQ f;ms msmdidfjka fkd leu;s jQ ud ksid ÿla fkd ú| kqU
mSä;j fnd<|lñka lsysß W,la werf.k jykafiaf.a rgg u m,d .sh uekje”hs
.,afmd;a;la leK meka yer .kakd lsjq h' ta wid l=i rÊcqrefjda;a Tjqkag
leu;shlayq o >¾ufhka mSä;j oe,la lS nia m%;Hq;a;rfhka u miqniajñka
ne| iq<ka r|jkaklayq yd o iudk h” “fid÷r" ud úiskq;a ksñ;a; úpd< ;ek
hkd§ka ;omreI nia lshd fovqj' udf.a rg ksñ;a; mdGlfhda f;dm
úkd Wkag j,a,N flfkla ke;a;dyhs
;rfha u lsjq h' tlS ksñ;a;fhkq;a ud udf.a YÍrh iam¾Y l<d kï iem fia
ÿgq ldrKfhkq;a ud úkd f;dmg wksla udf.a l=idj;S kqjrg f.dia jka ojia u
j,a,N flfkla ke;' ta ldrKfhka fu ;sf.a l=o yer hk mßoafoka ydr
f;dmf.a ;o uka yer mshj”hs lSy' flahqr lkl lgl kQmqr rikd ;e,suqÿ
m%Ndj;S l=irÊcqrejkaf.a nia wid ljr wdÈ i¾jdNrKfhka ;S iryd ,ñ' f;ms
f,ilskq;a uqka ,Êcdjg muqKqjd.; m%Ndj;Skag ldrK lshd udf.a jYhg
fkd yelafla h' fhajd fkd fhajd ug muqKqjd ,j”hs lSy'
kï lï lsï o is;d fodr w.=¿ ,d .;a;= h" l=ÿ;a fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a nia wid
tl, fndaêi;ajfhda j<kalo lr ;nd “foajhka jykai" kqU jykafia ielhla
f.k m,d .shdyq h' fkd is;=j uekj" lSm ojilska Wka kqU
t;eka mgka oel=uq;a ke;sj wrlaleñlï jykafia jYhg muqKqjd udf.a idu¾:Hh
lrñka oUq uqiq iS,a n;a lñka n;a ksjk olajd ,ñ˜hs fndaêi;a;ajhkag lshd
Trej msg ihkh flfrñka or m<ñka ;ud .sh ld¾hh iuDoaO fldg f.k
meka f.fkñka j<ka fidaoñka WoEik m%Ndj;Ska lrd f.dia Wkaf.a f.h li<
le| wjq¿ odj, n;a ud¿ wjq¿ msif.k wÈkakshl fuka hg;a msßfihska .id
f.dia ljñka fmdjñka uOqrdkakmdk ,kag ksis leglaa úprl=;a f.hs fkd
ihk jia;%dNrKdÈhla ke;=j ;snd jyka mgka ish,a,u fodr .djd ,d
ldu;DIaKdkq rd.fhka ne`§ fndfyda ÿla f.h yeuo li< oud fodrg msg ,d
ú¢ñka tla ojila uq¿;ekaf.h ñÿf,ka t<sm;a mäh Wia mqgqjla ,d Bg ñáj
hkakdjq l=o oel" le|jd m%Ndj;S flfrys m%Ndj;Skag wiakla mkjd “Èh‚fhks"
Nhska fkd weiQlkaj hqyqj hk i| fufia wj uekj' bi n,ïy˜hs m%Ndj;S
jyd f.dia idñÿj fuka ;oj .shyq h' ñá mqgqfjl b÷jd f.k f;dfuda Wia
fuf;la ojia uq¿,af,ys f;dm yeu mqgqfjl ;udf.a oK folska Wkaf.a
iómfhys jei iqj ÿla úpdÍï úprl=;a bi jy, fldg f.k uola bi
fkd ,ÿïy' fiiq ,dNfhla le<u fõo" ksh .d “wfka" uqkaf.a bi Wl=fKda
t;l=ÿ jqj;a m%Ndj;Skaf.a ;o uka wrjd fndfydaj .sfhda hhs lshñka ;udf.a
olajd ,sh tõ oe”hs úpd<d' ta wid l=È;a biska Wl=Kka yerf.k m%Ndj;Skaf.a
“hym;e”hs lsj' tl, fndaêi;a;ajfhda w;af,ys ,d “f;dmf.a bi Wl=Kkaf.a
i;=gq j “bÈka we;afid`vla fuka úpr n,j”hs hkd§ka fkdfhla l:d
l%fudakak;j ug is¨gq jQ W!re hq.,la fldg fndaêi;ajhkaf.a .=K lshñka
we;s m%Ndj;S f;du f;dmf.a iujdfhka “fï m%Ndj;S f;dfuda l=i rÊcqrejkaf.a
fm%AuoDIaáfhka neÆ kï fõjhs ud yd kqjr jik iufhys t l=i rÊcqrejka
ikaf;daIfhka hqla;j m%sh l:djla jykafia f.ka wkakmdk jia;%dNrK
l<d kï fõjhs fkdfhla iafkayfhka .kaOud,d ;dïnq,d§ lsis i;aldrhl=;a
ukaoiañ;shla mj;ajd ud fijdmq kï uqka fkd ,oehs is;ñ' ldrKd lsu
fõjhs ;j o ud oel i;=gqj udyd h;a ia;S%yq kï tl ojil=;a welfhys
iskdfhka hqla;j neÆ kï fõjhs bÈka je;sr T;a iajdñmq;%hdf.a is;a fkd
;reKd¾lrYaóka m%úlis; irisrey l,lsrej;s' fï l=i rÊcqrejka jkdys
fidaor iquqÿ fldu,md‚m,a,jfhka wrlaleñj f;dm ksid rdcHY%Sh yer
wjq;a ne,fufy fldg ÿla ú¢ñka
isáh§;a iqjÿla úpdÍul=;a fkd lrj .S;iajr we;s fial' .ïNSfrdaodr
bÈka Wka jykafia flfrys iafkayh uOqrY%jŒh luŒh m%;HkSh uOqriajr
ke;;a uq¿ oUÈjg w.%rdcka jQ fï we;s fial' iajhïN+{dkfhka m%;sfõO
l=i rÊcqrejka jykafia ud ksid u ÿla lrk ,o wlaIr,sÅ;.‚;.dkaO¾jd§
.kakd fialehs oek Wka jykafiag lsis wIagdoY úoHdia:dkd§ wfkal Y;
i;aldrhla lrkag Wjuekj”hs lsj' m%fNao Nskak Ys,amhka we;s fial'
tnia wid m%Ndj;S lsms i| l=o;a ke.Sisg WNh l=, mßY=oaO wkkHidOdrK
m%Ndj;Ska lráh w,ajd we;=¿f.g oud iqN.=Ku‚.KdlS¾K blaIjdl=jxY
f;dfuda msg;aj fodr jid fodr wÈkd iïN+; jQ l=i rÊcqrejka jykafiaf.a
,kqj weo w,ajd f.k isáhd h' ti| we;s .=K i,ld f;dmf.a rE we;af;ñ
m%Ndj;S Wka w,ajd .; fkdyS fodruq, hk ;ouka yer Wka jykafia
jeoisg wEg fodvñka fun÷ jQ fkd flfrys isksoi m;=rejd,”hs hkd§ka
lsjukd nia lshkakdla jQ fkd lghq;= fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a fkdfhla .=K lshd
okakd fufl,s ishqï uqjy;a we;s wjjdo l<d h'
Yia;%fhka ðõydÉfþokh ,nkakg blaì;s tnia wid m%Ndj;S f;dfuda
ksis tllZhs hkdÈ lsmqKd h' “blaì;s fldamfhka È,syS “l=o f;da ;sf.a muK
l=o;a <x j ,kqj w,ajd f.k isg mskau| fkd oek .¾ckd lrkafkys h' w;g
fkd lSlre f;ke;a;sh" ;sf.a rej ldg meñ‚hd ù kï iajdñorejka we;s
l=ula flf¾ o wms f;dmf.a rEmfhka kshdj w÷kajd,ñ” hkd§ka lshd l=o
ld î /flk fofhla weoao” hkd§ka Nh .ekajqj" ti| l=ÿ;a “tïn, ;S
fodvd fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a .=K j¾Kkd rlakd ksid fuf;la ojia uq¿,af,a l=i
flfrñka “f;, m%Ndj;sh" wdfrdy rÊcqrejka fukqjrg wd kshdj f;dmf.a
mßKdyfhka hqla; jQ isoaOdx.kd m%;sNd. jQ mshdKka jykafiag fkd lSñ' jkakdg"
úYsIgA jQ rE we;af;ñhs ;sf.a rEm fi!kao¾h wo ojia rÊcqrejka jykafiag lshd
yd ta rdcdêrdc jQ l=i rdfcda;a;uhka yd ;sg ksy~ lshjkafkï fõoe”hs uy;a
iudk fldg fkdis;j' l=i rÊcqrejka fldg lshd Wka Nh .ekajqj' m%Ndj;S
jykafia wmßñ; n,jdyk o uydkqNdj ti| Nhska fjjq,d “uE‚fhks tfia
o uqla;dud‚lHixLis,dm%jd,lkl fkd lshj uekje”hs lshd l=o wiajeiqj'
rc;dÈ uyd Ok we;s fial' ;suo .,s;
yia;srdchl= mßoafoka lsisjlayq úiska uyfndaêi;a;ajfhda o m%Ndj;Sf.a oel=uq;a
je<lsh fkdyels ldhn, we;s fial' fkd ,en ÿífNdack ÿlaLfihHd§ka
wkakmdkjia;%dNrK .%dulafIa;%d§ i;auila uq¿,af,ys ÿlaú|;a “uEf.a
ish¨ WmfNda. mßfNda. jia;=fjka oel=ï úprl=;a fkd ,nñ' b;d ;omreI
iuDoaO jQ ldYsfldai,d§ jQ fndfyda .;a ye`.s jQ uEf.ka ug m%fhdack lsï o
rdcHhg wêm;s fial' il,cïnqoaùmfhys udf.a rgg f.dia ujqmsh fofok oel
wkka; rdcOdksj, ta ta rcorejkag jdih lrñ”hs is;+y'
w.%rdcka fial' Y;%eck kue;s u;a; ti| ukqIHf,dalh neÆ Yl%foafõkaøfhda
yia;Ska uOHhg jka isxyrdcfhl= l=i rÊcqrejka i;auila uq¿,af,ys
mßoafoka wNS; isxykdo we;s fial' ÿlaú|;a m%Ndj;Ska oelal fkdyS Wlg,S
l=rúflú,a,kag n÷ jQ ,Sf,dafm; kshdj oel wE ,efnkag lsis ldrKhla
flfrñ is;d uÿ rÊcqrejkaf.ka .sh ia;s%yq f.dia m%Ndj;Skag lSy' tnia wid
¥;hka n÷ fldg “m%Ndj;S f;du l=i m%Ndj;S urK Nhska fmr<S y~ñka
rÊcqrejka yer f.dia mshd m,d wjq Wkiafkka ke.S cdïfndako iaj¾Khg
h" jyd wjq;a Wka le|jdf.k hjhs n÷ jQ rkajka meye we;s rkalñka úis;=re
i;arÊcqreflfkl=kag fjk fjk u jia;%OdÍj kÕ=ka yd mßjdr ia;%Ska úiska
m;a wiqka we;sj ¥;hka hjQy' Tjqka msßjrk ,ÿj uE‚hkaf.a f.g f.dia
oel rÊcqrefjda i;=gqj fjk fjk u kuialdr fldg w~ w~d isg “uE‚hka
ish fik. msßjrd id., kqjrg wjq;a jykai" udf.a i÷ka ;=jr,d lia;=ß
jg,d f.k Wkqka oel “f;dms l=ula lmqre wdÈ iqj|iqkafkka W,d Tmak.k
ksid wjqo f;dms l=ula ksid wjqoe”hs ,o m%shlre jQ ukd weia iÕ,la we;s
Tjqfkdjqka úpdrd m%Ndj;ska ksid uÿ ks¾u, jQ lsis le,,la ke;s fmïnr
rÊcqrejka úiska le|jd hjQ fyhska jQ o< lvñgq we;s levm;ska n, n,d
wdïy˜hs hkq wid" “fïf;u ;udf.a tl iryk ,o udf.a fï uqL ìïnh fï
ÿj wm i;afokdg u foa," uqf.a fkd i;a rÊcqrejka úiska ouk ,ÿj j,e
lghq;a;la n,j" wm fjfyiqfha hhs ;sfnkafka fõ o ;j o uE‚hka jykai"
oKav d>d; úIf>dar i¾mhka mßoafoka nur je,i,d fuka wlanUqre isks÷
lsmS fjk fjk u wmg m%Ndj;Ska fyda fudf<dla Èla jQ i÷ka idkaÿ cndÿ wd§ jQ
foj" hqoaO fyda lrj”hs m;a wiqka hjQy' iqj| .kajk ,o fï udf.a flia jeáh
ta wid uÿ rÊcqrefjda n,j;a Nhm;aj wuqfidfydfkys ouk ,ÿj Wl=iafida
wud;Hhka le|jd l=ula lrfuda oehs .scq,sys‚ wdÈ mlaISyq kshmiqfrka
úpd<y' tl, wud;Hfhda “foajhka nodf.k wdl=, jHdl=, fldg wE; uE;
jykai" fï rcorefjda i;a fok wÈkafkda fõo ;j o uE‚hka jykai"
m%Ndj;Ska ksid u wjq h' bÈka kqÿkfyd;a mnö¨ fuka r;a jQ ksh we;s idjqka
mjqre mokï jdi,a ì|f.k kqjrg nv f,dï fia uDÿ fldu, ;=kqf,dñka
jeof.k Ôú;laIhg muqKqjd rdcHh .ejiS.;a r;a i÷ka iqj| .,ajk ,o
yer.kqïyhs lshd fiakdj ikakoaO ufkda{ jQ udf.a yia; hq.,h furcqka
fldg f.k hqoaOdNsuqLj isákdy' úiska lmd ouk ,ÿj fldlakdjqka
jÈkdg m<uq fldg m%Ndj;Ska hjïy”hs úiska taldka;fhka veyef.k hkq
lSjdyqhs' ,nkafkda fõ o ;j o uE‚hka jykai
udf.a fï iaj¾K;d,M,hg n÷ jQ Wmud
tnia wid rÊcqrefjda “tlaflfkl=kag we;s uqL moaufhys f,d,aj Wvn,d Wka
m%Ndj;S mjd Èkqfuda kï f;iafida hqoaO iaj¾K pl%jdl hq.,h fuka kqyqKqjd
lrkakdy' tfyhska tlaflfkl=kag jQ jgug jQ i÷ka fldl=u`.rd uq;=yßka
§ ikays|úh fkd yelal' uq¿ oUÈj fydnkd jQ fï udf.a ;khq.,h lmd
w.%rdckaj isá l=i rÊcqrejka yermshd j< ouk ,o l,ays uE‚hkaf.a ;kfha
wd .ukg úmdl olajñ' uE i;a lvla t¨K nd, orejka mßoafoka lekys,a¨
fldg lmd rc orejka i;a fokdg tf,kakdyq fõ o
§ mshd .e,fjïj˜hs lsjQ h' tf,i
rÊcqrejka lS nia rdcdx.Kh uq¿,af,ys ;j o uE‚hka jykai" fuudf.a
m%ldYj .sfha h' tmj;a weiQ mßjdr rkafmdarejla fuka m<,a jQ ;,d yUd
fj,d ufkda{ fldg leg lrk ,o
rkariqoe,ska hqla; jQ fujq,aoñka l=ula lrjq o" f;dmf.a Èh‚fhda ish¨
iY%Sl jQ làm%foaYh fï rcqka úiska lmd oUÈjg w.% rÊcqrejka úrEm hhs yer
j, ouk ,ÿj fldlakyjq veyef.k mshd .sh uy tu msh fkd ueflk f;la
leu;s f;klg f.k f.dia lkafka urK k<, ;snd f.k wjq h' oeka
fõ o ;udf.a rE ksid lrk ,o B¾IHdfjys
;j o uE‚hka jykai" n,af,da h" úmdl ,nkakS fõ oe”hs lSy'
fldlakyjq h" lekys,a¨ h hkd§ jQ tnia wid ìfida Èh‚hka <`.g f.dia
o< we;s i;a;aj flfkla we;akï ta w`vñka j,mñka “Èh‚fhks f;dmg
ish¨ i;a;ajfhda m%Ndj;Skaf.a YÍr wukdmhla is;skq;a fkd is;kakd jQ
udxih kue;s ridhkh wkqNj fldg udf.a nia fkd .súi f;dm oeka f,a
taldka;fhka wcrdur fj;S is;ñ' fmr fmrd i;alvla fldg lmd fï
;jo uE‚hka jykai" fï tla jQ rc rcorejkag fok ,ÿj humqrhg hkakS
orefjda iafkayfhka bÈka udf.a YÍr fõ o
udxYh ,shd f.k .shdyq kuq;a Tjqkag ;j o fï f,dalfhys hï i;ajfhla
hd{dj lshd;a weg yerf.k foux jefvys yeisfrk ysf;aISkaf.a lSu fkd
w;=frlays oudmqj uekj' lrkafka o tf;u fun÷ jQ ÿlalïlgq¿
;j o uE‚hka jykai" ta fidfydka ,ÿj fkdfhla wkh jHikhg o
ìu u,aj;= lrjd tys W÷ ls‚ysß .ia meñfKkafka h' ;j o rkalñka Wÿ,
u we;s lrj' ysu ld,hdf.a fl<jr ud‚lH fïL,dodufhka úrdcudk jQ
ueÈka ui msmS jekS .ssh u,a f.kajd m%Ndj;Sks" bÈka ;udf.a is;a miafia
f.k rkaiquqÕla mqrd Tr msg ;nd fkd f.dia" WNhl=, mßY=oaO wiïNskak
f.k udf.a Èh‚hka m%Ndj;Skaf.a iQ¾hjxYm%iQ; fY!rù¾húl%uiukaú;
Púj¾Kh fun÷ hhs n, n,d ud l=i rÊcqrejka yd tlaj f;dm yd
isysl< uekje”hs hkd§ka n, mdñka iudk rEmY%Ska we;s oel=ï lghq;= jQ
uE‚hkaf.a iómfha u ys| we~Q h' l=udr flfkl=ka ,o fyd;a wm weu
we;=¿ jQ fndfyda {d;sj¾.hd úiska
ti| uÿ rÊcqrejkaf.a ksfhda.fhka i;aldr iïNdjkd lrk ,ÿj ish¨
jOlhd ;udf.a fmdrj;a fld<Uqj;a ÿla ÿrefldg fndfyda ojila iem fia
wer f.k rc f.g wdfha h' ta jOlhd jdih lrkakS fõ o
wd nj rdcdx.Kfhys m%ldY úh' ta wid
m%Ndj;Sf.a uE‚fhda rÊcqrejka lrd ;j o udf.a fid÷re jQ Èh‚fhks" hï
w`v w~d f.dia fmdrj yd fld<Uqj l=ircyqf.a u‚lkl rc;d § jQ úÑ;%
oel “foajhka jykai" ukdj yeiqKq jQ l¾udka;fhka hqla; rdcNjkfhys
isyska is`.=j,Õ we;s udf.a Èh‚hka i¾jdNrKfhka ieryqKd jQ
fï fmdrfjka lmd fnod fï i;a ÈjHdx.kd m%;sNd. mqrdx.kdjka úiska
rÊcqrejkag fojk fiala oehs úpdf<da jhk ,o mxpdx.sl ;+¾hkdo wkjr;fhka
h' mj;S o ukd jQ ,laIKdkaú; ux.,
yia;Ska m%Odk fldg we;s ffl,dil+g
blaì;s rÊcqrefjda ìijqka .súiajñka m%;sNd. wfkalY;u;a;yia;Syq kdo
“foaùks" m%Ndj;Ska lmd fkd § wksla flfroao'
;j o m%Ndj;Sks" rdcdx.Kfhys Wodik fkd iEfykafka h' tfyhska Wka
iji ukd jQ ,laIK we;s ux., jykafia wrlaleñ fldg fï .u
wYajrdchd m%Odk jQ laISr id.rfhys jik nj uE‚hka jykafiag lshñ˜hs
;rx. mrïmrdfjka úrdcudk jQ is;d “uE‚hka jykai" wkkH
fkdfhla oyia .Kka wYajfhda l=,au;ska idOdrK.=K.KdNrKúN+Is;
fyaIdrj mj;ajkakdyq o" f.!rù¾hn,mrdl%um%;dmm%{d.=K we;s
;j o hï l=idj;S rdcOdksfhlays ta fï i;=rka kid wm yeu rlskag ksis jQ
ta ia:dkfhys i¾jdNrK úN+Is; isoaO l=irÊcqrejka jykafia wmg wd<dßlj
úoHdOrhka jeks k¿ kdgl iuQyfhda fu;k u jdih lrk fial' Wka
fkdfhla m%fNao we;s ;+¾hNdKavhka jykafia le|jïoe”hs úpd<d h'
f.k yeu fõf,ys u iqÅ;uqÈ;j fiajh blaì;s “m%Ndj;Sks" urKNhska mSä; j
flfroao" kkafodv jQ o" w{dkfhka uQV jQ m%,dm
;j o m%Ndj;Sks l=irÊcqrejkaf.a hï fodvjQ o" fnd,|lñka lsj ukd
.DfydaoHdk úoHq,a,;d iY%Sl j úrdcudk foh ;nd wkslla lshjQ o f;dm fï
jQ iaj¾KuhQr rdchka úiska ñys`.= fnr lshkafka lsï o ta l=i rÊcqrefjda bÈka
y`äka u;a j mj;ajk ,o flldkdofhda fï kqjrg wjq kï wmg fkd oefkkag
o fldia,sys‚hka úiska mj;ajk ,o ldrKd lsï o bÈka t;a kï wmg lshd
wkqrd.fhka Nß; fõ o" tn÷ jQ Y%S tjd ;ukaf.a fiakdjdykhka msßjrd
fi!Nd.Hh yd ftYaj¾h úfYAI we;s fka;a o" uEf.a l=uk kka foãfula o”
ta l=idj;S rdcOdksfhys biqre yer Bg hkd§ka fovQ h'
jvd ljr iemfhla fldhs we;s fyhska ti| m%Ndj;S uE‚hka jykafia
óg wjqo” hkd§ka m%Ndj;Skag wjjdo l=ula lSj;a woyd fkd .kakd fial'
jYfhka l=idj;sfhys úN+;sh j¾Kkd m%;HlaIfhka olajd,d lshó is;d
fldg bÈka ta l=i rÊcqrefjda wo fu;k uE‚hkaf.a w; w,ajd f.k u;= ud,a;,hg
ù kï fï i;arcorejka urd ÿqn|jd ke.S f.dia iSueÿre ljq¿j yer msg;
udf.a Èh‚hkag meñ‚ fï ÿla ÿrefldg n,d j<ka fidaOñka isá fndaêi;a;ajhka
le|jd f.k hkafkda fõ o" lmqgq / Èidjg w; È.= fldg “uE‚hka
ila legla .id m,jd ,kakdla fuka jykai" f;f, l=udßldjrekaf.a
;ukaf.a jpk ud;%hlska u il, Y;%e wka;#mqr wdikakfhys uq¿;ekaf.hs
u¾okh lrkakd jQ bÈka is;=j fyd;a ñÿf,ys ;rfha leimg .kajd wrlaleñ
tla ishla rdcOdkSkq;a yer .kag ksis jQ fõYfhka keUqrej isg j<ka fidaOk
iu¾: we;s úYsIag jQ m%{dkqNdj we;s ta fiala l=i rÊcqrejka jykafia” hhs oeka
l=i rÊcqrefjda wo fukqjr jQ kï wm jQ h'
yeug meñ‚ fï ÿlska .,jd .kakdyq tl, fndaêi;a;ajfhda m%Ndj;Ska ksid
hhs hkd§ka l=i rÊcqrejkaf.a fndfyda i;arÊcqre flfkla fu kqjr jg,d
.=K l:kh l<dyq h' .;a;dy hs hkq wid wo ojia udf.a
tl,ays m%Ndj;S f;dfuda “l=i ufkdar:h uqÿka meñfKkafka hhs
rÊcqrejkaf.a .=K lshkakd jQ udf.a fï .ug wd kshdj wo ojia
udf.a uE‚hka jykafiaf.a uqL m%Ndj;S foujqmshkag lshkakS h" ta
wid ud f.kajd f.k Wka ug mdjd úisoyila muK wYajfhda yeufõf,ys u
fo;s" tl, ud .;a ÿla id¾:l jkafka ikakoaO j isáoao"
hhs j<ka fidaOd ;ekam;a fldg ;nñ ;j o hï rÊcqrejkaf.a iqrf,daldj;S¾K
is;d meka f.kjq;a j<ka fidaOkag iqkaor úudkhla fuka fYdaNudk jQ
mgka.;ay" ti| j<ka fidaOñka isá k.k ,o Oj,d; m;%fhka úrdcudk
rÊcqrejka oel Èh‚hkag WrKj jQ iryk ,o isxydikfhka iY%Sl jQ
“fl,a," f;da pKavd, tlla o" wjfYaI iqriqkaoÍka iudk mqriqkaoÍka úiska
ySk cd;sfhys tlla o fkdfyd;a fun÷ i,k ,o pdrepdurkslrdlS¾K jQ ish¨
rdc jxYh kikag Wmka tlla o uÿ r:d,xldrfhka úÑ;% fldg iryk
rc l=,fhys Wmka f;da il, rdc ,o t,ajk,o uf,da,Uq u,aoï rkañ‚
fu!,sud‚lHldka;Ska nn<k ,o lsls‚oe,ska fYdaNudk jQ úisoyila
mdomSG we;s f;dmf.a j,a,N jQ l=i rcyq muK r: ksrka;rfhka ie§ isà o"
,jd odi l%shd lrõ oe”hs mßNj ìKq h"
blaì;s m%Ndj;S f;du udf.a uE‚hka ;jo hï rdfcda ; a ; uhla y q f .a
jykafia ud ksid fï l=irÊcqrejka OrŒ;,dj;S¾K ffklj¾K we;s
jykafia wjq;a fukqjr jik nj fkd wN%l+g iyi%fhka fYdaNudk jQ
okakd fiala jkehs is;d" “uE‚hka >k.¾ckdldr jDIN .¾ckd we;s
jykai" uu pKavd, ia;s%hl;a fkd ksidk ;ïueg tleiafnr wdÈka iryk
fjñ" f;iq ySk cd;s tll;a fkd fjñ" ,o msgq we;s úisoyila muK jDIN
kqU jykafiaf.a rdcjxYh kik tll;a rdcfhda u;a; yia;Ska fuka ;ma,d l=r
fkd fjñ" fï blaIjdl= rdc jxYhg wek isá;a o"
k.k ,o fla;=jla jeks rÊcqrejka ;j o rla; kS, Yafõ; lDIAKd § jQ
jykafia hhs oksñ' bÈka kqU jykafia wfkal j¾fKdÊj,s; wkjr;fhka
odi flfkl= hehs fkd is;ñ” lshd jEfykakd jQ laISr Odrd iyi%fhka
fndaêi;ajhkaf.a ftYaj¾h j¾Kkd ikays÷jk ,o .%SIau ika;dmhka we;s
lrkakd jQ m%Ndj;S f;dfuda “uE‚hka ila; jQ ;=x. ;rx. Nx.dldr we;s
jykai" fï l=i rÊcqrejka jykafia úis oyila muK fokqka i;;fhka
;%súOfõomdrm%dma; iodpdr ksr; jQ rc; iaj¾Kuh Ndck mqrd laISr
úisoyila muK n%dyauKhka ud<s.dfhys fodaykh flfroao” hkd§ka m%Ndj;S
uOqrdkakmdKfhka ika;¾mKh lrjk l=i rÊcqrejkaf.a hfYda úN+;sh
fiala o" m%Yxid fldg “fun÷ jQ ftYaj¾h
;j o rkai;a rkafmdfrdaÿ rka we;s rdcdêrdchd kqU jykafia u
ikakdyfhka iok ,o lkl.sß oiafldg is;k muK úkd uu tf,i
isLr iqkaor jQ ;%suo.,s; jQ úisoyila fkdis;ó” hkd§ka fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a
muK yia;Syq i;;fhka ieryS isáoao .=K l:kh l<dyq h'
hï rÊcqrejka jykafiaf.a m%pKav tl, ìijq “f;dfuda u wiïNS;j
udre;fhka fufyhk ,o Yr;a ld,fhys lshkakS h˜hs taldka;fhka woydf.k
fï>l+g kslr iqkaor jQ ufkda{ uÿ rÊcqrejka lrd f.dia tmj;a lsjq
,laIKdkaú; rdcjdyk fhda.H jQ h' tnia wid rcacqrefjda hqyqj m%Ndj;Ska
fkdfhla wYajd,xldrfhka iryk ,o lrd f.dia “Èh‚hks l=i rÊcqrejka
fukqjrg wdfha ienE oe”hs úpd<y' l:d we;sj ikaf;daIm%dma;j m%didohg
ti| m%Ndj;Ska “tfia h" mshdKka f.dia m%Ndj;Ska le|jd “kqjK ke;s
jykai Wka jykafia fukqjrg wjq;a ;eke;a;sh" uydn, mrdl%u we;s l=i
rdc l=udßldjrekag wrlaleñlï rÊcqrejka lrd f.dia laIud lrjd
lrkafka oeka i;a ufilehs lsjq h" ta .kqj”hs lSy'
wid uÿ rÊcqrefjda Wkaf.a nia woyd ti| m%Ndj;S msh rÊcqrejkaf.a nia
fkd f.k l=o le|jd úpdrd kshu wid kÕ=ka yd mßjdr ia;S%ka úiska
fldg oek “tU, fl,a," fjia j<d uqvq msßjrd fndaêi;a;ajhka isá f;kg
fjiska meñK úIf>dar i¾mrdchl= .shd h' l=irÊcqrefjda o fufy lrñka
mßoafoka il, N=jk fYaLr jQ úYsIag isg m%Ndj;Ska ;uka lrd tk kshdj
ldhn, [dKn, we;s ta l=i rÊcqrejka oek" “oeka uu uEf.a uka ì| udf.a
fjiaj,d f;dm ksid óg wjq;a i;a mdmsg ufvys u jeo fydjñ˜hs is;d
uila uq¿,af,ys ÿla .ksñka isáh § j<kaj, ;snQ meka ìu kud l,úgla
wmg fkd lshd l< oE taldka;fhka muK ;eka md.d fndr fldg fndr
je/oafoa h” hkd§ka Èh‚hkag fodvd uvfhys isáhdyq h' tl, m%Ndj;S
fõ.fhka blaukaj fndaêi;a;ajhka f.dia fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a m;af,ys bi
lrd f.dia iqjÿla úpdrd noaOd[ac,Sj ;nd uy mjkska uq,ska Wmqgd t,k
isg “uyrÊcqrejka jykai" i;a uila ,o iaj¾K ;d,ialkaOhla mßoafoka
uq¿,af,ys ÿla .ksñka isáh § kqU ufvys je;sr" ;udf.a iqrla;m,a,jdNs
jykafia fjia j<d wjq;a fu.u isá rdu jQ uDÿfldau, md‚ hq.,fhka
nj fkd okqïy' ta wm fkd oek l< fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a ;reKdreK lsrK
wmrdOhla laIud lr jod< uekje”hs iïm¾lfhka m%úlis; jQ ikaOHdrd.
hd{d l<y' ks¾úfYaI m%Nd Ndiqr mdomoauhq.,h
tnia wid uyd fndaêi;a;ajfhda “bÈka w,ajd f.k urK Nhska mSä; j uy
uu ;o fldg lSï kï fudyqf.a <h y`äka y`v y`vd “foajhka jykai"
me<S hkafka h' tfyhsska wiajid lshñ” udf.ka fjkaj kqU jykafia úiska
is;d j<ka wiafiys isg “foajhka rdcH Y%SúN+;sh yer wmuK ÿlaLfhka
jykai" fun÷ jQ uu iïm%dma; jQ hï muK l,la blaujk ,o o tmuK
rdcHY%Sh yer m%Ndj;Ska flfrys ld,hla uq¿,af,ys ud úiskq;a ÿ¾fNdack
noaOdNs,dIfhka fjia j<d wjq;a ÿlaLfihHd§ka yd iakdkmdk rys;
wrlaleñlï flfrñka ÿla jq‚ï o ùfuka kqU jykafia fia u ÿlska u
ud l< ta wl¾;jHh u wêrdcHhkaj ojia hjk ,oafoa h' tfyhska ug fkd
isá ud n÷kag kqiqÿiq fyhska udf.a u lsmS laIud fldg jod< uekj'
jerÈ úkd kqU jykafiaf.a je/oaola ;j o uy rÊcqrejka jykai" udf.a i;H
ke;af;a h" tfyhska fï ud l< fohg jpkhla weiqj uekj' uu fu;eka
kqU jykafia u laIud fldg jod< mgka Èúysñfhka lhska jpiska ukiska
uekje”hs lSy' wukdmhla fkd is;ñ" fkd lrñ bÈka
ti| uÿ rÊcqrefjda uyd fndaêi;a;ajhka ud fufia hd{d fjñka isáh § ug laIud
úiska m%sh jpkfhka lshk ,o ms<si|r fkd fldg udf.a nia fkd ms<s.;a fiala
ù kï oeka umshdKka jykafia fui;a idu¾:Hh n,j'” hkd§ka wNS; kdo
rcorejkag ud i;a lvla fldg lmd mj;ajñka “Y;%eu:kh lsÍu ug Ndr
fok fial' tfyhska ug laIud fldg h" f;ms f;dmf.a ud<s.djg f.dia
/lal uekjehs hd{d l<d h' biafidaOd kyd ieryS .k jeo ys÷jhs
tl, l=i rÊcqrefjda m%Ndj;Skaf.a nia m%Ndj;Ska t;kska kslaujQy' tl,
wid “bÈka in|" f;ms u fõo okakd uÿ rÊcqrefjda o l=i rÊcqrejkag
ta ug wehs oehs lSï kï uqkaf.a <h msßia iryk ms‚i wud;Hhka hjQy'
me,S hkafka h" tfyhska uqka wiajid ta ksfhda. ,o wud;Hfhda f.dia
lshñhs is;d “m%Ndj;Sks" f;dm fï f,i uq¿;ekaf.hs ñÿf,ys jg;srhla ne|
hd{d fjñka isáh § l=ula ksid f;dm t,jk ,o ta u.=,almqjd úiska lrk ,o
lSjd fkd flfrï o f;dm flfrys oe<s /jq¨ wkaoï ;sîï we;sj bia fidaOd
udf.a u|l=;a fldamhla lkiai,af,la kyd ish¨ rdcdNrKfhka ieryS weu;s
ke;af;a h" ;j o f;dms lsis úgl;a fkd u~q¨ wd§ oY fï ;eka msßjrd ud<s.djg
nj" ;j o l,K .=Khka we;s rdcmq;%sh" fhñka w;a fmd<ika foñka ish¨
i;H jpkhla we;s lshñ' uu;a fu;eka wka;#mqr i;ajhka n, n,d i;=gqjk
mgka lhska jpkska ukiska wm%shhla mßoafoka wNS; kdo meje;ajQy'
fkd flfrñ' fï tl uÿ rc l=,h ;nd tl, uÿrÊcqrefjda ukdj yslaujk
fun÷ fkd fhla ish .Kka rdc l=,hka ,o rkaie;a rka fmdfrdÿ rkaikakdy
u¾okh fldg ud leu;s mßoafoka l¾K pdurd§ ish¨ yia;Hd,xldrfhka
f;dm wer f.k hkag iu¾: jqj;a iryk ,oaod jQ k.k ,o Oj,d;m;% we;s
uu f;dm ksid udf.a tn÷ rdcH Y%Sh u.=,e;a iryd fndaêi;ajhka kef.k
yer ySk l%shd flfrñka fuf;la ojia ms‚i hejQy' tl, l=i rÊcqrefjda ta
uq¿,af,ys ÿla úkafoñ' tn÷ jQ ud fmkS we;= msg mek ke.S m%Ndj;Ska mYaÑu
isáh § f;dmg lsis hï Nhl=;a ke;af;a wdikfha ys÷jd f.k p;=rx.s‚ fiakdj
h”hs hkd§ka m%Ndj;Ska wiajid ish¨ úiska msßjrk ,ÿj kqjr kef.kysr
rcmsßjßka msßjrk ,ÿj laI;%shudk jdi,ska msg;a j lekys,a /ila uOHhg
Wmojdf.k “ud Ôj;a j isáh § udf.a jka flaYr isxyrdchl= mßoafoka
Nd¾hdj wksfll= wer f.k fh;e”hs hqoaON+ñhg jeo “uï l=i rch" m%dKd¾:
flaYr isxyrdchl= fuka me,fUñka flfkla näka ;,dfh;aj”hs lshd
“fï ish¨ id., kqjr jdiSyq ud fu;kg wiksiïmd; ks¾f>daI f>dar fldg
wd nj oks;aj”hs wE; uE; mksñka ;=kah,la isxykdo iajrfhka wNS; kdo
wNS;kdo mj;ajñka w;afmd,ika foñka meje;a;+y'
“oeka oeka ta fld,a,ka Ôj.%dyfhka ti| l=ikf¾kaøisxyhdf.a ta isxykdoh
w,ajdf.k tñ'” ish¨ wka;#mqr jdiSka wid Nhg m;aj bia Æ Æ w;
wiajid “;j o u‚lkl rc;d§ m,d f.dia m¾j; >k jk .ykdÈhg
úÑ;% Ñ;% l¾udka;fhka úrdcudk jka uD.iQlrd§ka mßoafoka Y;%e
jQ r: hdkdfjlays yslauqKd jQ lSlre rcorejka msßjrd isá fkdfhla
ish¨ wYajd,xldrfhka iryk ,o ishoyia .Kka >k.¾ckdldr NSukdo
wYajhka fhdoj' oeka oeka Y;%e we;s NSufiakdkqldßfhdaOdNsrEV
u:kh lrkakd jq udf.a n, mrdl%u
;%suo.,s; ;reK lrjdrfKkaø fiakdj W;a;u mqreIhdf.a úrEm;dj ÿre fldg
o m%,hld, m%jD;af;daodr pKavudre;d W;=ï rEm fi!kao¾hfhka irykag
Ns>d; iskaOq;=x.;rx.Nx.dkqldß Wj uekjhs is;d ;reKd¾l rYaóka
rx.;=rx.dkqêIaÀ; jQ hqoaOu¾okdNs,dI m%odkhla fuka §ma;su;aj úfrdapk
we;s oyia .Kka wirejka úiska Wm,laIs; kï jQ wIagjxl ud‚lHr;akhla
wYajfiakdjka o fõrïn jd;fhka ;=Iaáodkfhka f.kyer Wria;,fhys
fm%aß;j f>darks¾f>daI mj;ajñka me<|jQy'
È.dka;rdNsOdjkh lrk úoHq,a,;d ti| uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda ti;a rcqka
iyi%fhka iY%Sl jQ fï>l+gdkqldÍ w,ajd Tjqfkdjqkaf.a W;=re i¿fjka
j r:d,xldrfhka iryk ,o úÑ;% msá;, whd ne| f.k ta rK N+ñfhka
Oc m;dldNslS¾K .ïySrpl%èjks fkdfhla chf>daId mj;ajd f.k
we;s m%pKavfod¾oKavfldaoKav ud‚lH r;akfhys wdkqNdjfhka Èú
ldKavdNs,laIs; m%n, fhdaOdêIaÀ; o<ka Tma k.d lrk ,o iaj¾K m%;sudjla
r: fik. o kdkdfõY .%yK NSIK jQ fuka úrdcudkj wkkH idOdrK Y%S
ÿ¾jdr.¾fjdaÈO; mjkd;smd;fõ. we;s úN=;sfhka hqla;j iqrfika msßjrd
Lâ.uqoa.r f;daur l=ka;pdre pdmndKd§ iqcd;djka yd ftrdjK jdykdrEV
úúOdhqO.%yKd;sNSIK wfkalfldaá j wiqr úch fldg wjq;a ffjchka;
mdn< fiakdj oehs hkd§ fï fiakdj m%idohg jokd Yl%foafõkaø ú,difhka
urKNhska ;%ia;j isá msh isáh ud<s.djg jeo uÿ rÊcqrejka oel
fkd yS Nfhdakaudofhka uq¾Pdjg “uhs,Kqjka jykai" kqU jykafiag
meñK Tjqfkdjqka we¢k .; fkdyS úreoaO j wjqÈka kqjr jg,d .;a Y;%e
ish fikÕ u fldgd jgd Èj mek fiakdj u:kh fldg rc orejka i;a
úvdm;aj ta ta w; ÈjmQy' fokd Ôj.%dyfhka w,ajd f.k wdñ"
ti| fïreidr jQ l=i rÊcqrefjda fudjqka ur;;a uerej uekj" yß;;a
ukaorm¾j;fhka w<,k ,o uydiuqøh y, uekj" jy,a fï .ks;;a .; uekj"
mßoafoka ksrdhdifhka ;ukaf.a leue;a;la l< uekje”hs lSy'
isxykdo ud;%fhka ta Y;%eid.rh u:kh tnia wid uÿrÊcqrefjda “uy rÊcqrejka
fldg m%Ndj;Skaf.a m%d‚.%yKh ms‚i jykai wm weu fokdg u m%Odkj
wd i;a rcqka Ôj.%dyfhka w,ajd chf.k isá fyhska fudyq kqU jykafiag u
isá i| Yl%fofõkaøfhda ;ukaf.a i;=frda h" ur;;aa ;n;;a wß;;a kqU
oyila kqjKeia fufyhd ukqIH jykafiag u leue;a;la l< uekje”hs
f,dalh n,d ta rKOr‚uOHfhys lSy'
Y;%ercorejka yd iu. úch Y%S
ldka;djf.a md‚.%yKh l< wmf.a uÿ rÊcqrejka úiska fuf,i lS
úiqoaO Y%S uydfndaêi;a;aj jQ l=irdcdê l,ays uyd fndaêi;a;ajfhda “fudjqka
rdfcda;a;uhd mrysxidjla fkd fldg urd ,nkafka lsï o" uqka yeu fï
isxy kdo muKlska legla .eiQ lmqgq kqjrg wd .uka jH¾: fkd fõjhs"
/ila m,jk mßoafoka ksrdhdifhka m%Ndj;Skaf.a k.=ka i;a fokd
lrk ,o Y;%e fiakd u¾okh oel rcorejka i;a fokdg fojd ,ñ” is;d
i[acd; m%S;s m%fudaofhka m%uqÈ;j fï “foajhka jykai" ÈjHmairdjka iudk
rEm fYdaNd we;s kqU jykafiaf.a ¥ka uymsßjßka fmr .uka fldg f.dia oel
i;a fokd furc orejkag mdjd § uqka i;=gqj fndaêi;a;ajhka le|jd f.k
yeu nEK fldg .; uekje“hs lsjQ h' kqjr meol=Kq fldg ud<s.djg jeo rdc
tnia wid uÿrÊcqrefjda uyd rÊcqre Y%Sfhys msysgjQy'
jykai" wmg;a Wkag;a kqU jykafia u t;eka mgka m%Ndj;Ska yd l=i rÊcqrejka
m%Odk fial' bÈka leu;s fiala ù kï yd fo fok tld;añl j iuÕ jdifhka
fojd jod< uekje“hs lsjQ h' Èú mu‚ka oi rc oyñka hqla; j rdcH
blaì;s l=i rÊcqrefjda tA laI;%sh Y%S wkqNj fldg fl<jr lï jQ mßoafoka
lkHdjka i;a fokd i¾jdNrKfhka ixidrhd;%dj l<dyq hhs ;sf,da.=re
iryd rcorejka i;afokdg uyu.=f,ka nqÿrcdKka jykafia O¾uiNduKavmhg
md‚.%yKh lrjd ÿkay' ti| rcorfjda /iajQ Ydikfhys Wlg,S jQ tA NslaIQka
i;afok ia;%Sr;ak m%;s,dNfhka jykafia m%Odk fldg we;s isjqjKla
w;sYfhka i;=gqj l=i rÊcqrejka je| m¾Iog fï w;S; l:dj f.kyer
wjir b,ajdf.k ;u ;ukaf.a rdcHhg olajd O¾u foaYkd fldg jodrd ÿlaL
u .shd y' i;Hh" iuqoh i;Hh" ksfrdaO i;Hh
blaì;s Wmdh fl!Y,H {dkh we;s ud¾. i;Hh hk p;=rd¾h i;Hhka
uydfndaêi;a;ajfhda lSmojila tys m%ldY fldg fï cd;l O¾u foaYkdj
jdih fldg uhs,a rÊcqrejkaf.ka mQ¾jdmrikaê .<md ksujd jod< fial'
wjir b,ajd f.k m%Ndj;Ska le|jd p;=iai;H O¾ufoaYkdjf.a fl<jr
f.k p;=rx.s‚ fiakdj msßjrd uy;a jQ Wlg,S jQ NslaIQka jykafia oyila khska
rdcdkqNdjfhka id., kqjßka kslau fyìhd jQ fidajdka m,fhys msysgd ksjka
ukd j iryd ms<sfh, lrk ,oaod jQ ÿgq fial'
k.k ,o Oj,d; m;% we;s úú;% Ñ;% tl, ujqmsh fofok iqfOdaok rÊcqrejka
l¾fudaÊj,s; jQ r:hdkdjlska f.dia yd uydudhd foaù jQy' chïm;s l=udrfhda
ud‚lHr;ak ldka;Ska m%Ndj;Ska yd kï O¾uNdKavd.dßl jQ wdkkao
úYsIag jQ rEm fi!kao¾h fYdaNdfjka ia:úrfhda jQy' tiufhysl=ÿ;a oeka
úrdcudkj úudkia:j .uka .;a isoaO LqÊcq;a;rd kï NslaIQŒ jQy' m%Ndj;S
hq.,hla mßoafoka l=idj;S rdcOdksfhys f;dfuda rdyq, ia:úrhkag ujq ìïndfoaú
ish¨ i;a;ajhkag fkf;%da;aij jQh" tiufhys rc msßia oeka nqÿ msßia
flfrñka kqjrg jkay' úh' m%Ndj;S ksid i;auila ÿlaf.k i;a
ti| fndaêi;a;ajhkaf.a uE‚fhda rcqka ukauev fifuys ;nd m%Ndj;Ska
iS,j;S foaú “l=i rÊcqrejka m%Ndj;Ska f.kjq;a rdcHh l< l=i rÊcqrefjda
lekaodf.k kqjrg wdy”hs hkq wid kï ;sf,da.=re nqÿ jQ uï u fõoehs ;uka
lEï îï wdÈ fndfyda WmlrK werf.k jykafia olajd jod< fial'

