AP CHEMISTRY MIDTERM

Section 1
Multiple Choice Questions
75 Questions
50% of total grade
This section consists of 75 multiple-choice questions. Mark your answers
carefully on the answer sheet.
General Instructions:

Do not open this booklet until you are told to do so by the proctor. Be sure to write your
answers for Section I on the separate answer sheet. Use the test booklet for your scratch
work or notes, but remember that no credit will be given for work, notes, or answers
written only in the test booklet. Once you have selected an answer, blacken thoroughly
the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. To change an answer, erase your previous
mark completely, and then record your new answer. Mark only one answer for each
question.

Many candidates wonder whether or not to guess the answers to questions about which
they are uncertain. In this section of the examination, as a correction for haphazard
guessing, one-fourth of the number of questions you answer incorrectly will be subtracted
from the number of questions you answer correctly. It is improbable, therefore, that mere
guessing will improve your score significantly; it may even lower your score, and it does
take time. If, however, you are not sure of the correct answer but have some knowledge
of the question and are able to eliminate one or more of the answer choices as wrong,
your chance of getting the right answer is improved, and it may be to your advantage to
answer such a question.

Because it is not expected that all test takers will complete this section, do not spend too
much time on difficult questions. Answer first the questions you can answer readily, and
then, if you have time, return to the difficult questions later. Use your time effectively.

NOTE: Unless otherwise stated, assume that for all questions involving solutions and/or
chemical equations, the system is in water and at room temperature.

AP Chemistry Midterm 2009

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 AP Chemistry Midterm 2007-2008

Note: For all questions, assume that the temperature is 298 K, the pressure is 1.00 atmosphere,
and solutions are aqueous unless otherwise specified.

Throughout the test the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.

T = temperature L, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s)

P = pressure g = gram(s)
V = volume nm = nanometer
S = entropy atm = atmosphere(s)
H = enthalpy mm Hg = millimeters of mercury
G = Gibb’s free energy J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)
R = molar gas constant M = molar
m = molal mol = mole(s)

Directions Part A: Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered statements
immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best fits each statement and then fill
in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or
not at all in each set.

For questions 1-3 base your answers on a-e For questions 4-6 base your answers on a-e
below: below:

a. Moles a. BF3
b. Liters b. CO2
c. Grams c. H2O
d. Atmospheres d. CF4
e. Volts e. PH3

1. One mole of solid zinc has a mass of 4. The central atom in this molecule
65.39 of these. forms sp2 hybrid orbitals.

2. These units can be calculated by 5. This molecule contains a pi

dividing a quantity by 6.02 x 1023. interaction.

3. Four grams of helium gas occupies 6. This molecule has a linear structure.
22.4 of these at standard
temperature and pressure.

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For questions 7-10 base your answers on a- For questions 14-16 base your answers on
e below: a-e below

A + B → C a. H2
b. He
The following are possible rate laws for the c. O2
hypothetical reaction given above: d. N2
e. CO2
a. Rate = k[A]
b. Rate = k[B]1 14. A 1 mole sample of this gas
c. Rate = k[A][B] occupying 1 liter will have the
d. Rate = k[A]2[B] greatest density.
e. Rate = k[A]2[B]2
15. At a given temperature, this gas will
7. This is the rate law for a first order have the greatest rate of effusion.
reaction.
8. When [A] is doubled and [B] is held 16. This gas will deviate the most from
constant the initial rate of reaction the ideal gas law.
will not change.
9. This is the rate law for a third order 17. The molecules of this gas contain
reaction. polar bonds.
10. For this rate law when [A] and [B]
are doubled, the initial rate of For questions 17-21 base your answers on
reaction will increase by a factor of a-e below
eight.
a. Free energy change (∆G)
For questions 11-13 base your answers b. Entropy change (∆S)
on a-e below: c. Heat of vaporization
d. Heat of fusion
a. Oxidation-reduction e. Heat capacity
b. Neutralization
c. Fusion 18. If this has a negative value for a
d. Combination or synthesis process then the process occurs
e. Decomposition spontaneously

Which of the reaction types listed above best 19. This is a measure of how the
describes each of these processes? disorder of a system is changing.

