Parts of Speech

Different Parts of Speech

The Noun (n.)
A noun is a word which gives a name to something, in some cases you might
hear them referred to as a ‘naming word.’ There are various different
subcategories of nouns such as the proper noun, the collective noun, the
possessive noun and the common noun. Each one of these serves a different
purpose, let’s look at this a little more closely.

Noun Examples:

Jeffrey, Korea, pen, New Year, dog, cat, elephant, garden, school, work, music,
town, Manila, teacher, farmer, Bob, Sean, Michael, police officer, France, coffee,
football, danger, happiness…

Noun example sentences:

 The teacher told the children to stop chattering in class.

 John is good at French but weak at History.
The Proper Noun

The proper noun is used to name a specific item, for example the names of
places or people or perhaps a movie or song title.

 The capital of England is London.

 Sarah is beautiful.
The Collective Noun

A collective noun is used to refer to a group of nouns, for example people or

animal groups.

 The swarm of bees were headed straight towards our picnic.

 At church on Sunday, the choir sings loudly.
The Possessive Noun

A possessive noun is used to show ownership of something, this is done by

adding an apostrophe and an s, like in the following examples.

 This is my dog’s ball.
 That is Sarah’s friend.
The Common Noun

A common noun is the most simple form of a noun and gives a name to an
item.

 Here is a cup.
 Do you want a cake?

Determiners and Articles

Determiners and articles are parts of speech that are used with nouns or noun
phrases to clarify them. They are usually placed in front of nouns (or noun
phrases) and can help specify their identity, quantity, distance (from the
speaker), or specific number (among other things).

Determiners

Determiners are a part of speech that are placed in front of nouns to clarify
their reference. They include categories such as:

 Articles – a, an, the

 Numbers – two, eight, ninety-nine
 Pronouns and possessive determiners – his, her, its, your, my,
their, our
 Difference determiners – other, the other, another
 Demonstratives – these, those, that, this
 Quantifiers – a little, a few, much, many, some, any, enough,
most
 Distributives – half, both, every, each, all, neither, either
 Pre-determiners – quite, such, rather, what.
Articles

Articles are a sub-category of determiners that serve as a type of adjective to

identify nouns. They may be:

 Definitive – which indicates that the noun’s identity is already

known to the audience. The word the would be a definitive article
because it indicates a noun that is already known to the
reader/audience (“I am going to sit in the chair.”), or
 Indefinite – indicates an unfamiliar noun, or references a noun
for the first time, or shows a noun belongs to a certain class of
objects. The words a and an are considered indefinite articles (“I
am going to sit in a chair.”, “You are an accountant.”, or “I was
born on a Thursday.”).
The Verb (vb.)
A verb is one of the most important parts of speech and is a word which is
used to describe an action. There are three main types of verbs which are
detailed below.

Examples:

Walk, is, seem, realize, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get, promise, invite, listen,

sing, sit, laughed, walk…

Verb example sentences:

 Don’t try to run before you can walk.

 Did you kiss anybody?
 Leave me alone!
The Action Verb

An action verb does exactly what you might expect, it describes an action.

 The man walked down the street.

 I laughed at his joke.
The Linking Verb

A linking verb is used to show a state of being rather than a physical action.
  Sarah feels cold.
 I am very tired.
The Modal Verb

A modal verb is used to ‘help’ the main verb and can show the speakers
thoughts or attitude about what they are saying. For example, words such as
might, must, could and can are all modal verbs.

 I might walk to the park this afternoon.

 He can eat the last slice of cake.

The Pronoun (pron.)

A pronoun is one which replaces a noun, and once again there are various
different types of pronouns within the English language. Each one is used in a
different way, let’s take a look at some examples of this.

Examples:

I, me, we, you, he, she,  yours, himself,  its, my, that, this, those, us, who, whom

Pronoun example sentences:

 Richard isn’t at work this week; he‘s gone on holiday.

 Don’t tell her the truth.
 She tried it herself.
 You can’t blame him for everything.
 The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.
The Reflexive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to self, for example myself or yourself.

 I am going to keep this last cupcake for myself.

 Peter always puts himself first.
The  Indefinite Pronoun

This type of pronoun is used to refer to a non specific person or item, you
might see words such as anything, few, everyone or all.
  Can you take all of these?
 I need to speak to someone about this rash on my arm.
The Possessive Pronoun

A possessive pronoun is used to show possession or ownership of something,

for example my, his, their or yours.