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu
oin,OdÍ - Yla;s úfYaI oyhla orkakd jQ

iqrdiqrjrpl% - W;=ï jQ iqr wiqr iuQyhdf.a
pdrepQvdu‚ - ufkda{ jQ is¿ñ‚j,
uÍÑi[ph - rYañ iuQyh
mßpqïì; - ism .kakd ,o

prK hq., we;s - md hqj,la we;s
isjq mkia fl<la - mkia y;r fldaáhla
pxl%uK uKavm ud,ld§ka - ilauka lsÍu i|yd ms<sfh, l< uKavm u¿ wdÈfhka
úrdcudk jQ - nenf<kakd jQ
moafuda;am, - fk¨ï" udfk,a
l=j,h l=uqÿ l,aydr - ks,a udfk,a" l=uqÿ yd fy,aue,s hk
l=iqfudamfYdaNs; - u,aj,ska w,xldrj;a jQ
mqIalrŒka ruH jQ - fmdl=Kqj,ska w,xldrj;a jQ
N+ñ m%foaY we;s - ìï fmfoila we;s
B¾hdm: úyrKfhka - bßhjq fjkia fldg jdih lrñka
iiafkys Wlg,S jQ - nqÿ iiqk ms<sn|j l,lsreKd jQ
i¾jdNrK úN+Is; - ish¨ wdNrKj,ska ieriqKq
ud;=.duhl= - ldka;djl
iqN ksñ;a; .%yKfhka - iqN ksñ;s .ekSfuka
laf,aY jYÕj - flf,iaj,ska hgm;a ù
kyrnyka - kyr je,a
ms<sis,a ls¨gq ùu h - jia;% keue;s is,a ls,sgq ùu
ler jeyeï - oe,s rejq¿ lemSu
vd jeySu h - vyÈh .e,Su
mxp mQ¾j ksñ;a;fhda - uq,ska u my< jk ksñ;s my
fkdfhla jHikhg - fkdfhl=;a úm;aj,g
mrÿlaL ÿlaÅ; jQ - wkqkaf.a ÿflys § ÿlg m;a jQ
lreKd ksOdk jQ - lreKdjg ksOdkhla jQ
lv;=rdjla my fldg - frÈ lvla bj;a fldg$;srhla uE;a fldg
Njfhka m%;sÉðkak jQ - Njfhka îir .ukska& jeiS .shd jQ
bl=;a j;a - w;S; l:d jia;=j
lD; hq. uyd fï>hla - lD; hq.fha § we;s jk úYd, jeys j,djla ^lD; hq. hkq
f,dj b;d iuDoaOj mj;sk j¾I 17"28000la jQ l,amfhys
m%:u Nd.h hs'&
oi rdc O¾ufhka - rdcH md,kfha § ;sìh hq;= .=K O¾u oyfhka
ôdkh" YS,h" mß;Hd.h" Rcq nj" uDÿ nj" ;mi"
wfl%dOh" wúysxidj" bjiSu" wúfrdaO;dj hk rdc O¾u
oyh&
mqrx.kdjkag - wka;#mqrfha ia;S%kag
úkiafka h - úkdY jkafka h
mqr fodrg - k.rfha m%Odk fodrgqj <Õg
iS ueÿre ljq¿j yrjd - isxy rEmdldr cfka,h wrjd
wkHdhla - jerÈ iy.; ls%hdjla
fudr .jq oehs - lE .ikakdyq oehs
wO¾uldÍ - wOd¾ñl jQjla lrk
iq¿ k¿ uq¿ /lj,a yer - l=vd kdgH lKavdhïj, wdrlaIdj bj;a fldg
weúÈkdj - weúÈkq ms‚i
ÿrdpdÍ - jerÈ lghq;=j, fhÿKq
iS,dpdr - iS,fhys yeisfrk
mdKavqlïn, ffY,dikh - mdKavqlïn, kï .,a wdikh
cr m%dma; - crd ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ
ms<sl=f,ka fm<S - ms<sl=,a iy.; yeÕSfuka mSvdjg m;a ù
o`vq ueis we;s - ,S ueiaila iys;
yrkd ,o fodr me,,s we;s - újD;j ;nk ,o fodr me,e,a,la iys;
Wol,dfhñ - ;ksj jdih lrñ
jefodjehs - ^jeo¬Tje hs& ksod .kake hs
Èj myia ,en - ÈjH iam¾Yh ,eî
úix{ je - isys uQ¾ÉPd ù
jrodkhla - fYa%IaG jQ §ukdjla$W;=ï §ula$leu;s hula §ula
oi tlv uila - tlla wv oi uila ûdi kuh yudrla&
ftYap¾h mdjd § - iïm;a ,nd §
YS% úN+;sh - iïm;a rdYsh
lïñ;a;l - odishl
lï lsï oehs - m%fhdackh l=ula oehs
.Dy jdifhka - .sys f.or jdih lsÍfuka

;rd,a fogqjl= - rkalre kdhlfhl=
iqr;a flduq ms<shla - flduq kQf,ka úhk ,o r;a meye;s jia;%hla
YS% hyka .¾Nfhys - ksod .kakd ldurfhys
nvd,d f.kd - rkalrejd f.k wd
hk tk ux yi - hk tkakd jQ ud¾.h wi,
nd,d¾l rYañhg - <má iQ¾hhdf.a rYañhg
m%§mdf,dalhla - myka t<shla
taldf,dal jkafka h' - wf,dalfhka msfrkafka h'
^tl u t<shla jkafka h&
kyk meka - kEu ms‚i jQ c,h
mßNj - kskaod
fldmq,f;ys - lïuqf,ys$lïuq,g
n,. - n,kq uekú
lrk ,o iïNdjkd we;sj - lrk ,o f.!rj lsÍï we;sj
wNS; kdo we;s - ìfhka f;dr y`vla we;s
we;s kshdj - isák wdldrh$isák nj
fhfy<‚hka - f,a<sh
Ègqyq kï - ÿgqjdyq kï
ksiaiy - iqÿiq h
lfodame‚hka - lKdueÈßhka
ksIam%N - wf,dalhla ke;s
we;a b,;a;shla - we;a jiqre ms`vla
wiajid - ikijd
yia; úldr - w;ska lrk Wiq¿ úiq¿
uqL úldrfhka - uqyqfKka lrk úldr lghq;=
j<yd lsjQ h - we;a; iÕjd lsjqjd h$jxpd fldg$rjgd lsjqjd h
m<uq fldg u ngq h - uq,ska u neiafia h
mqIamM, m,a,jfhka - u,a"f.ä iy o¨j,ska
i[aPkak jQ - .ejiqKd jQ
mkd - fldia
fndl,a - ie<,sys‚
mia mshqfuka - ´¨" l=uqÿ" udfk,a" r;= fk¨ï iy iqÿ fk¨ï
ÿ¾uqL jQ j,a,Nhdf.ka - úrEmS iajdñhdf.ka

jkakdg - úh hq;a;la fõjd
.uka wkqo;ay - hEu wkqu; l<y
neoE‚fhda - jeä uy¨ fidfydhqrdf.a ìß|
mdo mßpdßld - ìß|
mQ¾j ls%hd - fmr lrk ,o lghq;=
wjfYaI kdgl ia;S%yq - b;sß ks<sfhda
Ok OdkHd§ka Nß; jQ - Ok OdkHfhka msÍ .shd jQ
we;a we‚ - we;a yuqodj
mxp ll=O NdKavhka - rc flfkl= nj wÕjk NdKav my
^k<,a mg" uÕ=,a lvqj" rkañßjeä iÕ,"
o< mq`vq fiai;" j,a úÿkdj&
WmfNda. mßfNda. jia;=fjka - je,| f.k m%fhdackhg .kakd wdNrK jeks jia;= yd
mßyrKh lrk fjk;a jia;=j,ska
rka uqvul - rka n÷kl
miÕ msysgqjd - fooK" foje,ñg iy k<, fmd<fõ jÈk f,i isg
m[apdhqO - ÿkq" uq.=re" wvhá" m;a fldfyd,a iy mdrd j<¨
fidá - fy,a,
mhsfhys - u,af,ys$l+fvys
fldlko - tkï ùKdj
ms<smkaj - nei
wkqokakd ,ÿj - wkqu; lrkq ,enQ miq
;;a iryd - ùKdfõ ;;a ilia fldg f.k
wia:dk hehs - kqiqÿiq ;ek hhs
fmr n;a - Wfoa wdydrh
w;ejeisj - iómfhys jdih lrk ;eke;af;l= ù
j<ka Wld - j<ka idod
m,yd - mqïaid
fkd j<yd - fkd iÕjd
Wkaf.a k.= - wehf.a ke.‚hka
f;du - f;dfuda
iudê jQ fial - tlÕ jQ fial$wkqu; l< fial
k<lrejd - k<d msôkakd
;,a jegla - ;,a ,Shla
Tvu - n÷k
u,aiqUq,la - u,a je,la$u,a orKqjla$ud,d pqïnglhla
f;iqk.== - wksl=;a fidfydhqßfhda
ÿï lrjQy - f;ïmrdÿ lrjQy$iqj|j;a lrjQy
iqÕla - álla
ufkdar:h - isf;a mej;s wfmalaIdj
uia;lm%dma;j - uqÿka m;aj
jiqka lo - wdydr lo
ÿ¾fNdack - lgql wdydr
ySk ls%hdfjka - ;udg fkd .e<fmk lghq;=j,ska
ÿlaL fihHdfjka - ÿlanr ;ekaj, ksod .ekSfuka
il=re mQjla - me‚ lejqula
od ye,S .sh - ms,siaiqKq
ó b| - fuys ys|$fuys kej; isg
uqj fmd,a,kag - uqj megjqkag

fyaudNrK - rkska iE¥ wdNrK ^fyau¬wdNrK&
úN+Is; - irik ,o
là m%foaY - Wl=¿ fmfoia
laf,aYdkaOldrfhka - flf,ia keue;s w÷frka ^laf,aY¬wkaOldr&
Èla úNd.fhys - tla tla ÈYdj fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSfuys
úms,sirj - miq;eú,af,ka
jiak - wdydr f.k wd Ndckh
mels, - mg,eù$.eà
j<ka w`vjd - j<xj,ska Yío kxjd
yS - ìu jeà
f,daldiajdor;s - f,dalhd úiska ñysß hehs ms<s.;a oehg we;s we,au$
iïfNda. iqLh
o¾Yk ,dNdÈ ftYap¾h - oelSug ,eîu wdÈ iïm;a
iafkayr;s - wdorfhka lrk ,o we,au
ms<sn| is;ska - neÿKd jQ is;ska$m%;snoaO jQ is;ska
fnd<|lñka - fkd okakdlu ksid
leK - ydrd

>¾ufhka mSä;j - oeä WKqiqfuka mSvdjg m;aj
;o mreI nia - is; ßfok oeä jpk
pdgq - /já,sldr
ufkda{ - is;g .e<fmk
wx. m%;Hx.dÈ - wÕ miÕ wdÈ fldg we;s ^wx.¬m%;s¬wx.¬wdÈ&
wfkal fldaá pdgq kdgl ia;S%ka - wm%udK jxpdldr ks<shka
wkka; iduka; pl% - wm%udK jQ m%dfoaYsl rcjreka iuQyhdf.a
fu!,sud,d,d,s; - Tgqkqj, rYañ iuQyfhka ke<jqKq
mdo mSG - md mqgq$md ;nd .kakd mqgqj
fma%udkaú; - fma%ufhka hqla; ^fma%u¬wkaú;&
ydj Ndj ,S,d - YÍr ,laIK wdÈfhka iajdNdúlj weÕfjk iy ufkdaNdj
jYfhka m%lg lrjk rd.dÈ iajrEm
lgdlaI ksÍlaIK - weia fldka ne,au ^lg¬wlaI&
ukaoiañ; - u| isky
uOq uOqr NdIs; - ó me‚ fuka ñysß jpk
fi!Nd.Hfhka hqla; - ms%h Wmojk iajNdjfhka hqla;
fldau,dx. - isks÷ wÕmiÕ we;s
rEIagj - oeä fldamhlska hqla;j
iaks.aO - isks÷$iaafkayfhka hqla;
j÷re ,dfjys - j÷rka we,a,Sug fh¥ ,dgqj,
Yla;j - we,S îla;j - we,S&
m%;Hq;a;rfhka - kej; ,nd ÿka W;a;rfhka$ms<s;=frka
^m%;s¬W;a;r&
;o uka - oeä udkh
ovq uqiq iS,a n;a - oxl=v ñY% yS,an;a
uOqrdkakmdk - ñysß wdydr mdk
ldu ;DIaKdkqrd.fhka - ldu ;Kaydfjka ne£
fkd weiq lkaj - fkd weiqKq lka we;sj$kEiqKdla fuka
le,u fõ o - taldka;fhka u ,efí o
l%fudakak;j - l%ufhka by<g uy;a ù .sh
W!re hq.,la - l,jd hqj,la
iujdfhka - tlg ne£ mj;akd

fm%au oDIaáfhka - fma%u iy.; ne,afuka

fijdmQ kï - iekiqfõ kï
;reKd¾l rYaóka - ;reK iQ¾h rYañfhka
m%úlis; - ukd f,i msìÿKq
irisrey fidaor - fk¨ïu,la fia we,aula we;s lrjk
fldu, md‚ m,a,jfhka - ishque,s w;a keue;s ,d o¨j,ska
flahQr - YÍr wdNrKhla
lkl lgl - rka j<¨
kQmqr - mfha m,¢k wdNrK úfYaIhla
rikd - fujq,aou
;e,s uqÿ - ;e,a, iy uqÿ
jyka mgka - jyka iÕf,a mgka
fodrg msg ,d - fodrg msg me;af;ka
t<sm;a mäh - t<shg nisk ;ek ;sfnk mäfhys
wj uekj - tkq uekj
úpr - m%udKh
welfhys je;sr T;a - Wl=f<ys je;sÍ ksod.;a
lráh w,a,d - fn,af,ka w,a,d
fufl,s - fï fl,a,
ðõydÉfþokh - Èj lmd oeóu
wfrdaymßKdyfhka hqla; jQ - Wig .e<fmk uy;ska hqla;$lvjiï
isoaOdx.kd m%;sNd. - fnfy;a n,fhka ydialï olajk ldka;djka fuka
wmßñ; - iSud rys;
uqla;dud‚lH - uq;=ue‚la
ixL - ylaf.ä
is,d - rka Tínd ilia l< uqx meye;s ue‚la .,a úfYaIhla
m%jd, - mn¿
lkl rc; - rka ß§
;s%uo .,s; - ;=ka ;eklska uo c,h je.=reKq ^fo lïuq, yd ryiÕ&

l=rúflú,a,kag - fldals, mlaIs úfYaIj,g
,Sf,dafma; - iajNdjfhka hqla; ^,S,d¬Wfma;$,S,dfjka hqla;&
.ïNSfrdaodr - .eUqreWodr
uOqr Y%jŒh - weiSug ñysß

luŒh - is;a w,jk
m%;HkSh - kej; weiSug ms%h Wmojk ^wY=oaO mdGhla&
iajhïN+{dkfhka - wfkHdamfoaY rys;j ;udu u my< jQ i¾j{;d {dkh
m%;sfõO lrk ,o - wjfndaO lr .kakd ,o
wlaIr ,sÅ; .‚; .dkaO¾jdÈ - wl=re ,sùu" .‚;h" ix.S;h wdÈ jQ
wIagdoY úoHdia:dkdÈ - bf.k.; hq;= oy wgla úoHd wdÈ jQ
wfkalY; m%fNao - fkdfhla ish .Kka fldgiaj,ska
Nskak Ys,amhka - ì£ .sh Ys,am
wkkHidOdrK - fjk;a lsisjl= yd iudk ke;s
iqN.=Ku‚.=KdlS¾K - hym;a .=K keue;s ue‚la iuQyfhka .ejiqK
blaIajdl=jxY iïN+; - blaIajdl= ^Tlaldl& keue;s jxYfhys Wmka
isksoi - fifkyi
oKavd>d; - ,Shlska myr lE
úIf>dar i¾mhka - oeä úI iys; i¾mhka
hqoaOdNsuqLj - hqoaOhg iQodkï ù$uqyqK ,d
f;iafida - fiiq wx.$b;sß wh
cdïfndako iaj¾Khg n÷ jQ - cïnq kÈfhys Wmka r;arkaj,g iudk jQ
rkalñka úis;=re - r;arka fh§fuka úÑ;% jQ
;=jr,d - tkï iqj| øjHh
iqj| iqkafkka W,d - iqj| iqkq ;jrd
Tma k.k ,o - Tm oeuQ$oel=ï l¨ l<
o< lv ñgq - we;a o< lene,a,la iú l< ñgla we;s
uqL ìïnh - uqyqfKa ms<sìUqj
ouk ,ÿj - w;ayer oeuQ miq
j,e - le,fhys
wla nUqre - fmdl=gq$w.ska lrlejqKq
idkaÿ cndÿ wdÈ jQ - tkïj,ska ye¢kafjk iqj| øjH
wdl=, jHdl=, fldg - wjq,a úhjq,a fldg
;=kq f,dñka - YÍrfha f,dauj,ska
fldlakdjqka úiska - .scq ,sys‚hka$jDlhka úiska
iaj¾Kd;d, M,hg n÷ jQ - rkska l< ;,a f.ähla jeks jQ
iaj¾K pl%jdl hq.,h fuka - rka ilajd,sys‚ hqj,la fuka
kqyqKqjd jQ - bjid .; fkd yels jQ

jgug jQ - rjqï jQ o Tm uÜgï jQo
fldl=uÕrd - l=xl=u keue;s iqj| øjHfhka
uq;=yßka - uq;=je,ska
;,d y`vd fj,d - ;e,Su we`ãu iy fj<Sfuka
leg lrk ,o - leá l<
rka riq oe,a - rkska l< l=vd f.Êð je,a$rkska iE¥ ryqf.ä je,a
ridhkh - rihla ,nd fok jia;=$bkaøsh mskjk jia;=
hd{dj lshd;a - whdpkd l<;a
foux w;=frlays - ud¾. folla we;s ia:dkhla w;r
ysu ld,hdf.a - ysu jefgk ld,fha
rkaiquqÕla mqrd - rkska l< lr`vqjla mqrd
Trmsg - Wl=f<ys
fld<Uqjla - jdä ùu i|yd ,Sfhka iE¥ WmlrKhla$,S fldghla
yeiqKq - ukd f,i msreKq$ yev.eiqKq
isÕ=j,Õ - bÕ m%foaYh
tu msh fkd ueflk f;la- ta md igyka uelS hkakg;a fmr
humqrhg - huhdf.a mqrhg
wkh jHikhg - wl%uj;a úm;aj,g
Wÿ, - nen¿Kq
fïL,dodufhka - fujq,aofuka$ldka;djka bfKa m,|k wdNrKhla
úrdcudk - nn<k
wiïNskak - fkd levqKq$fkdì÷Kq
iQ¾hjxY m%iQ; - iQ¾h jxYfhys Wmka
f.!rù¾h úl%u iukaú; - Y+r" ùr" úl%u hk .=Kdx.j,ska hqla;

iïNdjkd - .re lsÍï
u‚lkl - ue‚la iy r;arka
m%;sNd. - jeks jQ
mxpdx.sl - wx. mylska hqla;

wkjr;fhka - ks;r
wfkalY;u;a;yia;Syq - fkdfhla ish .Kka u;a jQ we;a;=
úN+Is; - iryk ,o

isoaO úoHdOrhka - fnfy;a n,fhka o úoHd;aul jYfhka o ydialï lrkakdjqka
wkkH idOdrK - ^k¬wkH> wkkH& fjk;a lsisfjl= iómfhys olakg fkd
,efnk
.=K.KNrK úN+Is; - Wiia .=K iuQyh keue;s wdNrKj,ska ieriqK
fY!rù¾h - Y+r iy ùr
n,mrdl%u - Yla;sh iy mrdl%uh ^ùr;ajh&
m%;dm m%{d.=K we;s - wkqka ;jk iq¨ .=Kh iy kqjK hk .=Kj,ska hqla;
wd<dßlj - ;ukaf.a Yla;s úfYaIh m%o¾Ykh fkd fldg
w{dkfhka uQV jQ - fkd oekqj;alñka uq<d jQ
il,rdc - ish¨ rcjrekaf.a
fu!,sud‚lHldka;Ska - Tgqkqj, ue‚la t<sj,ska
mßNj ìKQ h - wmydid;aul jpk lSjd h
;s%úO fõomdrm%dma; - ;s%fõofhys mrf;rg meñ‚
iodpdr ksr; - hym;a yeisÍfuys kshqla;
uOqrdkakmdkfhka - ñysß wdydr mdkj,ska
ika;¾mKh lrjk - i;=gg m;a lrjk
iqÅ; uqÈ; - iqjhg iy i;=gg m;a jQ
.DfydaoHdk - f. Whka
úµq,a,;d iYS%l - úÿ,sh t<sfhka msÍ .sh
ñysÕ= fnr y`äka - uDox. kñka oelafjk fnr úfYaIfhys kdofhka
flldkdofhda - flaldrdj" fudkr y`v
wkqrd.fhka Nß; fõ o - rd.S yeÕSïj,ska nr fõ o
YS% fi!Nd.Hh yd ftYap¾h úfYaI- iqkaor Ndjh iy iïm;a rdYsh
il, Y;%e u¾okh lrkakd jQ - ish¨ i;=rka uev mj;ajkakd jQ
rkai;a - rkska l< l=v$P;%
rka fmdfrdaÿ - we;a n| ueo n|kd rka fhd;a
rka ikakdyh - rkska l< hqo we÷u
lkl .sß isLr iqkaor jQ - r;arka m¾j; uqÿka fuka oel=ïl¨ jQ
i;;fhka - ks;r
m%pKav udre;fhka - ie`v iq<Õska
fï>l+g kslr - jeis j,d iuQyfhka
rdc jdyk fhda.H jQ - rc flfkl=g .uka lsÍug iqÿiq jQ
iqrf,daldj;S¾K jQ - foõ f,djg nei wd
Oj,d;m;%fhka - wõ rYañhg Tijk iqÿ l=vfhka