11. CO2 (g) + CaO (s) → CaCO3 (s) 20. This is the energy given off when a
substance condenses.
12. Fe3+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → 2Fe2+(aq) +
I2 (aq) 21. This is a measure of how much the
temperature of an object is raised
13. CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) → when it absorbs heat.
CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

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Part B Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five
suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the
corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

22. What is the wavelength of light that 25. Which was used to determine the
has a frequency of 4.00 x 1014 s-1? charge of an electron?
(The speed of light is 3.00 x 108
m/s). a. the gold foil experiment
b. line emission spectrum
a. 7.5 nm c. the oil drop experiment
b. 1333 nm d. electrolysis
c. 750 nm e. the mass spectrometer
d. 1.33 cm-1
e. 1.2 x 123 m 26. Which quantum number describes
the shape of an orbital?
23. The lithium ion and the hydride ion
are isoelectronic. Which of the a. n
following statements is true of these b. l
two chemical species in the ground c. ml
state? d. ms
a. Li+ is a better reducing e. s
agent than H-.
b. The H- ion is several times 27. What is most likely the electron
larger than the Li+ ion. configuration for a sodium ion in its
c. It requires more energy to ground state?
remove an electron from H-
than from Li+. a. 1s22s22p5
d. The chemical properties of b. 1s22s22p6
the two ions must be the c. 1s22s22p63s1
same because they have the d. 1s22s22p53s2
same electronic structure. e. 1s22s22p63s2
e. None of these is a true
statement. 28. The electron configuration of atoms
of element X is shown below
24. The Heisenburg uncertainty [Ar] 4s23d10
principle states that
Which is the most likely formula for
a. electrons have no the compound of this element and
momentum oxygen?
b. the position of an electron is a.. XO
impossible to determine b. X2O
c. the faster an electron c. XO2
moves, the more unreliable d. X2O3
is its energy e. X2O5
d. the momentum and the
position of an electron
cannot be precisely defined
simultaneously
e. Einstein’s theory of
relativity is still unproved

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 29. A Co3+ has______ unpaired 33. Which of the following is true of the
electron(s) and is _____/. alkali metal elements?
a. they usually take the +2
a. 1, diamagnetic oxidation state
b. 3, paramagnetic b. they have oxides that act as
c. 3, diamagnetic acid anhydrides
d. 4, paramagnetic c. they form covalent bonds
e. 10, paramagnetic with oxygen
d. they are generally found in
30. Which pair of elements is expected nature in compounds
to have the most similar properties? e. they have relative large first
ionization energies
a. potassium and lithium 34.
b. sulfur and phosphorus Mass of an empty container 3.0 grams
c. silicon and carbon Mass of the container plus the
d. strontium and barium solid sample 25.0 grams
e. fluorine and iodine Volume of the solid sample 11.0 cm3
The data above were gathered in order
31. Which of the following statements to determine the density of an unknown
is true regarding sodium and solid. The density of the sample should
chlorine? be reported as
a. 0.5 g/cm3
a. Sodium has greater b. 0.50 g/cm3
electronegativity and a c. 2.0 g/cm3
larger first ionization energy
d. 2.00 g/cm3
b. Sodium has a larger first
e. 2.27 g/cm3
ionization energy and a
larger atomic radius
c. Chlorine has a larger atomic 35. Chemical properties of elements are
radius and a greater defined by the
electronegativity
d. Chlorine has greater a. electrons
electronegativity and a b. ionization energy
larger first ionization energy c. protons
e. Chlorine has a larger atomic d. neutrons
radius and a larger first e. electronegativity
ionization energy
36. An element in the ground state
32. Which of the following ions has the
smallest ionic radius? a. has all of its electrons in the
lowest possible energy
a. O2- levels is an element is found
b. F- in nature
c. Na+ b. is an element that is
d. Mg2+ unreactive and found free in
e. Al3+ nature
c. has all of its electrons
paired
d. has all of its orbitals
occupied

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37. What is the theoretical yield of iron 41. What is the formula of a compound
when 2.00 grams of carbon is reacted with formed by combining 50. grams of
26.0 grams of Fe2O3? Given the reaction: element X (atomic weight = 100.) and
32 grams of oxygen gas?
2 Fe2O3 + 3C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2
a. 9.1 g a. XO2
b. 12.4 g b. XO4
c. 74.6 g c. X4O
d. 37.3 g d. X2O
e. 18.2 g e. XO

38. The temperature of a sample of an ideal 42. A sample of 3.30 grams of an ideal gas
gas confined in a 2.0 L container was raised at 150.0°C and 1.25 atmospheres
from 27°C to 77°C. If the initial pressure of pressure has a volume of 2.00 liters.
the gas was 1200 mm Hg, what was the final What is the molar mass of the gas? The
pressure of the gas? gas constant, R, is 0.0821 (L.atm)/(
mol.K)
a. 300 mm Hg
b. 600 mm Hg a. 0.0218 g/mol
c. 1400 mm Hg b. 16.2 g/mol
d. 2400 mm Hg c. 37.0 g/mol
e. 3600 mm Hg d. 45.8 g/mol
e. 71.6 g/mol
39. What is the mass of oxygen in 148
grams of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)? 43. The kinetic molecular theory predicts
that at a given temperature
a. 16 grams
b. 24 grams a. all gas molecules have the same
c. 32 grams kinetic energy
d. 48 grams b. all gas molecules have the same
e. 64 grams average velocity
c. only real gas molecules collide
40. A sample of propane C3H8, was with each other
completely burned in air at STP. The d. on the average, heavier
reaction occurred as shown below: molecules move more slowly
C3H8 + O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O e. elastic collisions result in the
loss of energy
If 67 liters of CO2 were produced
and all of the carbon in the CO2 came from 44. When a 1.00 gram sample of limestone
the propane, what was the mass of the (CaCO3) was dissolved in acid, 0.38
propane sample? grams of CO2 was generated. If the rock
contained no carbonate other than
a. 11 grams CaCO3, what was the percent of CaCO3
b. 22 grams by mass in the limestone?
c. 33 grams
d. 44 grams a. 17.0%
e. 55 grams b. 51.0%
c. 64.0%
d. 86.0%
e. 100.0%

