LAS Physical Science Week 4

Physical Science 12
Biological Macromolecules
3rd Quarter
Week 4
Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
Competency:
o Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions.
S11/12PS-IIIe-22
Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have:

o Identify the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins.
o Discuss the functions and properties of the structures of biological
macromolecules; and
o Appreciate the importance of biological macromolecules in our daily life.
Learner’s Tasks
Lesson Overview
Macromolecules
Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of
functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. Nutrients are the molecules that
living organisms require for survival and growth but animals and plants cannot synthesize themselves.
Animals obtain nutrients by consuming food, while plants pull nutrients from soil. Foods such as
bread, fruit, and cheese are rich sources of biological macromolecules. The four major classes of
biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Many critical nutrients are biological macromolecules. The term “macromolecules” was first
coined in the 1920’s by Nobel Laurete Herman Staudinger. He was the first to propose that many large
molecules are built by covalently linking smaller biological molecules together.
Living organisms are made up of chemical building blocks. All organisms are composed of a
variety of these biological macromolecules. Each of these types of macromolecules performs a wide
array of important functions within the cell; a cell cannot perform its roles within the body without
many different types of these crucial molecules.
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Proteins Amino acids
Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic acids Nucleotides
A. Carbohydrates
o Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. They are present in human,
animal tissue, plant and in micro-organisms. Carbohydrates are also present in tissue fluids,
blood, milk, secretion and excretions of animals.
o Sugars can be categorized into three namely: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and
polysaccharide.
Monosaccharide The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood sugar.
Disaccharide This is composed of two simple sugars like sucrose, which is a table
sugar and made of glucose and fructose bonded together.
Polysaccharide It is made of series of bonded glucose molecules like starch. Starchy

foods are eaten such as potatoes and pasta, enzymes in the body breaks
them down and this makes glucose available as a nutrient for your cells.
General Functions of Carbohydrates

o ➢ STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen)
o ➢ Main SOURCE of energy in the body (glycogen)
o ➢ Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat.
 Structural basis of many organisms
1. Cellulose of plants
2. Exoskeleton of insects
3. Cell wall of microorganisms
 Components of several animal structure and plant structures (cartilage, tendons)
 Carbohydrates are components of blood group substances.
 Ascorbic acid, a derivative of carbohydrate is a water-soluble vitamin.
B. Proteins
o The term protein is from the Greek proteios, or “primary”. These molecules appear in very
diverse structures. Proteins are composed of hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen
(N) and sometimes sulfur (S).
o Proteins function for bodily growth, repair, and replacement of cells and enzymes catalyze
cellular chemical reactions.
o The basic unit of protein is the amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks that form
polypeptides and ultimately proteins. Consequently, they are fundamental components of our
bodies and vital for physiological functions such as protein synthesis, tissue repair and
nutrient absorption.
o There are about 20 common amino acids although thousands of amino acids exist in nature.
Amino acids join together in a covalent bond (sharing of electrons) known as peptide bond. If
two amino acids join together, they form peptide.
o Proteins are made up of long chain of amino acids, hence also called as “polypeptides”.
Table 2: List of essential and non-essential amino acids.
Not all amino acids can be synthesized by our body. They must be obtained from food in order for us
to make proteins and to survive. These amino acids are called essential amino acids that are readily
available in our body and considered non-essential amino acids.
Two most important functions of proteins:

1. Structural Proteins- Proteins are the major structural components of most living tissues. They
function for growth, repair and replacement of tissues.
2. Catalytic Proteins- These are the enzymes ( catalyst) which increase the rate of biological
reactions inside the living organisms.
Figure 4: Amino Acid Structure

Source: http://chubbyrevision-a2level.weebly.com/amino-acids.html
Figure 5: Polypeptide
Structure
Source:https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/introduction-protein classificationebi/protein-classification
General Functions of Proteins

1. Transport substances in the body, such as hemoglobin transports oxygen.
2. Enzymes which catalyze chemical reactions in the body.
3. Defense function such as immunoglobulin
(antibodies).
4. Hormones are proteins. That control many biochemical events. Example is insulin (a
hormone made by pancreas that allows the body to use sugar (glucose) from
carbohydrates in the food that is eaten for energy or to store glucose for future use.
Insulin helps keep the blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too
low (hypoglycemia).
5. Contraction of muscles. E.g. Muscle proteins (actin and myosin)
6. Gene expression. They control gene expression and translation e.g. histones.
7. Nutrient and storage e.g. albumen of egg, casein of milk, Ferritin that stores iron.
8. Proteins acts as buffers e.g. Plasma proteins 9. Proteins function as anti-vitamins e.g.
Avidin of egg.
10. Proteins are infective agents.
C. Lipids
o Lipids are hydrophobic molecules like fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
o They function as energy storage, water proofing, membrane structure, and some hormones.
o Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid tails and glycerol head.
o Lipids are biological compounds that consist of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. These non-
polar molecules are insoluble in water but soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform or other
organic solvents.
o These molecules are considered as the highest form of energy reserve and long-term energy
storage. They are twice the energy as carbohydrates.
Some examples of Lipids:

a. Triglycerides which include fats and oils
Saturated Fats- These molecules contain fatty acids which all of the carbon-carbon bonds
are single bonded. Most animal fats are solid at room temperature. Reminder: We should
limit these in our diet because they contribute to heart disease due to plaque depositions
in arteries-a cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis.
Examples: Bacon, meat, oils, sour cream and butter
Unsaturated Fats- These molecules have fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon bond
is double bond. These are liquid at room temperature which the fat molecules don’t stack
tightly together. They are from the plant, vegetable and fish fats. Plant and fish fats are
liquid at room temperature and are known as oils.
b. Waxes- These are long-chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather than glycerol. These
molecules form protective coatings on the leaves of plants and the skins of animals.
c. Phospholipids- These are main component of the cell membrane. They have a phosphate group
bonded to one of the fatty acid chains, making the molecules hydrophilic.
d. Hormones and Steroids which include Cholesterol- these are lipids with carbon rings. Steroids
are formed by different functional groups attached to the rings. One of the important steroids is
the cholesterol, which is an important component of cell membrane. Many of these steroids are
hormones such as sex hormones including testosterone and estrogen.
Think about it:

Predict which of the following would contain saturated fatty acids and which would contain
unsaturated fatty acids:
1. Dairy products like cheese and butter ________________.

2. Olive Oil___________________________________
3. Bacon grease _____________________________________
D. Nucleic Acid
➢ These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers. Nucleotides build nucleic acids
which are made up of three parts: phosphate, sugar group (deoxyribose and ribose) and
nitrogen-containing base. The nitrogen bases are rings of carbon and nitrogen that come in
two types: purines (a type of nitrogenous base made of 2 rings, and can only pair with a
pyrimidine) and pyrimidines (a type of nitrogenous base made of one ring and can only
pair with purine).
Table 2: Types of Nitrogen Bases
There are two types of Nucleic Acids:

1. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) –These molecules have two strands that twisted around
an imaginary axis to form a double helix. They provide the template for all the
information necessary to every new life. DNA codes determine the sequence of the amino
acids.
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- RNA molecule is a single polynucleotide chain. Nitrogenous
base Uracil links to adenine instead of thymine. This store and transfers genetic
information for making proteins.
Figure 6: Structure of DNA and R NA

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-
moleculargenetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis-review
Table 3: Comparison between DNA and RNA
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/7604875/
Figure 7: Structure of DNA and RNA
Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-basic-unit-of-DNA-called
What is DNA made of?
o DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains phosphate

group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base (adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and
cytosine (C)
o Nitrogenous bases adenine (A)-thymine (T) and guanine (G)-cytosine (C) form the base
pairs A-T and G-C.
A base pair is a one of the pairs A-T or G-C. Notice that each base pair consists of a purine
and a pyrimidine.
The nucleotides in a base pair are complementary which means their shape allows them to
bond together with hydrogen bonds. The A-T pair forms two hydrogen bonds.
Activity 1.
Read and Match
Direction. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer before the given
number.
Column A Column B
1. These molecules have two strands that twisted around an a. Waxes

imaginary axis to form a double helix.
2. They have a phosphate group bonded to one of the fatty acid b. Structural
chains, making the molecules hydrophilic. Protein
3. These are long-chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather c. DNA
than glycerol.
4. These molecules contain fatty acids which all of the carbon-carbon d. Saturated Fats
bonds are single bonded.
5. These molecules are considered as the highest form of energy e. Carbohydrates
reserve and long-term energy storage.
6. STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen). Main SOURCE f. Phospholipids
of energy in the body (glycogen).
7. They function for growth, repair and replacement of tissues. g. Nucleic Acid
8. These stores and transfers genetic information for making proteins. h. RNA
9. The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood i. Monosaccharide

sugar.
10. These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, j. Lipids
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Activity 2.1 Label the parts.

Direction: Label the diagram of the nucleotide below.
Activity 2.2
Direction: Identify the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
References
Book:
Cudera, Rizalyn B., Carreon, Hazel G., Morales, Normeliza E., 2016. “Physical Science for Senior High School”.
MUTYA Publishing House Inc., Philippines. pp.52-56
Webpages:
Amino Acids http://chubbyrevision-a2level.weebly.com/amino-acids.html (accessed date July 24, 2020)
Carbohydrates https://www.google.com/search?
q=structure+of+carbohydrates+ppt&sxsrf=ALeKk03s5ed9RzOVq8Kyedr4OqOBIeHIQ:1595
560132496&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi546j
X9OTqAhVky4sBHRJBAnYQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bi h=657#imgrc=r_3HxMqQbanOAM
(accessed date July 24, 2020) https://www.google.com/search?q=structure+of+carbohydr
ates+ppt&sxsrf=ALeKk03s5ed9RzOVq8Kyedr4OqOBIeHIQ:1595
560132496&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi546j
X9OTqAhVky4sBHRJBAnYQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bi h=657#imgrc=HQMZd8g7SoqHxM
Comparison of RNA and DNA molecules, Image modified from Wikimedia CC BY-SA 3.0.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/highschoolbiology/ hs-molecular-genetics/hs-naandproteinsynthesis/a/hs-rnaand-
protein-synthesis-review (accessed date July 26, 2020)

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Physical Science 12

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have:

Proteins Amino acids

Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic acids Nucleotides

Polysaccharide It is made of series of bonded glucose molecules like starch. Starchy

General Functions of Carbohydrates

Table 2: List of essential and non-essential amino acids.

Two most important functions of proteins:

Figure 4: Amino Acid Structure

General Functions of Proteins

Some examples of Lipids:

Think about it:

1. Dairy products like cheese and butter ________________.

There are two types of Nucleic Acids:

Figure 6: Structure of DNA and R NA

o DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains phosphate

1. These molecules have two strands that twisted around an a. Waxes

9. The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood i. Monosaccharide

Activity 2.1 Label the parts.

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