pdrepdurkslrdlS¾K - ^pdre¬pdur¬kslr¬wdlS¾K&
ufkda{" j,aúÿkd iuQyfhka .ejiqKq
uf,da,Uq u,aoï - û,a¬´,Uq& u,a t,a,k ,o ud,dodu
rka ñ‚ lsls‚ oe,ska - rka" ue‚la iy lsxls‚ oe,aj,ska
OrŒ;,dj;S¾K - fmd<jg nei .;a
wN%l+g iyi%fhka - jeis j,d oyia .Kkska
>k.¾ckdldr - jeis j,djl f.rjqï y`vg iudk y`vla we;s
ksidk - fnr úfYaIhla
;ma,d - ;mamq,d
rla; kS, Yafõ; lDIaKdÈ jQ - r;=" ks,a" iqÿ" l¿ wdÈ jQ
j¾fKdaÊj,s; - j¾Kj,ska §ma;su;a jQ
.S%Iau ika;dmhka - wõ rYañh ksid we;s jk mSvk
ila; jQ - we¨Kq
;=x. ;rx. Nx.dldr - Wia jQ uqyqÿ r< ìf|k iajrEm we;s
laISr fodaykh - lsß foùu
hfYdaúN+;sh - lS¾;s loïnh$ls;a /i
oia fldg - odi ;;a;ajhg m;a fldg
wiïNS;j - ìfhka f;drj
il, N=jk fYaLr jQ - uq¿ fmdf<da ;,hgu uqÿka u,a lvla jQ
fjia j<d - fjia udre fldg f.k
óg wjq;a - fï ia:dkhg meñK
noaOd[ac,Sj - neoe¢,s we;sj$je|$kuialdr fldg
iïm%dma; jQ rdcHYS%h - ,enqKq rc iem;
noaOdNs,dIfhka - n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka hqla;j
wl¾;jHh - fkd l< hq;= foa
ms<si|r l:d - iqj ÿla úuiSï jYfhka flfrk l:d
ikaf;daI m%dma;j - i;=gg m;aj
udf.a mdmsg - udf.a md u;
ufvys u jeo fydjñ - uv f.dfvys oud ksÈ lrjñ
l,úgla - lu;la
m;af,ys bi ;nd - m;=,a u; ysi ;nd
iaj¾K ;d,ialkaOhla - rka ;,a l|la
uDÿ fldau, md‚ hq.,fhka - uDÿ jQ o ishqï jQ o w;a folska
;reKdreK lsrK iïm¾lfhka - ;reK jQ wreKdf,dalh iu. .eàfuka
m%úlis; jQ - ukdj msìÿKq
ikaOHdrd. ks¾úfYaI - ikaOHd ldka;shg jvd fjkia fkd jQ
m%Nd Ndiqr - ldka;sfhka §ma;su;a jQ
mdomoau hq.,h - md mshqï hqj,
iakdk mdk rys; ùfuka - kEu iy îu fkd ue;s ùfuka
i;H jpkhla we;s lshñ - we;a; jQ hula m%ldY lrk nj lshñ
laI;s%hudk - laI;s%h l=,fhys Wmka ksid we;s jk .¾jh
me,fUñka - Woaoduhg m;a fjñka
Y;%e u:kh - i;=rka u¾okh lsÍu$hg;a lsÍu
oe<s /jq¨ wkaoï ;sîï - wkaoï ;nd oe<s /jq,a lemSu
oY fï ;eka msßjrd - ;k;=re ,enQ oi msßila msßjrd

m%dKd¾: flfkla - Ôj;a ùug wfmalaId lrkafkla
näka ;,d fh;ajhs - nv .d f.k fh;ajd
wiks iïmd; ks¾f>daI f>dar fldg - wl=Kq y`v ;j;a oeä fldg
m¾j; >k jk .ykdÈhg jka - m¾j; iys; úYd, le,Ejlg we;=¿ jQ
>k .¾ckdldr NSu kdo we;s - fï> .¾ckdjl we;s ìhlre y`vla ;sfnk
NSu fiakdkqldÍ - NSu keue;s mdKavjhdf.a fiakdj wkqlrKh lrkakd jQ
fhdaOdNsrEV - fhdaOhka ke. isák
lrjdrfKkaø fiakdj - kdhl we;a fiakdj
m%,hld, - l,amdka;fhys uqyqfoa le,öu we;s jk ld,fhys
m%jD;af;daodr pKav udre;dNs>d; - mej;=Kq w;s úYd, oreKq iq<Õ .eàfuka
isxOq;=x. ;rx. Nx.dkqldÍ rx. - uqyqfoys Wia jQ ;rx. iuQyh ì|f.k hk iajrEm we;s
;=rx.dkqêIaÁ; - wYajhka msg ke.=Kq
hqoaOu¾okdNs,dI we;s - hqoaOh u¾okh lsÍfï wfmalaIdjla we;s
wiarejka úiska Wm,laIs; - wYajdfrdaylhkaf.ka ieÿï ,;a
fõrïn jd;fhka fma%ß;j - fõrïn keue;s iq<Õska fufyhjk ,ÿj
f>dar ks¾f>daI mj;ajñka - oreKq jQ rdj m%;srdj kxjñka
È.dka;rdNsOdjkh lrk - ÈYd fl<jrg u ÿjkakd jQ
úoHq,a,;d iyi%fhka iYS%l jQ - úÿ,sh oyia .Kkska fmdaIKh jQ
fï>l+gdkqldÍ - jeys j,dl=¿ wkqlrKh lrkakd jQ
Ocm;dldNslS¾K - f,dl= l=vd fldäj,ska .ejiqKq
.ïNSr pl% èjks - frdaoj,ska kef.k .eUqre y`v we;s
m%pKav fodaroKav fldaoKav ldKavdNs,laIs; - foda¾oKav fldaoKav wdÈ ÿkq yS;, .;a b;d oreKq

fhdaOdêIaÀ; - fhdaOhka ke. isák
kdkd fõY .%yK NSIK jQ - úúO jQ fjia .ekSfuka ìysiqKq jQ
ÿ¾jdr .¾fjdaoaO; - fkd je<elaúh yels wyxldrlfuka WvÕ= jQ
mjkd;smd;fõ. - iq<fÕa fõ.h blaujd iy fõ.hla we;s
nâ. uqoa.r f;daur l=ka; pdrepdm ndKdÈ - lvq" uq.=re" f;daur" l=ka;" oel=ïl¨ ÿkq" B;, wdÈ
úúOdhqO.%yKd;sNSIK - úúO jQ wdhqO .ekSfuka w;s ìysiqKq jQ
Nfhdakaudofhka uQ¾cdjg meñK - ìh ksid we;s jk Wu;= núka isys uq<djg m;a j
jgd Èj mek - jfÜg ÿjñka bj;g mek f.dia

fïreidr - uyd fïre m¾j;h fuka idrj;a jQ
ukaor m¾j;fhka w<,k ,o - ukaor m¾j;fhka l,Uk ,o
md‚.%yKh - w; .ekSu
rKOrŒ uOHfhys - hqo ìfï ueo
úch YS% ldka;djf.a - ch.%yKh keue;s YS% ldka;djf.a
úiqoaO - w;smdßY=oaO$b;d msßisÿ
i[acd; mS%;s m%fudaofhka m%uqÈ;j - yg.;a m%fudaoh iy mS%;s hk folska Woï ù
;reKd¾l rYaóka - ;reK iQ¾hhdf.a rYañfhka
m%odkhla fuka - úfYaI §ukdjla fuka
;=Iaá odkfhka - i;=áka fok §ula jYfhka
Èú o<ka - Èúhkaf.a o;a
ftrdjK jdydkdrEV - ftrdjK kï we;d msg ke.
jy,a fï - jy,a fufyh$jy,a lghq;=
jH¾: - ksIaM,
ia;S%r;ak m%;s,dNfhka - ldka;d r;akhka ,eîfuka
Wmdh fl!Y,H{dkh - m%fhda.fhys l=Y,;d{dkh$Wmdh fh§fuys we;s olaI;dj
iïnkaO kqjK
Ñ;% l¾fudaÊj,s; - is;=jïj,ska nen¿Kq
úudkia:j - úudkfha ys|
isoaO hq.,hla mßoafoka - fnfy;a n,fhka ydialï lrk hqj,la f,i
fkf;%da;aij - ^fka;%¬W;aij& weig ms%h Wmojk o¾Yk
tald;añlj - tl u wd;auhla we;a;ka fuka
Èú muKka - Ôú;h mj;sk ;dla
ixidr hd;%dj - iif¾ .uka lsÍu
isjqjKla - j¾. i;rlg wh;a
m¾Iog - msßig
oyila khska fyìhd jQ - l%u oyilska hqla; jQ
uka uev - udkh ÿre fldg
fifuys ;nd - iduh we;s fldg
i¾j{;d {dk - ish,a, okakd kqjK$nqoaO;ajhg m;a jk wjia:dfõ

§ ,enqKq úfYaI {dkh
,;a Ok if;la - ,nd .;a wd¾h Ok y;la
wm ,d ,d wd rlj,a ke;s fyhska - wm úiska ;nd wd jia;=jlg fhdok ,o wdrlaIdjla ke;s

ksid
;=nqjd ke; - ;=nQ fohla ke;$/l .;a fohla ke;
ug u;= - ug muKla
wkq fkdo;a - wkqu; fkd l<
ì;; - ì;a;sfhys
Wlg,Sj - WodiSk ù
ysifla ys‚ fkd .kakd f;la - ysiflia úhf<kakg$f;; isf|kakg
tla jka - tl úg
hym;a;= o - fhda.H hehs îqÿiq oehs& ;SrKh flf¾ o
flf,iqka - is; ¥IKh lrk lreKq$O¾u
flf,iqka f.jd .kag kqjqj fyd;a - laf,aYhka úkdY lsÍug fkd yels jQfjd;a
kshdjg - wdldrhg
nUir - n%yau p¾hdfjys$fYa%IaG yeisÍfuys
yeoys,s - úYajdih$ms<s.ekSu
ixluq;a - meúÈlu;a$uyKlu;a
f.h lUqrkakd fia - f.h ;=< u ÿla ú¢ñka jev lghq;= lrkakd fia
fmr<s ykag ;=nQ fohla - fjkia ù hEug ;=nQ jia;=jla$fmr<S hkakg ;=nQ fohla
fkd fyk f,i - fkd jefgk f,i$fkd fmrf<k f,i
;kd ;nd .kakd fia - ilia fldg ;nd .kakd fuka
fmr<d - kej;
i;r iSjgka - i;r i;smÜGdkh
urd - myr §
Nfjda;am;a;s ke;s ùug - ;j;a Njhl W;am;a;sh ,eîu ke;s ùug
.ïNSrdrKH - úYd, jkdka;r
.,a mdjq¿ - l÷ nEjqï

wnji - bv we;s ;ek$ksoyia ;ek
yqKq - jegqKq
tla úis wkafõIK - fidhd ne,Sï úis tlla$,dN Wmhk ud¾. ^WK
.ia §u" nq,;a §u wdÈ& úis tllaa
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' l=i cd;lh mdGl" Y%djl is;a ;=< ydiH rih ckkh lrk l;d jia;=jls'
ksoiqka ;=klaj;a fhdod.ksñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' cd;l l;dlrejd ñksiqkaf.a .+V is;=ú,s oek ye¢k tajd mdGlhd yuqfõ
bÈßm;a lr we;s wdldrh l=i rcqf.a pß;h weiqfrka úuiqug ,la lrkak'
3' ienE f,dalfha ldka;djlf.a Ñ;a; iajNdjh mndj;shf.a pß;fhka ksrEmKh
fjhs' ksoiqka ;=klaj;a foñka idlÉPd lrkak'
4' l=i cd;lfhka ksrEmKh jkafka ird.S is;=ï ñi msú;=re fifkyi fkdfõ'
l;d mqj; weiqfrka úuikak'
5' l=i cd;l l;dfõ m%n, ixl,am rEm uefjk wjia:d ;=kla úuiqug n÷ka
lrkak'
6' cd;l l;dlrejd l=i cd;lh rij;a j bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd NdIdj yiqrejd
we;s wdldrh ms<sn| úuisSula lrkak'
7' cd;l l;dlre mndj;sh flf¾ mdGl is;a ;=< Wmydih ckkh l< wdldrh
úia;r lrkak'
8' l=i cd;lh lshjk úg § fyda wid isák úg § wmQ¾j jd.aÑ;% ueùu tu l;d
mqjf;a úfYaI;ajhls' tjka wjia:d ;=kla ms<sn| úia;r lrkak'

3 iqNdIs;h

iS;djl wjêh
isxy, WmfoaY ldjHhla m<uq jrg rpkd jkafka fldaÜfÜ idys;H
iufha h' ta ùod.u udysñhkaf.a f,dajev iÕrdj hs' fo jekak iS;djl
iufha w,.shjkak uqlfjá;=udf.a iqNdIs;h hs' ^ls%(j( 1611&
l=i,fhys w.h" iqok ÿok .=K" fndre fkd lSfï w.h" WvÕ= fkd
ùu" W.;=kaf.a iajNdjh wdÈh tajdfhka meyeÈ,s flf¾' fïjd tÈfkod
iudcfha Ôj;a jk úg wjYH jk idrO¾u h' iqNdIs;fha mµ"
Wmudj,ska w,xldr lr ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' bÈßm;a flfrk WmfoaY
fmdÿ ckhdg myiqfjka jgyd .; yels jk mßÈ tÈfkod Ôú;h yd
nef|k fjk;a isoaê iu. iïnkaO lrñka rpkd lr we;'
ke Ke ;s okkayg u| .=Khla l< o
m j ;s ., flgQ wl=rla fuka ksn|
ú u ;s okkayg l< lsis .=K fkdu|
t ke ;s fõ h Èh msg we¢ brla f,o
iqNdIs;h ,sùfï wruqKq lD;sfha u i|yka fõ' md,s" ixialD; fkd

okakd whg kS;s Ydia;%h bf.k .ekSug Wmldr lsÍu tu wruqK hs'
ta nj my; lúfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
my< fmdrK bisjr uqfjys uk k|
fou< il= u.o fkd yi< i;g oo
mqj< kS;s il .; mo wre;a f,o
isy< niska ieflúka lshñ mo ne|

iqNdIs; l;=jrhd ysf;damfoaYh" mxp;ka;%h" l=j,hdkkao wdÈ ixialD;
fmd;aj, weiqr ,nd f.k we;¦ Oïu moh jeks md,s fmd;mf;a WmfoaY
o Rcqj u Wmqgd f.k we;¦ w÷ffr" kd,aj,s wdÈ øúv fmd;aj, i|yka
WmfoaY o wdY%h lr f.k we;'
fuys tk mµ ishh u iuqøf>daI úßf;ka ,shd ;sfí' ñksia ÿ¾j,;d
foi Wmydifhka n,d mdGl uqj.g iskdjla kef.k whqßka WmfoaY
bÈßm;a lsÍu tu lúhdg ms%h jQ Wml%uhls' iqNdIs;h rpkd lsÍfï §
fjk;a fmd;aj,ska woyia ,nd .;a; o tajd bÈßm;a lr we;s wdldrfhka
lúhdf.a iajdëk ldjH m%;sNdj o m%;Shudk fõ'
mqoa., .=Koyï msßyS hk ´kEu iudchla Wfoid Wmfoia §ug fuu
mµ .=re fldg .; yels h' tu.ska mqoa., Wkak;sh;a iudc hym;;a
j¾Okh jk nj i|yka l< yels h' .eUqre Ôjk o¾Ykhla ir,j myod
§u;a ld,hlg foaYhlg muKla iSud fkd ùu;a WmfoaY ldjHj, lemSs
fmfkk ,laIKhls' iqNdIs;h ta ish,a,g fyd| u ksoiqkls'
1' ke f`. ; ;a wjr .sr.ska Èklr u`v,

ie f, ; ;a iqfkr mjkska fifo;;a wk,
ms fm ; ;a .sß uq÷k fy,a ue,s mshquqZmq,
fndre ke;a f; u h uy;=ka mejiQ f;mq,
Èklr - ysre iqfkr - uyfur
fifo;;a - isis,a jqj;a fy,a ue,s - l=uqÿ u,a
f;mq, - jpkh wk, - .skak
woyi(
iQ¾hhd wmr m¾j;fhka Wod jqj;a" uyd fïre m¾j;h iq<`.ska fi,fj;;a" .skak
isis,a jqj;a m¾j; uq÷fkys l=uqÿ" fk¨ï" udfk,a u,a msfm;;a uyd;auhka lS
jpkfhys kï fndrejla ke;af;a u h'
2' fld f; la fjfyi ,ÿj;a iqofkda mjr

W o la f,dj i;=ka is; ÿla flfr;s ÿr
m i la rdyq uqj m;a fjñks ìh lr
w ks la miska f,dj fy<s flfrh ysulr
mjr - W;=ï Wola - taldka;fhka u
ysulr - i| rdyq uqj m;a - rdyqf.a uqLhg we;=¿ jQ
woyi(
fld;rï fjfyig m;a jqj;a W;=ï i;amqreIfhda f,dal i;a;ajhdf.a isf;ys mj;sk
ÿl taldka;fhka u bj;a lr;s' pkaøhd ;udf.a me;a;la Nhxlr jQ rdyqf.a lgg
wiq j ;sìh§;a wfkla me;af;ka f,dalhg t<sh ,nd fohs'
3' ms ka u | mq;=ka ishhla ,ÿj;a ksire

.= K ke K fnf,ka hq;= mq;= u h b;d .re
t l mq ka i¢ka ÿre fjhs f,dj .k w÷re
fk l ; re /iska t f,ig fkd u fõ h ÿre
mska u| - mska wvq ksire - ksiaidr$ire ke;s
woyi(
mska wvq m%fhdackhla ke;s mq;=ka ishhla ,enqK;a m,la ke;' b;d W;=ï jkafka
.=Kfhka o kqj‚ka o n,fhka o hq;a mq;%hd u h' f,dalfhys .k w÷r tl mqka
i|la ksid ÿre fõ' fkdfhla ;drld rdYshl t<sfhka ta wdldrhg w÷r my fkd fõ'
4' ú mq, .=Ke;s uy;=ka yg m;a úm;

ksi, ke‚ka hq;= W;=fuda u ÿr ,;
l,, .s¨Kq u; jr‚÷ f.dv .kq;
;=uq, n,e;s .sð|l= ñi wka flj;
úmq, - uy;a ksi, ke‚ka - ;ekam;a kqj‚ka

l,, - uv u; jr‚÷ - u| lsmqK we;a rcq
;=uq, n,e;s - úYd, Yla;shla we;s .sð|d - we;d
woyi(
uy;a .=Kfhka hq;a uyd;auhkg meñ‚ úm;a;sh ;ekam;a kqj‚ka hqla; jQ
W;a;ufhda u ÿre lr;s' ufvys treKd jQ u;a we;arcq f.dv .ekSug uy;a n, we;s
^;j;a& we;arcl= ñi fjk ljfrla iu;a fõ o@
5' l=¨Kq .=‚ka hq;= W;=uka is; uyre

ÿok niska fkd fhfohs lrkg kmqre
kj rejkska msß uy iuqÿr .eUqre
;K iq<lska WKq l< yels fj;s ljqre
uyre - udyeÕs ^b;d jákd&

ÿok - ÿ¾ckhkaf.a ^wi;a mqreIhkaf.a&
niska - jpkfhka
woyi(
lreKd .=Kfhka hqla; jQ W;=ukaaf.a b;d jákd is; whym;a mqreIhkaf.a jpkj,ska
kmqre ;;a;ajhlg m;a lsÍu kqiqÿiq h h' kjr;akfhka msreKd jQ .eUqre uyd jQ
id.rh ;K fld< yq<lska WKq lsÍug ljr kï flfkla fmdfydi;a fj;a o@

6' Èhfk; Wod j; ish lsr‚ka uyre
fuÈh; Èjd ìys ÿre fjhs .k w÷re
isßu; rc ;=ul= ÿgq mu‚ka fid÷re
we;=<; msg; Èj ? yefrh ÿlZ÷re
Èhfk; - iQ¾hhd uyre lsr‚ka - udyeÕs rYañfhka

Wod j; - Wod jk l,ays fuÈh; - fï f,dalfhys
ÿlZ÷re - ÿl ^kue;s& wkaOldrh
woyi(
iQ¾hhd ;u udye`.s rYañfhka hqla; j Wod jk l,ays fï f,dalfha odj,a ld,fha
msg;ska mj;sk .k w÷r ÿre fjhs' Y%Su;a jQ;a hym;a jQ;a rc;=ul= ÿgq mu‚ka u
ojdf,ys;a rd;%sfhys;a we;=<; yd msg; mj;sk ÿl kue;s w÷r my ù hhs'
7' re ÿ re .sks l|la .;a if|ys jkZ;=re

ñ ;= re fõ h È.;ska yuk u| ure
ñ ;= re keiSug t u fjhs miñ;=re
ñ ;= re kE flfkla ksj;=ka yg ljqre
jk;=re - jkdka;rfha È.;ska - ÈYd fl<jßka
u| ure - fyñka tk iq<Õ miñ;=re - i;=re
ksj;=ka - ÿmam;=ka
ñ;=re kE flfkla - hy¿fjla fyda kEoefhla
woyi(
jkdka;rfhys fr!ø jQ .sks l|la yg .;a úg ÈYd fl<jßka yukakd jQ u| iq<`.
ta .skak iu`. ñ;% fõ' ^tkï" me;sÍug Wojq fõ'& ta iq<`. u myk ksùfuka ^Bg&
i;=re fjhs' ÿmam;=kg ñ;% jkakd jQ" fyda {d;s jkakd jQ fyda wh ljryq o@
8' k mq re l,g i; yg meñfK; fjfyi

t ÿ re fkd fjhs l< mõ m, fojd ñi
; Uq re jkh uql=,s; jk nj iji
l jq re úiska je<lsh yels fu Èh l=i
kmqre l,g - krl ld,hg ;Uqre jkh - fk¨ï ú,

uql=,s; - mrùu fu Èh l=i - fï f,dalh ;=<

woyi(
krl ld,hg i;a;ajhdg ÿla lror meñfKk úg" lrk ,o mõj,g úmdl ,nd
§ ñi ta ^ÿla lror& ÿre fkdfõ' fk¨ï jkh ijia ld,fhys yels<S hEu fï
f,dalfhys ljrl= úiska kï je<elaúh yels o@
9' l= ß re f.dr imqkaf.a o<Zf.ys úih

u ÿ re ueis le,kaf.a ;=`vZf.ys úih
re ÿ re kqyqiqjkaf.a j,Zf.ys úih
k mq re ÿokkaf. ish,Zf`.ys u úih
;=~Zf.ys - ;=v fl<jr kqyqiqjka - f.dakqiaika

j,Zf.ys - j,s.h w. ish,ZfÕys u - ish¨ YÍrfha u
woyi(
l%Er jQ f>dar i¾mhka f.a o< fl<jr úI we;' ueis uÿre iuQyhdf.a ;=v fl<jr
úI we;¦ fr!ø jQ f.dakqiaikaf.a j,s.h w. úI we;¦ kmqre ÿ¾ckhkaf.a YÍrh
uq¿,af,a u úI we;'
10' m r is ÷ mnq okka fiú mu‚ka uyre

fnf,ks÷ u| jqj;a fkd flfr;s remqka ire
n r ‚ ÷ f., jik kd ro fjñka .re
.= re <s ÷ w;ska weis lsu hy¿ f;dr;=re
uyre - msÈh hq;= jQ

mnq okka - m%N+ ckhd
fiú mu‚ka - weiqre l< mu‚ka
remqka ire - i;=rka jeä lr .ekSu î;=rka yg ie,lSu&
nr‚÷ f., - BYajrhdf.a fn,af,a
.re fjñka - wdvïnr fjñka
.=re<s÷ w;ska - .=re<df.ka" .=re¿ rdchdf.ka
woyi(
m%isoaO jQ;a msÈh hq;= jQ;a m%N+ ckhd weiqre l< ;rñka ^ÿn,fhda& n,fhka wvq jqj;a
i;=rkg fkd i,l;s' BYajrhdf.a fn,af,ys jik kd. rdchd wyxldr fjñka
.=re¿ rdchdf.ka zñ;%h" ÿl iem flfia oeZhs weiQ mßoafoks'

11' keKe ;s okka yg u| .=Khla l< o
m j ;s ., flgQ wl=rla fuka ksn|
ú u ;s okka yg l< lsis .=K fkdu|
t ke ;s fõh Èh msg we¢ brla f,o
úu;s okka - wkqjK ñksiqka

woyi(
kqjKe;s ckhdg hï;ï hym;la l<;a th .f,ys flgQ wl=rla fuka fkd lvjd
mj;S' w{dk ckhdg úYd, hym;la l<;a" th Èh msg wekaod jQ brla fuka ke;s
ù hhs'
12' wñ; .=K kqjK hq;= W;=fuda mn|

wk; fjfyi ,ÿj;a fkd u fj;s ÿyo
È.; m;< iqj|e;s fid| i÷ka l|
is¢; uç; tl f,i me;sfrhs iqj|
wñ; - wm%udK
mn| W;=fuda - m%isoaO mqoa.,fhda
wk; - wkka; jQ$ fl<jrla ke;s
ÿyo fkdu fj;s - ÿIag yoj;a we;s lr fkd.ks;s
woyi(
wm%udK jQ .=Kfhka yd kqj‚ka hq;a iqm%lg W;a;ufhda fl<jrla ke;s ysßyerj,g
md;% jqj;a" ÿIag is;la we;s fldg fkd.ks;s' oi ÈYdfjys me;=reKd jQ iqj¢ka hq;a
hym;a i÷ka oKav lmk úg;a" l=vq lrk úg;a" tla úÈhg u iqj| me;sß hhs'
13' fldf;la .=K l<;a ÿokka yg wiqn

wlla muK j;a fkdu flfr;s ms<s,n
t Wla rfiys ieÿj;a ksU ìcq lsrU
Wola ;s;a;uh miÕ u ;=frys ksU
wlla muK j;a - u|la j;a$ wla f.ähla muK j;a

ms<s,n - m%;s,dNhla
lsrU - lsß yd c,fhka
ksU ìcq - fldfydU weg
ksU ;=frys - fldfydU .fiys
woyi(
whym;a wi;amqreIhka yg fld;rï hym;la l<;a ^Tjqyq& wla f.ähla muKj;a
wdmiq §ula fkd lr;s' Wla me‚j, nyd lsß yd c,h j;a fldg fldfydU weghla
me< l<;a fldfydU .fiys ^kï& mxpdx.h u ;ks lr ;s;a; u h'
14' i ÷ ka lmqre iu`.ska msks Èh fkdu|

fid¢ka l,,a lrñka iqj| uqj uo
ks;ska ysuZU bi bi ÿqkq jeõj o
;uka .=Kh fkd yßk jeks ÿok yo
ÿqkq jeõj o - Ækq jeõj;a ysuZU - ysu c,h

woyi(
i÷ka yd lmqre o iqj|e;s lia;=ß o hk fïjd msksÈh fndfyda m%udKhla iu.
l,;d ^th;a iu`.& ysu c,h bisñka Ækq jeõj;a Ækqj, .=Kh w;a fkd yef¾'
wi;amqreIhdf.a yoj;;a t n÷ h'
15' ñ ks ia yg fid÷re .=K iy kq.=K we;

ks fod ia flkl= fuÈh; Wmofka ke;
fj fi ia isks÷ uqjr| nr iyia m;
fld frd ia k<ska hq;= fjhs lgq fm<sks hq;
fuÈh; - fï f,dalfha fjfiia - úYsIag jQ
uqjr| nr - u,a me‚fhka nr iyiam; - fk¨ï u,
fldfrdia k<ska - fldrieä oKavlska
woyi(
ñksid ;=< hym;a .=K fuka u whym;a .=K o we;af;a h' fodia ke;s mqoa.,hl=
fuf,dj WmÈkafka ke;' úfYaIfhka u fudf<dla jQ u,a me‚fhka nr jQ fk¨ï
u," lgq iys; fldrieä oKavlska hqla; fjhs'
16' f,dúka tflla tl fohlg fjhs iu;

fjkska wfklaa fohlg wfkflla iu;
fkdñka iq<Õ ,ÿj;a ;o .sï iem;
f.däka kej Èfhka r;h o fkdhkq we;
iu; - olaI fkdñka - wm%udK f,i

;o .sï iem; - oeä .S%Iau iïm;a;sh
woyi(
f,dalfhys tla ;eke;af;la tl fohlg olaI fjhs' wfkla ;eke;af;la fjk;a
fohlg olaI fjhs' fndfyda fihska iq<x yeuqj;a b;d ;o .S%Iauhla we;s jqj;a kej
f.dvìfuka j;a r:h c,fhkaj;a fkd hhs'
17' fkd ys ï iqj| úysfok lia;=ß ksu,

W ;= ï uqj kefnys ;eì nU keK úl,
ú k ï fu ug uy nUq moú hï l,
; n ï fndre lshk ÿokkaf. Èj uq,
fkdysï - iSudjla fkdue;s uqj kefnys - uqjdf.a kdNsfhys
woyi(
iSudjla ke;s iqj|la úysÿjk msßisÿ lia;=ß" uyd n%yauhd úiska W;=ï jQ uqjkaf.a
kdNsfhys ;ekam;a fldg we;af;a úmÍ; jQ nqoaêfhks' hï lf,l ug uyd n%yau
moúh ,enqfKd;a ^tu lia;=ß& fndre nia lshk wi;amqreIhkaf.a Èj uqf,ys ;nñ'
18' ;srir .=fKka hq;= W;=ul= yg mjr

iuqÿr ish,a ls|f,l ;=Ufil iqfkr
mqj;r fu oUÈj u¿fjl ish f.fodr
Tyqlr fkd jk iemf;la t neúka ljr

ls|f,l - l=vd Èh jf<ls
iqfkr - uydfïre m¾j;h
u¿fjl - ñÿf,l
Tyq lr fkd jk - Tyqf.a w;g m;a fkd jk
woyi(
W;=ï jQ iaÒridr .=Kfhka hqla; jQ W;=ul=g uq¿ uy;a id.rh l=vd Èh lä;a;ls'
uyd fïrej ;=Uils' iqm%isoaO cïnq oaùmh ;udf.a f.or ñÿ, h' t neúka Tyq w;g
m;a fkd jk iem;la ke;'
19' tk l, i;=kayg isß iem; uk l,

li m, ;=f<ys Èh f,d| fuka fjhs úmq,
hk l, tisß iïm;a jekiS ish,
.c ., we;=< uo iqka Èjq, m, ;=,

ukl, - is;a i;=gq lrjk
li m, ;=f<ys - l=reïnd f.äh ;=<
Èh f,d| fuka - c,h yd f,d| fuka
.c ., - we;d úiska .s,sk ,o
we;=< uo iqka - we;=f<ys uo ke;s
Èjq,a m, ;=, - Èjq,a f.äh jeks h
woyi(
i;a;ajhka yg is;a i;=gq lrjk iem iïm;a we;s jk úg l=reïnd f.äh ;=< c,h
yd f,d| fuka h ^m%udKfhka& uy;a fõ' ta" ish¨ hi biqre úkdY ù hk úg we;d
úiska .s,sk ,o f.äfha uoh ke;sjkakdla fuka ke;sj hhs'
20' fkd ñ ka f,dj ish¨ foa olakd weig

; u ka ieá u|la j;a fkdfmfkk f,ig
w kq ka fodi ols;s wkqjK ok lmg
t fu ka ish kq.=K fkd ols;s kshu fldg
lmg - lmá wkqjK oK - fudav ckhd

kq.=K - fkdfyd| kshu fldg - kshu ieáfhka
woyi(
wm%udK f,i f,dalfhys we;s ish¨ foa olskakd jQ weig ;ukaf.a u iajNdjh u|la
j;a fkd fmfka' lmá fudav ckhd wkqkaf.a jerÈ okakd kuq;a ta wdldrfhka
;ukaf.a w.=K kshu wkaoñka fkd ols;s'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' w,.shjkak uqlfjá;=ud iudc idrO¾u újrKh lsÍu i|yd iajdNdúl

mßirh;a tys isoaëkq;a fhdodf.k we;s wdldrh úuiqug ,la lrkak'
2' úúO ñksia ÿ¾j,;d ydiHh" Wmydih èjks; jk f,i bÈßm;a lr we;s
wdldrh iqNdIs;fha kshñ; lú ;=klaj;a fhdod .ksñka myokak'
3' iqNdIs; l;=jrhd idrO¾u iq/lSu i|yd ord we;s W;aidyh kshñ; mµ lsysmh
weiqfrka idlÉcd lrkak'
4' w,.shjkak uqlfjá;=ud WmfoaY meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd i;a;aj pß; yd tajdfha
ls%hdldrlï fhdodf.k we;s whqre kshñ; lú ;=klaj;a foñka úia;r lrkak'

4 fjila myk
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl ^1913-1985&
.=K;s,l nKavdr fiakdkdhl

