ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

9(05), 1076-1079

Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/12939

DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/12939

RESEARCH ARTICLE
ETHNO-ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE FERGANA VALLEY

Ulugbek Abdullaev
Andijan Machine Building Institute Professor, Doctor Of Historical Sciences.
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Manuscript Info Abstract
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Manuscript History This article focuses on the status and preliminary results of
Received: 30 March 2021 ethnoarchaeological research in the Fergana Valley. It provides an
Final Accepted: 30 April 2021 ethnographic analysis of material found by archaeologists in the
Published: May 2021 Fergana Valley. In particular, the article examines the settlements,
clothing and household items of the ancient peoples of the valley in the
field of ethnoarcheology.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2021,. All rights reserved.

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Introduction:-
Ethnoarchaeology is the ethnographic analysis of material objects found by archaeologists. Ethnoarcheology allows
scientists to study the material and spiritual culture created by peoples in the past in a unique way. To date,
archeological artifacts found on the territory of Uzbekistan have not been well studied ethnographically. In the
works of such researchers as SP Tolstov, TA Zhdanko, IM Jabborov, GP Snesareev, A.Askarov, BMMatboboev,
only some aspects of this issue are analyzed.

Archaeological excavations have been carried out in various parts of the country for several decades. Many
materials reflecting the ethnogenesis, ethnic history, economic and cultural features of our people were found in
these places. Today, most of such materials have been analyzed and the data have been published in scientific
publications. For example, a number of numismatic and art materials show that the image of our ancient ancestors is
reflected.

It is well known that the fields of archeology and ethnography of the science of history are closely interrelated
fields. Any archeological find can also be an important source in the study of the lifestyle, economic activity and
culture of the population of that period, in a word, ethno-cultural features. Because every finding is definitely
created by some ethnic community. It is true that it is often difficult to connect such archeological material from
ancient times with a specific ethnos.

Main Part
When archaeologists find and study the objects created and used by our ancestors, the ruins of cities and villages
where they lived, as well as the remains of clothing and food, the analysis of these materials with the "eye" of an
ethnographer gives good results. Indeed, the ethnographer may be able to make some more precise judgments about
some ethnographic features that the archaeologist in the finds may not have grasped.

We know that the involvement of ethnographers in many archeological expeditions in the recent past has yielded
good results in practice. An example is the "Khorezm Archaeological and Ethnographic Complex Expedition" led
by the famous archeologist SP Tolstov. [3] Along with archaeologists, TA Zhdanko, IM Jabborov, LS Tolstova, GP
Snesareev and a number of other ethnographers took an active part in the research work of this expedition. This

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Corresponding Author:- Ulugbek Abdullaev
Address:- Andijan Machine Building Institute Professor, Doctor Of Historical Sciences.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(05), 1076-1079

means that the presence of an ethnographer in person at the archeological monuments where the excavations are
being carried out, and the examination of the findings on the spot, is very important for the opinion expressed and
the conclusion to be drawn.

Below we will consider some ethnographic data from the materials obtained from archeological monuments in the
Fergana Valley. From the archeological monuments of Dalvarzintepa, Chust, Eylaton, Sarvontepa, Shurobashat,
Akhsikent, Mingtepa and other similar archeological monuments in the Fergana Valley, a lot of ancient, ancient and
early medieval materials of our people's history were obtained, analyzed and certain scientific conclusions were
made. [4.7-13] It is known that the main part of archeological materials is the remains of ancient settlements of our
people, handicrafts and other samples of material culture.

Housing of the population is one of the main indicators of ethnic culture. Housing also has its own history of
emergence and formation. Archaeological materials certainly provide information about the oldest dwellings.