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45. Under which conditions will a real gas 49. Element X is found in two forms:
behave most like an ideal gas? 90.0% is an isotope that has a mass of
20.0, and 10.0%is an isotope that has a
a. high pressure and high mass of 22.0. What is the atomic mass
temperature of element X?
b. low pressure and low
temperature a. 20.1
c. low volume and high b. 20.2
temperature c. 20.8
d. low pressure and high d. 21.2
temperature e. 21.8
e. high pressure and low
temperature 50. Which of the following is true when a
C=C and C≡C bonds are compared?
46. Hydrogen gas is collected over water at
24°C. the total pressure of the sample is a. the triple bond is shorter than
755 mmHg. At 24°C, the vapor the double bond
pressure of water is 22 mmHg. What is b. the double bond vibrates at a
the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas? lower frequency than the triple
bond
a. 22 mmHg c. the double bond energy is lower
b. 733 mmHg than the triple bond energy
c. 755 mm Hg d. both are composed of sigma and
d. 760 mmHg pi bonds
e. 777 mmHg e. all of the above is true

47. Which of the following is an insoluble 51. The F-B-F bond angle in the BF3
compound? molecule is

a. Ca(OH)2 a. 109.5°
b. Fe2S3 b. 60°
c. MnO2 c. 120°
d. SO42- d. 90°
e. MnO4- e. 180°

48. The correct name for Fe(NO3)3 is 52. Molecules that have planar
configurations include which of the
a. iron nitrate following?
b. iron (II) nitrate
c. ferrous nitroxide I. BCl3 II. CHCl3 III. NCl3
d. iron (II) sulfate
e. iron (III) nitrate
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. I, II, and III

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53. A liquid whose molecules are held 59. A substance that exhibits low
together by which of the following intermolecular attractions is expected to
forces would be expected to have the have
lowest boiling point?
a. low viscosity, low boiling point,
a. ionic bonds and low heat of vaporization
b. london dispersion forces b. high viscosity, low boiling
c. hydrogen bonds point, and low heat of
d. metallic conds vaporization
e. network bonds c. low viscosity, high boiling
point, and low heat of
54. Which of the following do exhibit vaporization
resonance? d. low viscosity, low boiling point,
i. SO2 and high heat of vaporization
ii. SO3 e. high viscosity, high boiling
iii. CO32- point, and high heat of
vaporization
a. II only
b. I and II only 60. Which of the following actions would
c. I and III only be likely to change the boiling point of a
d. II and III only sample of a pure liquid in an open
e. I, II, and III container?

For questions 55-58 base your answers I. Placing it in a smaller container

on the phase diagram below II. Increasing the number of moles
of the liquid in the container
III. Moving the container and
liquid to a higher altitude

a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. II and III only
e. I, II, and III
55. At this point the substance represented
by the phase diagram will be solely in 61. How many milliliters of 50.0% (by
the solid phase at equilibrium mass) HNO3 solution, with a density of
2.00 grams per milliliter, are required to
56. This point represents a boiling point of make 500. mL of a 2.00M HNO3
the substance solution?
a. 50.0 mL
57. At this point, the substance represented b. 63.0 mL
by the phase diagram could be c. 100. mL
undergoing sublimation d. 200. mL
e. 250. mL
58. At this point the substance represented
by the phase diagram will be solely in
the liquid phase at equilibrium