1913 cQ,s ui uq,af,aßhdfõ § Wm;
,enqfõ" msßñ orejka isjf
q ofkl=f.ka
hq;= mjq,l nd,hd f,i h'
Tyq fld<U .%Ekaâmdiays Ydka;
fcdaima úoHd,fhka uQ,sl
wOHdmkh ,nd" oaú;Sh wOHdmkh
i|yd fld<U wdkkao úoHd,hg
we;=<;a lrkq ,eî h' tfy;a
wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d fya;= fldg f.k"
ody;rjeks úfha § Tyqg mdi,a
wOHdmkh w; yer oukag isÿ úh'
bkslaì;sj" Tyq wOHdmkh ,enqfõ
iafjda;aidyfhks' jhi wjqreÿ
oywgla muK jk úg" fld<U
uyck mqia;ld,h weiqre lrkakg fuu ;reKhdf.a f,aLk
mqreÿ jQ Ô'î' fiakdkdhl" tys § l=i,;dj uekúka jgyd .;a
oyia .Kkla jQ bx.sßis iy isxy, úl%uisxy" Tyqg f,alayjqisfhys
fmd;m; lshjkag jQfha h' ;udf.a mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhl= yeáhg
úYajúoHd,h th úKehs Tyq miq /lshdjla ,nd ÿkafka h' l,la
lf,l lshd isáfha h' ÈkñK mqj;amf;a Wml;=jrhl= f,i
jhi wjqreÿ oykufha § lghq;= l< Ô'î' fiakdkdhl isxy,
mqj;am;aj,g flál;d ,sùu wrUk fn!oaOhd mqj;amf;ys o jev lf<a h'
,o jqj o" Tyqf.a tl ÿ l;djlaj;a wújdylhl= jQ t;=ud f,alayjqish
lsisÿ mqj;am;l m< fkd ù h' Tyqf.a w; yer f.dia iajlSh Ôú; ld,h
flál;djla f;dard f.k uq,ska u u idys;H lghq;= Wfoid fhoù h'
mqj;am;l m< lrk ,oafoa" tjlg Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a uq,a u idys;H
ÈkñK m;ays m%Odk l;=jrhdj isá lD;sh jQfha" 1945 § m< lrk ,o
ud¾áka úl%uisxy úisks' ÿmam;=ka ke;s f,dalh hs'

B<`. jif¾ § Tyqf.a fojeks Í;sfha mqfrda.dñhd yeáhg o
flál;d fmd; jk m<s.ekSu ksl=;a ms<s.efkkqfha Ô' î' fiakdkdhl h'
úh' tu lD;sfhys tla úfYAI;ajhla úd¾ Lhshdï kue;s m¾ishdkq
jQfha" flál;d w;r m< lrk ,o f,aLlhdf.a iqm%lg renhshdÜ
ksoyia fyj;a ksi|eia moH h' isxy, ldjHh o Tyq úiska isxy,g k`.k
moH idys;Hfha ksi|eia hq.h wdrïN ,oafoa" hglS ksi|eia fyj;a ksoyia
jQfha tu moHhkaf.ka neõ" wújdÈ;j meÈ Í;sfhks' Tyq úiska ,shk
ms<s.efka' wvishhla muK jQ Tyqf.a ,o kjl;d ixLHdj w;r fïOd"
lD;Ska w;r fïOd" pdreuqL" jro;a;" pdreuqL iy jro;a; hk lD;Ska
wjr.sr jeks kjl;d o oe,a ljq¿j" ;=k mdGl úpdrl fomd¾Yjfha u
ú¢ñ wdÈ fldg.;a ldjH lD;Ska o fkdu| wjOdkhg iy m%Yxidjg
ÿmam;=ka ke;s f,dalh" m<s.ekSu" n÷ka úh' fuu kjl;d ;%s;ajh u
ñ;=ßh jeks flál;d ix.%y o" i¾jld,Sk jQ f;audjka u; mokï jQ
úksú¢ñ w÷r kï iajhx,sÅ; wd;au iqúfYaI idys;H lD;Ska fia i,lkq
l;dj o úfYAI fldg oelaúh yels h' ,efí'
l%ufhka weia fmkSu ÿ¾j, j f.dia isxy, idys;H úIhhg Tyq úiska
wjidkfha § mQ¾K wkaONdjhg m;a lrk ,o iïm%odkhka w;r" idys;H
jqj o" Ô' î' fiakdkdhl iajlSh fiai;a" idys;H ú.%yh iy idys;H
f,aLk lghq;= w;ayf<a ke;' Tyqf.a O¾u;dj hk lD;Ska o" idys;H
fmd;m; w;ßka úiaila muK jQ o¾Yk is;=ú,s hk ysiska wkaONdjhg
idys;H lD;Ska ,shk ,oafoa" tlS meñŒfuka miq j ,shk ,o lD;sh o
wkaONdjh ;=< § h' Tyqf.a wjidk úfYaI iïNdjkdjg md;% fjhs'
f,aLkh fia ie,flk zrd;%shZ hk f,aLk l,dfjys úúO l=i,;d f.k
ysiska jQ lõ fm< ,shd we;af;a" yer mE Ô' î' fiakdkdhlf.a lD;Ska
urKhg meh mylg l,sks' w;r u,a l=udß" yd,aueiaid" r;ay÷ka
Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.ka isÿ jQ idys;H rEmh" ySkh" wUl;dj" uyf,daNhd
fufyjr jvd;a biau;= jkafka hk iqrx.kd l;d o we;s neõ wu;l
flál;dj yd moHh hk lafIa;% lrkq fkdfhfohs'
;=< h' isxy, flál;dj jvd;a tfia u" uf.a is;=ï me;=ï" uu
iq.u iqLkuH ud¾.hlg m;a lsÍug tod iy wo" hk pß;dmodk
fm%da;aidyS jQ f,aLlhka w;r Tyqg lD;Ska o" kjl;d l,dj" ngysr
ysñ jkafka woaú;Sh ;ekls' Ô'î' fY%aIaG kjl;d" úpdr m%fõYh hk
fiakdkdhl ngysr idys;Hfha Ydia;%Sh lD;Skao" r< ì÷u" u,mq~qj"
fndfyda fmd;m; weiqre l< w;r lelEß,a," uqÿmd‚" flf,ia ihqr"
Tyqf.a flál;d flfrys jvd;a u tlg tl" hk kjl;d o wE; neü"
n,md we;af;a" .S o fudamidx kue;s .uk" kegqu hk flál;d o" Ô'î'
m%xY f,aLlhdf.a lD;Ska neõ fiakdkdhlf.a wjfYaI ks¾udKfhda
úpdrlfhda fmkajd fo;s' tfia u" fj;s'
j¾;udk isxy, moHfha kj ksoyia
fuys § “fjila myk” hk ysiska tk l:lhd jk nd, fidfydhqrd
flál;dj Wmqgd .kakd ,oafoa 1945 w;ska fjila myk .sks .ekSu;a"
jif¾ § m< jQ Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a ta fya;= fldg f.k u" whshdf.a w;
ÿmam;=ka ke;s f,dalh kue;s flál;d ms<siaiSu;a ms<sn| isoaêhlsks' l;=jrhd
ix.%yfhks' tlS isoaê fm< ukdj .<mñka
fuys lshfjkafka" fjila mykla orejkaf.a f,dalh is;a;ï lrk
ms<sn| mqj;ls' l;dj lshk nd, wdldrh o" fï orejka tlsfkld
fidfydhqrd" ish whshd úiska idokq w;r jk wdor lreKdj ;shqKq
,nk fjila l+vqj foi n,d isákafka wdldrfhka újrKh fldg oelaùu
buy;a Wkkaÿfjks' fofokdf.a u nd, ksid u fï flál;dj mdGlhd ;=<
ke.‚h ;=< we;s Wkkaÿj yd l=;+y,h pu;aldrh okjk wmQ¾j ks¾udKhla
Bg o jeä h' l;dj wjika jkafka" njg m;a ù we;'
úYd, wg mÜgï l+vqjla iE§fï woyi fldg iÕjd .;a;dh' ud wi, ìu

m<uqfjka we;s jQfha whshdf.a isf;ys h' ys| isá wE ud m;=re ols;shs ielfhka
tjeks fjila mykla iE§ug wïud ;ud ye| isá .jqfuka foll=,a jid
wkqn, kqÿka kuq;a kx.S;a uu;a whshd .ekSug th ìu úoykakg úh' weh ;u
Bg fufyhjQfjuq' foll=,a jid .ekSug ;e;a lrk ieá
whshd WK lene,a,la f.kjq;a myfkys uf.a ielhg fya;= úh' wE WK m;=rla
ueo l+vqj idokakg jQfha h' Tyq f.hs iÕjd .kakg we;ehs ug is;s‚' m;=rl
lEu lk id,fha fïih wi, ìu fldkla wehf.a fooK w;ßka uE;a
lvodishla t,d ys|f.k WK lene,a, ù ;sfnkq ud ÿgqfõ túg h' uu th
m,d isyska m;=rej,g brkag úh' tl, weo od wi,ska ;nd .;sñ' ke.‚hf.a
whshd jhiska wjqreÿ oyy;rla muK o r;a meye;s isÕs;s uqfjys há f;d,
kx.S yhla muK o uu y;la muK o fldamfhka Èla úh' wehf.a fk;a hqj<g
ùuq' WK len,s tla fldg wg mÜgï l÷¿ msfrkakd ug fmksK'
l+vqjla idok ieá kx.S fyda uu fyda is; o wei o tl fia fhdod isá whshd
fkd oek isáfhñ' tfyhska whshd WK kx.S WK m;=r iÕjd .;a ieá fyda
lene,a, m;=rej,g brk ieá wm n,d ud th Wÿrd .;a ieá fyda kqÿgqfõ h'
isáfha Tyq úiauh Wmojk fohla lrkq kx.Sf.a fofk;g msreKq lÿ¿ l%ufhka
n,d isákakdla fuks' fldmq,a Tiafia my;g niskakg úh'
Tyq myk idok ieá n,d isák kx.S;a fofk;ska l÷¿ je.sÍu fidfydhqßhf.a
ud;a w;r fkdfhla úg l,y we;s úh' fldamh jeä ùug fya;= úh' wE ;ud
whshd iei uÜgï fldg milska ;nk ys| isá ;ekska ke.sg ud msámig wjq;a
WK m;=re Tyq <Õska ys| isá uu ud uf.a ysig oeä fia myrla .id f.g
wi,ska ;nd .;sñ' Tyq lmk WK m;=re Èj .shd h' wïud ug neK weh ikikq
ud <Õska ;nd .ekSu kx.Sg reÑ fkd ù ug weisK'
h' whshd iei mil ;enQ WK m;=rla ud whshd WK m;=re tla fldg úYd, iu
olskakg fmr kx.S ;u foll=, hgg i;/ia rduq ihla idod tAjd tla fldg
ne£fuka wg mÜgï l+vqjla iEÿfõ h' jk fyhska whshd w;= ne£ug th j;af;a
th úYd, l+vqjls' th idok ,oafoa l=vd msysá uvqjg f.k .sfhah' Tyq uvqfjys
l+vq úiaila we;s úYd, mykl ueo l+vqj meÿrla t<d l+vqj tys ;ndf.k Bg w;=
jYfhks' th id,fha msysá lEu lk n¢kag úh'
fïih muK Wia úh' whshd th fïih l+vqjg w;= ne£u i|yd whshd we;eï
wi,ska f.k f.dia lEu lk id,h o úg th ;=<g neiafiah' Tyq Wiska ug
f.hs ueo id,h o wi, msysá fndalal=j wÕ,a oyhlg jvd we;s fkd jqj o Tyqg
hg ;enqfõ h' l+vqj tys ;enQ Tyq we;=<g nei isáh yels jk ;rï l+vqj
È.yeÍ t,af,k ;u lñifha w;lska úYd, ùu wfma m%S;shg fya;= úh'
k<f,ys vy¢h ì÷ msi ouñka h<s;a
fïih lrd wjq;a l+vqj foi ne¨fõ h' l+vqj, lvÞis we,ùfuka miq tys
k<,g jegqKq Èla jQ flia frdolska o" we,ùug îlal= iE§u wdrïN lrk
tlsfklg ;o jQ fof;d,ska o fofk; ,§' îlal= idokq ,nkafka i;/ia
fjfyi ùfuka foda /<s fldg .;a fldg lemQ l=vd lvodis len,sj,
foneñka o hq;=j Tyq l+vqj foi ne¨fõ fldka folla kjd tla l< ;ekq l=vd
fndfyda l,la fjfyi f.k fk<d irejms;a;, lene,a, we,ùfuks' fuh
ksu l< m%;sudjla foi n,k m%;sud wmg myiqfjka u l< yels ldßhla jQ
Ys,amshl= fukehs ug isf;a' fyhska îlal= iE§u wm fofokdg Ndr
lrk ,§'
kx.S uq¿;eka f.g Èj f.dia wïud
le|jdf.k wdjd h' wms meh lSmhla iyfhda.fhka jev
lf<uq' kx.S ikaOHdfjys uqyqK fidaod
whshd fjila l+vqj idod ksu lrk tys mshre ;jrdf.k jfÜ /,s we,aÆ
f;la kx.S;a ud;a n,d isáfha fkd w¨;a .jqula ye| îlal= iE§ug ud
bjis,af,ks' Tyq YdLd l=vq i|yd m;=re wi,ska ys| .;a;d h' wef.a w¨;a .jqu
n¢k ieá o tAjd iei uÜgï lrk oel ud ;=< Wmka B¾IHdjla ksid foda
ieá o n,d isá ug Tyq iEfyk muK weh fldam lrùug ug is;sK'
blauka fkdfõ hehs is;sK'
uu w,jñka isá lvodis lene,a,
ueo l+vqj jfÜ t,a,Sug l=vd l+vq milska ;nd kyh /,s .iajd “yß
y;rla o tA l+vq jfÜ t,a,Sug Bg;a l=vd .|hs” lSfjñ' mshre ;jrd ;snqKq uqyqK
l+vq oyhla o idok ,È' ud foig yrjd kx.S úuiqï iys;j
fmd,a w;=j,ska fyjqKq úYd, uvqjla ne¨jd h'
wfma f.hs j;af;a ù h' th idok ,oafoa “mshre oeïug uqyqfKa .| hkjdoe@”
m%Odk jYfhka u wm mdGYd,djg f.k hs uu lSfjñ' ke.‚hf.a isÕs;s uqyqK
hk nlals lr;a;h ;eîu i|yd h' fldamfhka weo úh'
tfy;a nlals lr;a;h yefrkag" levqKq
ydkais mqgqjla yd fidamdjla o ,S o~q “lfÜ yeá lsß wmamqf. fydUq lg
f.dvla tys úh' jf.hs” uu lSñ'
ueo l+vqjg w;= iú l< úg th f.hska wE ;ud ys| .;a ;ekska mek wjq;a ug
t<shg .; fkd yels jk ;rï úYd, myrla .eiqjd h' uu o wehg myrla
.eiqfjñ' wE uf.a fojqfrys t,a,S
uf.a uqyqK m;=re .ykakg jQfhka wms miq Èk fjila fmdfyda Èkh úh' tÈk
fofokd ìu fmrf,ñka fmdr w,a,kag wïud fjkodg jvd WoEikska wm wjÈ
ùuq' idod mil f.dv .id ;snqKq îlal= l<dh' wïud wm wjÈ lr;a u .fï
iE§ug lmd ;snqKq lvodis yd irej mkaif,ys jhk fnr y~ wmg weisK'
ms;a;, fld< o fmdr w,a,k wmg hg fjila myka t,a,Sfuka o fldä je,a yd
ù fmdä úh' wm fmdr w,a,k Yíoh f.dla /yeka we§fuka o .u uq¿,a,u
wid whshd o Èj wdfõ h' wïud lE irid we;ehs ug is;=fKa h' wm fofok
.idf.k tk y~ wid wms fofok wef|ka ke.sá ieáfha u myk ne,Sug
fmdrh kj;ajd uvqfjka msg;g Èùuq' uvqjg ÈjQ kuq;a úYd, l+vqj o l=vd
wïudf.ka ;e¨ï ld y~kag jQ wms l+vq o tla;eka fldg fkd ;sìK'
wd,skaofha uq¨ follg ùuq' uq,a,g ù fjila myk t,a,Sug uyd
mehla muK lÿ¿ msisñka isá kx.S ud¾.hg f.k tk ,§' wfma f.or
fiñka ud <Õg wjq;a “whsfha l+vqj fufylrefjla jQ lsrd Wi ;reKfhls'
n,kag huq” hs lSjd h' úYd, l+vqj uvqfjka f.k tk ,oafoa
uu lsisjla fkd lshd ys| isá ;ekska Tyq úisks' l=vd l+vq lsrd;a whshd;a lSm
ke.sg wïud weoaoehs jgmsg n,d kx.S .uklska ud¾.hg f.k wdy' úYd,
iuÕ ñ÷,g neiafiñ' whshd wm t<jd l+vqfjys w;= i;frys l=vd l+vq i;r o
.ks;s hs wms uvqjg hdug ìh ùuq' b;d tAjdfha w;=j, Bg;a l=vd l+vq o t,a,k
l=vd f.ä uq;a m%fhdackhg .; yels ,§' myk ne,Sug wd fld,a,kag o
f.ä yg fkd .kakd Wiaj jevqKq foys fl,a,kag o Bg w; ;eîug bv fkd §u
.ila uvqj wi, we;' y~ kef.;s hs kx.Sf.a;a uf.a;a úfYaI ldßh úh'
fiñka fiñka md ;nñka foys .i hgg fmr Èk rd;%sfhys lsrd úiska ud¾.h
.sh wms whshd úYd, l+vqj bÈßfhys whsfka Wi WK .ila isgjd ;snqfKa h'
ys|f.k tys îlal= w,jk ieá n,d ud¾.fhys úYd, fldgila jidf.k
isáfhuq' ;snqKq l+vq iuQyhlska hq;a fjila
uvqfjys ,ka;Ereula t,a,df.k tÈk myk WK .fiys fl<jr ojgk ,o
rd;%sfhys o whshd myk iE¥ kuq;a wmg ,Kqjlska Wvg weo t,a,k ,§'
u~qjg hdug bv fkd fok ,§' wm È,sfik irej ms;a;, len,s j,ska o iq<x
kskaog hk úg o whshd uvqfjys myk je§ ir ir hk y~ k.ñka Tjqfkdjqka
iE§fuys fh§ isáfha h' je<| .kakd iqÿ lvodis máj,ska o hq;a
kx.S;a ud;a tl u we|l ksÈ lrùu úYd, myk megjqka úiska jg lrk ,o
wïudf.a isß; úh' “wfma l+vqj ;rï úYd, iqÿ mlaIs fèkqjl jekakehs ug
,iaik l+vqjla fjk fldfya j;a kE is;sK' fjila mykaj, w;=j, t,af,k
fka o whsfha@” hs w÷f¾ hyfkys ud l=vd mykaj,g megjqke hs lSu idudkH
wi, je;sr isá kx.S weiqjd h' isß; fyhska l+vq iuQyh mlaIs iuQyhla
jekak hk woyi uf.a isf;ys we¢K'
“Tõ" kx.S wfma l+vqj ;rï ,iaik
l+vqjla keye”hs ksod .ekSug weia mshd oji uq¿,af,a u kx.S;a uu;a úáka úg
.ksñka uu ms<s;=re ÿkafkñ' ud¾.hg Èj wjq;a wyfiys t,af,k
myfkys fi!kao¾hh n,d m%S;s ùuq'
fjila mykl iqkaor;ajh mßiudma;shg weúf,kq oel wm lE .ik Yíoh
meñfKkafka tys bámkaoï wid wïud;a ;d;a;d;a f.hs isg Èj wdy'
oe,ajQ úg h' myfkys bámkaoï oe,aúh ;d;a;d whshdf.a nekshu brd bj;a
yels jk fia w÷re jefgk f;la kx.S o lf<a h' wm whshdf.a nekshï w; ksùug
ud o n,d isáfha uy;a fkd bjis,af,ks' ;e;a lrk w;r .sks.;a l+vqjlska .skak
rd;%S wkaOldrh me;sfrkakg úh' u,a f;,a me;sÍfuka úYd, l+vqj o .sks .;af;a h'
f.k mkai,g hkakjqkaf.ka ud¾.h Bg miq l+vq ksùug lsisfjla fjfyi
.ejiqfKa h' whshd lsrd o le|jdf.k fkd ù h'
myfkys bámkaoï oe,aùug ieriqfKa whshdf.a nekshug .sks weú¨Kq úg
h' kx.S;a uu;a wd,skaofhys ;snqKq kx.S;a ud;a wdrïN l< we~qu wms fkd
bámkaoï ud¾.hg f.k wdfjuq' lsrd keje;aùuq' whshdf.a w; ms<siaiS ;snqKq
myk my;g nEfõ h' m<uq fldg fyhska Tyq fodia;r f.org f.k hd
l+vqj, bámkaoï oe,aùu wdrïN lrk hq;= hehs ;d;a;d lSfõ h' w; ms<siaiSu
,oafoah' ksid whshd ñh hd yelehs ud ;=< ìhla
whshd úYd, l+vqfjys bámkaoï o,ajd o fYdalhla o we;s úh' mykg .sks
w;=j, l+vqj, o bámkaoï o,ajkag úh' weú¨fKa ud w;ska nj isysùu uf.a
oe,ajQ bámkaoula wf;ys we;sj isá fYdalh ;j;a jeä ùug fya;= úh' lsrd
ug l=vd u l+vqjl bámkaoï oe,aùug wfma nlals lr;a;h ñÿ,g f.kdfõ h'
is;=fKa h' uu whshdg fkd okajd ;d;a;d whshd lr;a;fha kxjd fodia;r
l+vqjl bámkaoula oe,ajQfjñ' ud ;j;a f.org f.k .sfha h'
l+vqjl bámkaoula oe,aùug ;e;a lrk mykg .sks weú¨fKa ud w;ska nj
úg tys lvodis máhlg .s‚ weú,s‚' wïud o;a kuq;a wE ug nekSug fkd
láka msU th ksùug ud l< W;aidyh is;=jd h' wE tfia fkd lf<a ìhm;a ù
id¾:l fkd ù h' lvodis máfhka isá ud ;j;a ìh .ekaùu kqiqÿiq hehs
l+vqjg .sks weú¨fKa h' uu ìhm;a is;+ fykehs yÕsñ' y~ñka isá kx.S
ù lE.ikag ùñ' ug uola wE;ska isg ksYaYíoj isá wïudg ;=re¨ ù ksod
lsrd .sks.;a l+vqj ksùug Èj wd .;a;d h' fodia;r f.or hhs .ï jeishka
kuq;a Tyqg th jyd l< fkd yels lshk wefmda;slßf.a f.or msysáfha wm
úh' tA l+vqfjka ;j;a l+vqjlg .sks f.oßka ie;emau follg muK wE;sks'
weú¨fKa h' tys f.dia tAu idudkHfhka mehlg
túg whshd Èj wjq;a .sks .;a l+vq jvd fkdh;;a whshd wdmiq tk f;la
fiiq l+vq w;ßka fjka lsÍug W;aiy wd,skaofha lKqjlg fya;a;= ù isá ug
lf<a h' whshd keUqre ù l+vqjla uy meh .Kkla .;jQjdla fuka oeksK'
l+vqfõ w;a;lska bj;a lsÍug ;e;a mkaif,a jhk fnr y~ uy;a lrorhla
lrk úg Tyq we|isá nekshfuys w;g úh' fnr y~ kej;=Kq úg ud¾.fhka
.sks weú¨fKa h' Tyq l+vq w;ßka uE;a j tk y~ j,g lka ;shqKq fldg fhduq
wksla w;ska .iñka nekshï w; ksùug lf<ñ'
;e;a l< kuq;a Tyqg th ksjd .kakg lr;a;h mud jkafka whshd fodia;r
fkd yels úh' whshdf.a nekshug .sks f.or§ u< fyhskehs ug is;sK' fï
woyi we;s j;a u úh<S ;snqKq uf.a weia wE lSjd fkdweiqKdla fuka uu fiñka
j,g h<s;a l÷¿ ke.sK' ud¾.hg lka fiñka f.dia wehf.a fomh <Õ ìu ys|
fhduq fldg isá uu wd,skaofha ydkais .;af;ñ' whshd úáka úg fl¢ß.dk
mqgqfõ ys| isá wïud foi ne,Sñ' wE Yíoh Tyq ñh hd yel hk ìh ud ;=<
kslgg w; ;nd f.k ksi,j isáhd h' ;j;a jeä lf<a h' uu wïudf.a ll=,a
f.dkl=f.a lr ne¢ f.Êð y~la fol je<|f.k uf.a uqyqK wef.a
wefikakdla fuka ug oeksK' uu fooK wiafia r|jdf.k y~kakg ùñ'
jvd;a jqjukdlñka ud¾.hg lka whshd fj,d ;snqKq ;u w; wïudf.a
fhduq lf<ñ' th f.Êð y~ls' Èjk welfhka f.k uf.a ysi msßuÈkakg
f.dfkl=f.a l=r ìu .efgk y~ o ùh'
lr;a;hl frdao mdf¾ .,a Wäka Èj “u,a,S”hs ysi msßuÈñka Tyq ud
hk y~ o ug wefikakg úh' “Ñx weu;=fõ h'“u,a,S l+vqj ms,siaiqkdg
f.dkd” hs lsrd r¿ yçka y~ .d w~kakg tmd' wms tk wjqreoafoa Thsg;a
f.dkdg flúfgka myrla .ik Yíoh f,dl= l+vqjla youq'”
blaì;sj weisK' whshd ñh hkag we;
hk ìh lr;a;h <x fj;a u ud ;=< Tyq ñh hd yele hs ud ;=< jQ ìh o
ÈhqKq úh' whshdf.a u< l| lr;a;fhys fYdalh o whshd ;u wf;ys fõokdjla
f.k tkq ,efn;ehs o ug is;sK' .ek fyda ;ud ñh hk njla fyda
fkdlshd fjila myk .ek l:d lsÍu
wïud whshd lr;a;fhka niajdf.k ksid foda my úh'
f.hs we;=¿ ldurhlg f.k .shdh'
whshdf.a wf;ys je,ñfgka my; ñÿf,a fo,a .fiys n¢k ,o f.dkd
fldgi mq¿ka ;nd frÈ mglska fj,d ;u lfrys ne¢ f.Êð fid,jd ysi
;sìK' uu f.g fkd f.dia wd,skaofha i,kq ug weisK' “álla ysgqhs” lsrd
ydkais mqgqfõ ksod isá ke.‚h wi, f.dkdg weu;=fõ h' tA ydu fnf,la
fndfyda fj,djla ys| isáfhñ' whshd mksÜgqjla lsisjl yemS fmr¿fkah' uyd
ñh hd yel hk ìh ug is;ska my ud¾.fhys n,af,la nqrdf.k Èjqfõ h'
fldg .; fkd yels úh' oeù hdfuka miq b;sß jQ l+vqfõ l¿ jQ
uu ydkais mqgqfjka ke.sg whshd isá WK lefn,s lsis úYd, i;l=f.a weg
ldurhg .sfhñ' ldurfhys úYd, iels,a,la fuka uyd ud¾.fhys mil
fidamdfjys whshd je;sr isáfha h' ;sfnk ieá uf.a is;g ke.sK'
wïud o fidamdfjys ys| Tyqf.a fj,d o,ajkakg fmr fjila myk ms<siaiS
;snqKq w; ;u welfhys ;nd f.k .sfha hhs ud ;=< fYdalhla we;s úh'
isáhdh'
“äx.sßf.ka n;a b,a,df.k ld,d
ksod.kak” hs ud ldurhg we;=,a jkq
ÿgq wïud my;a iajrhlska lSjd h'

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' fjila myk id¾:l flál;djls' flá l;d ,laIK weiqfrka úuikak'
2' fjila myk flál;dfjys pß; ksrEmKh ms<sn|j Tfí woyia olajkak'
3' ‘<ud is;sú,s yd <ud uki l%shdlrk wkaou fjila myk flál;dfõ ukdj
ksrEmKh flf¾’ úuikak'
4' fjila myk flál;dfõ wjia:d yd isoaê ksrEmKh ms<sn| we.hSula lrkak'
5' rij;a flál;djla ks¾udKh lsÍug tla iq¿ isÿùula m%udKj;a fõ' fjila
myk flál;dj weiqfrka fï lshuk meyeÈ,s lrkak'

15 ;=xux yxÈh
uy.u fialr ^1929 - 1976&
isxy, kjl;d jxYh ;=< uy.u l:k isxy,h muKg u" f,aLk
fialrf.a ;=xux yxÈh iy isxy,h o l;=jrhd úiska Ndú; lr
ufkdaukaÈr wmQ¾j ks¾udKoajhhla f.k we;' l;dj bÈßhg .,df.k
yeáhg ie,fla' ks¾ÈIagj we;s ;=xux hkafka isßfiak ;ukaf.a l;dj
yxÈh wOHhkfha § iy riúkaokfha lshk wdldrfhka jqj o" l;=jrhd
§ ie,lsh hq;= úfYaI ldrKd fhdod .kakd úfYaI Wml%u ksid"
lsyms hla u we;af;a h' th msgia;rhl=f.a oEig fmfkk
ú,dihla o .kS' th fï kjl;dfõ
;=xux yxÈh" miq.sh ishjfia uq,a olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIKhls'
Nd.fha Y%S ,xldfõ .ul Ôj;a
jQjkaf.a ;;= wjHdc ú,difhka wfkla úfYaI;ajh jkqfha" l;=jrhd
fy<s lrk kjl;djls' tu lD;sh fhdod .kakd w;sYh iÔù wdLHdk
jvd;a u jeo.;a jkqfha" f,aLlhdf.a Í;sh fyj;a l;dj f.dv ke`.Sfï
Ôú; w;aoelSï ueÈ fldg .;a ms<sfj< hs' tys § iÔú wdldrfhka l:k
wd;aul:k iajrEmfha kjl;djla ni fhdod .kakd wmQ¾j ú,dih oelal
jk ksid h' fuu l;dfõ l:lhd yels h' Ndú; iÔú NdId ú,dih o"
jk rK;=x. wdrÉÑf.a isßfiak" ixjdo o úuid ne,Sfuka" l;=jrhdf.a
l;=jrhd jk uy.u fialr u neõ l;d l,dj uekúka y÷kd.; yels h'
y÷kd .ekSu wmyiq ke;'
;=xux yxÈh kjl;dj wjika jkafka"
isßfiak;a" Tyqf.a foudmshkq;a" isßfiakf.a f,dl=ududf.a urKfhks'
Tyqf.a udu,d fofokd iy mqxÑ tu wjia:dj jk úg" isßfiak fld<U
wïud;a fuu lD;sfhys biau;=j urodfka ld¾ñl úoHd,fha W.ksñka
oelafjk m%Odk pß; fõ' Bg wu;rj" isà' isßfiakf.a Ôú;fha B<`. wjêh
lsishï m%udKhlg ksrEmKh úldYkh flfrkafka" ufkdaukaÈr
jk wjfYAI pß; o /ils' tfy;a kï fojeks lD;sfhks' ieneúka u"
jeo.;a u ldrKh kï" ta ish¨fokd u th ;=xux yxÈfha fojeks fldgi h'
w;ßka" l:lhdf.a f,dl= udud jk isßfiakf.a ;reK Ôú;h ks¾jHdc
wì,sx is[af[daf.a pß;h jvd;a u wdldrfhka újrKh flfrk
biau;= fldg fmfkkag ie,eiaùu h' ufkdaukaÈr wjika jkafka" Tyqf.a
ta fya;= fldg f.k u" fï m%nkaOh fmdä udud jk fia;ka is[af[da
u.ska isßfiakf.a pß;h muKg u uqo,d,s Wu;=njg meñK blaì;sj Tyq
wì,sxf.a o pß;h o újrKh jk nj ishÈú kid.kakd isoaêhlsks'
mdGlhdg meyeÈ,s jkq we;
tu kjl;dj o lshjd ne,Su" ;=xux
kjl;dj y÷kd .ekSfï §" pß; yxÈfha ksrEms; isßfiakf.a pß;h
ms<sn| tu ldrKh .ek ie,ls,su;a jvd;a fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.ekSug
ùu uekú' wfkla úfYaI;ajh jkqfha" fya;= jkq fkd wkqudk h'
fï l;dj f.dv k`.k ni h'

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' kjl;djl uQ,sl wx. ;=xux yxÈh kjl;dj ;=< fldf;la ÿrg olakg ,efíoehs
kso¾Yk weiqfrka úuikak'
2' ;=xux yxÈh kjl;dfõ f,dl= ududf.a pß;h ms<sn| újrKhla lrkak'
3' ;=xux yxÈh kjl;dfõ NdId Ndú;h ms<sn|j ksoiqka iys; j w.hkak'
4' ;=xux yxÈh kjl;dfõ id¾:l;ajhg tys ukd isoaê .e<mSu bjy,a ù we;'
úuikak'
5' ;=xux yxÈh kjl;dfõ Ndú; oDIaá fldaKh tys id¾:l;ajhg bjy,a ù we;s
oehs úuikak'

