Past Papers Analysis Criminology

Section-I (25 Marks)
Introduction
Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal.
II. Understanding Criminology
Definition, meaning and scope of criminology, Criminology and criminal law, Crime as
social problem, Crime and social organization, related concepts: Deviance, Sin and
Vice
1. Explain the nature and importance of Criminology in detail.

2. Write a critical note on the increasing importance of Criminology in Pakistan. Also
discuss the historical development of criminology as a scientific discipline.
3. Define Criminology. Discuss the scope of criminology in Pakistan.
4. What is your position on the nature vs nurture debate in criminology?
5.
III. Crime and Criminals

Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime,
Organized crime, corporate crimes.
1. Define the term Crime and Criminals. Explain the types of Criminals in detail.
2. Write a short note on White-collar crime. ……16
IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives

Early explanation of criminal behavior
Classical School
Positivist School (Biological and Psychological Explanations)
Positivist School (Sociological Explanation)
Social Disorganization theory
Strain theory
Social Control theory
Learning theory
Labeling Theory
Islamic perspective
1. Enlist the criminological perspectives. Briefly describe the three criminological
perspectives on the study of crime and criminal behavior.
2. What is the Islamic perspective on crime and punishment? Explain your answer with the
help of proper examples.
3. Travis Hirschi argued that crime results when an individual’s bond to society is weak or
broken. Discuss in detail what this theory of social bonding explains about crime.
4. Discuss the fundamental postulates of Edwin Sutherland’s ‘Differential Association
theory’ with examples.
5. Define and explain the following concepts:
(a) Left realism and right realism
(b) Phrenology and Physiognomy
(c) Corporal punishment and capital punishment
(d) Sociology of Law, Criminal Etiology and Penology
Section- II (25 Marks)

V. Juvenile Delinquency
Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender,
Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
1. Write short notes on:

(a)Causes of Juvenile delinquency in Pakistan
(b)Probation and Parole ……..17
2. What is juvenile delinquency? Explain the nature, extent and causes of juvenile
delinquency in Pakistan. Suggest remedial measures for reducing juvenile delinquency in
Pakistan.
3. Write a comprehensive note on the risk and protective factors of juvenile delinquency in
Pakistan.
VI. Juvenile Justice System

Role of police
Juvenile court process:
pretrial, trial and sentencing
Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
Juvenile correctional institutions, probation and non-punitive alternatives
1. Write a note on the role of Crime Control Agencies.

2. Write a comprehensive note on the Juvenile justice system of Pakistan. Suggest measures
for the improvement of Juvenile justice system of Pakistan.
3. Discuss some of the functions and responsibilities of Juvenile Justice System. Do you
believe that Juvenile Justice has played its role in prevention of juvenile crimes in
Pakistan?
VII. The Criminal Justice System:

Police and its role
Trial and Conviction of Offenders
Agencies: formal and informal
Criminal courts: procedures and problems
Role of prosecutors
Prisons, Probation and Parole
1. Define the term Probation and discuss the conditions of Probation.

2. Write a short note on probation and parole. ……..17
3. Trace back the history and development of police organization in Pakistan.
VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals

Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.
1. How far recidivism has been limited by the institution of prison? Explain some of the
modern strategies used in prison for the restoration and reintegration of criminals.
2. What is recidivism? What kind of institutional modern strategies could be used for the
reintegration of the criminals in Pakistan?
Section- III (25 Marks)

IX. Criminal Investigation
Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation, Intelligence
operations, Data base investigation, Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation
1. Enlist and discuss the principles of Criminal Investigation.

2. Write a comprehensive note on the principles of criminal investigation. Illustrate with
examples from Pakistan.
3. What is Criminal investigation? Explain the key principles of criminal investigation.
4. How the forensic science is a helpful tool in the modern day for determining and
detection of violent crimes?
5. Define criminal investigation and its principles. Highlight with examples the importance
of modern techniques used for crime detection in Pakistan.
X. Techniques of Investigations
Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation techniques,
Criminal investigation analysis,
1. Discuss in detail the “Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques” of investigation.

2. Define and differentiate interviewing and interrogation techniques. How far human rights
of criminals are being violated during the interrogation process?
XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators

Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure.
1. Elaborate importance of legal and ethical guidelines for the criminal investigation of
gender based crimes. Support your answer with example from Pakistani society.
XII. International Policing Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations

UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.
1. To what extent Interpol has been successful in reducing organized crime at international
level. Discuss
2. The International Criminal Police Organization- ICPO, INTERPOL was founded in 1914
with the founding principle to coordinate efforts relating to international police
cooperation. How do you see the role of INTERPOL for reducing money laundering with
special reference to Pakistan?
Section- IV (25 Marks)
XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
Intelligence-led Policing
Community Policing
Private Public Partnership
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially Children, Women and Minorities
and the role of civil society and NGOs
Money-laundering
Cyber Crime
Role of NAB, FIA, ANF
1. Write a detailed note on Cyber Crime.
2. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
(a) Money laundering
(b) White –collar crime ………16
(c) Criminal law
3. Write a critical note on the role of law enforcement agencies in the control of terrorism in
Pakistan. Suggest measures to minimize radicalization in Pakistan.
4. Write notes on:
(a) Money-laundering in Pakistan
(b) Gender and Crime
5. Intelligence-led policing has become an effective model of policing in tackling organized
crime. Discuss the background and key principles of intelligence-led policing.
6. Discuss the laws and institutional arrangements for controlling money laundering in
Pakistan.
7. Cybercrime is increasing at national and international levels. Suggest some measures to
control this kind of crime.
8. How do violent crimes affect social fabric of Pakistani society? Discuss some of the
modern policing strategies for prevention and control of the violent crimes in Pakistan.
9. Keeping in view the social learning perspective in criminology, discuss how terrorists use
internet as a tool to reinforce their ideology among youth in Pakistan.
10. Explain the institutional corrections and alternative community corrections strategies in
detail. Support your answer with examples where appropriate.

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Section-I (25 Marks)

1. Explain the nature and importance of Criminology in detail.

III. Crime and Criminals

IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives

Section- II (25 Marks)

1. Write short notes on:

VI. Juvenile Justice System

1. Write a note on the role of Crime Control Agencies.

VII. The Criminal Justice System:

1. Define the term Probation and discuss the conditions of Probation.

VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals

Section- III (25 Marks)

1. Enlist and discuss the principles of Criminal Investigation.

1. Discuss in detail the “Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques” of investigation.

XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators

XII. International Policing Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations

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