 Is this your bag?
 I have been looking after his daughter.
The Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is used to introduce an adjective clause. You might

recognise these as words such as who, which, that or whose.

 This is the woman who will be working with you.

 Is this the book that everyone is raving about?
The Adjective (adj.)
An adjective is a word which describes a noun or pronoun, there are
thousands of adjectives within the English language.

Examples:

Beautiful, seven, cute, second, tall, blue, angry, brave, careful, healthy, little, old,

generous, red, smart, two, small, tall, some, good, big, useful, interesting…

Brown  dog,  red  car,  tall  boy,  fat  cat,  big  garden.

Adjective example sentences:

 This is a blue car.
 The small squirrel ran up the tree.
 During the thunderstorm, we saw some heavy rain.
 My mother has short hair.
 The documentary on TV last night was very interesting.
 My son has an impressive collection of toy soldiers.
 The weather is hot and sunny today.
 My vacation was exciting.
 The leaves on that tree are green and large.
The Adverb (adv.)
An adverb is used to modify, or further explain an adjective, verb or another
adverb. They can add more information to a sentence making it more clear
and easier for the listener to imagine what is being described in detail. Most of
the time, adverbs will end in the letters -ly but there are some exceptions to
this rule such as the words very and never.

Examples:

Neatly, in the market, every day, tomorrow, very, badly, fully, carefully, hardly,

nearly, hungrily, never, quickly, silently, well, really, almost…

Adverb example sentences:

 This is an extremely attractive photograph.

 I have a very large pet dog.
 My car drives quickly.
 When I am running late for work, I eat my breakfast rapidly.
 The boy is crying loudly.
 She carefully preserved all his letters.
The Conjunction (conj.)
A conjunction is used as a way of joining two or more ideas or words together.
Most commonly you will see the words for, and, not, but, or, yet and so used
as a conjunction.

Examples:

And, however, still, but, or, so, after, since, before, either, neither, because,

unless…

Conjunction example sentences:

 My boyfriend and I are going on a date.

 I will go to the shop but not before I have had something to eat.
 This is a gift for my friend.
 I was tired yet I still went to the gym.
The Preposition (prep.)
A preposition is used in English to show a relationship between two words or
phrases. You might recognise a preposition as being words such as in, before,
on, at, to, between etc.

Examples:

In, on, at, about, apropos, according to, after,  along, above, except, from, near,

of, before, since, between, upon, with, to, after, toward…

Preposition example sentences:

 The cat is sitting on the wall.

 I am going to the salon after my dinner.
 The boy ran along the street for an hour.
 You will find the theatre in the town centre.
 I saw that news in the newspapers.
The Interjection (interj.)
An interjection could also be thought of as a exclamation. They are used to
emotion, reaction or excitement and have no grammatical link to anything else
within the sentence they appear.

Examples:

Ahem!, aha!, gosh!, aw!, great!, hey!, hi!,  hooray!, oh!, yeah!, oops!, phew!, eh!,
oh!, ouch!, hi!, well!…

Interjection example sentences:

 Phew! That was a close call.

 Wow! Did you see how big that bird was?
 Oh, I forgot to tell you that I saw your father last week.
 Hooray! You passed your exam!
 Well, what did he say?
 Yeah! She’s going with us tonight!
How To Determine The Part Of
Speech In A Sentence
In order to determine a part of speech in a sentence, look at the word being
used, its context, and what meanings it brings to the sentence structure. Here
are some questions you can ask about a particular word in a sentence, in order
to figure out what part of speech it is.

 Is it a person, place, idea, name, or thing?   It is a noun.

 Is the word used in place of a noun?   It is a pronoun.
 Does the word convey an action, occurrence, or state of
being?   It is a verb.
 Does the word modify a noun?   It is an adjective.
 Does the word modify a verb, adjective, or itself?   It is
an adverb.
 Is the word placed in front of a noun to form a modifying
phrase?   It is a preposition.
 Does the word link a phrase or clause?   It is a conjunction.
 Is the word a quick expression of emotion?   It is
an interjection.
 Is the word placed before a noun to clarify it?   It is
a determiner or an article, as explained above.

Parts of Speech and Sentence

Construction
In sentence construction, parts of speech are present in what are known as
the clauses  of sentences. Clauses are groups of words that have
a subject and a verb. The verb is also part of an entire verb phrase known as
a predicate.

Simple/Basic Sentences
In its simplest form, a sentence can have one independent clause.