6 isxy, ck lúh
l=uk NdIdjlg wh;a idys;Hhla mgka ck lúh ckhd w;r mej;s
jqj o th ‘úo.aO idys;Hh’ yd ‘ck njg idOl nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a
idys;Hh’ jYfhka m%fNao oajhhlska md<s wgqjdj,ska yuq fõ' f.dhï
hqla; h' W.;=ka úiska ks¾udKh rlakd <`ÿkaa msßila úiska .dhkd
lrkq ,efnk idys;H lD;s úo.aO lrk ,o cd;s" crd" urK hk oyï
idys;Hhg;a" idudkH ckhd úiska lreKq we;=<;a fy< .Shla wid
lrkq ,efnk idys;H ks¾udK ck NslaIQkajykafia,d ieg kula ry;a
idys;Hhg;a wh;a fldg ie,fla' M,hg m;a jQ mqj; tla kso¾Ykhls'
ta l=uk idys;Hhl jqj o" ldjHhg ú,l fk¨ï u,a fk<ñka isá oeßhl
ysñ jkafka woaú;Sh ia:dkhls' úiska .hk ,o wks;Hh isysm;a
tla tla wjêj, § W.;=ka úiska flfrk .Shla wid ;siai kï f;reka
y÷kajd fokq ,en we;s ldjH rpkh jykafia flfkl= ry;a M,hg
ms<sn| úúO Ys,am l%u" kS;sÍ;s" m;a jQ mqj; o ;j;a kso¾Ykhls'
yd iïu; iïm%odh wkqj W.;=ka ldjH ks¾udK l=i,;dj w;S; isxy,
úiska iïmdokh flfrk úo.aO ckhdg ksi.fhka u Wreu jQjla nj
ldjH ks¾udK yereKq úg úêu;a fmfka' “iEu isxy,fhl= u ;rul
wOHdmkhla fkd ,enQ idudkH mdfya lúfhls' hg;a msßfihska
ckhd úiska ;u ksi. yelshdj u; Tjqkg lú hehs lshk ,o foh
flfrk ck ldjH ks¾udK o ldjH rpkd l< yels h” hkqfjka fcdaka
idys;Hfhys olakg ,efí' fâú i|yka lr we;af;a tneúks'
ckhd w;f¾ u ks¾udKh ù j¾;udkfha ck lú olakg
ckhd w;f¾ u wdrlaId fjñka ,efnkafka f,aLk.;j jqj;a
uqLmrïmrd.;j mejf;k ldjH w;S;fha tajd mej;sfha ckhdf.a
idudkHfhka ye¢kafjkafka ‘ck u;lfhys h¦ tajd jHdma; jQfha
lú’ kñks' úo.aO idys;Hhla ke;s uqLmrïmrd.;j h' tla mqoa.,hl=
ck fldgila w;r o ck lú my< úiska rpkd fldg lshk ,o
ù ;sîu fuka u úh;=ka lú ,sùug lúhla wik ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=
fmr isg u ck lú my< ù ;sîu ck fyda mqoa.,hka iuQyhla fyda úiska
lúfhys oelsh yels m%Odk ,laIK th Ndú;hg .efkkafka ;ukag
folls' wefik wdldrfhks' ta wkqj ta lúh
isxy, ck lúhg we;af;a b;d È.= N+f.da,Sh yd iudÔh iSud udhsï
b;sydihls' isxy, W.;=ka ldjH miq lrf.k uq¿ uy;a iudch mqrd
.%ka: rpkd lsÍug fmr ld,fha u jHdma; fõ' tys § ta lúfha uq,a

iajrEmh hï hï fjkialïj,g jQ f.dú;ek wdY%s; lreKq ck
Ndckh ùu iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls' lúhg fnfyúka jia;= fldg f.k
fndfyda úg m%dfoaYsl jHjydr ñY% we;' iS iEu" jemsÍu" me< fk<Su"
ùfuka tl u lúh úúO iajrEmfhka wiajkq fk<Su" jk i;=kaf.ka j.d
olakg ,efnk wjia:d fndfyda h' wdrlaId lr.ekSu i|yd me,a /lSu
Bg kso¾Ykhla f,i my; oelafjk wdÈ f.dú;ek wdY%s; ld¾hhka ck
lúfhys l¿ wl=ßka oelafjk lúhg f;aud ù ;sîu fuka u tjeks
‘tkav’" ‘tkak’" ‘tkag’ hk jpk ld¾hhkays § fjfyi ksjd .ekSfï
m%dfoaYSh jHjydr wkqj fjkia ù yd úfkdaoh iemhSfï m%Odk udOHh
jHjydr jk wdldrh olajd we;¦ jYfhka ck lúh Ndú; lsÍu o
“br mdhd br uqÿkg tkav tmd úfYaI ,laIKhls' ta wkqj ‘lu;a
i| mdhd i| uqÿkg tkav tmd” lú’" ‘fk¨ï lú’" ‘me,a lú’ wd§
jYfhka tla tla f.dú;eka ld¾hhg
“br mdhd br uqÿkg tkak tmd wod< jQ ck lú ìys ù we;'
i| mdhd i| uqÿkg tkak tmd” tfia u" ckhd kshe<s fiiq ish¨
jD;a;Ska yd l¾udka; iu. o ck
“br mdhd br uqÿkg tkag tmd lúh oeä fia noaO ù mej;s‚' ta wkqj
i| mdhd i| uqÿkg tkag tmd” .e,alrejka" Tremdre mojkakka"
lïu,alrejka" l=U,alrejka"
tfia u fï lúfhys ‘uqÿkg’ hk m;,alrejka" mka l¾udka;lrejka
jpkh fjkqjg ‘wjrg’ hk jpkh wdÈ iEu jD;a;shlg u wh;a
jHjydr jk wjia:d o ;sfí¦ ck fldgia w;r ck lúh Ndú;
úh' “lúh Wmfhda.S lr fkd.;a
“br mdhd br wjrg tkak tmd lsis u jevla isxy,hdg ke;'
i|mdhd i| wjrg tkak tmd” fjf,a § luf;a §" mef,a §" .ef,a
ck lúh mQ¾j ksYaÑ; jia;= úIhhka §" m;f,a §" fyafka §" hlv ;e,Sfï
f;aud fldg .;a ks¾udKhla fkd § isxy,hdg lúhla fkd lshd u
fõ' ck Èú fmfj; yd ne¢ ´kE neßh' fïjd jeäyßhla msßñka l<
u ldrKhla ck lúhg jia;= ld¾hhka ksid" lúh mqreI mlaIhg
úIh fõ' Ôú;fha úúO wjia:d" muKla iSud lsÍug fkd yels h'
/lSrlaId" mqoa., ufkdaNdj" ia;%sh o or leãu" ù flàu" orejka
úfkdaoh yd YDx.drh" fl<sfi,a,ï" ke<ùu" mka fk<Su" meÿre úùu wd§
WmyerK" weoys,súYajdi" f;arú,s ld¾hhkays ksr; ùfï § lúh Ndú;
wdÈ fkdfhl=;a lreKq ck lúhg l<d h” hkqfjka noafoa.u úu,jxY
f;aud ù we;' ysñ i|yka lr we;af;a tfyhsks' ta
wkqj tla tla jD;a;shg úfYaI jQ ck
isxy, ck iudch lDIsld¾ñl lú ìys ù we;' Bg ksoiqka jYfhka
w¾: l%uh yd nqÿoyu mokï fldg ‘m;,a lú’" ‘lr;a; lú’" ‘mdre lú’"
.;a ir, Ôjk rgdjlg wkq.;j ‘mka lú’ wdÈh oelaúh yels h'
ilia jQjls' m%Odk Ôjfkdamdh
mqoa., ufkdaNdjhka m%ldYkhg o ksjdrKh i|yd isÿ flfrk n,s-
ck lúh w.kd udOHhla úh' wdorh" f;dú,a" fi;a-Ydka;s wdÈfha § fuka
YDx.drh jeks ufkdaNdj Rcqj u f.dú;efkka M,odj ,nd .;a miq
fuka u jHx.fhka bÈßm;a flfrk j foúhka i;=gq lsÍu i|yd mqomQcd
ck lú nyq,j oelsh yels h' meje;aùfï § o ckhd Ndú; flf<a
úfYaIfhka ;reK mrmqr w;r ck lúh hs' we;eï foúfoaj;djka uq,a
fnfyúka m%p,s;j mej;s tjeks ck lrf.k meje;afjk Ydka;sl¾uj, §
lúj, jHx.Hd¾:j;a fm%audrdOkd yd .dhkd flfrk cklú úfYaI o fõ'
YDx.drd;aul m%ldYk we;=<;a fõ' fofjd,auvq yd .ïuvq wd§ mQcdjkays
ujqmsh"jeäysáhka wd§kaf.a .=K" .efhk zflda,auqr lúZ Bg ksoiqkls'
l=i.skak" oßø;dj" orejka yd {d;Ska f;arú,s lú o ck lú w;r lemS
úiska fkd i,ld yßkq ,enQjkaf.a fmfkk lú úfYaIhls' f;arú,s
ÿla wf|dakd" wfmalaId Nx.;ajh" isõmo jYfhka o ye¢kafjk fï
wjudk ú£ï" wkfmalaIs; jHik" lúj, úfYaI;ajh kï tla lúhlska
wUqieñ wdrdjq,a jeks lreKq o f;aud .eg¨jla bÈßm;a lsÍu;a" ta .eg¨jg
jQ ck lú iq,n h' úi÷u ;j;a lúhlska bÈßm;a
bisUqjla ,o ie‚ka lú lshd" kgd lsÍu;a h'
úfkdao ùu .eñ ckhdf.a isß; úh' Ôú;fha úúO ixl%dka;s wjia:d jk
ta wkqj úúO ck l%Svdj, § Ndú; Wm;" rkalsß lg.Eu" wl=re lshùu"
lú o ck lú w;r úfYaI ;ekla jeäúh meñŒu" újdyh" urKh
.kS' ,S fl<sh" T<s| fl<sh" wx jeks iEu wjia:djla u yd iïnkaO
fl<sh" l<f.ä kegqu" TkaÑ,s me§u weoys,súYajdi" isß;aúß;a" j;ams<sfj;a
jeks ck l%Svd iïnkaOj ìys ù we;s uq,a lr.;a ck lú o ;sfí' fï wkqj
ck lú /ils' zl<f.ä ud,hZ yd ck lúfha jia;= úIh" ckhdf.a
zTkaÑ,s jdrïZ hk ck lú rpkd Bg wjYH;d u; ck Ôú;h yd ine¢
ksoiqka h' ish¨ wxYhka iam¾Y lrk mq¿,a
isxy, ixialD;sh f.dv keÕSfuys,d mrdihl mj;sk wdldrh ye¢k .;
mokï jQ nqÿoyñka ck iudcfha yels h'
hymeje;au flfrys bjy,a jk fndfyda úg úo.aO ldjHhl § rplhd
wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okh i|yd w.kd ksYaÑ;j y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj
WmfoaY iemhs‚' ta i|yd o ck lúh we;;a ck lúhl rplhd ksYaÑ; j
;rï m%n, udOHhla ;j;a fkd ù h' y÷kd.ekSug yelshdjla ke;' we;eï
iudch hyu. heùfï wruqK fuka úg wkaof¾ jeks m%lg lùka lshd
u jerÈ" wvq ÿq~qlï we;s ;eka we;s lú ckhd w;r ck lú f,i
úfõpkh lsÍug yd tajd u;= fldg m%p,s; ù we;s úfYaI wjia:d we;;a
fmkaùug ck lúh Wmfhda.S lr ck lúfha idudkH ,laIKh kï
f.k ;sfí' tys whs;sh iuia; ck iudch u i;=
iajdNdúl fya;= ksid we;s jk kshÕh" ùu h'
jix.;" f.dú;eka md¿ùï wdÈh
ck lúh yqfola kQ.;a ckhdf.a fuka u Yío rifhka o wkQk jQjls'
wjHla; rpkd f,i fndfyda tfuka u èjks;d¾:j;a jk nj o
úpdrlhka úiska i,lkq ,enQj;a oelsh yels h' ta ta wjia:djg yd
idys;Hhsl w.h iys; w¾:mQ¾K Ndjhkag WÑ; mßÈ úúO jD;a;
yd rimQ¾K rpkd isxy, ck lú ksrdhdislj u Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug
w;r mj;sk nj i|yka l< hq;= h' ck lùyq iu;a jQy' ore ke<ú,s"
úfYaIfhka u ck lúfha úfYaI TxÑ,s jdrï" l<f.ä kegqï" f.dhï
.=Kdx.hla kï tajdfha mj;sk lú hkdÈh mÍlaId lsÍfï § fuh
wjHdc;ajhhs' wjHdc;ajh mej;s uekúka y÷kd.; yels h' tjeks
mu‚ka lúh id¾:l fkd jk lú yd iïnkaO jk wjia:djkag
kuq;a rij;a nj Wfoid wjHdc;ajh .e<fmk ßoauhka ta lúj, .eí ù
b;d jeo.;a fõ' ;sfnkafka tfyhsks'
ixlS¾K w;aoelSï yd ufkdaNdjhka ck lú NdIdfõ úfYaI ,laIKhla
b;d ir," iq.u nilska bÈßm;a kï l:d jHjydrhg ióm jpk
lsÍu o ck lúfha úfYaI .=Kdx. Ndú; lsÍu hs' f,aLk NdIdj yev
hls' Ôú;hg yels ;dla ióm jk .efikafka W.;a f,aLl msßilf.ks'
fia WmudÈ w,xldr Ndú;h iy fmdÿckhdg f,aLk NdId m%fhda.
.eUqre Ôjk w¾: èjks; lrñka f.dapr fkdjqK o ffoksl Ôú;fha
ir, j ks¾udKh lsÍu u.ska ck § wkHhka yd ikaksfõok wjYH;d
lúfha idys;Hhsl w.h ;yjqre imqrd .kakd l:d jHjydrh ck lú
flfrhs' Ñrka;k lúiuhg jy,a ks¾udKh i|yd WÑ; mßÈ .<md
fjñka" .;dkq.;sl Wmud o w,xldr .ekSug o ukd yelshdjla ;sì‚'
Ndú; lsÍu úh;a lùkaf.a iïm%odh l:d jHjydr NdIdj Ndú;h isÿj
we;af;a WÉpdrKfha yd m%ldYkfha
úh' tfy;a ck lúj, we;af;a
myiqj uq,a lrf.k nj fmfka' ta
ckhd úiska ;ud Ôj;a jk mßirh
wkqj ck lúfha mo rgd" Yío rgd
wdY%fhka .%yKh lr .kq ,enQ
fuka u jdlH rgd ish,a, u mdfya
ruŒh ixl,am rEm nj isxy, ck
l:d jHjydrhg fnfyúka ióm fõ'
lú úuik úg fmkS hhs'
tu.ska lúhg f;aud jk w;aoelSï
´kEu idys;Hlrejl= ;u yd yeÕSï oekSï wdÈh jvd;a uekúka
ks¾udKfhka W;aidy lrkqfha m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug yels ù we;'
mdGlhdg fyda Y%djlhdg yeÕSï fndfyda úg l:d jHjydr NdIdj
±kfjk mßÈ ;u w;aoelSu jHdlrK Í;sj,g wkql+, fkdjk
m%ldY lsÍug h' tfy;a mßK;" kuq;a thska lsisÿ wdldrhlska ri
ks¾udKd;aul nqoaêhlska fyì lúhd úkaaokhg ndOdjla we;s fkd fõ'
ish yeÕSï bÈßm;a lrkafka ixh; fï wkqj ck lúh úo.aO
iajrhlsks' fï ,laIKh fndfyda ldjHfhka fjkia jQ Bg u
ck lúj, o olakg ,efí' iqúfYaIS jQ wkkH ,laIK iys; jQ
fndfyda ck lúj, fhfok fmdÿck idys;Hdx.hla nj meyeÈ,s
jpkud,dj NdjmQ¾K" w¾: rifhka fjhs'
ck lúh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu jYfhka fuka u udkj úoHd;aul
jeo.;a jkafka th ck Ôú;h ms<sn| yd iudc úoHd;aul uQ,dY%hla o jk
jeo.;a lreKq wkdjrKh lr.; fyhsks'
yels úfYaI idys;Hhsl uQ,dY%hla
ßÈfhka ;k,d r;arka Tn,d

ler,s flgQjhs oEle;af;a
iqr;g rkajka /,s kxjd ,d
lÈug È,sfihs oEle;af;a
wäfhka wähg ;d, lshkakg
infhka wjir ,en.;af;a
i;rjrï foúhkaf.a n,fhka
f.dhï lmuq wms oEle;af;a
brg brla ke; fufyu brla ke; bßod mdhk br jdf.a

i|g i|la ke; fufyu i|la ke; i÷od mdhk i| jdf.a
Èhg Èhla ke; fufyu Èhla ke; le,‚ .fÕa Èhjr jdf.a
fl;g fl;la ke; fufyu fl;la ke; f.dhï fk<k fï fl; jdf.a
,iaik ysujf;a ud ù mefikafka

ÿla fok w,s we;=ka mkakd yßkafka
/lafuka foúhfka fj, n;a nqÈkafka
ÿmam;alu ksihs uu me,a rlskafka
fndaUq bo, o¨ ,d foda fkd ,d foda

flláh uf,a jl hd foda fkd hd foda
le,‚ .fÕa Tre hd foda fkd hd foda
l¿f. k.d fuys tA foda fkd tA foda
lkao Wäka tk lsls<sh f.daußfha

k<,a jáka tk odäh uq;= leáfha
w; mduqÿ mh mduqÿ jhsfrdäfha
ug msgqmd f.g hkjo iqr;,sfha
w,a,d f.k fkßh w;lska lsï o kf.da

jidf.k fo;k w;lska lsï o kf.da
ysñfhla ke;s .uka ;ks uÕ lsï o kf.da
wïn,fï b|,d wms hï o kf.da

nv.sks fj,d uu .sh l, mq;=f. f.g
uek,d ù folla ÿkakhs u,a,lg
.kafoda fkd.kafoda lsh,d is;=‚ ug
uek, o mqf;a lsß ÿkafka ux kqUg

fodvï lmd,d weUq,a ;kd,d
kdkav hk yeá n,ka lÆ
fiaf,a we|,d fkßh ;shd,d
ñÿf,a ilauka lrhs lÆ
oyila §,d j<¨ ;kd,d
oEf;a w;,d n,hs lÆ
ÿkqfla u, fia W¿ f.hs we| msg
T<s| fl<sk ieá n,ka lÆ

,;a muKg ueá bÈ lrjd f.k
m;a ne|,d l<f.ä ;kjd f.k
w;a kEr u l<f.ä f;dard f.k
is;a if;diska l< msôkag fjk fjk
hiiska jeä m;a;sks l| f;Èfka

kqjrg <Õ mia ksß÷f. Whfka
jg fldg oi oyila msßjßfka
wl,g wUhla m, .;s Whfka
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ck lúfhys fmdÿ ck Ôú;h uekúka ksrEmKh ù we;' mdvfï oelafjk

lú weiqfrka úuikak'
2' Ôjk jD;a;Ska yd ne÷Kq w;aoelSï ck lúhdg jia;= úIh ù ;sfí' ksoiqka
iys;j úuikak'
3' ck lúh wjHdc ,laIK fmkajk idys;Hdx.hls' mdvfï we;=<;a lú
weiqfrka ú.%y lrkak'
4' ck lú nfiys úfYaI;d mdvfï we;=<;a ck lú weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

7 hq;=lu
weia' uyskao ysñ ^1901-1951&
kQ;k hq.fha uq,a jljdkqjg

wh;a lùka w;r cd;Hd,h yd
cd;sldNsudkh Tma kexùfuys ,d
uy;a fufyjrla bgq l<d jQ lúhl=
f,i ie,flk weia' uyskao ysñfhda
cd;sl wd.ñl mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrfhys
mqfrda.dó pß;hla jQy'
<ud mrmqr flakaø lr .ksñka ksoyia
yd ksjy,a Ñka;khla <ud ukiays
cks; lrjñka cd;Hd,h j¾Okfhys
,d ;u lú Yla;sh fufyhjQ uyskao
ysñfhda lõñ‚" lõuq;=" <ud lõ
l<U jeks fmd;a o ore ke,ú,a,
fyj;a cd;sl f;dá,a," ksoyia
uka;%h" ksoyia oeyek" ,xld ud;d
jeks .%ka: o rpkd l<y' moHj,ska ms<sìUq jkqfha NdId
Ndú;fha wmQ¾j;ajh o m%lg lrñks'
ld,Sk wjYH;d Wfoid lúh cd;Hd,h jvjkq jia úYd, iudc
fufyh jQ fld<U hq.fha uq,a j.lSula ;uka fj; mjrd .ksñka
mrmqf¾ fndfyda lùka fuka u ldjHlrKfhys fhÿKq Wka jykafia
Woafõ.lr jQ Rcq njla yd wdfõ. ;uka úiQ hq.h ;u lúj, ksrEmKh
YS,S;ajhla uyskao ysñhkaf.a ks¾udK lrñka ldjHlrKfhys ksu.ak jQjl=
fj;ska o m%lg jqj o b;d iQlaIau f,i ie,lsh yels h'
jQ ksi. lù;ajhla" <ud mrmqr
Wfoid t ysñhka ks¾udKh l< we;eï
W m ka fk;a uefrkafk;a ;kshu hs f,dfõ

t hs ka msg;a;r fjk úÈhlska fkdfõ
t hs ka tfyu kï ;u hq;=lu yuqfõ
ì fh ka ;e;s .ekqu wmyg ;rï fkdfõ

kï nqj leu;s wh we;s kï fkd ù uq<d
. ï uqka iefjdu .ïuqkag u tl;= fj,d
f,d ï isÿrl ;rï j;a w`v onr fkd,d
ms ï ula mksuq .ïuqkaf.a ch u n,d
W m ka .fï n, Wreuh /l .kag
i g ka flreu i;=gla kï jeis hkag
ìfh ka fkdf.dia wyq uq`Mj, ßx .kag
b ;s ka huõ .ïuqkagu tla fjkag
j ¢ ka fka ke;sj f,dl= ks,Odßka g
; u ka f.a n,h Wreuh /l .ka g
ys ;s ka j;a leu;s kï th lr .ka g
b ;s ka w`v .iõ ;u ys; ñ;=rka g
wef;d;a .ug wdorhla is;ska ismd
w ; ;a mh;a T¨j;a fjk fjk u lmd
l ; ;a lula keye ìhiq¨ .;sh mmd
w hq ;a ;lg w;a fol Tijkag tmd
w fma rg wfma cd;sh wfma .u
w fma wi,ajeishd hk ish,a ,u
w fma w;g wjk; lr f.k jyu
w fma kug i,l; Èú fouq fufyu
uq, nei ;sfnk .ïuqkaf.a iu`.s iemd
fidf,djd urd j<,kakg fhdod Wmd
l=, u, W.=,a wgjk fndre nKla mmd
ks,Odßkag úiajdih fokag tmd
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' hq;=lu mµ mka;sfha NdId Ndú;h ms<snò we.hSula lrkak'

2' ‘hq;=lu’ meÈfm< weia'uyskao ysñ úiQ hq.fha iudc wjYH;djla l=¿ .ekafjk
mßÈ ,sheù we;' úuikak'
3' w§k ñksil= f,i iudcfha Ôj;a ùfï § flfkl= úiska ish is;=ï me;=ï
yev.id .; hq;= wdldrh hq;=lu mµ mx;sfhka bÈßm;a flf¾' meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
4' isjqmo wdlD;sh id¾:lj fhdod.;a ks¾udKhla f,i hq;=lu meÈ fm< ie,lsh
yelsh' fï m%ldYh ksoiqka weiqfrka úuikak'

8 W;=frka
id.r m,kaiQßh ^1910-1961&
kQ;k hq.fha uq,a mrmqrg wh;a jk

ckm%sh lùka lsysmfokd w;r m%uqLhl=
jQ id.r m,kaiQßh lúhd ‘flahia’ hk
wkaj¾: kdufhka mqj;am;a yd iÕrd
i|yd ks¾udK bÈßm;a lf<a h' m%ùK
f,aLlhl=" lúhl=" foaYlhl= muKla
fkdj md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrhl= o jQ
fyf;u .=rejrhl= f,i o fiajh
lf<a h'
fgksika keue;s bx.%Sis lúhdf.a
^Bfkdla wd¾vka& kue;s ldjHh
wdY%fhka rpkd lrk ,o ‘iqfodaiqÿ’
fudyqf.a m%lg u lD;sh jk w;r
u,aydñ" ld,lKa‚hd" lkafoa f.or"
úisjqKq ;re" le,‚ ú;a;s" ms<srej
yd wfma we;a;kaf. ú;a;s wdÈ lD;s o mj;akd iudc l%uh ms<sn| ishqï
t;=uf.a ks¾udK fõ' úfrdaOdl,amuh u;jdohla l=¿.ekafjk
ldjH ks¾udK i|yd úfoaY ldjH fudyqf.a lúh flfrys uOHia: úpdrl
fkdu| j weiqre l<d jQ hq.hl we;eï wjOdkhla fkd ùu lrK fldg fiiq
lùka fuka Ôú;fha YDx.drd;aul yd fndfyda lùkag fuka u idOdrK
fma%uŒh mlaIh ksrEmKh lsÍug jvd wjOdkhla iy we.hSula isÿ fkdù h'
flahia fhduq jQfha udkj ohdj yd
fma%uh l=¿.ekaùu flfrys h'
ol=fKa fuka u W;=fr;a ysre k`.shs Wfoa

rka ;re ß§ ;re ijig fm<g wefoa
y| we;s odg rinr /ia oyr yfoa
fmd,a .ia uqÿfk fuka ;,a .ia uqÿfk jefoa

f.k ths ñysß .S u|k, yuk úg
jegfyhs fkd jegyqKq ie`.jqKq lreKq ug
ks,a meyehla ke;;a fï je,s fmdf<dj msg
Wohg fmfka fnd,a msks ì÷ mn¨ weg
;ks nj oefka tys ljq;=l rih we;
ud msg f.hl nj i,lkq mqreÿ ke;
yeu fudfyd;l u we;s WKqiqï .;sh u;
W.;sñ lsu o ñksid i;= fo fk; f;;
vyÈh fy<k wh ysßyer w;r jeà
ol=fKa fuka u W;=fr;a yeu ;eku isà
úuid n,ñ Tjqkf. yojf;ys yeà
l¿.,a hlv fkd j WKq ù yef<k bà
ne| we;s ú,x.=j md ñ‚ i,U fldg
i,ld jefgk th nekaoyq bÈß msg
ñksiqka ol=fK fuka W;=fr;a fmfkk úg
isysfhka ;=rka fjhs fyg hk oji ug
ñksyd fj;ska ñksyd fjka lrk ßiska
ne| we;s mjqre mokï lsis flkl= úiska
tajd lvd ì|f.k tys msreKq miska
md,u nef|kq we; ojil W;=re foiska
mehl È tlg yuq jk ÿr we; fo;ek
fuh fjka lrkq yels lsisjl= fj o fld;ek
iqreÜgqjg tla ù W;=f¾ T;k
fíoh ms<siaiS yuq fõjd ol=K
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ‘W;=frka’ ldjH ks¾udKhg mdol ù we;s f;audj ú.%y lrkak'

2' W;=frka meÈ fm< ld,Sk jákdlulska hqla; ks¾udKhls' Tfí woyia
olajkak'
3' ish ks¾udKh i|yd id.r m,kaiQßh fhdod f.k we;s ldfjHdala;s tys
id¾:l;ajhg bjy,a ù we;s wdldrh úuikak'

9 wd.ka;=l i;aldrh
úu,r;ak l=udr.u ^1919-1962&
kQ;k hq.hg wh;a §ma;su;a lúhl=

jQ úu,r;ak l=udr.u ,smslrejl=
f,i jD;a;Sh Ôú;h wdrïN lr
miq j m%dfoaYSh wdodhï md,l
OQrhg m;a úh' fudyq ìï;ekak"
fldf<dkak" jkaks y;am;a;=j jeks
b;d fkdÈhqKq yd ÿIalr m%foaYj,
fiajh lsÍfuka ,;a ks¾jHdc Ôjk
w;aoelSï ohdkqlïmdfjka hq;=j
m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug W;aidy .;a
lúfhls' .;dkq.;sl wdl,amj,ska
wE;aj ixhuYS,Sj yd uOHia:
uqyqKqjrlska w;aoelSï m%;sks¾udKh
lsÍug fm,UqKq lúhl= f,i Tyq
we.hqug md;% fjhs' ie,lsh yels h' udkj Ôú;fhys
ixfõ. fõokd ^1946&" ks,a iSkh yd iajdNdúl mßirfha
^1941&" Trej ^1942&" ymqu,S ^1946&" wfkHdakH ne£u ks¾jHdc f,i
iqr;,a¨ ^1961& hk moH lD;s ishqï ksÍlaIKdlaIshlska hq;=j
l=udr.uf.a ldjH ix.%y w;r fõ' m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu lrK fldg
l,la w.kqjr ;reK lú iudcfha iuld,Sk fiiq lùka w;=ßka fudyq
ixialdrljrhd f,i o Tyq lghq;= iqúfYaI fldg ye¢kafõ' rdcH
lr ;sfí' wkjYH Ndjd;aul fiajfhys ms<s.;a jD;a;slhl= f,i
núka ñÿKq b;d ixfõ§ ixhuYS,S fudyq úiska f.dv k`.d .kakd
nj o uqyql=rd .sh lú Yla;sh ,o iudc N+ñldj tA i|yd fudyqg
o WÑ;dkqÑ; Ndjfhka mßmQ¾K ufydamldÍ úh'
NdId yd w,xldr Ndú;h fudyqf.a
lúfhys olakg ,efnk .=K f,i

.ka;=k ;=,dfka w,shd jegqKq je fõ
iqkaor ydñ t;rï fmdfydif;la fkd fõ
;=ka,dylu ìu jevlr Èfhka je fõ
rka jka lr,a nrù oeka ìug ke fõ
Tyqf.a .ug ud .sh ta m<uq jr
;ju;a isf;a we; wu;l fkd jk hqr
fyakg f.diska f.ka yQjla ;ru ÿr
tkjd Èáñ ñá ne| f.k úh,s or
orál ;nd fijKe;s m¨ .il hg
msi ou oud odäh tk k<, msg
ud tk ;=reu isg fmkajQ isky lg
;ju;a fmfka ÿla fodïkia w;r ug
fmr oel fkdue;s uq;a iqkaor ydñ úiska
uf. f;dr;=re weiQ yeá ys;j;l= f,iska
f.ähla lvdf.k f.ñÿ, ;eô,s .iska
ms<s.ekaùh ug fidïki msreKq weiska
fmd,a foys fodvï .ia ;=k y;rls j;af;a
ÿmam;a luhs yeu ;ek ,l=Kqj we;af;a
flf,io lshd l< .=K ie,lsh hq;af;a
ÿka i; mKyj;a Tyq ke; ms<s .;af;a
wd.ka;=lj tk flfkl=g mqreÿ ke;s
ys;j;a lñka ie,l+ hq;=luh is;S
Tyq fj; uqo,lska ud l< yeáh ;=;S
isysù uf.a lïuq, r;= meyeh .;S
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ‘wd.ka;=l i;aldrh meÈ fm< id¾:l ks¾udKhls'’ woyia olajkak'

2' úu,r;ak l=udr.uf.a lú m%;sNdj ‘wd.ka;=l i;aldrh’ mµ mx;sh weiqfrka
úuikak'
3' fï meÈ fm<g jia;= úIh ù we;s w;aoelSu fláfhka újrKh lrkak'

10 we;a .df,a ore fmu
YS% pkaør;ak udkjisxy ^1913-1964&
f,aLlhl=" mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhl="

lúhl= yd .S; rplhl= f,i
lS¾;shla w;am;a lr .;a Y%S pkaør;ak
udkjisxy kQ;k hq.hg wh;a jk
m%lg lúfhla fjhs' mqj;am;a udOH
Tiafia lúh ckm%sh wx.hla njg
m;a l< msßi w;r m%uqLhl= ùug
fudyq ,xld§m mqj;amf;a ixialdrl
uKav,fhys fiajfhys kshqla; ùu o
msájy,a jQ nj fmfka'
iudc jgmsgdj ishqï f,i
Wmydid;aul j úfõpkhg ,la
lrñka ilik ,o mdGl m%cdj w;r
fnfyúka ckm%sh;ajhg m;a ‘j.;=.’
;Sre ,sms ix.%yh udkjisxyf.a
fu;=ud w;ska ,shejqKq ó lsß" fjila
bÈßm;a lsÍuls' t;=ud 1955 § m%:u
ñysr" .=re f.org hk w;ru." we;a
isxy, .S; kdglh jQ ‘ufkdaydÍ’
.df,a ore fmu" uf.a rg" uyfnda
rpkd l< w;r 1957 § ‘fldau,
jkaku jeks rpkd ir, yd iq.u
f¾Ld’ kñka .S; ix.%yhla o m<
Ôjk fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk ks¾udK
lf<a h' fuu .S; ix.%yfhys lú
f,i ie,lsh yels h' ksre;aidyl
mka;s lsysmhla we;=<;a jQ kuq;a
yDohx.u jQ mo .e<mqu" yoj;g
flaj, ldjH ix.%yhla uqøKh fkd
f.dapr jQ ir, nia jyrla Ndú; lsÍu"
ù h' ‘f.d¿ oeßh’ ^1962& kñka
ks¾jHdc Ôjk fi!kao¾hh ms<sìUq
l=vd flál;d ix.%yhla o m< úh'
lsÍu Tyqf.a ks¾udKlrKfhys
fudyqf.a wNdjfhka l,lg miq
wkkH ,laIK jk w;r iuld,Sk
‘idys;H rih’ kñka ,sms tl;=jla
fiiq lùka w;r udkjisxyf.a
o" ‘yoj;a ke;af;da’ kñka flál;d
iqúfYaI;ajh biau;= lr oelafjk
ix.%yhla o" ‘bysreKq lsßn;’
uQ,sldx. o f,i ie,lsh yels h'
kñka <ud .S fmd;la o ‘udkjisxy
idys;Hh’ kñka .oH moH rpkd
iuqÉphla o t<s oelaú‚'
fudlgo wïfï nv.sks tkjd
wïug .eyqfõ ksÈu; tkjd
udu, fokafkl= fldfyduo wïfï
jglr,d ud bkafka
weÕ m; ;e<s,d wfka mqf;a ug
ßfokj we;sfka lkak fndkak kE
fldÉpr .eyqjo tA yskaÞ kE
ne| ou,d lsß trefKa
fomd i;df.a whskl b|,d
<Õ ld î f.k ÿjk wïu,d-
isáhu .;s.=K f.ka lsß îmka
fjkia fj,d fmdä mq;=fka
udu, Tfyduhs orejka ke;s wïu-
Wkaf.a nygu ,g;a lsß kï
yerkj kElu ;sfhkj yßhg
w;a yer,d nqre¨ mqrd
wïu, lk fldg tAjd wïu,
j;=r kdk fldg fnÞ .kakjo
;smamf, ksÈhk wmg fndkak
fldg jeá,d yeuúgu Wrd
lef,a udu,d tl orefjla we;s
bv § whskg jqfKd;a /f<a wfm
fj,d bkakjd ldg;a lsß tß
fkdje /l,d ,d tkjd
ñksyhs lshkd
fomd i;df.a fjkia lula kE
<Õska .sh;a we;s tl fifkyiuhs
fmdä mq;=fka ldf.;a orefjdhs
ie,flkjd
f<ys mmq lï kE
yß .;s .=K kE oelalo wïfï
tA nj ljqre;a yß fmdrhla fka
okakjfka wfm kdhlhg
mg,ejqfKa
wïug lsß kE
fjk wïu, wr f,dl= ;=ka fofkl=g
tfy fufy ÿjkj ysá wäfhu isg
neÈ f.dkafka Bfha .y,hs
j,a jeÿfKa

kdhlhd wfm fomd i;=ka Th
mek,d hkafk kE wdrlaIdjg
jeg ne|,d ñi rka flkafoka
wm yer,d ´jd n¢;S
Wkaoe;a tlal, wks;a u,a,s,d
.y.kakg nE kx.s, ÿjkj
Tlafldu ysg,;a mqxÑ ll=,a ßfokj
wr f.d,a,d we;sfka
wïfu wïfu wr lsß W.=rla î
n,kakflda yeá .kak nerej wr
fomd i;=ka mek oÕ,k yeá ÿgq
f.k tkjd -jo ÿlsfka
wkak wkak wfm fndai;a uq;a;,
kdhlhd wo biair ysáh¨
f,a Þf.k ìu wfma l=f,;a fyd|
fmrf<kjd ku ÿkafka
nqoaoka irKhs o< oka ÿkak¨
fohshka irKhs nqÿ nj ,enqj¨
;j ;j .ia .ia tA .ekj;a keye
j, irKhs i,lkafka
.yf.k neß jqKq wïfu wïfu wr
;ek ñksiqka yg fomd i;=ka fyu
Öæ Öæ .sks .=Ka- Th f;dr;=re ke;=-
vqfj irKhs -jo okafka
kdhlhd wfm fndai;a uq;a;,-

u<d fkao ±ka f.a kdfug j;a
fomd i;=ka <x lsß W.=rla keye
ù isá;s fkdje fokafka
ÿgqjo wïfï ñksiqka w;f¾
fmdr ld f.k weo iu.sh ke;s ù
j,sf.a f,dï .,- nqÿ yduqÿrefjd
-jd .ks;S tod wfka
nqÿ irfK;a uÈ mdfrf,hsh jk-
foú irfK;a uÈ hg jeä Þ wfm
uhs,a .fya ir- uq;a; flfkls
-fK;a m;;S Wmldr jqfKa

o¨ ,k ldf,a
.ia je,a fyjfKa
.x.dj, iqÿ
je,s f.d,af,a
weúo weúo wm
wdfh;a ljoo
rxpqfj hkafka
tl t,af,a
l=re,a,kaf. .S
iq<fÕ hkj we;s
l÷ /<s fyñysg
nei hoa§
ú,aj, u,a yeu

mqnq Èkjd we;s
wms fuys iqiqfuka
miqfjoa§
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ‘we;a .df,a ore fmu’ ore fifkyi ms<sn| wmQre Ñka;djla ujk meÈ fm<ls'
úuikak'
2' ñksidf.a we;eï ls%hdldrlï i;a;aj ixy;sfha meje;aug o ;¾ckhla ù we;s
wdldrh fuu meÈ fmf<a úia;r flfrhs' meyeÈ,s lrkak'

