University of Gondar: College of Natural and Computational Science
University of Gondar: College of Natural and Computational Science
University of Gondar: College of Natural and Computational Science
Research Methodology
4. Solomon Fenta,
5. ZeynuYassin,
1. Introduction
1.2 Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material that has an electrical conductivity between a conductor and an
insulator. In semiconductors, the highest occupied energy band, the valence band is completely
filled with electrons and the empty next one is the conduction band. The resistivity of the
semiconductor can be altered by up to 10 orders of magnitude, by doping or external biases. In
the case of conductors, that have very low resistivity, the resistance is difficult to alter, and the
highest occupied energy band is partially filled with electrons and the insulator has extremely
high resistivity. It is difficult to alter the resistivity through doping or external fields and the band
gap between the valence band and the conduction band is large. In a metallic conductor, the
current is carried by the flow of electrons. In semiconductors, current can be carried either by the
flow of electrons or by the flow of positively-charged holes in the electron structure of the
material. In the past 10 years, nanomaterial with diameters in the range of 1-20 nm, have become
a major interdisciplinary area of research interest and their extremely s mall feature size has the
potential for wide-ranging industrial, biomedical, and electronic applications. Surfaces and
interfaces are very important for nanomaterial, but in the case of bulk materials, a relatively
small percentage of atoms will be at or near a surface or interface.
Where, M is the mass of the exciton and it is given by M=m e +mh , with me and mh being the
effective masses of the electron and hole respectively.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 What is Nanotechnology?..................................................................................................................1
1.2 Semiconductor.............................................................................................................................1
1.3. Semiconductor Nanoparticles...........................................................................................................2
Classifications of Semiconductor Nanostructures.......................................................................................2
2.1. Zero Dimensional (0D) Nanostructures............................................................................................2
2.2. Quasi One Dimensional (1D) Nanostructures...................................................................................3
2.3. Two Dimensional (2D) Nanostructures.............................................................................................3
2.4. Three Dimensional (3D) Nano systems.............................................................................................3
3. Quantum Confinement Effects............................................................................................................4
3.1. Weak Confinement Regime.........................................................................................................4
3.2. Moderate Confinement Regime..................................................................................................5
3.3. Strong Confinement Regime........................................................................................................5
4. Application of Semiconductor Nano materials....................................................................................5
5. References...........................................................................................................................................6