For example, the sentence “I walk to the store” contains one clause.
  “I” is the subject of the clause, while “walk” is the verb.
 The ending phrase, “walk to the store” would be the verb phrase,
or predicate, of the sentence.
This entire sentence “I walk to the store” is an independent clause, expresses
one subject doing one action — and is known as a simple sentence.

Knowing this, apply the fact that nouns and pronouns will often be the
subjects or objects of simple sentences, while verbs will convey actions. So
once again:

 I (subject,
pronoun) walk (verb) to (preposition) the (article) store (object,
noun).
Complex Sentences
Complex sentences also contain a subject and a verb, but can not stand alone
as independent clauses. For example:

“since the weather is sunny.”

Here, “weather” would be the subject, and “is” would be the verb. So, “I walk to
the store since the weather is sunny” would be a complex sentence. The parts
of speech in the second part here would be:

 since (conjunction) the (article) weather (noun) is (verb) sunny (a
djective).

Parts of Speech in English | Pictures

In the English language, there are eight different parts of speech and each one
serves its own purpose. Without them, we would not be able to form a
coherent sentence and so it is important that we are familiar with what each of
them is. In these images, we are going to look at each of the different parts of
speech, what they are used for, and some examples of how they work within a
sentence.
English Parts of Speech Table Image 2
 Pin

Adverb: A Super Simple Guide to

Adverbs with Examples
What is an adverb? You have more than likely heard about the adverb, but
what is its purpose within English grammar? In this article, we are going to find
out exactly what an adverb is as well as how it can be used within a sentence.
We are going to look at a variety of examples of adverbs being used as a way
to further gain an understanding of their function. Learn adverb definition,
different adverb types and useful grammar rules to use adverbs in sentences
with ESL printable worksheets and example sentences.

Table of Contents
 Adverb
o What is an Adverb?
o Adverb Examples
 Adverbs
o Adverbs with Verbs
o Adverbs with Adjectives and other Adverbs
o Adverbs to Modify a Sentence
o Adverbs for Comparison
 Adverb Examples (with Different Types)
 Where Should You Place An Adverb?

Adverb
What is an Adverb?
The most simple way to describe an adverb is that it is a word that can modify
a verb, in other words describe it, for example ‘she runs quickly.’ The verb in
this sentence is “runs”, and this has been modified with the adverb quickly.
They may also modify an adjective to add further information, such as ‘he is
quite fat.” In this sentence, the adjective fat has been modified by the adverb
quite. Finally, an adverb can be used to modify an entire sentence, for example
‘Luckily, I had enough money.’ In this example, we see that the adverb luckily
modifies the rest of the sentence in its entirety.
So, what is an adverb? An adverb is a part of speech used to describe a verb,
an adjective or another adverb. It tells us how, where, when, how much and
with what frequency.

Adverb Examples
For the most part, an adverb will end in the letters -ly, however, there are
some exceptions to this such as the word fast, which appears exactly as the
adjective counterpart for the word but serves as an adverb.

 This is a fast car

 This car can drive fast.
In the first sentence, the word fast is being used as an adjective, however, in
the second, it is being used as an adverb. Let’s take a look at some further
examples of adverbs within a sentence.
 My sister swims  badly.
 The soccer match ended  quickly.
 Fortunately,  my friends were not late for my birthday party.
Adverb Definition and Examples
Adverbs
As we mentioned, the adverb can be used to modify various different types of
words. We are now going to take a closer look at each of these and how it
works.

Adverbs with Verbs

An adverb can be used to talk about how an action is happening. You might
think about this as the adverb being used to answer the question “how does
something happen?’ or ‘In what manner does it happen?’ Some examples of
this are:

 My dog barks loudly.

 He will seriously think about this idea.
We can see here that the adverbs answer the questions ‘how does your dog
bark?’ or ‘how will you think about this idea?’ In the most simple terms, if you
want to find out how an action has been performed, an adverb will answer
this.

It is important to remember that adverbs should not be used with a linking

verb, examples of these might be to smell, to feel, to seem, to appear or to
taste. If you consider the following sentence you will see that the adverb does
not fit, and that an adjective might be more appropriate.

 He feels terribly about the death of his aunt.

We mentioned that adverbs describe how an action takes place but with a
linking verb, it is required to describe what is taking place, for example what
he is feeling. This would mean that an adjective would work better, take a look:

 He feels terrible about the death of his aunt..