Dalvarzintepa archeological monument located in Jalal-Abad district of Andijan region has a special place in the
urban culture of the valley. Archaeologists consider the ruins of this city to be the oldest city in the valley. During
excavations at this monument, the remains of houses dating back 3,000 years were found. Three different types of
residential remains have been identified from Dalvarzintepa. That is: houses built of raw bricks; semi-basement type
houses; kapa type houses. [5] However, it should be noted that all of them are poorly maintained. Archaeologist B.
Matboboev writes about the reason for this: “In our opinion, in ancient times, buildings were built with more
wooden beams than today. Over time, the remains of buildings may not have been well preserved. ”[6.18] Indeed, in
many other archeological sites in the valley, wooden pillars have been found in the floor of the remains of houses.
This, in turn, allows us to say that the tradition of building houses, taking into account the seismic situation, was
widespread in Fergana in those ancient times. However, in the recent past, the people of Fergana paid special
attention to the construction of houses.

Now, let’s focus on the information about ancient clothing in archeological materials.

Speaking about the clothes of the ancient Fergana people, it should be noted that the ancient clothes of the people,
the fabrics from which they are made, have not survived to our day. This is understandable. This is because the
clothes and fabrics belonging to our ancient ancestors have been unusable and broken for centuries. However,
information about the shapes of ancient clothing and how it was sewn from which fabric, as well as information
about local and ethnic characteristics, can be found in the materials obtained as a result of archeological excavations.
The paintings and statues on the walls of Afrosiyab, Panjikent, Bolaliktepa, Kholchayon and other similar ancient
palaces and monuments, as well as the remains of terovtika and cloth found in ancient tombs also provide valuable
information about the fabrics and clothes of those ancient times.

Archaeologists have found traces of fabric on the oldest pottery. [Fig. 2.212.21] It is known that the oldest pottery
was made by hand, not on a pottery wheel. Initially, the vessel was dried in the sun by sticking mud around the sand-
filled cloth, then the sand was poured and the cloth was also separated from the dried vessel. Traces of fabric were
left on the inner surface of the pottery made in this case. According to the researchers, these fabrics, which are
reflected in ancient ceramic pots, are very rough and are woven from wool, plant stalks and cotton.

The settled peasantry of Central Asia has long been engaged in cotton growing. [7.5] Naturally, the ancient Fergana
people also made cotton cloth and sewed various clothes from it. Evidence of this can be found in the remains of
cotton seeds found in archeological monuments in the valley.

Feeding silkworms, growing silk and making cloth (silk) from them have long been common among the settled
peoples of Central Asia, especially in the Fergana Valley. Traces of the oldest silk fabric from the territory of our
country were found in the cultural layers of Sopollitepa in the XVII-XIV centuries BC. [2] Such silk remains were
also found in the Karabulak cemetery in the Fergana Valley. So, the above examples show that in our ancient
ancestors the practice of weaving was much more developed. Materials from the Monchoktepa cemetery near Pop
are also of great importance in the study of the clothing of the ancient Fergana people. Although these materials are
dated to the early Middle Ages, by studying them in detail we can get a much clearer idea of the clothing of our
ancestors in antiquity.

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Men's, women's and children's clothes, their remains and various items (buckles, buttons) sewn on the clothes were
found in the tombs of the ancient tomb of Monchoktepa, which was discovered by Fergana archeologist
B.Matboboev. As a result of the repair of these ancient clothes, important information was obtained on many issues
related to the clothes of the people of that time, in particular, the types of fabrics they were made of, the shape and
patterns of clothes, as well as local farming and lifestyle and burial customs. It should be noted that the scientific
analysis of the materials of Munchoktepa showed that the clothes of the ancient Fergana people have common and
local (local) features with those of other ethnic groups living in Central Asia and adjacent areas. In other words, the
appearance of the clothes of the people of Munchoktepa is not much different from the clothes of the peoples of the
Great Silk Road, but at the same time the "carved pockets" on the clothes . [8.130]

The ethnographic literature provides a wealth of information about the history and evolution of the clothing of the
peoples of Central Asia. Usually ethnographers study folk costumes by dividing them into more types such as men's,
women's, children's and ceremonial costumes. Researchers note that in the past, straight-shaped and wide-
shouldered, seamless dresses with collars were popular among the population. The tops are also long and wide, and
the neck is made below the knee. In the Russian literature, this type of dress is called a "tunic".