11 jeys j,d l=<
l=udr;=x. uqksodi ^1887-1944&
isxy, NdId yd idys;H lafIa;%fha
úma,ùh fjkila isÿ l< wurŒh
pß;hla f,i l=udr;=x. uqksodihka
ie,lsh yels h' fudyq f,aLlhl="
NdId m%ùKhl=" úpdrlhl=" mqj;am;a
l;=jrhl= fuka u lúhl= f,i
m%lg oaúNdIl W.;l= jQ w;r
mdGYd,dpd¾hjrhl= f,i ish
jD;a;Sh Ôú;h werö h' 1917 §
idudkH oekSu ms<sn| m%Yak uefhka
.%ka:hla m< lrñka .%ka:lrKhg
wj;S¾K jQ l=udr;=x. lõis¿ñK"
ksldh ix.%yh wdÈ iïNdjH .oH"
moH .%ka: .Kkdjla ixialrKh
lrñka o ldjH .S; yd m%nkaOlrKh
Wfoid Wmfoia imhñka lú YslaIdj"
úß;a jelsh" fy< ñheish yd
m%nkafOdamfoaYh" m%nkaO ix.%yh m<
lrñka o iajlSh m%{d uysuh m%lg
1931 § ‘,lañ‚ myk’ mqj;amf;a;a
lf<a h'
ixialdrl OQrh bis,S h' fudyqf.a
isxy, NdIdfõ jHdlrKh flfrys ks¾udKd;aul m%;sNdj jvd;a úYo
úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< jkafka ldjH ks¾udK weiqßks'
fudyq" NdIdj Y=oaO jia;=jla f,i ySkaierh" y;amK" u.=,a lEu" l=udr
i,lñka ñY% isxy,h neyer lrñka .S hk lD;s <ud mrmqr w;r fnfyúka
iïNdjH hq.fha .%ka: weiqßka ckm%sh <ud .%ka: jk w;r ‘mshiur’
isxy, jHdlrKfha ieÕù mej;s Í;s fudyqf.a lù;ajfha w.% M,h f,i
iïm%odhka wkdjrKh lrñka Bg ie,lsh yels fõ' <uhska i|yd fuka
wkqrEmj j;auka NdId Ndú;h ilia u jeäysáhka i|yd l< fudyqf.a
úh hq;= h hk ±ä u;fhys t,an ldjH ks¾udKj, jQ wmQ¾j;ajh yd
.ksñka isxy, NdId mqk¾Ôjkfhys idrj;a nj mdGlhd flfrys tf,iska
kshe¨fKa h' ‘fy<yjq,’ kï jQ NdId u ikaksfõokh fkd ùu flfrys
fm%aókaf.a tluq;=j f.dv k.d .;a fy< yjqf,a ±ä;r NdId u;jdo m%n,
l=udr;=x. 1939 § ‘iqni’ iÕrdfõ;a" mjqrla úh'
1' jeys j,d l=<" mE l`M he hs Tfí
fkd fydì;s hs lsis f,ia fkd if;dia fkd jka
isrere mEfhkqz.;a iqofkda f,dfõ
fkd y÷k;a W;=uka .=Kfhka úkd'
2' meke - keÕS wyfia me;sÍ f.diska"
මy .suka is÷jd ස; is;a f;diska"
ක=Uqre - jeõ - fmdl=Kq;a mqrjd Èfhka"

‍ ෙ,djg fokakd Tn hs wyr;a mekq;a'
3' ko wid Tn f.a meyeh;a n,d"
‍ ෙudkre ms,a úoyd rÕ fo;a koska'
අuq;=fhka mKj;a nj ,;a fihska"
;=re ,sh;a ,sh-,hs iekeiS Èfhka'
4' iqÿ j,d l=`M fnda ue wyia l=fia
ඉy< fhhs; Tn hEu my;a je ue hs
t mqÿfula o@ Wiia keKj;a ofkda
.=K nßka keuqfKzõ mj;s;a නිතින්
5' lgg .ekau o fnda ue wudre jQ
කr Èh;a Tn .;a l,e id.frka
ñysß fjhs W;=uka iy jdifhka
ksjgfhda o Wiia fj;s fnda fihska'
6' .=K n,d Tn f.a f,d ind oyï
zTnez/ wka lsisfjla ksis kEZ lshd
úÿ,sh;a meye m;a rk oï fihska
m<|jkafk Tfí f.f, ue hs n,ka'
lshjk kqjK
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' jeys j,d l=< weiqfrka l=udr;=x. lúhd Wiia udkj .=K O¾u ksrEmKh
lrhs' tajd myokak'
2' “l¿ meyeh ms<sn|j iudcfha mj;sk wdl,amh ksfIaOkh lsÍug jeys
j,d l=< ks¾udKh iu;a fjhs” úuikak'
3' jeys j,d l=< meÈ fm< id¾:l ks¾udKhls' Tnf.a woyia olajkak'
4' mßirfha úúO wjia:d iajlSh ks¾udKfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd fhdod .ekSug
lúhd olajd we;s m%;sNdj ‘jeys j,d l=<Z weiqfrka úuikak'

12 w¨; f.kd ukd,sh
Ô'î fiakdkdhl ^1913-1985&
idys;H O¾u;dj ^1963&" idys;H

Ô'î fiakdkdhl uy;d ‘ÈkñK’
o¾Yk is;=ú,s ^1982& wdÈ idys;H
mqj;amf;ys ixialdrljrhl=
úpdr .%ka: /ila o rpkd lr we;'
f,i l,la lghq;= l< w;r
isxy, idys;Hhg wk,am fiajhla
iafjda;aidyfhka oekqu .fõIKh
lr we;s fudyqg YS% chj¾Okmqr
l< wfhls' 1945 § uq,a u lD;sh
úYajúoHd,h u.ska ‘idys;H iQÍ’
f,i ÿmam;=ka ke;s f,dalh keu;s
iïudkh msßkeñ‚'
flál;d ix.%yh fudyq úiska m<
lrk ,È' 1946 § m<s.ekSu keu;s tf;la isxy, lúh ;=< jQ idïm%odhsl
flál;d ix.%yhg .oH yd moH w;r wdlD;sh" jia;= úIh" NdIdj yd
jk rpkd úfYAIhla f,i y÷kajñka w,xldr Ndú;h uq¿ukska u fjkia
we;=<;a l< ‘ksoyia’ wdlD;shg wh;a u.lg m%fõY l< fudyq w¾:h mokï
ldjH rpkd lsysmh ksi|eia ldjH lr .;a LKavkhlg wkqj ksoyia
iïm%odfha wdrïNh f,i ie,fla' wdlD;shla Tiafia iajlSh lú rpkd
wk;=rej ,shd m< l< lD;s w;r lf<a h' tf;la mej;shd jQ iSudiys;
oe,a ljq¿j" ú¢ñ" fijKe,s hk lú ldjH jia;= úIh m:h wìnjñka mq¿,a
fmd;a o fïOd" pdreuqL" jro;a;" yd ishqï jQ mqoa., ffp;isl újrKhla
wjr.sr" r<ì÷u" lelEß,a," u, lsÍfuys ,d m%:u jrg fm,UqKq lúhd
mqvqj" c, .e,au" ne÷u" rej" Wr.," f,i Ô' î' fiakdkhl ie,lsh
uOqmdŒ" flf,ia ihqr" tlg tl hk yels fjhs' ngysr iudÔh iNH;ajh
kjl;d fmd;a o ñ;=ßh" .uk" wE; lrK fldg isxy, iudcfha isÿ jQ
neü" kegqu hk flál;d fmd;a o ixlS¾K;ajh jgyd.ksñka ngysr
u,a l=urd" r;ay÷ka rEmh" uyf,daNhd" ‘Free verse’ hk ldjH iïm%odfha
yd,aueiaid" ySkh yd wUl;dj hk fkdu| wdNdih;a mer‚ idys;Hfhka
<ud fmd;a o fõ' renhshdÜ kï ,o Ôú; mß{dkh;a iïñY%Kh
moH .%ka:h m%:u jrg isxy,hg lrñka lúhg fjkia uqyqKqjrla
mßj¾;kh l< fiakdkdhl kjl;d ,nd ÿka fiakdkdhl kQ;k isxy,
l,dj" úpdr m%fõYh ^1945&" ngysr lúh fjkia u.lg m%fõY l<d jQ
fYa%IaG kjl;d ^1955&" idys;H wdrïNlhd f,i ie,lsh yels h'
fiai;a ^1957&" idys;H ú.%yh ^1961&"

ysi kud .;s wE
isyska r;eÕs,s mg,jd .;s"
i;shlg fmr f.kd jr
ú<snrh uf. rkajka ukd,sh'
oe,a ;sr wiafika
fmfkhs wE
Tn hkq fudn tkq
mg ms<S f.k wnrK fmÜá f.k'
wefihs fkdfmfkk úg;a
id,fhka ldurhg
ldurfhka id,hg
hk md y~
ud fj; t;;a wE
jqjukdjla lsis;a ke;sjo
fkd /f|hs" m,d fhhs'
.E ú,jqfkys"
ke;" rkajka ifuys
fy<k iqiafuys iqj|h ta
wE n| iqj|
oefkkafk ug ú;r o@
fmfkhs wE
wefihs
oefkhs
ug f.a yeu ;ek
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' Ñ;a; rEm ueùug Ô'î' fiakdkdhl lúhd i;= jQ olaI;dj ‘w¨; f.kd
ukd,sh’ meÈ fm< weiqfrka úuikak'
2' isõ mo wdlD;shg keUqrej ;snQ isxy, lúfha wdlD;sh kj u.lg fhduq lsÍug
Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a odhl;ajh" w¨; f.kd ukd,sh ks¾udKh weiqfrka
w.h lrkak'
3' by; i|yka ldjH ks¾udKfha jia;= úIh ir,j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

13 kkao uy f;reka jykafiaf.a jia;=j
O¾ufiak ysñ ôUfoKs wjêh&
oUfo‚ idys;H iuh iïNdjH “tfia fyhska hï flfkla kqjK

isxy, idys;Hfha m%dudKsl u|j;a l=i,ÉPkaoh we;s j
j¾Okhla we;s l< hq.hls' md,s" O¾udNsfhda.hg Wmfoia ,Èka nK
ixialD; úhrK ikH fmd;a /ilaa oek mskalï yeisr ksjka iod.ks;a
u ful, ,shù ;sîfuka th ;yjqre kï" tfia jQ i;a mqreIhkag jev
fõ' wkjuo¾Ys ix>rdc udysñ úiska i|yd ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh kï jQ
ffoj{ ldufèkqj" mfrdamldrh m%nkaOh lrïy”
jeks ixialD; fmd;a o ix>rlaIs;
ysñ úiska iqfndaOd,xldrh o" fõfoay ioaO¾uh keue;s ue‚la wuqKk
uy ia:úrhka úiska rijdysksh ,o ud,h hk wre;ska lD;sh
jeks md,s fmd;a o uhqrmdo ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh hkqfjka kï
msßfjkam;s nqoaOmq;% ysñ mQcdj,sh lr we;' md,s Oïumofha .d:dj,g
o" m;srdc msßfjkam;s ysñ iso;a nqoaOf>daI ysñ md,sfhka ix.%y l<
iÕrdj o" fojk merl=ïndjka l;d jia;=" foaYSh .eñ Ôjk w;aoelSï
lõis¿ñK o rpkd lr we;af;a yd uqiq lrñka lshùfuka fuka u
fï oUfo‚ iufha § h' O¾ufiak Y%jKfhkq;a tl f,i ri ú¢h
ysñhkaf.a ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh ful, yels wdldrhg ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfhys
rpkd lrkq ,enQ iqúfYaI lD;shls' bÈßm;a fõ' md,s OïumoÜG l:dfõ
we;eï fldgia w;ayßñka o w¨;a
l;d tla lrñka o Wmudfjka yd
ioaOuuÜÀ;s ñÉPkaf;d - Ouufiak msref<ka w,xldr fldg bÈßm;a
h;siaifrd lsÍug l;=jrhd iu;a j we;'
wdldis mjrx t;x - ioaOuur;akdj,sx ñ,skao rcqf.a l;d mqjf;a tk
kd.fiak l;dj o iq;a; ksmd;
.%ka:djidkfha i|yka fï .d:d wgqjdj weiqfrka ,shq ldIaGjdyk
mdGfhka l;=jrhd O¾ufiak ysñ nj l;dj o id;d.sr fyauj; l;dj"
;yjqre lr ;sfí' fï udyeÕs lD;sh iQúis újrK l;d yd nqÿ isß; o
rpkd lsÍug fya;=j .%ka:drïNfha OïumoÜG l:dfõ i|yka l:dj,g
i|yka fõ¦ wu;rj w¨f;ka tla l< fldgia h'
OïumoÜG l;dfõ tk mo.; úia;r
wdÈh fuys we;=<;a fldg fkd ue;'

O¾fudamfoaY odkh mrud¾: .eUqre oyï fldgia ri nr
lrf.k md,sfhka ;snQ l;d isxy, l;dkaorj, ojgd l;d rih o
ckhdg .e<fmk mßÈ rpkd lrk oyï rih o tl úg ú|.; yels
,o fï nK l;d fmd; iajdëk jk wdldrhg bÈßm;a lr ;sîu
uÕla .;a;ls' jeo.;a h' tajd lshùfuka o lshjk
O¾ufiak ysñhkaf.a NdId mßphla" úg wid isàfuka o tl f,i ri
wjia:d yd isoaê ksrEmKh;a ú¢h yels h'
pß; újrKh;a" Wmud Ndú;h;a ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha tk ‘kkao’ uy
.%ka:fha úfYaI;ajhg fya;= fõ' f;reka jykafiaf.a l;d jia;=fõ
l;= ysñhkaf.a nyqY%e; Ndjh;a wruqKq ù we;af;a wkqYdikd ke;s
.eñ mßirfhka Wlyd.;a udkj ùfuka Ydikhg wdYd fkdue;s j
ohdj;a lD;sfhys wka;¾.; iEu ms<sfj;a mudj ksjka ,nd.; fkd
l;djlska u jdf.a ms<sìUq flf¾' yelaljqkag Ydikh flfrys we,aula
msgq .Kkdjlska úia;r l< hq;= we;s lr.ekSug uÕ fmkajd §u h'
we;eï lreKq tla Wmudjlska úfgl uqj.g iskdjla kxjk ydiH
bÈßm;a lr ;sîu o iqúfYaI fõ' rihlska o ;j;a úfgl nqoaêf.dapr
l;d jia;= 308la yd ux., iQ;% wd§ mKaä;udkS njlska o hq;= kkao
iQúis újrK l;d we;=¿ l;dkaor jia;=j ljr mqoa.,fhl=g jqj o
;sia;=kl=;a óg we;=<;aj we;' hym;a Èúhla i|yd .=re fldg .;
yels l;d jia;=jls'
;j o wkqYdikd ke;s ùfuka ke;' tl jfrlska jvd;a kQmokd f,i

YdikdNsr;s ke;sj ms<sfj; mud ùfuka fldg ,d wksla .d:dfjlska uyd m%cdm;S
ksjka idOd .; fkd fykakjqkag f.da;ó kï l=vd uE‚hkaoEf.ka mQ
Ydikdysr;shg Wmfoia ksid kkao uy ;k lsfrys lsß ñ, f.jd,kakdla fuka
f;reka jykafiaf.a jia;=j lshuq' WkaoE fidajdka lrjd" mshrÊcqrejka
;k;=frka jvd,kakd fia fio.eñ
fya fl fia o h;a lrjd" tu ojia j<|d wka;fhys ìïnd
nqÿyq nqÿj,d ìïir uy rcqf.a whofuka ìfidjqkaf.a .=Kfhys ;ru ufy!IO
rc.yd kqjr jev fj¿jk fjfyr jik mKaä; wjia:dfjys;a úuid ;=nQ fyhska
fiala msh rÊcqrejkaf.a wdrdOkdfjka jodrkq ksid pkaolsKaKr cd;lh
lsUq,aj;a kqjrg jev ksf.%dO kï jodrd" Bg fojk ojia kkao l=urekag
wru ie;mS,d fojk ojia isÕd we;=¿ fjdgqkq uÕ=,;a f.jokd uÕ=,;a újdy
lsUq,aj;a kqjrg jeä fiala ke;la ojiska uÕ=,;a ;=k tl wjêhg meñ‚ l,ays"
ÿgq msh rÊcqrejkag Wmkakla fokakdla fï uÕ=,a ;=kg jvd ksjka uÕ=, W;=ï
fuka .d:d mufKlska fidajdka lrjd neúka tA Wkag muqKjd ,ó kqjrg isÕd
ñksia f,dj WmÈf;d;a i;a jfrlska jev isÕd wka;fhys ksjka w;a m;a jk
jvd;a fkdfyd;a fo;=ka jfrlska jvd;a f,iska md;% Od;+ka jykafia w;g §,d

wdÈfhka hk .ukg bIag iQpl fldg jeks ojia kkao l=ureka uyK fldg
ÿka md;%h fyhska md;%h w;g yer fkd i;a jk ojia ìïnd ìfidjqka úis oyila
.;a fial' ry;=ka msßjrd kqjrg isÕd jeä ;uka
kkao l=ure o nqÿka jykafia flfrys jykafia mE ,d ‘fyïnd mq;" ;=¨ka ÿgq o
f.!rjfhka ‘md;%h yer .; uekj’hs ;=¨ka isÕd weúÈkd muKla uq;a .jq
fkd lshd rc f.ka jvkd .uk fo.jq i;r.jq muK uqjúg m<, we;s
fyhska ys‚ ysi flfrys § yer.kakd fmdf<dj fnd< ú;r Wi we;s ksOdk
fiale hs is;+y' nqÿyq t;k §;a md;%h ie< i;frla we;' uqka uyK jkag .sh
yer fkd.;a fiala ys‚ md uq, § yer ;eka mgka fkd ol=ïy' f;dm ilaú;s
.kakd fiala jke hs is;d hk l,g jk kshdj fo;siauy msßïkS ,l=Kq
t;k §;a yer fkd .kakd r|kq leue;s keue;s ksñ;a; okakd fo;sia fokl=
j;a wNsm%dhlska u fkdj nqÿka flfrys lshd isgq;a jia;=;a jqjukd fõ o@ f;ms
f.!rjfhka md;%h yer .; uekj hs ;=¨ka lrd f.diska ksOdk mdjd .kqjZhs
lshd .; fkdyS fu;k§ yer .kakd ry,a l=ureka iryd hjQ l,ays
fial' fu;k § yer .kakd fiala jke l=udrfhda;a odhdo b,ajñka miq miafiys
hs is;d u fkd is;ska .sh;a is;ska u iir .uka .;ay' nqÿyq;a fkd kej;+ fial'
.ukska kj;akd fyhska fh;a u h' leá j hkafkda;a .uka .;ay' nqÿyq;a
fkdkej;+ fial' leá j hkafkda;a
tA fõf,ys kkao l=urejkaf.a okjq nqÿka yd leá j hk .uk kj;kag
l,K kï jQ l=udrhkag irK ks, jQ hqla;s ke;s jkakd fkd kej;+y' ry,a
uq,a kE lu ljf¾ jqj;a rc lï fyhska l=ureyq o i| yd leá j kslauqKq kl;a
neoE‚hka <Õg ñksiaiq f.diska nqÿyq ;rejla fuka kslau fjfyrg .shy'
msh rÊcqrejkaf.a ud<s.djg jeä .ufka
uqUoEf.ka fjka fldg kkao l=ureka nqÿyq ‘fï f;fï ika;l jia;=jg ;ud
jykafia le|jd f.k jvkd fiale hs wdfõ‚lj ysñ fyhska b,ajhs' tA iïm;a
lsjq h' t nia wiñka ´ o ysi fidaOñka ;rug;a tA uq,a jk wd§kj uy;' ud
isá ;eke;af;da fidaOd fkd ksñ ysi i¾j{;d {dk kue;s tl Okh § ,d
fla fkd ne|" jyd wjq;a ‘.sh;a iq¿ ,;a Ok if;la we;' uQg;a tA Ok i;
f.hs" jyd tj’ hs lsjq h' Wka lshd ¨ u foñZhs is;d jÞrd ießhq;a uyf;reka
ni kkao l=ureka is; Èjq,a ,dgq uqiq jykafia le|jd,d ‘fyïnd Ydßmq;%fhks"
jhs;s ;rj jeo .kakd fia ;rfha u f;, ry,a l=ure wm w;ska jia;= b,aj;s'
jeo .;' nqÿkq;a md;%h w;ska fkdf.k uyK jkag tk .ufka wm ,d ,d wd
fjfyrg f.k f.diska kkao l=ureks" rlj,a ke;s fyhska uqka b,ajk iïm;a
uyK jjq oeZhs jod< fial' ;=nqjd ke;' yeu;a Okfhla u fõ o@
wmg tA we;s j ;=nQ Ok i; u fok
nqÿka jod< ni uÕ=f,ka fy<d Æ lm kshdfhka ;=¨ka uyK lrj’hs úOdk
W.=¿jkag neßhd fia W.=¿jd ,kag neß fldg uyK lerjQ fial' uyK ùfuka
fyhska ‘uyK fkd fjñ’hs fkd lshd isjqfrkq;a tla jeks jQ fial'
‘hym; uyK fjñ’ lshd .súiaidy'
tneúka ;=¨ka uyK lrjZhs jykaoEg
Ndr fldg lsUq,aj;a kqjrg jeä ;=ka ry,a l=ureka uyK jkakd u iqfodjqka
uyrÊcqrejkag fYdal n,j;a úh' lrjd" ry;a ùu w;=frl fkd j ñhk
rÊcqrefjda fYdal bjid .; fkdyS ojia Y%S% hyfkys ie;mS fyj ry;a jk
nqÿkag okajkafkda ‘uqU jykafia uyK f,i jQ l,ays nqÿyq uyK .Kd msßjrd
jkag kslauqKq ojia we;s fYdalh kkao kej; l<ukd nqoaO lD;Hh fkdksñ
l=ur-ry,a l=ur fokakdf.a uqyqKq fyhska wvqj imhkq ksid" rc.y kqjr
olakd fyhska ksúK' kkao l=ureka jev wfkams~q uy isgqyq úiska foõrï
uyK jQ fYdalh ;ks ry,a l=ureka fjfyr lrjd ksujd jvkg wdrdOkd
uqyqK olakd fyhska ikayqK' Wka fldg hejQ l,ays iy msßjßka ieje;a
uyK jQ fYdalh wksla ikays÷jkafkda kqjrg jev foõru jik fial'
ljqre o@ orefmï uqKqnqrefmï we;af;a fufia nqÿka foõrïys jik l,g
ug u;= fkd jkafka fõ o ldg;a iß h' wdhqIau;a jQ kkao f;reka jykafia
fï lghq;a; ud ms<sn| fyhska flf<a u neoEjka ìfidjqka lshd Æ nia kue;s
h' Bg lsï o@ fujla mgka uyK jkag jhs;s fmï kue;s Èjq¿ ,d uqiq fldg"
foujqmshka wkqfkdo;a orejka uyK is;a kue;s ì;; we|Æ fyhska" tA n,d
fkd lrkag úOdkhla we; uekeje’hs Ydikfhys Wlg,Sj" ‘ud Ydikfhys
oeka jQ h' nqÿyq;a hym;e hs .súis fial' we¨ï ke;' isjqre yßñ’hs ys;ñ;%
jykaoEg lS fial' nqÿyq tA mj;a wid
tla ojila ;sf,da.=re nqÿka iqfodjqka kkao uyf;reka jykafia le|jd,d
rÊcqrejkaf.a rc f.g jev j<|kag ‘ienE o kkaofhks" NslaIQkag funkaola
jev yqka fõ,djg iqfodjqka rÊcqrefjda lsjqoeZhs úpdrd jodrd ‘ienj iajdókS’ hs
“iajdñkS" uqU jykafia nqÿ nj idOd Wka jykafia lS l,ays ‘kkaofhks" isjqre
.kag ÿla .kakd iufha .kakd ÿla yrfKa l=ula ksid oe’hs úpdrd jod<
n,j;a fyhska tla foj;dfjla ud <Õg fial' tfia úpdrd jod< nqÿkag ‘iajdókS"
wjq;a uqU jykafia u<e hs hkakla lS h' ud uyKjkag is;ska fkdis;ska tk
uï tA wid ‘umq;Kqfjda l,g msfmk u,a .ufka okjql,K ìijq fidaOdmQ ysifla
msmS uq;a fkd kj;akd fia nqÿ jqfjd;a ys‚ fkd .kakd f;la wjq;a ‘jyd wj
uq;a fkd ñfh;s’hs lshd foaj;djdf.a uekeje’hs hk nila lsjQ h' uu ta ni
nia ud yoyd .;af;a ke;e”hs lsjq h' tla jka i|yka lrkafkï funkaola
‘uy rc" oeka f;ms nqÿ jk flfkl=kag is;ñ’hs lS fial'
uq;a my< fkdjk fo;sia uymsßïkS tl, nqÿyq ;sî n,j;a jk f,vla
,l=Kq oel isá ;eke;af;da" kej; fnfyola § ikays÷jk l,la fuka
Wmka ojia my< jQ fo;sila ú;r Tnf.a tn÷ wkqNdjhla ke;;a ;uka
fm<yr;a oel flfia yoyjq o@ hg jykafiaf.a wkqNdjfhka w; w,ajd
.sh oji uy oïm,a l=ure j Wmka f.k ;õ;sid foõf,djg jvkd fiala
l,ays u< kshdj idOkag t¿jkaf.a w;=reu`. kjoe,s fiakla ujd,d tA
weg f.kjq;a mE,d lSj;a ‘wmf.a fiafka od .sh lKqfjl od jl .eiS
l=,fhys Wmkakjqkaf.ka mrudhq f.jd .sh je¢ßuE,a,l ujd,d ;jq;sid
ñhkakjqka uq;a w;=frl ñhk flfkla foõ f,djg jev ilafoú÷yqf.a mka
ke;e’hs fkd .súiaid u h’ hs t;ekays ishhla muK fojÕkka mE,d ‘l=ula o
uyoïm,a od jodrd rÊcqrejka wke.eñ
kkaofhks" reúka jQ l,S fï fojÕfkda kkao f;reka jykafia o jykaoEf.a
hym;a;= o fkdfyd;a okjq l,K ìijq l;dfjka ;rfha u ,Êcd we;sj
hym;a;= oe’hs úpd< fial' fojÕkka flfrys l< wd,h yeÍ"
‘iajdókS" l=ula jodrk fiala o fï fmr<s ykag ;=nQ fohla fkd fyk f,i
fojÕkka ÿgq l,g tA okjql,K ìijq ;kd ;nd .kakd fia fmr<d uyK oug
kï w;=reuÕ kjoe,s fiafka wm ÿgq od u is;ai;ka fhduq fldg,d rc isß yer
jl .eiS .sh je¢ßuE,a,;a já;a oe’hs wjq;a ksjka isß fkd jrokd ksid fkd
lS fial' tA wid nqÿyq ‘tfia ù kï mudj jik fial' hï fia f,afkla ;ud
kkaofhks" YdikdNsr;sh we;s j is,a ;rï flfkl=ka ;udg i;=rej wd l,
rlaId flf<a kï flf,iqka f.jd .kag ;udf.a kÕ=g l=mamjd,d thska .id,d
kqjQfjd;a foõf,dj bmo fojÕkka my flf¾ o" tfuka <x jQ flf,ia
,nk kshdjg uu wemfhñ’hs jod< fial' i;=re flfkla we;a kï i;r iSjgka
ta wid kkao f;reka jykafia ‘tfia ù kue;s uq.=frka urd m,jñka hï fia
kï fojÕkka ,nk kshdjg fu ;rï Èú fofkla flf;la jqj;a tl jfrl
wem;a we;s neúka nUir yeisfrñZ hs lS jok megjqka uq;a fojk uqrfha fkd jÞ
fial' fuf,iska iiafkys we¨ï we;s o" tl uqrfhka u j| fõ o" tmßoafoka
lrjd yeoys,s ke;s flfkl=ka m%isoaO Wmka cd;s úkd Nfjda;am;a;s ke;s ùug
ia:dkhg f.k f.dia ;rh lrjd reÑ woyia we;sj hï fia Èúfhla ;K le<E
foh lrjd .kakd fia is,a rlaId lsÍug wdÈh hg jeo,d ys| f.dÿre w,ajd .kS o"
foõf,dj f.k f.diska ;rh lrjd tfia u w¾y;a M, kue;s f.dÿre ksid
f.k kkao f;reka jykafia yer f.k .ïNSrdrKH rela uq,a" .,amdjq¿" l÷/,s"
foõf,dj jev Wka jykafiag wem jQ .,a.=yd fidfydk wnji hkdÈhg
kshdj fkd yÕjkakg lrkakdla fuka t<U" hï fia Èúhd f.dÿre w,ajd .;a
foõf,dj § w;=reokaj l,g jue<efhka yqKq f.dÿre fkd
ld o t mßoafoka tla úis wkafõIK
“fndOfkhHx ckx Èiajd - i;iyiafiys
jYfhka fõjhs’ jd.a ú{ma;s jYfhka
fhdcfk
fõjhs" Wmka fohla we;akï úI ñY%hla
LfKk Wm.ka;jdk - fndfO;s ;x mßoafoka yer úoiqka jvd ry;a M,
uyduqks”
kue;s fjdgqkq me<£fuka yer wd
hkq fyhska weis,a,lska foõru my< rdcdNsfIalhg rdcHdNsfIalhla ,Èka
jQ fial' jykaoE fu mj;a wid ‘kkao yer mshd wd f.uÕ=,g ksjka f.uÕ=,a
f;reka jykafia kï nqÿkaf.a l=vd fldg yer wd újduÕ=,g m,iuj;a
uE‚hkaoEf.a mq;a fial' uyKj újduÕ=,a fldg" nqÿka ika;l ksjka rg
lrk ixluq;a f.h lUqrkakd fia ;uka jykafiag;a ysñ l< fial'
fojÕkka ksid,' ths;a wemhlg fkd tla foaj;dfjla rd;%s fõf,ys foõru
ksis nqÿkaf.ka wem we;sj ,eZhs kkao jik nqÿka lrd f.diska je|,d ‘iajdókS"
f;reka jykafia <Õg f.diska fu yeu uqU jykafiaf.a u,a jQ kkao uyf;reka
lshd fjfyik fial' jykafiaa ry;a jQ fiale’hs lsjQ h' Tyq
fkdlshk f;la u nqÿyq;a foõf,dj .sh
.ukska u iir .uka ksujd ry;a jQ
kshdj úui úuid ys¢kd fiala tfia u tA wid kkao f;reka jykafiaf.a kq.=K
o;a fial' kkao uy f;reka jykafia o lshkag .sh jykaoE fidajdka M,dÈhg
rd;%sh mdka jQ l,ays nqÿka lrd f.diska meñŒfuka f,djq;=rd .=Kh ,;a fial'
je|,d ‘iajdókS" uqU jykafia foõ f,dj i;H wi;H fkdo;a jykaoE p;=iai;Hh
jeä .ufka fojÕkka mka ishhla ud o;a fial' O¾u iNdfhys o l:dfjla
,nk kshdjg jQ wemfhla we;af;a fõ o" Wmofka' nqÿjreka jykafia kï b;d
fu jla mgka fojÕkka ;nd lsisjl;a wdYap¾h fial' ckmo l,HdŒka ksid
udf.a we,aula ke;s fyhska tA wem ksjka iïm;ska msßfykag isá u,Kqjka
ke;e’hs lS fial' nqÿyq tA wid jodrd jykafiag tla ;rï fohl weúá
‘kkaofhks" f;dm ry;a jQ kshdj wms;a we;a;jqkag jeähqre fohla mE,d weúá
o;=ïy' foaj;djl=;a wjq;a wmg lsj' t l< tla ;rï fofhys weúá yrjkakd
fia fyhska f;dm lSj;a fkd lSj;a wms fia okjql,K ìfidjqka flfrys l<
tA wemfhka ñÿKqïy’ hs jodrd ry;aj weúáh foõf,djg f.k f.diska
fYdaNdj;a jQ uqyqK Bu ;nd fYdaNdu;a fojÕkka mE,d wrjdÆ fial' fï wksla
lrjQ fial' jykaoE o f.diska ry;a ldg ms<sjka oe’hs hk l:dj h'
kshdj fkdoek ‘l=ula o@ fmr nqÿyq;a jykaoE lrk lrk l;dj
is;kafka isjqre yrkg fõ o oeka l=ula Èjlkska wid jodrd" ‘NslaIQyq kkaohka
oehs úpdrd ‘ud .sysùfuys wd,fhla Ydikfhys we¨ï lrjd .;a kshdj
ke;e’hs lS l,ays uq .sys ùfuys wd,hla wrNhd l;dj flfr;s' uu t f;kg
ke;s kshdj lsh;s' uqka fndre lshk .sfhï kï ‘fyïnd uyfKks" tA oeka
kshd fõ oe hs nqÿkag t mj;a oeka jQ u;= fkdjkafka fõ o hg.sh oji;a
fial' f;, f,i u Wkag we;s jQ weúáhla
nqÿyq tA wid ‘uyfKks" hï fia fiú,s yerùñ lshd,d tA yÕjkag cd;l
fkd oekafuka kmqre fldg fidhdÆ l;djla f.k yer olajñ' udf.a fï
f.h jeis ke;s úfgl uq;a jeiai cd;l foaYkdj miajd oyi uq¿,af,ys
jg úg u f;fï o" t mßoafoka iu: fndfyda fokdg fndfyda m%fhdack idOd
Ndjkd" úo¾Ykd Ndjkd keue;s fokafka h’hs is;d jodrd O¾u iNdjg
fiú,a, fkd okakd fyhska ;ox. jev iqúkS;j iqYslaIs;j jevyqka m¾Io
úuqla;s keue;s tla ;rï fiú,a,lska n,dmshd ‘rka kejla uOH fldg msmS
fidhdÆ is;a keue;s f.hla flf,ia jekS .sh r;a fk¨ï jkhla fia fï
keue;s tla ;rï jeiaila jg;a f;ó NslaIq m¾Io b;d fydì;s' uu m<uq
uq;a fkd yrfKa h' hï fia fiú,a, fldg l;djg wdrïNhla flf<ï kï
okakjqka hym;a fldg fidhdÆ f.h ñka fmrd;= fldg nila neK kef.k
tla;rd jeiailska ;nd uy;a jeiailskq;a flfkla ke;' uï u m<uq fldg l:dj
fkd f;fï o t mßoafoka oaúm%ldr Wmojñ hs is;d ‘uyfKks" ud tkakdg
Ndjkd keue;s ;r fiú,af,ka fidhd fmrd;= fldg flfia jQ l:djla fldg
Æ is;a keue;s f.h iir uy uqyqÿ mqrk fldg yqKq oe’hs úpdrd jodrd fï l;dj
;rï jQ flf,ia u. jeis jg;a fkd kshdj oekajQ l,ays ‘uyfKks" tA oeka
f;fu’hs jod< fial' u;= fkdfj’hs jodrd NslaIQka jykafia