Adverbs with Adjectives and other Adverbs
An adverb also has the ability to modify either another adverb or an adjective.
This is a great way to cause the adjective to become more intense and
descriptive, giving a much more clear indication of what is being spoken
about. Consider the phrase “he is tall.” The adjective here is tall, but with the
use of an adverb, we can describe how tall he is. Look at the sentence once it
has been modified:

 He is very tall.
Here are some more examples of how an adverb can modify an adjective.

 My sister is rather attractive.

 The beach was unexpectedly busy.
 My teacher is always well dressed.
You might also use an adverb to modify another adverb, take a look at the
following example:

 The food here is almost never good.

The adverb almost is being used to modify the adverb never and both of these
are being used to modify the word good.
When you are using an adverb with another adverb, there is the possibility to
go as far as you would like and use several adverbs together, however you
should err on the side of caution with this since it can make a sentence weak.
It is preferable to choose one or two adverbs to make your sentence stronger
and less bulky. Let’s look at an example of a sentence with too many adverbs.

 My father shouts quite horrifically too loudly.

You can understand what the sentence is trying to tell us but the use of
adverbs is a little too much.

Adverbs to Modify a Sentence

An adverb can be used to modify a whole sentence and in this case will appear
usually at the beginning. When used in this way, the adverb is not talking
about any specific thing but is rather being used as a way to give an overall
feeling for all of the information presented. Some examples of this are:

 Generally, people take the train into London.

 Luckily, my family lives in a nice location.
 Interestingly, the ancient people ate the same meats as we do.
Adverbs for Comparison
In some cases, you might use an adverb to make a comparison. You can do
this by adding the words more or most in front of the adverb. Let’s look at the
progression of this in the following sentences.

 He ran quickly.
 He ran more quickly
 He ran the most quickly.
Adverb Examples (with Different Types)
There are different types of adverbs expressing different meanings. Generally,
adverbs tell us how, where, when, how much and with what frequency.
Therefore, types of adverbs are classified according to their functions.

List of adverbs in English with different types and examples.

 Adverb of Frequency: always, sometimes, often/frequently,

normally/generally, usually, occasionally, seldom, rarely/hardly
ever, never, etc.
 Adverb of Manner: cheerfully, efficiently, painfully, secretly,
quietly, peacefully, carefully, slowly, badly, closely, easily, well, fast,
quickly, etc.
 Adverb of Time: now, yesterday, soon, later, tomorrow, yet,
already, tonight, today, then, last month/year, etc.
 Adverb of Place: off, above, abroad, far, on, away, back, here,
out, outside, backwards, behind, in, below, down, indoors,
downstairs, etc.
 Adverb of Degree: quite, fairly, too, enormously, entirely, very,
extremely, rather, almost, absolutely, just, barely, completely,
enough, etc.
 Adverb of Certainty: apparently, clearly, definitely, doubtfully,
doubtlessly, obviously, presumably, probably, undoubtedly, etc.
 Adverbs of Attitude: frankly, fortunately, honestly, hopefully,
interestingly, luckily, sadly, seriously, surprisingly, unbelievably,
etc.
 Adverbs of Judgement: bravely, carelessly, fairly, foolishly,
generously, kindly, rightly, spitefully, stupidly, unfairly, wisely,
wrongly, etc.
 Conjunctive Adverb (Linking adverb): besides, comparatively,
conversely, equally, further, hence, in comparison, incidentally,
namely, next, now, rather, undoubtedly, additionally, anyway,
certainly, elsewhere, finally, in addition, in contrast, indeed,
moreover, nonetheless, similarly, subsequently, thereafter, yet,
also, meanwhile, consequently, nevertheless, etc.
Where Should You Place An Adverb?
When deciding on where to place your adverb within a sentence it is
important to remember to place it as near as possible to the word it is going
to modify.

If the word you are modifying is a verb then the adverb should be placed in
the middle of the sentence, for example:

 He swam effortlessly across the pool.

It is important to consider the adverb ‘only’ as this can often be misplaced and
has the ability to change the meaning of the sentence. Look at the two
following examples:

 I only fed my bird.

 I fed only my bird.
The first sentence explains that I fed my bird but did nothing else with it,
whereas the second sentence explains that I fed my bird and not any other
birds.

Different types of adverbs and adverbials go in different positions in the

clause. Let’s learn these adverb positions in a sentence, also called adverb
placement.