Traditional tunic dresses also play an important role in the collection of clothes of the people of Monchoktepa. At
the same time, it should be noted that among the clothes found in this place, there are also clothes of intricate
shapes. Men's traditional tunic style is very similar to women's in terms of style.

This fact itself first of all confirms that the ancient basis (basis) of the shirts of both sexes was the same. However, it
is an absolute mistake to think that such uniformity in the old shirts of men and women has remained unchanged.
This is because folk costumes are constantly changing under the influence of socio-political, economic and cultural
processes, evolving and enriched with new elements, and, of course, differentiated.

Ethnographer OASukhareva studied the history and evolution of the traditional clothing of the peoples of Central
Asia in the style of "tunicanusha". showed that open-fronted shirts for men and closed-fronted shirts for women
originated in ancient times. [10.78-79]

What information do archeological materials provide about the food of our ancient ancestors? First of all, we can get
some information about the food of our ancestors by studying such data, most often in ceramic kitchen utensils, jars
of different sizes for storing products, leftovers from cooking ovens, utensils for storing and consuming food.

Some of the kitchen utensils were taken by archaeologists from ancient tombs, which is explained in connection
with the views and perceptions of our ancestors about that world. In addition, the remains of grain products were
found in some jars found during excavations in the Fergana Valley. The above archeological materials provide
undoubtedly rich information for ethnographic research.

Archaeological materials also provide rich and interesting information about the customs and rituals of our ancient
ancestors, especially those associated with burial. In particular, the structure of the ancient tombs, the location of the
body in it, indicates that the funeral itself was held in a unique way. It is evident that this ceremony was performed
with various customs and rituals. According to Academician A.Askarov, "... people were buried in the graves of the
Chust culture with their sides bent, as if they were lying in their mother's womb." It is noteworthy that according to
this Bronze Age burial custom, women were buried with the left side and men were always buried with the right
side. [1,179.] In Dalvarzintepa tombs, human skulls face east, while tombs from the northern part of the valley face
west. detected. [9.15-16] This is certainly important ethnographic information.

It is known that the horse played an important role in the life of ancient cattle-breeding tribes. At the same time, the
horse also played a special role in their religious views. This is confirmed by the materials obtained from the burial
mounds of cattle-breeding tribes in Central Asia, especially in the steppe and foothills of the Fergana Valley.

When excavating such tombs, bronze and iron military weapons and pottery were found. These examples of material
culture, in turn, serve as an important source in our study of many unique and scientifically significant archaic
customs and rituals performed by our ancestors.

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Conclusion:-
Archaeological finds from the territory of Uzbekistan to the present day provide valuable information for
ethnographers on archeological materials, such as ancient human settlements, clothing, and cocktails and hunting
tools, household items, and dishes. In order to obtain such information, as mentioned above, the direct participation
of the ethnographer in the excavations as part of the members of the archeological expedition is important.

References:-
1. Askarov A. History of the origin of the Uzbek people. T .: 2016.
2. Askarov. A.Sopollitepa. T., 1973.
3.Tolstov S.P. Itogi dvadtsati let rabotы Khorezmiyskoy archeologo - etnograficheskoy ekespeditsiy (1937-1956) //
SE. №IV, 1957
4. Matboboev BM, Mashrabov ZZ History of Andijan (from ancient times to the beginning of the XX century) T.,
2014. Pages 7-13
5. Zadneprovskiy Yu.A. Drevnezemledelcheskaya kultura Fergany // MIA№118. Moscow-Leningrad. 1962.
6. Matboboev B.X. Shamsiddinov R.T. Mamajonov A. Fergana cities on the Great Silk Road. Andijon.
7. Ziyaev X. From the history of cotton growing in Uzbekistan. T., 1980.
8. Matboboev B.X. On the history of clothing of the people of ancient Fergana (on the basis of archeological
materials) // Ethnology of Uzbekistan: new views and approaches. T., 2004
9. Matbabaev B.X. Local variants of Chust culture Fergana. Aftoref. diss. candistor. science. L .: 1985.

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