úiska wdrdê; jQ ;sf,da.=re nqÿrcdKka fj<|dfKda o f.kd nvq úlm;a fldg
jykafia Niau m%ÉPkak cd; fõohla f.k fldg¿jd <Õg wjq;a ‘f.kd nvq
fia Njfhka ieÕù ;=nQ bl=;a j;a l:dj úlm;a fldg .;=ïy’ hs lsjQ h' zuqU oeka
olajk fiala .sh uekj' uu r|ñ’hs fldg¿jdfKda
“uyfKks" hg.sh oji nrKeia kqjr lsjQh' kej; kej; fm/;a; lSj;a
nUo;a kï rcl= rc lrk l,ays tu fldg¿jdfKda hkag ue<s jQ u h' tA
nrKeia kqjr lmamg kï fj<|dK wkslla ksid fkd fjhs' fldg¿ fokf.a
flfkla jQy' Wkaf.a tla fldg¿fjla nia kue;s uf,ys ne£ h' fj<|dfKda o
oiduqKla ú;r nr Wiq,hs' ojilg f;dm ue<s u neúka (-
tf;la nr Wiq,df.k wgúis .õjla ‘mf;dokaf;lßiaidñ - fid<ix.=,lKaglx
ú;r fhhs' tla iufhl tA fj<|dfKda i[aý‡siaidñ f; ldhx - tjx cdkdys .øy’
fldg¿jka Wiq,kakdjQ .e,aj,ska nvq
hkq fyhska ‘leúá yq, u fid<iÕ=,la
f.kajdf.k ;lai,d kqjr f.diska
muK jQ leúgla lrjd,d lejqgqjï
f.k .sh nvq úlm;a jk f;la
fldg;a f.k fhó’ lS l,ays ‘tfia
fldg¿jdKka ;K m;a lkag y<jq h'
lf<d;a fmr md fol ;rfha ìu Tnd
blaì;af;ka tA fldg¿jdfKda o w.<
f.k" miaid mhska wf`vka .id o;a
msg ld weúÈkd f;ke;af;da tla fldg¿
j.=rejd mshóZ lSy' fj<|dfKda tA wid
fokl oel wE <Õg .shy' Ths;a Wka
zuqka fuf;la lf,l fufia jQ nila
yd idoidóÑ l:d lrkakS zfldhs isg
lS úrE ke;' ldrKd lsï foda fydaZ hs
wjqoe’hs úpdrd nrKeia kqjr isg hhs lS
wE; uE; n,d fldg¿ fok oel zuE
l,ays zl=ula ksid fuf;la l;r wjqoe’
ksidh fu f,ig lrjd .;af;a hZhs
hs úpd<Sh'
is;d wg ;eklska jlaj ;=nQ ue‚flys
‘fj<|dï msg wdñ’ lS l,ays ‘Wiq,kafka ,Kqj wjqKd ,kag ksis kqjK we;s jk
flf;la nr oe’hs úpd<Sh' ‘oiuqKla uyd mqreIhdK flkl=ka fyhska zf;ms
ú;r nr Wiq,ñ’ lS l,ays ‘fuf;la r|kag fkdis;j' Tn .sh l,"
nr Wiq,df.k oji flf;la ;eka
zp;=mamÈx ixLuqÅx - kdßx iínx.fidNsksx"
hjq oe’hs úpd<Sh' ‘wg úis .õjla ú;r Nßhx f; wdkhsiaidñ - tjx cdkdys .øy"
fhñ’ lS l,ays ‘tA jkakd fuf;la ;eka
ksluq;a fkdj nr Wiq,df.k hj' .sh hkq fyhska zilla yd iudk fid|
;ek .uka weúÈk mh ñßlk flfkla uqyqKla we;s ;udf.a cd;shg b;d
weoao" keoaoe’ hs Bg msg,d wksla ú;drk rEm;a jQ fldg¿ fokl f.kjq;a mdjd
fohla úpd<Sh' ‘ke;e’hs lS l,ays foñZhs lSy' t nia wid n,j;a fia
;sßika jqj;a ia;%S l,g ia;%S udhfuys i;=gq j f.diska n, n,d isá fldg¿
wvqjla ke;s fyhska ;ud flfrys we¨ï fok flfrys wd,h ke;s j" niska weiQ
lrjd .kakd ms‚i ;sßikqkag md fldg¿ fok flfrys wd,h n,j;aj
ueéu ke;e;a ‘t ú;rl=;a ke;akï ztfia ù kï mgjdÆ nr;a yer f.k
ÿla kshd fõ oe’hs ;ud Wkag iïN fuf;la l,a hk wgúis .õjg wfkla
jqfjd;a bka uqÜgqjla ke;s f,ig wgúis .õjl=;a msg,d ,d i mKia
Wkag yÕjd lS h' fldg¿jdfKda ienE .õjla fhóZ lsjQ h'
nilehs is;d t nfiys u t,S .;ay'
fj<|dfKda o hym;eZ hs .súi le|jd iqmamdrl cd;lfhys lrkjEñhdg od
f.k ish ;ekg f.diska lSm ojilska rÊcqrejka ljr ;rï oialula oel;a wg
fldg¿jdKka fldg¿ fokf.a iajrEm uiaila u fokakd fia f;dm flf;la
i|yka lrjQ l,ays zwdÈ tfia lshd ,d fokd jqj;a f;dm muKlg foñZhs lsjQh'
fkdf.fkkafka ke;' f.kjq;a mdjd tA wid fldg¿jdfKda fldg¿ fokqkag
foñ' n, tflla we;' Wka we;;a jegqma l< wd,h jegqmg fldf<da h' nqÿyq fï
úhoï f;dm muKlg foñ' Wka ug lrk cd;l foaYkdj ksujQ fial'
fufyhla ke;s fyhsk' tfia ÿka foh
f;dm fokakdg we;s fjhs" u| fjhs' uu t fyhska kqjKe;a;jqka úiska flf,iaa
tA fkd oksñ' W! miqj f;dmg fndfyda úiska mj;akd wl=i,ska ÿrej Ndjkd
orejkq;a jo;s' orejka jqj;a wUqjka jqj;a l=i,a msysgd ;ox.d§ jYfhka is;a i;ka
Wka fndfyda jqjhs wmf.ka /flkakka msßisÿ lghq;='
fndfyda fyhska jegqma fndfyda fkd
flfrñ' iEfya kuq;a u| fõ kuq;a
wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu
YdikdNsr;s - nqÿ iiqk ms<sn| we,au
ms<sfj; mud ùfuka - m%;sm;a;s msÍug m%udo ùu ksid
nqÿ j ,d - nqoaO;ajhg meñK
whofuka - wdhdpkd lsÍfuka
ke;la ojiska - fndfyda ojilska
Wmkakla fokakdla fuka - ;ukag ,enqKq hula fokakdla fuka
i;ajfrlska jvd;a - Wmßu jYfhka jdr y;la
fo;=ka jfrlska jvd;a ke; - jdr fol ;=klg jvd ke;
jvd ,kakd fia - Wiia lrkakdla fuka
fio .eñ lrjd - ilDod.dó ;;a;ajhg m;a fldg
wdÈfhka hk .ukg - uq,ska u hk wjia:djg
bIag iQpl fldg - hym;a fohla wÕjd
ys‚ ysi - mäfm< uqÿfkys
r|kq leu;s j;a - kej;Sug leu;s jQj;a
wNsm%dhlska - n,dfmdfrd;a;=jlska
is;ska u iir .ukska kj;akd - is; lrK fldg f.k iir .uk kj;sk
fyhska neúka
irK ks, jQ - újdyhg kshñ; jQ
neoE‚hka - {d;s ifydaoßh$újdy ùug kshñ; ldka;dj
uqU oEf.ka - Tn;=ñhf.ka

iq¿f.hs - {d;s ifydaorhd$újdy ùug kshñ; mqoa.,hd
jhs;s - Ñ;%hla we| th È.=l,a meje;au i|yd u;= msáka
;jrk wdf,amh
uyK jjq oehs - meúÈ jkafkys oehs
uÕ=f,ka fy<d Æ lm - ux., kel;lska isgq jk ,o lKqj
;=¨ka - fï ;eke;a;d
mE,d - fmkajd
uqj úg m<, - lsishï jgl=re Ndckhl uqÿfka úIalïNh
fmdf<dj fnd< ú;r Wi we;s - fmdf<dfõ >k;ajfha ;rug Wi ;sfnk
ie< i;frla - ye<s y;rla
fo;sia uy msßïkS ,l=Kq - uyd mqreIhl=g wh;a jk mqreI ,laIK ;sia fol
fo;sia uyd msßïkS ,l=Kq keue;s - fo;sia uyd mqreI ,laIK hkqfjka ksñ;s ;sia
ksñ;a; okakd fo;sia fofkl= folla lshd we;;a jia;=jla jqjukd fõ o@
lshd isgq;a jia;+;a jqjukd fõo
wdfõ‚lj ysñ fyhska - mrïmrd.;j whs;s ksid
jd.a ú{ma;s - jpkj,ska lrk ,o b,a,Sula
úoiqka jvd - úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj ÈhqKq fldg
yer wd rdcdNsfIalhg - w;a yer oud meñ‚ rclu fjkqjg
rdcHdNsfIalhla ,Èka - rdcH .Kkdjlg u rc moúhla ,eîu ksid
f.uÕ=,g - .Dy ux.,Hh$f.g f.j§u fjkqjg
ksjka f.uÕ=,a - ks¾jdKh keue;s .Dyhg we;=¿ ùfï ux.,
W;aijh
újd uÕ=,g - újdy ux.,Hh fjkqjg
m, iuj;a újd uÕ=,a - M, iudm;a;sh keue;s újdy ux.,Hh
Bu ;nd - tys u ;nd
isjqre yrkg - isjqre yer hEug
fiú,s fkd oekafuka - w;= fiú,s fkd lsÍu ksid
kmqre fldg - jerÈ f,i
fidhd Æ f.h - w;= fiú,s l< ksji
jg úg u - jeis jegqKq wjia:dfjys u
fiú,a, - fiú,s lsÍu$jid oeóu
;ox. úuqla;s - ta wjia:djg muKla flf,iaj,ska w;añ§u
tla ;rï fiú,a,lska - tla wdldrhl fiú,s lsÍulska
fidhd Æ - w;= fiú,s l<
tla ;rï jeiaila jg;a - tla wdldrhl jeiaila jegqK;a
f;ó jq;a fkd yrfka h - f;ó ñi w;a yeÍula fkd fõ
^taldka;fhka u f;fuhs hk woyihs&
oaúm%ldr - fohdldr
;r fiú,af,ka fidhd Æ - ksjerÈ f,i w;= fiú,s l<
tla ;rï fohl weúá we;a;jqkag - tla fohla ,nd .ekSug leue;a; m< l< whg
jeä hqre fohla mE,d - Bg jvd jeä m%;sM,hla ,efnk fohla fmkajd
weúá l< tla ;rï fofhys - leue;a; oelajQ jia;=j ms<sn|
weúá - leue;a;$wdYdj
yrjkakd fia - bj;a lrkakdla fuka
mia jd oyil - wjqreÿ mka oyila
iqYslaIs; - ukd f,i yslaujk ,o
m¾Io - msßi
Niau m%ÉPkak cd;fõohla - w¿j,ska jeiS .sh .sks mqmqrla
úlm;a - úlsŒ wjika
fuf;la l;r - ldka;drfha fuf;la ÿr
ta jkakd - th tfia fõjdæ
ú;drk fohla - úuik hula
uqÜgqjla - wvqmdvqjla$jrola
uf,ys - u,mq`vqfjys$W.=f,ys
leúá yqq, - fldagq rdYsh
fidf<diÕ=,la - wÕ,a oyihla
leúgla - yrl=ka olald f.k hEu i|yd fhdod .efkk
flúgla
lejqgqjï - flúfgka wekSu
illa - yla f.ähla
wdÈ - uq, §$uq,ska
;ox.dÈ jYfhka - ta wjia:djg muKla hgm;a ùï jYfhka
uiaila - rka l,|la nr ldishla

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' —hï fia fiú,a, okakjqka hym;a fldg fidhd ¨ f.h tla;rd jeiailska ;nd
uy;a jeiailskq;a fkd f;fï˜ hkak kkao ysñf.a pß;h weiqfrka úuikak'
2' zlmamgZ fjf<kaodf.a Wmdh {dkh ms<sn| úuiSula lrkak'
3' ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha iqúfYaI ,ËKh jQfha rij;a l;dkaorhl .eUqre oyï
wka;¾.; lr ;sîu hs' kkao jia;=j weiqfrka úuikak'
4' m%ia;=;hg WÑ; f,i Wmud Ndú;hg O¾ufiak ysñ oelajQ l=i,;dj Wmud
myla weiqfrka úuikak'
5' O¾ufiak ysñ l;d mqj; rij;aj bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjia:d ksrEmKhka
flf;la ÿrg id¾:l j fhdodf.k we;s o hkak kkao jia;=fõ wjia:d ;=kla
fhdod .ksñka myokak'

14 je,mSu
weka;ka mjqf,dúÉ fpflda*a ^1860-1904&
weka;ka mjqf,dúÉ fpflda*a" 1860
ckjdrs 17 jeksod ol=Kq reishdfõ
;ka.afrda.ays Wmkafka h' Tyqf.a mshd
l=vd fj<|i,a ysñfhla úh' mqxÑ
weka;kag Ôj;a jkakg isÿ jQfha" oeä
úkhlg hg;aj h' Èkm;d hd{d .S;
lshjkakg;a" m,a,s hkakg;a Tyqg
isÿ úh' jhi wjqreÿ mfya § Tyq ;u
mshdf.ka o~qjï ,eî h' Tyqf.a <ud
úh lsisfia;a u iqkaor jQfha ke;'
;udg <ud ld,hla fkd;snqfKa hehs
fï uyd f,aLlhd miq lf,l lshd
isáfha" ta ksid úh yels h'
fpflda*af.a jhi wjqreÿ myf<dj
muK jk úg" mshd nxfldf,d;aj kdgH rpkd l<d muKla fkd fõ'
isáfha h' Tjqyq fudialõ kqjrg ta kdgH fõÈldj i|yd ksIamdokh
meñK ÿIalr Ôú;hla wdrïN l<y' o lf<a h' fpßj;a;" ifydaoßhka
fudialõ úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ jQ ;sfokd" jkahd udud" uqyqÿ ,sys‚hd
weka;ka fpflda*a" ffjoH úoHdj hk kdgH y;r fpflda*af.a mßK;
yodrkakg jkafka h' Ôjfkdamdh idys;H ks¾udK w;r fjhs'
i|yd fyf;u fudialõ kqjr
m;a;rj,g ydiHckl l;d ,shkakg reishdkq isrlrejka .ek jd¾;djla
mgka.;af;a h' weka;ka fpflda*af.a ,shkq i|yd Tyq wE; fmrÈ. iL,ska
f,aLk l,dj wdrïN jQfha ta ¥m;g meñ‚fha h' th b;d ÿIalr
wdldrhg h' pdßldjla jQ w;r" f,aLlhdf.a Ôjk
oDIaáh flfrys o uy;a fia n,mE
f,dal idys;Hfha uyd flál;dlre w;aoelSula o úh'
jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels fpflda*a
;=ka wjqreoao" yfha jdÜgqj jeks fuu úiauh t,jk ;SrKhg fya;=
flá kjl;d o ,shqfõ h' tfy;a ljf¾oehs myoñka" fpflda*a ish
Tyqf.a §¾> ks¾udK w;r" jvd;a ñ;%hl=g fufia ,shd heù h'
m%Yia; jkafka kdgH rpkd h' Tyq “ffjoHjrhl= jk uf.a kS;Hkql+,
ìß| ffjoH úoHdjhs' weh w;yer uu

idys;Hh kue;s wkshï ìß|g fmï ,shd ;eî h' fofokd w;r isÿ jqKq
nekafoñ' idys;Hh iuÕ Ôj;a jQ ug" l;dnfya § fpflda*af.a jeä wjOdkh
ud w;yer oud meñ‚ ffjoH úoHdj fhduq jqfKa tiufhys lgql Ôú;hla
kue;s ìß|g f.jk jkaÈhla yeáhg" .; l< reishdkq .=re mrmqr flfrys
iL,ska ¥m;g f.dia úoHd;aul h' Tyq f.da¾lsg mejiQ jokaj,ska
ksnkaOhla ,shkakg uu ;SrKh ì|la fufia h'
lf<ñ'” “ug we;s ;rï i,a,s ;sfhkj kï"
1890 wfma%,a udifha § iL,ska ¥m;g uu .ïno Ôj;ajk frda.S .=rejrekag
f.dia wdmiq hoa§ Tyq ,xldjg o fi!LH ksfla;khla yo, fokj'
meñ‚fha h' ta" 1890 fkdjeïn¾ 12 Tõ" f,dl= f.dvke.s,a,la - we;s moï
jeksod h' ‘Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.a’ kue;s wdf,dalh ;sfhk - Tn okakjfka -
fk!ldj fld<U jrdfha kex.=rï f,dl= cfk,a ;sh," iS,su Wig .y,"
,d ;snqK ld,h w;r;=r § Tyq f,dl= ukaÈrhla yokj' uu tafl
mer‚ Ô'´'tÉ' fydag,fha fyj;a w,xldr mqia;ld,hla yokj' yeu
j¾;udk ‘;efm%dfíka’ fydag,fha j¾.fh u ix.S; NdKav f.akj' t<j¿
,e.=ï.;a nj oeka b;sydi.; h' j;a;l=hs" m,;=re Whkl=hs yokj'
fï .ufka § f,aLlhd uykqjrg o ta jdf. u óueis fmÜá;a f.ke,a,
.sfha h' Tyq foysj, i;a;=j;af;a § ;shkj' fï ukaÈrfh lDIs úoHdj"
uq.áhka fofokl= ñ,g .;af;a h' ld,.=K úoHdj jdf. foaj,a .ek
iL,ska isg wdmiq hoa§ ,xldjg meñKs foaYk mj;ajkav i,iajkj' .=rejre
fï .uk .ek i|yka lrñka miq yeufohla u oekf.k bkav ´kE'
lf,l § weka;ka fpflda*a fufia Tõ" f,dl= Wkakeye" yeu fohla u'''”
,shd ;eî h' “reishdfj .ïno m<d;aj,g fyd|
“uu wmdh;a" ÈjH f,dalh;a fol u olaI W.;a .=rejre fudk ;rï
oelald'” wjYH o lsh, Tn okakj o@ fï
fpflda*af.a .=fima kue;s úYsIag reishdfj" .=rejreka i|yd wms b;d
flál;dj ,shjqfKa fï ixpdrfhka fyd| ;;a;ajhla f.dvk., fokav
miqjh' tys wdfõYh jQfha" u< isrere ´kE' tal blaukg u lrkav ´kE'
folla kefõ isg uqyqog úis lsÍu h' ck;djg" yeu me;af;ka u msreKq
i¾j iïmQ¾K wOHdmkhla ,enqfK
Tyqf.a Ôú;fha wjidk Nd.h ke;akï tfyu" rdcHh ì| jefgkj'
f.jqfKa" fg,sfldaõ m<df;a msysá yßhg" oUq .,aj,ska yodmq f.hla ì|
wlalr 775la úYd, jQ j;af;a h' jefgkj jdf.'''”
l=pqlafldahs kue;s mqxÑ .ïudkfha
msysá ta j;af;a f.dú;eka lrñka o" weka;ka fpflda*a T,a.d kSm¾ kue;s
f,vqkag m%;sldr lrñka o" Tyq .; ks<sh yd újdy jk úg" Tyqf.a jhi
flf<a b;d ikaiqka Èúhls' wjqreÿ y;<syla úh' laIh frda.fhka
fm¿Kq fï f,aLlhdf.a uyd idys;H
tl,ays tys meñ‚ ulaisï f.da¾ls" Ôú;h wjqreÿ 44la ;rï flá l,l §
fpflda*a .ek wmQre iau¾K igykla

fl<jr ùu f,dal idys;H flál;dj uq,ska u m< jkafka 1954
b;sydifha b;d u ÿlaÅ; isoaêhla cQ,s - iema;eïn¾ ixialD;s ff;%udisl
úh' l,dmfhys h'
1904 cQ,s 02 jeksod Tyq wjika yqiau weka;ka fpflda*a ish ks¾udKh
fy<S h' i|yd úIhh lr.kafka" toji
weka;ka fpflda*a úiska ,shk ,o reishdfõ Ôj;a jQ bfhdakd fmdgfmd*a
flál;d ixLHdj o wk,am h' Tyqf.a kue;s wirK wYaj lr;a;ldrfhls'
uq,ald,Sk flál;dj,g ksñ;s ù Ôúldj i|yd wia ßh mojkag isÿ ù
we;af;a ydfiHda;amdol ir, isoaëka we;s kuqÿ" fuu l;dj lshk wjia:dj
h' tjka ir, ieye,a¨ flál;d jk úg" bfhdakdf.a mq;d ikaksmd;
ud,djla Tyq úiska ,shk ,oafoa" toji WfKka ñh f.disks' ;udf.a wia ßhg
reishdfõ m< jQ mqj;am;a iy jdr f.dv jk yeu u.shl=g u" ta i;sfha §
m%ldYk Wfoid h' ;u mq;= u< mqj; lshkag Tyq W;aidy
l< o" lsisjl=;a Tyqg ijka fokafka
tfy;a Tyqf.a miqld,Sk flál;d ke;' wka;sfï § wiaßhlreg l=Iaud
jvd;a .eUqre udkqIsl f;audjka bfhdaksÉ kue;s ish mq;= u< mqj;
úIh fldgf.k we;s neõ" wújdÈ; lshkag isÿ jkafka ;udf.a u wYajhdg
lreKls' ks¾ÈIag j we;s “je,mSu” h'
kue;s flál;dj o tjka .eUqre
f;audjla úIhh lr.;a ks¾udKhls' b;d iSrefjka f;dard.kakd ,o isoaëka
lsysmhla u.ska wkjYH úia;rj,ska o
fuu wmQre flál;dj" bx.%Sis f;dr j weka;ka fpfldaõ" bfhdakd
mßj¾;kh wdY%fhka isxy,g k`.k kue;s wirK wiaßhlref.a pß;h
,oafoa" iqm%lg isxy, f,aLlhl= ksu jk whqre úuid ne,Sfuka"
jk wurodi ùrisxy uy;d úisks' fyd| flál;djl ,laIK
Tyq úiska isxy,g k`.k ,ÿj" ljf¾oe hs y÷kd.ekSug mdGlhdg
“ld;Hd” hk mkays| kdufhka" tlS wjia:dj ie,fikq we;'
we¢ß hduhhs' fkdfnda fõ,djlg fkdfi,afjhs' Wf.a ksfid,auka .;sh;a"
fmr ùÈfha oe,ajqKq myka isidrd >k flÜgq isrer;a" o<o~q Èla ll=¨;a ksid
ysuleg jefgñka f.j,aj, mshis;a" W! ;Uhlg jvd jákdlula ke;s
wYajhskaf.a msgj¨;a" ñksiqkaf.a Wrysia mdkamsá wYajhl=f.a wdldrh Wiq,hs' W!
yd ysiajeiquq;a jidf.k ;=kS ;Ügqjlaj nr is;sú,a,lska miqjk njg ielhla
mj;shs' ;ks iqÿ meyeh f.k isá bfhdakd ke;' md¿ fmfoil msysá l=Uqrl iS iEu
fmdgfmd*a kï ßhlre wj;drhla Wfoid k.=,l fhdojd isá tll= bka
fuka fmfkhs' Tyq isrer yels<Sug uqod" l,n,fhka tA fï w; yeisfrk
mq¿jka ;rï folg keó wdikfha ñksiqkaf.ka yd f;drf;dakaÑhla ke;sj
ksYap, j b|f.k isáhs' Tyq bkafka kefÕk Yíofhka hq;a fï ìh Wmojk
ysu lkaola ;ud fj; lvd jegqK;a bka t<sh iys; ysu j.=rg oelal=fjd;a W!g
.e,ùug Wjukdjla ke;a;l= f,isks' fuf,i is;sú,a,lg fkd jeà isàu
tfia u ;ks iqÿ meye;s Tyqf.a wYajhd o ÿIalr fjhs'
bfhdakd;a Tyqf.a l=vd wYajhd;a fndfyda tys l=ula ksid isákafka oehs f;areï
fj,djlska t;kska fi,jqfKa ke;' .ekSug fkdyels jQjl= fuka o wkaÿka
Tjqka ßh kej;=ï fmd<ska msg;ajQfha l=kaÿka ù yqiau ysr jQjl= fuka o Tyq
iekaoEfõ h' tf;la fuf;la Tjqkag uqj whdf.k n,d isáhs'
tl u l=,shl=ÿ fkd ,eìK' ieoE óÿu “Wka Tlafldau keyeÈÉp ;laläæ” hs
k.rh fj; .,d hñka nenf<ñka ks,Odßhd úys¿ lrhs' —ug fmakafka
mej;s myka t<sh iqÿue,s lrhs' ùÈfha Wka l;dfj,d Wfò lr;af;a
f>daIdj o wêl fjhs' “úfnda¾.a mdrg yefmkjd" ke;akï wYajhd bÈßfha ìu
hkakg lr;a;hla”"hs bfhdakdg fmrf<kakg yokjd jf.hs'”
yÈiaisfhka wefihs' “´hs lr;af;a”
bfhdakd ;s.eiafihs' f,dl= lndhla bfhdakd ks,Odßhd foig yeÍ f;d,a
weÕ ,df.k" ysia jeiaula me<| isá u;=rhs' Tyqg lsisjla lSug Wjukd nj
hqoaO ks,Odßhl= Tyqg ysfuka jeiqKq meyeÈ,s lreKls' tfy;a Tyqg msg l<
weys msydgq w;ßka fmfkhs' “úfnda¾.a yels jQfha iqiqula mu‚'
mdrg"” hs ks,Odßhd kej;;a lshhs' “fudkjd@”hs ks,Odßhd wihs'
“tAhs" WU ksÈ o@ úfnda¾.a mdrg huka” bfhdakd úß;a;ñka iskdiS" wudrefjka
bfhdakd leue;a; yeÕùug ysi r¿ y~lska l;d lrhs' “uf.a mq;d fï
fid,jd" f;dakamg w;g .;af;ka iqudfka uereKd”
wYajhdf.a fn,af,ka yd msfgka ysu “yaïæ fudkjd fj,d o uerefKa@”
;Ügq .e,ù jefgkag fjhs' ks,Odßhd
ysu lr;a;fhys b|.kshs¦ ßheÿrd “c#” bfhdakd ks,Odßhd foig uq¿ukska u
lshd fldll= fuka f., Èla fldg" yeÍ l:d lrhs'
o<o~q ll=,a kjd" wúksYaÑ;j .uka “wfka ljqo okafka iuyre lshkafka
lrkakg fuka ierfihs' ikaksmd; WfKhs lsh,d ojia ;=kla
.uk msg;a jQjd;a iu. u" “fldfya o biamsß;df,a ysáhd''' tA;a uereKd' wfma
hflda hkafka@ hkqfjka w÷frka keÕ=Kq lrefu ;uhs'”
lE .eiSula bfhdakdg wefihs' “n,df.k m,hka hflda"” hs w÷frka
y~ kef.hs'“WU ueß, o fnd,"
“fldfyao hflda hkafka@ o-l=-K-g kdlsfhda@ mdr n,df.k m,hka'”
WU olalkak okafk kE' ol=fKka
m,hka"˜ hs ks,Odßhd fldamfhka lE “huq huq”" hs ks,Odßhd lshhs' “fufyu
.ihs' jdykhla ;=<ska ßhlrefjla .sfhd;a wmg fygj;a hkak fjkafka
Tyqg Ydm lrhs' mdr yryd .uka l< keye' álla blauka lrmka'”
u.sfhla" ;udf.a Wrysi wYajhdf.a ßhlre kej;;a f., Èla fldg" fl<ska
kdifhys yemqfKka wYajhd fj; úhre ù b|.ksñka" fkdleue;af;ka fuka
ne,aula fy,d lñi wf;ys jQ ysu li f,,jhs' Tyq lSmjrla u ks,Odßhd
msioud .kshs' bfhdakd lä lEjdla fuka foi yeÍ n,hs' tfy;a weia mshdf.k
wdikfhys ta fï w; weUfrhs' ;j o isá ks,Odßhd ;=< l:djg weyqïlka
Tyq wdikfhka fkd jeà isákakg ;e;a §ug leue;a;la fkd ;sìK' úfnda¾.
lrkakdla fuka je,ñg fid,jhs' ;ud ays § ks,Odßhd ßfhka niajd" ;enEreu
wi, ßh kj;ajd" Tyq ;udf.a wdikfha ;reKhkaf.ka tflla lshhs' “Bfha
WKaä ù" kej;;a fkd fi,aù isáhs' ? fvdkala fudfid*ama,hs f.or §"
mehla''' folla''' .; fjhs' wämdr jiald;a ud;a í/kaä fnda;,a y;rla u
Tiafia ;reKhka ;sfofkla rKavq ysia l<d'”
fjñka ysu im;a;= “l%Sia” hkqfjka “ug f;afrkafka kE WU fï ;rï
woaodf.k t;s' Tjqkaf.ka fofofkla fudkjg ìkak .ykj o lsh,d'” hs
Wihs" ySkaoEßhs" wfkld ñáhs" l=ÿhs' wfkla ySkaoEß tld ;rfyka lshhs'
“tAhs" lr;af;a" fmd,sia md,ugæ” hs “WU ;sßifkla jdf.a fndre lshkjd'”
f.dfrdaiq y~lska l=od lE .ihs' “foúhka m,a,d" uu lshkafka we;a;'”
“wms ;=kafokdg u .%sfjksla folla
fokakïæ” bfhdakd f;dakamg f.k ;¨ “tAl hi we;a;' bífnla mshEUqjd
urhs' .%sfjksla fol .ukg fkdiEfya' jf.hs”
tfy;a rEn,hla jqj;a fldfmla myla “bys" bys"˜ hs bfhdakd úß;a;hs' “fufyu
jqj;a Tyqg kï fjkila ke;' Tyqf.a fi,a,laldr uy;a;=re'”
ßfhka lsisjl= hkag leu;s kï “Yma"lg jyf.k bkak neß o@” l=Þæ
±ka Tyqg fldal;a tlhs' ;reKfhda flaka;sfhka wihs'
yremnia lshñka" tlsfkldf.a wefÕa
“lrÉpf,a" blaukg hkj o keoao@
yefmñka ysu lr;a;h fj; f.dia
Tfydu o ñksfyd olalkafk @ Th
;sfokd u tla jr wdikfha b|.kag
lih álla mdúÉÑ lrmka' huka hflda"
;e;a lr;s' wk;=rej" ljrl= b|.; hq;=
huka" ´lg fyd| yeá §mka'”
o" ljrl= keÕsg isáh hq;= oehs újdohla
msámiska isá l=od weUfrk ieá;a"
mek k.S' Tjqka tlsfkld fndfyda
l:d lrk úg lg fjõ,k ieá;a"
fõ,djla wvonr lr .ekSfuka yd nek
bfhdakdg oefkhs' Tyq ;ud fj; t,a,
.ekSfuka miq wka;sfï § l=Þ ñá neúka
lrk ,o wmydij,g weyqïlka fohs'
ke.sg isáh hq;= nj;a wfkla fofokd
ñksiqka olshs' álska ál Tyqf.a yqol,d
b|.; hq;= nj;a ;SrKh fjhs'
.;sh my ù hhs' l=od fkdkj;ajd u l<
“oeka b;ska blauka lrmka"” hs l=od wj,doh kej;=fKa È. Ydmhla lrkag
ßhlre wi, isg .ksñka Tyqf.a fn,a, f.dia th mg,jd .ekSfuka fydA lyskag
foig iqiqï fy<d" kyfhka fld÷rhs' f.dia yqiau ysrùfuka fyda mu‚'
“kdls rd<" Wfò f;dmamsfha yeá uq`M ySkaoEß ;reKhska fofokd lsishï
mSg¾ian¾.a kqjr u kE TÉpr ln,a kfÊvd fmfg%dõkd kï ;re‚hl
f;dmamshla fydhd .kak''æ .ek l:d lrkag fj;s' bfhdakd Tjqka
“bys'''bys'''bys'''˜hs bfhdakd úß;a;hs' foi lSm úgla u yeÍ n,hs' Tyq Tjqka
fufyu'''” fudfyd;lg ksy~ jk ;=re n,d isg"
“Wfò ‘fufyu’ l;dj kj;a;,d kej;;a wdmiq yeÍ fldÿrhs'
blauka lrmka' WU .uk tfyumsáka u “uf.a mq;d''' uf<a''' fï iqudfk'”
hkafka fï úÈhg o@ wE ñksfyda @'''''WUg “wms ljqre;a uefrkjd"” hs l=Þ
fudl=;a ´kE fj,d o@” leiailska fmf<kag ù f;d<lg
“uf.a T¿j mef,kag yokjdæ” ySkaoEß msi oud" iqiqï fy<hs' “b;ska blauka
lrmkaæ uy;a;=reks" ug kï ;j;a fï jqj;a th wkka; wm%udK ÿlls' Tyqf.a
úÈhg bkak nE' fï ñksyd wms fldhs yoj; ì£" fYdalh .,d .sfhd;a" th
fj,djl tlal hdú o@˜ f,dalh mqrd me;sÍ hkakg ;rï jk nj
“tfyu kï ñksyf. fn,a,g fmdâvla Tyqg oefkhs' tfy;a th lsisfjla fkd
l=;a;= lrkjdæ” oks;s' fkd jeo.;a l=vd ismams lgqjla
“tAhs jOlhd" WUg weyqK o" Wfò ;=< ieÕù isákakg iu;a jQ neúka th
fn,a, lvkjd WUg ´kjg jeäh lsisjl=g oj,a ld,fha myka t<shlskqÿ
i,lkak .sfhd;a wmsg mhska hkakhs fkd fmfkhs'
fjkafk” bfhdakd yK frÈ j.hla fmdrjdf.k
isá f.j,a uqrlrejl= oel" Tyq iuÕ
bfhdakd fj; t,a, lrk ,o fï l;d nyg ierfihs'
myrj,a Tyqf.a is;g jvd lhg ±fkhs'
“bys" bys"”hs Tyq iskdfihs' “uqkakeye,d “hd¿jd oeka fj,dj lShg weoao@” hs Tyq
fi,a,laldr ;reK uy;a;=re wihs'
Wkakeye,dg fohshkaf.a msysghs'” “kuh myqfj,d WU fudlo kej;s,d
“wE ñksfyd WU lido ne|, o@˜ hs bkafk' m,hka hkak'”
ySkaoEß tflla wihs' bfhdakd wä lSmhla bÈßhg f.dia"
“uu@ bys" bys" fi,a,laldr uy;a;=refka WKaä ù" fYdalhg ;ud .s, .kakg
ug oeka we;af;a uf.a .Eks;a f;; bv yßhs' ñksiqkaf.ka Wmldr
fmd<j;a ú;rhs''' bys" bys"'' tA lshkafk n,dfmdfrd;a;= ùfuka m,la ke;s nj
uf.a fydaïm<hs' uf.a mq;d uereKd' Tyq olshs' ñks;a;= myla .; ùug fmr
uu ;du mK msáka''' tfyu mqÿu fohla fl<ska jQ Tyq ysfia lelal=ula we;s
urejg mdr jeÿKd' ud <Õg tkjd jQjdla fuka ysi Tijd .kshs' wk;=rej
fjkqjg W! mq;d <Õg .shd'''” Tyq f;dakamg .iajd wÈhs' Tyqg th
;j;a bjish fkdyels h' “bia;d,h”" hs
bfhdakd ;u mq;d uereK yeá lSug Tyq is;hs' l=vd wYajhd Tyqf.a is;=ú,a,
msgqmig yereK kuq;a fï fj,dfõ § o f;areï .;a;dla fuka fyñka bÈßhg
l=Þ iqiqula fy<d" “fohshkaf.a msysfgka" .uka lrhs'
hï;ï wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;ekg meh tlyudrlg muK miq" bfhdakd
wdfõ” hs okajhs' w÷f¾ w;=reoykaj hk úYd," wmsßisÿ .sks Wÿkla wi, jeo
Tjqka foi bfhdakd n,d isáhs' kej; fydúhs' .sks Wÿk wi, ìu;a" nxl=
jrla ksixi, Ndjh yqol,d jQ bfhdakd Wv;a ñksiaiq f.drjñka isá;s' tA
.s, .kshs' fudfyd;lg hgm;a ù mej;s wjg >k" WKqiqï" wmsßisÿ jd;h ksid
Tyqf.a fYdalh kej;;a mek kÕS' yqiau .ekSu mjd wmyiqhs' bfhdakd
Tyqf.a yoj; oeä fõ.fhka myrjhs' ksokakjqka foi n,d" weÕ lid .kshs'
Tyq W;aiql uqyqKlska jyd jgmsg n,d fumuK fõ,dikska wdmiq fu;ekg
ùÈfha tyd fuyd hk ckhd w;r ;udg meñŒu .ek Tyq lK.dgq fjhs'
weyqïlka §ug leu;s tl ;eke;a;l=
j;a isà oehs fidhhs' tfy;a ckhd “ug ;du lv, ñ,j;a fydhd .kak
Tyq .ekj;a Tyqf.a ÿl .ekj;a lsisÿ neß jqKd"” hs Tyq is;hs' “tAl ;uhs ug
;elSula ke;sj blauka fldg h;s' tfia fj,d ;sfhkafk' ñksfyl=g ;ukaf.
riaidj fyd|g lrkak mq¿jka kï “.syska uf.a wYajhd n,kag ´kE"” hs
ksoyfia ksokag mq¿jks'” bfhdakd is;hs' “ksod .ekSug ´kE ;rï
uq,a,l je;sÍ isá ;reK ßhlrefjla" fj,d ;sfhkjd' tA .ek nhfjkak
uola keÕsg ksÈuf;a ldrñka j;=r fohla kE'”
mksÜgqj foig wefohs' Tyq lndh ,df.k" wYajhd isák
“WUg j;=r fndkak ´kE o@” hs bfhdakd bia;d,hg hhs' Tyq lv," msÿre yd
´kElñka wihs' ld,.=Kh .ek is;hs' Tyq ;ks jQ úg
“ke;akï” mq;d .ek is;Sug ;rï Yla;shla Tyq
“yqï" fyd| iS;, j;=r fkao@ fï ;=< fkd fjhs' Tyq .ek ´kE u flkl=
u,a,S" WU okakjd o@ uf.a mq;d ueß, iuÕ Tyqg l:d lrkag mq¿jks' tfy;a
oeka''' WUg weyqK o@ fï iqudfk' Tyq .ek is;d Tyqf.a rEmh isf;ys
biamsß;df,''' wd" tAl È. l;djla'” ujd .ekSu kï Tyqg oeßh fkd yels
bfhdakd ;ud mejiQ jpkj,ska l=uk fõokdjls'
m%;sM,hla we;s jQfha oehs oek .ekSug “wE fnd," WU nv mqrjd .kakjd oe@”
;reKhd foi n,hs' tfy;a bka lsis u hs bfhdakd Tyqf.a wYajhdf.a §ma;su;a
m,la ke;s nj Tyq olshs' ;reKhd fk;a hqj, foi n,d wihs' “lula kE"
uQK jid f.k" kej;;a ;o kskafoka nv mqrjd .kska' lv, .ekSug ;rï
miqfjhs' uy,a,d iqiqï fy<d ysi uqo,la fydhd .kag neß jqK;a wmg
lihs' ;reKhd j;=r îu i|yd hï ´kE ;rï msÿre ;sfhkj fkao@ yenEg"
n÷ msmdihlska fm¿fKa o" uy,a,d uu ±ka lr;a; olalkak kdls jeähs'
l;d lsÍu i|yd tn÷ u msmdihlska uf.a mq;dg kï mq¿jka' ug nE" thd
fmf<hs' Tyqf.a mq;d ueÍ iqudkhla kï lshdmq lr;a;ldrhd' wd thd Ôj;a
msfrkag;a hhs' tfy;a tA .ek lsisfjl= j ysáhd kï”
iuÕ ksùyefka l:d lrkag Tyqg bfhdakd fudfyd;la ksy~j isg
wjia:djla fkd ,eìK' Tyqf.a mq;d kej;;a lshhs'
frda.S jQ yeá;a" Tyq ÿla úkao yeá;a" “tfyu ;uhs" ´jd fjkafk" fkao fnd,"
Tyq uefrkag fmr lS foa;a" Tyq ±ka b;ska l=Iaud bfhdaksÉ bjrhs' thd
uereK yeá;a úia;r iys;j ySkaief¾" wmg Ôj;a fjkag bvyer,d .shd' thd
idjOdkj lsj hq;= h' N+uodkh ms<sn| kï ‘fvdla’ .d,d lïuq;= WKd' ys;mka'
ish¨ úia;r;a" .sh .uk;a olajd ,sh Tkak WUg fmdä meáfhla ysáhd" tA
hq;= h' Tyqf.a wekSIshd kï ÿj‚h meáhdf.a wïud WUhs' W! ysá yeáfh
.fï kej;=Kq yeá" wE .ek;a l:d WUj ;ks lr,d WUj w;Er,d .shd' tAl
l< hq;= h' Tyqg lshkag fudl=;a u ÿlhs" fkdfjo fnd,@”
keoao@ hs ksielfhka u ;udf.a l:dj
wid isákakd fYdalfhka uqj whdf.k l=vd wYajhd msÿre ymhs' weyqïlka fohs'
isákag;a" iqiුï fy<kag;a" wkqlïmdj ydïmq;d foig yqiau fy<hs'''
m< lrkag;a fõú' .Ekqka iuÕ tA bfhdakd ;=< we;af;a Wiq,d .; fkd
.ek l:d lf<d;a jvd;a fyd|hs' Wka yels fYdalhls' Tyq l=vd wYajhdg uq¿
fudavhka jqK;a jpk fol lshk úg l;dj u lshhs'
lÿ¿ fy,dú'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' je,mSu flá l;dj ms<sn|j flál;d ,laIK weiqfrka úuiSul fhfokak'
2' wjia:d yd isoaê ukdj ksrEmKh lsÍu je,mSu flál;dfõ id¾:l Ndjhg
fya;= úh' úuikak'
3' je,mSu flál;dfõ we;=<;a mßir j¾Kkd tu ks¾udKfha id¾:l;ajhg
bjy,a ù we;s wdldrh úuikak'
4' w¾: rih yd Ndjd;aul yeÕSï u;=jk mßÈ iÔù wdldrfhka fonia ks¾udKh
lr ;sîu je,mSu flá l;dfõ id¾:l Ndjhg fya;= ù we;' meyeÈ,s lrkak'
5' bfhdakd fYdal fõokd ord .ksñka Ôú;fha h:d¾:hg uqyqK fokakg fjr
ork pß;hls' je,mSu flál;dj weiqfrka újrKh lrkak'