 The front position: before the subject of the sentence. It gives

information in advance, to set the scene for the action that
follows.
 The mid position: the adverb in this position is intimately
connected with the verb, generally placed immediately before it. If
there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb is placed between the
auxiliary and main verb. In case there are two, it is placed between
them. If there is a negative auxiliary, the adverb normally goes
after the negative element, but we can emphasize negation by
placing the adverb just before it.
 The end position: at the end of the sentence.
Pin
Verb | A Quick Guide to Mastering
English Verbs with Examples
What is a verb? Learn different types of verbs in English grammar with
useful verbs list and examples. The verb is a very essential type of word in any
language and in English, this is no different. You must have a verb in order to
create a sentence and so understanding their function is vital to being able to
speak the language. In this article, we are going to be looking at what a verb is
and how it is used. We will also be looking at some example sentences to
further gain an understanding on what the verb is used for.

Table of Contents
 What Is A Verb?
 Verb Rules
o Important Verb Rules
o Subject Verb Agreement Rules
 Verb Examples (with Different Types)
o Irregular Verbs
o Modal Verbs
o Dynamic Verbs
o Stative Verbs
o Auxiliary Verbs
o Causative Verbs
o Transitive Verbs
o Intransitive Verbs
o No Action To Be
o Linking Verbs
 The Different Forms of Main Verbs
o Infinitives
o Gerunds
o Present and Past Participles
o Finite and Non-finite Verbs
 List of Verbs: Examples & Images
What Is A Verb?
What is a verb? In the most simple terms, a verb is a word which describes an
action, often known as a ‘doing’ word. In the English language, the verb is the
only kind of word which will change to show whether the past or present is
being spoken about. The verb is considered to be the most vital part of any
sentence, without it you would be left literally speechless.

A verb is a word or group of words that describes an action, experience or

expresses a state of being.

Verbs are the main part of a sentence and one of the nine parts of speech in
English.
Verb examples: Walk, is, seem, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get, promise,
invite, listen, sing, sit, …

 He speaks English
 I don’t know how to spell the word
 She studies hard
There are many different types of verbs in English grammar: irregular verb,
modal verb, dynamic verb, stative verb, auxiliary verb, causative verb,…

Verb Rules
Important Verb Rules
There are many rules surrounding the use of verbs in the English language,
let’s take a look at the most important ones.

 When talking in the third person, the verb requires an -es or -s

form, for example, he  uses  the bathroom.
 If the verb and the subject have a long phrase between them, the
verb has to agree with the original subject and not that of the
phrase. For example, The  sweets  which he gave to his
wife  were  very tasty.
 If the subject is preceded by the phrase ‘one of’, the following
verb should be singular. For example, One of  the
children  is  crying.
 If two nouns are within a sentence and refer to the same thing or
person, the following verb should be singular. For example, The
doctor  and  the nurse are  working in the hospital.
 If there are two nouns which are synonymous within a sentence,
they should be followed with a singular verb. For example,
His power and might is huge.
 Plural nouns on their own will use a plural verb, for
example His  shoes are  too big. I  However, if the plural noun is
preceded by the words ‘a pair of’ then a singular verb is required.
For example A  pairs of shoes is  quite expensive.
 If the noun is uncountable then a singular verb should always
follow it, for example The  poetry  that he writes  is  very romantic.
 When a collective noun is referring to a single entity, it should use
a singular verb, for example The  military  is very strict.  However,
 if it is being used to refer to an individual then a plural verb
should be used, for example The  military are  requesting new
members.
Subject Verb Agreement Rules
10 subject verb agreement rules in English grammar:

 The subject and verb must agree in number. A singular subject

takes a singular verb, whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
 The subject is separated from the verb by “with”, “as well as”,
“together with”, “along with”. These words and phrases are not
part of the subject. The verb agrees with the subject.
 Two subjects joined by “and” are plural.
 Two subjects joined by “or/not”, “either…or/neither…nor”, “not
only…but also” take the verb that agrees with the subject closest
to it.
 With collective nouns, the verb might be singular or plural (UK),
depending on meaning.
 In sentences beginning with “here” or “there“, the true subject
follows the verb.
 The verb is singular if the subject is a singular indefinite pronoun.
The verb is plural if the subject is a plural indefinite pronoun. And,
some indefinite pronouns (some, any, all, most) may be either
singular or plural, depending upon their use in a sentence.
 Use a singular verb for expressions of measurement, time. money
and weight when the amount is considered one unit.
 Plural form subjects with a singular meaning take a singular verb.
 Titles of single entities are always singular.
10 Subject Verb Agreement Rules in English
Verb Examples (with Different Types)
Learn examples of different types of verbs in English with useful grammar
rules.

Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verb Definition

Irregular verbs are common verbs in English that do not follow the simple

system of adding “d” or “ed” to the end of the word to form the past tense
(the past simple and/or the past participle).

Irregular Verb Examples

 Fall – fell – fallen

 Feed – fed – fed
 Feel – felt – felt
 Fight – fought – fought
 Find – found – found
 Fly – flew – flown
 Forbid – forbade – forbidden
 Forget – forgot – forgotten
 Forgive – forgave – forgiven
 Freeze – froze – frozen
 Get – got – got
 Give – gave – given
 Go – went – gone
 Grind – ground – ground
 Grow – grew – grown
 Hang – hung – hung
 Have – had – had
 Hear – heard – heard
 Hide – hid – hidden
 Hit – hit – hit
 Hold – held – held
 Hurt – hurt – hurt
 Keep – kept – kept
 Kneel – knelt – knelt
 Know – knew – known
 Lay – laid – laid
 Lead – led – led
 Lean – leant/ leaned – leant/ leaned
 Learn – learnt/ learned – learnt/ learned
 Leave – left – left
 Lent – lent – lent
 Lie (in bed) – lay – lain
 Lie (not to tell the truth) – lied – lied
 Light – lit/ lighted – lit/ lighted
 Lose – lost – lost
 Make – made – made
 Mean – meant – meant
 Meet – met – met
 Overtake – overtook – overtaken
 Pay – paid – paid
 Put – put – put
 Read – read – read
 Ride – rode – ridden
 Ring – rang – rung
 Rise – rose – risen
 Run – ran – run
 Saw – sawed – sawn/ sawed
 Say – said – said
 See – sawed – seen
 Sell – sold – sold
 Send – sent – sent
 Set – set – set
 Sew – sewed – sewn/ sewed
 Shake – shook – shaken
 Shed – shed – shed
 Shine – shone – shone
 Shoot – shot – shot
 Show – showed – shown
 Shrink – shrank – shrunk
 Shut – shut – shut
 Sing – sang – sung
 Sink – sank – sunk
 Sit – sat – sat
 Sleep – slept – slept
 Slide – slid – slid
 Smell – smelt – smelt
 Sow – sowed – sown/ sowed
 Speak – spoke – spoken
 Spell – spelt/ spelled    spelt/ spelled
 Spend – spent – spent
 Spill – spilt/ spilled – spilt/ spilled
 Spit – spat – spat
 Spread – spread – spread
 Stand – stood – stood
 Steal – stole – stolen
 Stick – stuck – stuck
 Sting – stung – stung
 Stink – stank – stunk
 Strike – struck – struck
 Swear – swore – sworn
 Sweep – swept – swept
 Swell – swelled – swollen/ swelled
 Swim – swam – swum
 Swing – swung – swung
 …
 Common Irregular  Verbs List  in English

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Modal Verbs
Modal Verb Definition

Modal verbs are a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express possibility,

obligation, advice, permission, ability, …

Modal Verb Examples

 Will
 Shall
 Would
 Should
 Ought to
 Must
 Mustn’t
 May
 Might
 Can
 Could
 Have to/ Has to
 Don’t/ Doesn’t have to
 Modal Verb Examples

Modal Verbs To Express Ability

Learn how to use Modals of Ability in English

 Be able to
 Can/Can’t
 Be able to
 Could/Couldn’t
 Managed to
 Be able to
 Can/can’t
 Modals of Ability Image

Modals for Asking Permissions

Learn useful Modals for Asking Permissions in English

 Can
 Could
 May
 Would
 Modals for Asking Permissions Image

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Perfect Infinitive with Modals

The structure “have + past participle” is called a perfect infinitive.

Learn how to use perfect infinitive with modal verbs in English: must have,
can’t have, should have, shouldn’t have, needn’t have, ought to have, may
have, might have, could have, would have.
Perfect Infinitive with Modals Image
Dynamic Verbs
Dynamic Verb Definition

A dynamic verb is a verb that shows continued or progressive action on the

part of the subject. This is the opposite of a stative verb.

Dynamic Verb Examples

 Eat
 Walk
 Learn
 Grow
 Sleep
 Talk
 Write
 Run
 Read
 Go
Stative Verbs
Stative Verb Definition

Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually

relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and
measurements.

Stative Verb Examples

Mental State

 Suppose
 Recognise
 Forget
 Remember
 Imagine
 Mean
 Agree
 Disagree
  Deny
 Promise
 Satisfy
 Realise
 Appear
 Astonish
Possession

 Have
 Own
 Possess
 Lack
 Consist
 Involve
Emotions

 Like
 Dislike
 Hate
 Adore
 Prefer
 Care for
 Mind
 Want
 Need
 Desire
Measure, cost, others

 Measure
 Weigh
 Owe
 Seem
 Fit
 Depend
 Matter
Auxiliary Verbs
We briefly mentioned the auxiliary verb when discussing the verb to be,
however other verbs can function as auxiliary verbs and this means that they
cannot create a sentence alone but requires the use of another verb and can
help it to demonstrate various conditions, states or tenses. Let’s look at some
examples of this.

 When I got there, she had finished the lesson.

 After he arrived home, we had eaten dinner.
Auxiliary Verb Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to

the clause in which it appears, such as to express tense, aspect, modality,
voice, emphasis, etc. An auxiliary verb is most generally understood as a verb
that “helps” another verb by adding grammatical information to it.

Auxiliary Verb Examples

 Do: I do not feel like going out tonight.

 Have: I have just received his reply.
 Be: A model railway mart will  beheld on Friday.
 Will: He will not play volleyball.
 Auxiliary Verb Examples

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Causative Verbs
Causative Verb Definition

Causative verbs are verbs that show the reason that something happened.

They do not indicate something the subject did for themselves, but something
the subject got someone or something else to do for them.

Causative Verb Examples

 Have: I  had the mechanic check  the brakes.

 Get: I couldn’t get the engine to start.
 Make: I like him because he makes me laugh.
 Let: If you accept, please let  me know.

PinCausative Verb Examples

Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is one which has the ability to have a noun directly attached
to it. Examples of this might be:

 kick call
 write story
 answer questions
Intransitive Verbs
This type of verb cannot have a noun directly attached to it and requires the
use of a preposition in order to help it function. Examples of intransitive
verbs might be:

 run to the shop

 proceed with the game
 abide by the rules.
No Action To Be
A no action to be verb means that the verb is not directly referencing an
action. The verb to be can function as both an auxiliary verb as well as a main
verb. When it is being used as a main verb it will join a subject to an adjective
for example She is small. It might also join a subject to another noun, for
example James is King.

However, when to be functions as an auxiliary verb it will form the progressive

tense. An example of this would be;

 The book is read by the teacher.

 He is watching the TV.
Linking Verbs
This is a type of verb which is a “non be” verb and is used to link a subject to a
noun, a phrase or an adjective. For example:

 This looks amazing.

 The food tastes beautiful.

The Different Forms of Main Verbs

When we are dealing with main verbs, there are different forms in which they
can come. We are now going to take a look at each of these forms in a little
more detail.
Infinitives
The infinitive form of a verb is that state in which it is originally found. In
English, this is often with the word ‘to’ in front of the verb, for example to run,
to see, to have, to live.

What is a To-Infinitive?

A to-infinitive is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject,

direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence.

We use the infinitive:

 To indicate the purpose of an action

 As subject of the sentence
 As direct object of the sentence
 As subject complement
 As an adjective
 As an adverb
 After adjective
 After object that is noun or pronoun referring to a person
 Used with question word
Verbs Followed by Infinitives

List of commonly used Verbs Followed by Infinitives

 Attempt
 Ask
 Arrange
 Beg
 Begin
 Care
 Choose
 Claim
 Consent
 Continue
 Dare
 Decide
 Demand
  Deserve
 Dislike
 Expect
 Fail
 Forget
 Get
 Hesitate
 Hope
 Hurry
 Intend
 Learn
 Like
 Love
 Manage
 Mean
 Neglect
 Need
 Offer
 Plan
 Prefer
 Prepare
 Pretend
 Proceed
 Promise
 Propose
 Refuse
 Remember
 Seem
 Start
 Stop
 Struggle
 Swear
 Threaten
 Try
Zero Infinitive

We use the Zero Infinitive when:

 After modal auxiliary verbs

 After the object after certain verbs, such as hear, see, make, let
  After verbal idioms would rather and had better
 Used with WHY
Zero Infinitive in English

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Gerunds
What is a Gerund?

Gerunds are verbals that function as nouns and have an –ing  ending.

The gerund form of verbs is used as follows:

 Used as subject of a sentence

 Used as direct object of a sentence
 Used as a subject complement
 Used as an object of a preposition
 Used after certain expressions
How to Use Gerunds in English

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Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Useful list of Verbs Followed by Gerunds in English.