15 Woh
isß .=kisxy ^1925-2017&
ksi|eia ldjH iïm%odh m%p,s;

lrñka kQ;k isxy, moHfha .uka
uf.ys úma,ùh fjkila we;s l<
isrs .=kisxy uy;d uia f,a ke;s
weg" wìkslauk" r;= lel=, yd
wd,lukaodj hkqfjka ldjH ix.%y
y;rla rpkd lf<a h' fld<U hq.fha
uq,a mrmqf¾ lùka yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK
fudyq b;d Rcq f,i úfõpkh lrhs'
fjkia jk f,dalh ;=< udkj yd
iudc ;;a;aj ksrEmKh Wfoid kjH
ldjH wdlD;shl" NdIdjl" w,xldr
Ndú;hl yd mq¿,a jia;= úIhhl
wjYH;dj È.ska È.g u f.kyer
olajhs' ngysr lúfha wdNdih ,nñka
udkj Ôú;fha ksiaidr;ajh flfrys
wjOdkh olajñka lúh úma,ùh fudyq lúh jkdys udkj yd iudc
fjkilg ,la lf<a h' lúfhys w¾: Ôú;j, .eUqre m%ldYkhla njg
rih jvd Wiia .Kfhys ,d ie,l+ m;a lrñka th kQ;kh olajd m%fõY
fyf;u" Ndjuh ixlS¾K;d lúhg lrùfï mqfrda.dó pß;hla njg m;a
wdfoaY lr .ksñka udkj Ôú;fha úh'
yd iudc foayfha tf;la lùkag wei lúhl= muKla fkdj"kjl;dlrejl="
fkd .eiqKq f;audjka kj udkhlska Ñ;%l,d úpdrlhl=" Ñ;%mg
lúhg ke.Sug fm<UqfKa h' Ôú;fha wOHlaIjrhl= o jQ .=kisxy kQ;k
fi!kao¾hd;aul mlaIh muKla isxy, ldjH iïm%odfha úma,ùh
j¾Kkfhys ,d fhÿKqq mQ¾j hq.fha pß;hla f,i ms<s.efka'
lùka ks¾oh úfõpkhg ,la l<

fmrÈ. f.dryeç rl=fida"
uf.a OHdkh wehs lvkafka
ksod .kak fmdfrdjd.;a;
l¨ frÈ fmdg
fudlgo fï
;Srej,g brd oukafk'
l=re,a,kag .,a .y,d
Wka fydògu ìh lr,d
u,a fmdfydÜgq ;s.eiais,d
l÷¨ fy,kjd'
weia fol uu wßkafk kE
;=re¨ lrka Ndjkdj
kej;;a hkakg hkjd
uu
uf.a oeyek f,dalhgu
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ‘Woh’ moH mka;sfhka bosrsm;a flfrk woyi úpdrd;aulj úuikak'

2' ks¾udKh iòyd lúhd Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;s ldfjHdala;s ms<sn| we.hSula
lrkak'
3' wmQ¾j;ajh ks¾udKd;aul idys;H lD;shl id¾:l;ajhg bjy,a jk wdldrh
‘Woh’ lúfm< weiqfrka úuikak'

16 jeiai
.=Kodi wurfialr ^1929&
jD;a;sfhka oka; ffjoHjrhl= jk

.=Kodi wurfialr lúhl= f,i
muKla fkdj flál;dlrejl="
kjl;dlrejl=" idys;H yd iudc
úpdrlhl= f,i o m%lg h' Ndj
.S;" Whkl ys| ,shQ lú" wdj¾ckd"
wu,aìfida" .=re¿j; yd wilaodlj
fudyq úiska rÑ; moH .%ka: w;r fõ'
idïm%odhsl lú u. úfõpkh lrñka
ìys jQ ksi|eia lúh o Bg mQ¾j hq.fha
lúh o oeä úfõpkhg n÷ka l< fudyq"
iïm%odh u; msysgñka mer‚ lúfhys
fkdu| wdNdih;a ck lúfhys ßoau
,laIK yd ks¾jHdc;ajh;a yDoh.%dyS wurfialr iajlSh ks¾udK ms<sn|
NdId yd w,xldr Ndú;h;a weiqßka jqj o b;d kuHYS,S wdl,amhl miq
ixlS¾K iudc yd udkj O¾u;d jqKq lúfhls' mD:q, Ôjk oDIaáhla
újrKh lrkq jia lúh fufyhúh m%ldY l< yels udOHhla jk ksi|eia
hq;= nj oeä fia ms<s.;a lúfhls' lúh foaYSh rduqjla ;=< ia:dmkh
lúfhys NdIdj" ßoauh yd wdlD;sh lrñka kQ;k moH ldjH lafIA;%hg
iïm%odfhka Wlyd .;a idrfhka fudyq odhdo l< kj m%jK;d"
fmdaIKh lsÍu fudyqf.a wkkH;dj j¾;udk lùkag wNskj iïm%odhka
fõ' zmia u;a úß;Z kQ;k lúhg ms<sn| w;a yod ne,Sï isÿ lsÍug m%n,
m%fõY jkafka wurfialrf.a Ndú;h odhl;ajhla iemhqfõ h'
Tiafia h'

ÑÑß Ñß ÑÑß Ñß Wfoa isg weo yef,k
fmdo fkd leã f;; nßj ysßlsf;ka ls,sfmd,k
mdr f;dg" .y fld, o" jidf.k yeu w;sk
jysk jeys jysk jeys fkd mdhk uq¿ oji
f.dfydre uv we`.s,s lre w;r Ñß Ñß .dk
uv lä;s yeu ;ek u uv mdg Èh /÷k
w¿;a mia oeuQ mdr oksy f;la uv tfrk
nekshu o weÕg we,s Wfoa isg f;; nßj
f;uqk frÈ weÕ we¨K ynqre fld, u,smsá o
fodar f.dia yeu ;ek u jlal,ka we,s yeÿk
yeÜg w;a l| l,j f;; froao weÕ t;=j
jysk jeys ;o yq<Õ fkd mdhk uq¿ oji
T¿j flia f;; nßj msg Èf.a jelaflfrk
ld¾ frdafoka Ñßia weÕ mqrd uv bfyk
wdhsu;a ysá .uka ;o lrka tk ie‚k
jysk jeys jysk jeys fkd mdhk uq¿ oji
f.or f.dia we|mq foa fudfyd;lska bjr fldg
;=jdfhka weÕ m; o msy oud ysi flia o
w¨;a irula we|ka WKg WKq f;a j;=r
wef|ys b| WKqyqug fndkafk fldhs fudfydf;oehs
jeys fmdfoys fmÕ=K is; ys; ys;d ,; fõ h
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' .=Kodi wurfialrhkaf.a zjeiaiZ mµ mka;sh ir, wkqN=;shla mdol lr .;a;

o .eUqre oDIaáhla újrKh lrkakls' fï ms<snò Tfí woyia úpdrd;aulj
olajkak'
2' .=Kodi wurfialrhkaf.a by; oelajqKq mµ mka;sh id¾:l mµ mka;shla
f,i w.h l< yels h' úuikak'
3' f;audjg WÑ; NdId Ndú;h fï lú fmf<a úfYaI;ajhls; ksoiqka iys;j
myokak'

17 mq;= bmÿKq fï forfKa
uy.u fialr ^1929-1976&
m%;sNdmQ¾K lúhl= muKla fkdj .S;

rplhl=" kjl;dlrejl=" Ñ;% Ys,amshl=
yd Ñ;%mg wOHlaIjrhl= o jQ uy.u
fialr úiska rpkd lrk ,o ldjH
ix.%y w;r ilajd ,sys‚" fyg brla
mdhhs" ula ksid o h;a" rdc;s,l ,hk,a
yd m%shka;" fndaäu" fkdñfhñ" m%nqoaO
wd§ ldjH ks¾udK rpkd lr we;'
iïm%odh yd kùk;ajh iïnkaO
uOHia: wdl,amhl miq jQ fudyq"
fld<U lúfhys tkï i|eia lúfhys
yd ksi|eia lúfhys idOkSh yd
ksfYaOkSh ,laIK ukdj wjfndaO lr
.ksñka Ñrka;k ldjH iïm%odfhys ms<sn| w;ayod ne,Sfuys ksr; úh'
idrh;a ngysr ldjH iïm%odfhys zm%nqoaOZ fudyqf.a ldjH ks¾udK
.eUqre Ñka;kh;a cklúfhys w;=ßka w.%M,h f,i ie,flk w;r
ks¾jHdc" ir," iqLkuH Ndjh;a j¾;udk ;;ajh olajd lúh m%fõY
iajlSh lúfhys fkdu|j Ndú; lrùfï yerjqï ,laIHh f,i uy.u
lrñka kjH;u ldjH m%fõYhla fialr lúhd ye¢kaúh yels h'
mq;= bmÿKq fï fmdf<dfõ

Wreuh mq;=ghs
ta fmdf<dfõ To f;o .=K
mq;=yg msysghs

úydr uy uE‚jreka
bmÿKq fmdf<djhs
uoaÿu nKavdr mq;=ka
bmÿKq fmdf<djhs
rdisy uyfika foú÷ka
bmÿKq fmdf<djhs
ñka u;=jg ta fmdf<dfõ
Wreuh mq;=ghs
uy iE rka fld; uqÿfka
.k rka lsrKhs
isßud fnda uev fijfka
isys,e,a mjkhs
o<od ysñ /¢ úufka
nqÿ/ia oyrhs
yeuod yeu ÿla ÿr,d
mq;= is; ikihs
i;r w;ska uqyqo keÕS

mjqre iod,hs
fjr< È.ska uq;= u;=ù
hii Wod fjhs
fmdf<dj m,d ñ‚ rejkska
biqre .,d ths
fmdf<dj tjka mq;= Wrefuka
,enqj ksodkhs
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' zmq;= bmÿKq fï forfKaZ foaYdNsudkS ye`.Sï okjk ks¾udKhls' fï woyi

;yjqre lrkak'
2' lúhd Ndú; lr we;s ßoauh fï lú fmf<a id¾:l;ajhg bjy,a ù we;s

wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

18 Èidm;s lduf¾ § h
fudksld rejkam;srK ^1946-2004&
fudksld rejkam;srK hkq 70 oYlfha

lùka w;r jQ m%lg u lsú¢h hs' 1971 §
wms fokakd iy ;j;a lsysm fofkla
kï ldjH ix.%yh ksl=;a lrñka
ldjH lafIa;%hg m%úIag jQ fudksld
rejkam;srK ;ykï foaYhlska
^1972&" Tfí fhfy<sh weh .eyeksh
^1975&" wx.=,sud,f.a isysk ^1979&" úis
jil fYAI m;%h ^1992&" wika m;a;sks
foaj;dù ^1999&" ysfmdl%áia iy
frda.sksh ^2003& iy w¨;a u isyskh
^2003& hk ldjH .%ka: Tiafia iajlSh
ldjH m%;sNdj m%lg l<d h' flál;d
rÑldjl fuka u" idys;H úpdßldjl
o jQ weh ia;%sh fjkqfjka y`vla ke`.+
lsúòshls' ldjH wka;¾.;fhys jk i¾jld,Sk
w.h" fmdÿ nj" Rcq iudc n,mEu
mj;akd iudc l%uh ;=< l,, fya;=fjka wef.a lúh jvd;a m%n,
wjia:dfõ isg úhm;aj ñhefok ;=re f,i iyDo yo ii, lrhs' .cuka
ia;%shlg w;a ú£ug isÿ jk wfkalúO fkdakdf.ka miq ìys jQ m%Yia;u
widOdrKlï ms<sn| y`v k.ñka lsú¢h fudksld rejkam;srK h hkak
ia;%shf.a brKu m%Yak lsÍu Wfoid fndfyda úpdrlhkaf.a u;hhs'
weh iajlSh lúh fufyh jQjd h'

tla hq.hl Ôjkfha ir;i ksjq ud iqñ;=r
ÿr ys¢kd Tn olskak wdfhñ È.= l,lg miq
nuk úÿ,s mxldfjka jd .en le<fUk y~ ñi

t i| Tfí uqjz. ke.=Kq ido f;mq,a kEfia ug
fïih u; ,sms f.dkq /i iq<fÕ fkdhd § rlsñka

ta u; ys¢kd ., fia ud wìhi ksy~h Tn
ì;a;sfh we;s fiahd rE tlsfkl tì tî n,hs

ke;sfhka Tfn j; yi/,s ufoi n,d iskd k.hs
ndf,a wms .ï fodr fl<s u~q¨ ueÈka wd .ufka

uyfoa we¢ Tfn is;=ju fldys ieÕú‚ oehs fkdoefka
tl hq.hl Ôjkfha ir;i ksjq ud iqñ;=r

Tn wi,ska neyerg hñ l=ug o Tnf.a wjir@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ‘Èidm;s ldurfha § h’ ks¾udKhg mdol ù we;s w;a±lSu meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' Ñ;a; rEm uefjk NdIdjla fhdod .ksñka ;u woyi .uH lsÍug lsú`Èh oerE
W;aidyh ‘Èidm;s ldurfha § h’ mµ mka;sh weiqfrka úuikak'
3' “ ‘Èidm;s ldurfha §’ id¾:l mµ mka;shls'” úuikak'

19 u`.
r;ak YS% úfÊisxy ^1953&
uy.ufialrf.ka miq lúh yd .S;h

wrnhd mq¿,a ks¾udK odhl;ajhla
iemhQ 70" oYlfha ldjH ks¾udK
lafIa;%hg wj;S¾K j 80 oYlfha
§ biau;= jQ m%n, lúfhl= f,i
r;ak YS% úfÊisxy ie,lsh yels h' lúh
yqÿ ufkdaNdj ksrEmKfhka Tíng
.uka .;a" iuld,Sk iudc h:d¾:h
ksrEmKh lsÍfuys fuj,ula njg
m;alr.;a r;ak YS%" ,dxflah iudc
foayh mßK; oDIaáhlska ksrEmKh
lrk lúfhls' kj lúfhys oDYHuh
wjldYh mq¿,a lsÍu" kjH wdlD;s"
m%ia;+;hg WÑ; NdId Ndú;h yd
jvd mD:q, jQ wka;¾.;hla lúhg
y÷kajd§u r;ak YS% úfÊisxyf.a
lúfha úfYaI;d fjhs'
wd;;sh yd ;r.ldß;ajh u; Èú
1979 § zìh fkdjka whshKaäZ kï f.jk udkj Ôú;j, fN!;sl yd
ldjH ix.%yh Tiafia ldjH lafIa;%hg wdOHd;añl h:d¾:h;a udkj fma%uh
m%úIag jQ fudyq jiaidfka ^1985& iqn m%uqL il,úO mqoa., in|;d;a Tyqf.a
WoEik ^1988& i,a .y hg ^1996& ;re ;shqKq úuiqug ,la fjhs' m%pdrljd§
,l=K ^1997& uOHu hduh ^2005& m%jK;d wka;¾.; l,dfjys ksu.ak
ikaOHd ;S¾:h ^2010& yd kslsKs jeiai fkdjQj o iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<sn|
^2012& hk ldjH ix.%y m%ldYhg m;a .eUqre yd mD:q, oDIaáhla fudyqf.a
fldg ;sfí' ks¾udK fj;ska m%lg fjhs' iïNdjH
80 oYlfha mqfrda.dó lúhl= jQ fudyq idys;Hh ;=<ska ,;a YslaIKh;a ck
isxy, ldjH lafIa;%hg fuka u isxy, idys;Hfhka Wlyd.;a yDoh.%dyS nj;a
.S; lafIa;%hg jvd m%n, ks¾udK tla;eka jQ ixhuYS,S m%n, lúhl=
odhl;ajhla iemhQ .S mo rplfhls' f,i fudyq iyDohdg ióm fjhs'
mßfNdackjd§ wd¾Ólh wìuqj

uÕla kï
mshjr u;ska
mshjr ;nd
;ekQ uÕla u hs
w;r uÕ <; fkdù
uqj fÞr fidhd hk
.Õla u hs
ish oyia
flda fõ yuqjkd
ux ikaê miqjk
w;jkd
oyila fokd
tl mshjßka
oyila fhdÿka ÿr
wrUkd
uÕlg fÞila fkdlshka
ke; Bg ksis ldrKd
wïn,ï
úis;=re i,amsf,ka
jgrjqï
mÈld u,a jefgka
fijK¨ iok
;=re,sh fm<ska
ieÈ fomi ukrï - fidankd
fudfyd;l bisUq
,nkd úkd
ke; w;ru.
k;rjk jdikd
uÕla kï
tA uÕla u hs
fkduÕla fkdfjhs
uÕ kj;skd
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ‘u`.’ lú fmf<ka biau;= flfrk Ôjk oDIaáh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' ldjHd,xldr Ndú;fha § lúhd olajd we;s olaI;dj ‘u`.’ mµ mka;sh
weiqfrka úuikak'

20 ldka;dr .ul Wm;
kkaok ùrisxy - 1954
80 oYlfha ldjH lafIa;%hg msúi 90

oYlfha § m%lg lúhl= jQ kkaok
ùrisxy j¾;udkh olajd wLKavj
ldjHlrKfhys ksr; jkafkls'
.sx.fÕa ú,dmh ^1984& kï ldjH
ix.%yh m%ldYhg m;a lrñka ldjH
lafIa;%hg msúis fudyq lsßiqj|e;s
rd;s%hla ^1990& i;Hldu kï fjñ
^1994& .sr. ^1997& uy;a i| msks
ìf|l ^2009& iyia /ia hg ^2011&
hk iaj;ka;% ldjH lD;s fuka u Èis
wÈis ^2013& kñka weußld jld ldjH
mßj¾;khla o isÿ lr ;sfnhs'
OfkaYajr l%uh;a iu. iudc"
wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl
m%mxphkays isÿ jQ fjkialï b;d
ishqïj .%yKh lr .ksñka .eUqre
Ôjk oDIaáhlska hq;=j udkj yd iudc ixlaIsma;;dj lúhg wdfrdamKh
Ôú; újrKfhys ksu.ak jk kkaok lrñka kjH ldjH wdlD;s ms<sn|
ùrisxyf.a mµ ishqï foaYmd,ksl w;ayod ne,Sïys ksr; jk fudyq"
oDIaáhlska hqla; ùu úfYaI;ajhls' ngysr ixCIsma; lúfhka o wdNdih
,enQ lúhl= f,i y`ÿkd.; yels h'

f.dfâ lkafo uQl,dk lïmd lrñkafka
rEiaifhls ? md`Mj ì|f.k weo jegqfKa
wv kskafo u mka meÿrg WKq l÷<la ye¨fKa
uQl,dk mia jeáhla ù ySfkka fmkqfKa
hi orejka f.k welfhka lemqj;a fkdief,kafka
ÿla lror fldaáhla u .s,f.k yskefykafka
ish;ska ur úm; lák ñksiqka olsñkafka
uyd mqreIhl= jdf.a lkao ke.S bkafka
msreKq f,dßh .ï fÞrlv mshux lr hkjd
mdr jqK;a ysßyerhla kE Tfy ksÈhkjd
mef,a jy, weo ye<s,d udihla u fjkjd
mrd, ;=klg whshd ysf¾ yqyqx ,kjd
fmdfrdj" lsh; l¨jf¾ u mK wdjd f,isfka
uf. weÕ Wv mÜg,a ne| lmkq brkq jekafka
fohshkaf.a u,a,s,dg foúfhd u /jfgkafka
ldka;dr .u udhsï ;j;a mq`M,a fjkafka
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' wd¾Ól jdis wfmalaIdfjka ñksiqka lrk l%shdldrlï ksid iajNdj O¾uhg
jk ydksh wmQ¾j;ajfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug kkaok ùrisxy lúhdf.a ‘ldka;dr
.ul Wm;’ mµ mka;sh iu;a ù we;' úuikak'
2' kkaok ùrisxy lúhdf.a m%;sNdj ‘ldka;dr .ul Wm;’ mµ mka;sh weiqfrka
úuikak'
3' ‘ldka;dr .ul Wm;’ ks¾udKfha § lúhd Ndú; lr we;s wdlD;sh yd NdId
ú,dih ms<snò we.hSula lrkak'


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isxy,

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

Published by: Educational Publications Department

2' fk,ald m%idÈks mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"

NdIdj Wmfhda. lr .ksñka rih ckkh lrk l,dj" idys;Hh f,i

isxy, idys;H b;sydih úuiSfï § th “ridiajdo” hk jok ielfikafka"

2 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 3

10 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

12 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

;j o oin,OdÍ jQ iqrdiqrjrpl%pdre Èj i¿ ls¨gq ùu h" YÍrh ÿ¾j¾Khg

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 15

20 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 21

36 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

oin,OdÍ - Yla;s úfYaI oyhla orkakd jQ

mßpqïì; - ism .kakd ,o

38 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 39

uqj fmd,a,kag - uqj megjqkag

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 41

W!re hq.,la - l,jd hqj,la

iujdfhka - tlg ne£ mj;akd

42 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

;s%uo .,s; - ;=ka ;eklska uo c,h je.=reKq ^fo lïuq, yd ryiÕ&

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 43

44 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wiïNskak - fkd levqKq$fkdì÷Kq

iQ¾hjxY m%iQ; - iQ¾h jxYfhys Wmka

f.!rù¾h úl%u iukaú; - Y+r" ùr" úl%u hk .=Kdx.j,ska hqla;

mxpdx.sl - wx. mylska hqla;

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 45

46 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

oe<s /jq¨ wkaoï ;sîï - wkaoï ;nd oe<s /jq,a lemSu

oY fï ;eka msßjrd - ;k;=re ,enQ oi msßila msßjrd

48 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

jgd Èj mek - jfÜg ÿjñka bj;g mek f.dia

i¾j{;d {dk - ish,a, okakd kqjK$nqoaO;ajhg m;a jk wjia:dfõ

wm ,d ,d wd rlj,a ke;s fyhska - wm úiska ;nd wd jia;=jlg fhdok ,o wdrlaIdjla ke;s

50 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 51

iqNdIs;h ,sùfï wruqKq lD;sfha u i|yka fõ' md,s" ixialD; fkd

1' ke f`. ; ;a wjr .sr.ska Èklr u`v,

2' fld f; la fjfyi ,ÿj;a iqofkda mjr

3' ms ka u | mq;=ka ishhla ,ÿj;a ksire

4' ú mq, .=Ke;s uy;=ka yg m;a úm;

úmq, - uy;a ksi, ke‚ka - ;ekam;a kqj‚ka

5' l=¨Kq .=‚ka hq;= W;=uka is; uyre

uyre - udyeÕs ^b;d jákd&

54 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

Èhfk; - iQ¾hhd uyre lsr‚ka - udyeÕs rYañfhka

7' re ÿ re .sks l|la .;a if|ys jkZ;=re

8' k mq re l,g i; yg meñfK; fjfyi

kmqre l,g - krl ld,hg ;Uqre jkh - fk¨ï ú,

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 55

9' l= ß re f.dr imqkaf.a o<Zf.ys úih

;=~Zf.ys - ;=v fl<jr kqyqiqjka - f.dakqiaika

10' m r is ÷ mnq okka fiú mu‚ka uyre