 Admit
 Advise
 Anticipate
 Acknowledge
 Appreciate
 Avoid
 Bear
 Begin
 Complete
 Consider
 Defer
 Delay
 Deny
 Discuss
 Dislike
 Enjoy
 Entail
 Finish
 Forget
 Hate
 Intend
 Involve
 Justify
 Keep
 Like
 Love
 Mention
 Mind
 Miss
 Postpone
 Practice
 Prefer
 Quit
 Recall
 Recollect
 Recommend
 Regret
 Resent
 Resist
 Risk
 Sanction
 Start
 Stop
 Suggest
 Tolerate
 Try
List of Common Verbs  Followed by Gerunds
Present and Past Participles
What is a Participle?

A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing
or -ed. They function as adjectives, thus participles modify nouns or pronouns.
Types of Participles

There are two participles in the English language: the present and past
participle.

Present Participle

This is a very simple concept as to create the present participle one must
simply add the letters -ing to the verb stem. This shows that something is
happening right now. For example I am leaving the house  or The cat is lying
on the rug.

Past Participle

Similarly to the present participle, the past participle shows time, in this case
that something has already happened-or has happened in the past. In order to
create the past participle, one must add the letters -ed to the verb stem. For
example the sentence I decide what happens  would become I decided what
happens.

Despite the addition of -ed being the regular form of past participle, there are
some irregular verbs which do not follow this pattern. Some examples of this
are as follows:

 to show – shown
 to see – seen
 to built – built
 to feel – felt
 The Present Participle Image

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The Past Participle Image
Finite and Non-finite Verbs
Another word for the finite form is the conjugated form. This happens when
the verb is being used within a sentence. By conjugating the verb you are
allowing it to demonstrate tense, number, mood and person. An example of
this might be the sentence ‘he won the tournament.’ The conjugated verb here
shows us that this is a past tense sentence in the third person singular.
Learn Finite and Non-Finite Verb Forms in English.
Finite Verb Forms

A finite verb is controlled by the number of the subject. If the subject is

singular, the verb is singular. If the subject is plural, the verb is plural.

Examples:

 They are studying reproduction in shellfish.

 I sing with the university chorus.
Non-finite Verb Forms

A non-finite verb is not controlled by the number, person and tense of the
subject.

Examples:

 I don’ t want to  go home in the dark.

 She put a blanket over the sleeping child.
 Finite and Non-finite Verb Forms

List of Verbs: Examples & Images

 Do: I don’t know.
 Doubt: I doubt if it’ll snow.
 Drag: I had to drag him out of bed.
 Drive: He drives a truck.
 Drop: I dropped my sandwich.
 Dry: Raisins are dried grapes.
 Earn: He earns three times more than me.
 Eat:  You can’t eat your cake and have it.
 Encourage: John encouraged Mary to learn how to speak French.
 Engage: We used to be engaged.
 Enter: He entered the room.
 Establish: The school was established in 1650.
 Examine: The doctor examined the patients.
 Experiment: They’re experimenting with a new car.
 Explore: He explored the Amazon jungle.
 Extend: We extended a hearty welcome to them.
 Fly: Tom wishes he could fly.
 Fold: Tom and Mary folded up the flag.
 Follow: We must follow the rules of the game.
 Forbid: I forbid you to smoke.
 Fry: She fried fish in salad oil.
 Generate: This machine generates electricity.
 Get: We’ve got to get the economy under control or it will literally
eat us up.
 Give:  The waiter gives me the menu.
 Grow: Apples grow on trees.
 Hang: Don’t you hang up on me.
 Happen: You made it happen.
 Hesitate: I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.
 Hide: I’m hiding from Tim.
 Hug: I really need a hug.
 Hurry: It had to hurry to find a home because I was already on to
something else.
 Hurt: I hurt my elbow.
 Identify: She identified him as the murderer.
 Improve: I need to improve my French.
 Include: Tom’s lunch includes a sandwich and an apple.
 Incorporate: Her business was incorporated.
 Indicate: The arrow indicates the way to go.
 Involve: This procedure involves testing each sample twice.
 Iron: I iron my clothes almost every day.
 Jog: I make it a rule to jog every morning.
 Jump:  Can you jump over the river?
 Kiss: Did you kiss anybody?
 Kneel:  Do not run, stand, kneel or spin in the slide.
 Laugh: Tom is laughing.
 Lay: He laid on his back.
 Learn: Children learn to creep ere they can go.
 Leave: Leave me alone!
 Lift:  He couldn’t lift the table and no more could I.