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62. Which of the following is expected to be 66. When algae decay in a pond, the process
most soluble in hexane, C6H14? uses up the available oxygen. Which of
the following factors will also contribute
a. KCl to a decrease in oxygen in a pond?
b. C2H5OH
c. C6H6 a. decreasing salinity (salt
d. H2O concentration)
e. HC2H2O2 b. increasing acidity due to acid
rain
63. If 20.0 g of ethanol (molar mass = 46) c. increasing temperature
and 30.0 g of water (molar mass = 18) d. increasing surface tension of
are mixed together, the mole fraction of water
ethanol in this mixture is e. increasing atmospheric pressure

a. 0.207 67. Ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, and water

b. 0.261 become noticeably warmer when mixed.
c. 0.739 This is due to
d. 0.793
e. 4.83 a. the decrease in volume when
they are mixed
64. When 5.92 grams of a nonvolatile, b. smaller attractive forces in the
nonionizing compound is dissolved in mixture than in the pure liquids
186 grams of water, the freezing point c. the hydrogen bonding of the two
(at normal pressure) of the resulting liquids
solution is -0.592°C. What is the d. the change in vapor pressure
molecular weight of the compound? observed
(The freezing point depression constant, e. stronger attractive forces in the
Kf, for water is 1.86°C/m). mixture than in the pure liquids

a. 10.0 g/mol 68. The first law of thermodynamics can be

b. 100. g/mol given as
c. 110. g/mol
d. 200. g/mol a. ∆E = q + w
e. 210. g/mol b. ∆H°rxn = ∑n∆H°f (products) -
∑n∆H°f (reactants)
65. To make a solution, 3.45 mole of c. for any spontaneous process, the
C6H13Cl and 1.26 mole of C5H12 are entropy of a system increases
mixed. Which of the following is d. the entropy of a pure crystalline
needed, but not readily available, to substance at absolute zero is
calculate the molarity of this solution? zero
e. ∆S = qrev/T at constant
a. the density of the solution temperature
b. the densities of C6H13Cl and
C5H12
c. the temperature
d. the molar masses of C6H13Cl
and C5H12
e. the volume of C6H13Cl and
C5H12

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69. C (s) + 2 H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ∆H° = x 71. A + B → C
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ∆H° = y When the reaction give above takes
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) ∆H° = z place, the rate law is:

Based on the information above, what is Rate = k [A]

∆H° for the reaction
If the temperature of the reaction chamber
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 were increased, which of the following
H2O (l) would be true?
a. the rate of reaction and the rate
a. x+y+z constant will increase
b. x+y-z b. the rate of reaction and the rate
c. 2z + y – x constant will not change
d. z+y–x c. the rate of reaction will increase
e. 2z + y – 2x and the rate constant will
decrease
70. When 0.400 g of CH4 is burned in d. the rate of reaction will increase
excess oxygen in a bomb calorimeter and the rate constant will not
that has a heat capacity of 3245 J/°C, a change
temperature increase of 6.795°C is e. the rate of reaction will not
observed. What is the value of q? change and the rate constant
will increase
a. 220 J/mol
b. -882 kJ 72. A multistep reaction takes place by the
c. 477 kJ following mechanism.
d. -22.04 kJ
e. 8.82 kJ A + B → C + D
A + C → D + E

Which of the species shown above

is an intermediate in the reaction?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E

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73. A + B → C
Based on the following 75. H2 (g) + I2 (g) → 2 HI (g)
experimental data, what is the rate
law for the hypothetical reaction When the reaction given above takes place
given above? in a sealed isothermal container, the rate law
Experiment [A] [B] Initial Rate is:
(M) (M) of Rate = k[H2][I2]
Formation
of C If a mole of H2 gas is added to the reaction
(mol/L-sec) chamber, which of the following will be
1 0.20 0.10 3 x 10-2 true?
2 0.20 0.20 6 x 10-2
3 0.40 0.20 6 x 10-2 a. The rate of reaction and the rate
constant will increase
a. Rate = k[A] b. The rate of reaction and the rate
b. Rate = k[A]2 constant will not change
c. Rate = k[B] c. The rate of reaction will
d. Rate = k[B]2 increase and the rate constant
e. Rate = k[A][B] will decrease
d. The rate of reaction will
74. A + B → C + D increases and the rate constant
The rate law for the hypothetical will not change
reaction shown above is as follows: e. The rate of reaction will not
Rate = k[A] change and the rate constant
Which of the following changes to will increase
the system will increase the rate of
the reaction?

i. An increase in the
concentration of A
ii. An increase in the
concentration of B
iii. An increase in the
temperature

a. i only
b. i and ii only
c. i and iii only
d. ii and iii only
e. i, ii, and iii

END OF PART 1
MOVE ON TO PART II

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 Section II: Free Response Questions
Parts A and B: 50% of Total Grade

General Instructions:

Part A is problem solving. Question 1 is required; you must do either questions 2 or 3.

Part B is theory. Questions 4 and 5 are required, you must do two of the following three
questions (6, 7, 8).

PART A Problem Solving:

Directions: CLEARLY SHOW THE METHOD USED AND THE STEPS INVOLVED IN
ARRIVING AT YOUR ANSWERS. It is to your advantage to do this, since you may obtain
partial credit if you do and you will receive little or no credit if you do not. Attention should be
paid to significant figures.

1 REQUIRED – you must complete this question. The Section II score weighing for this
question is 20%.
2A+BC+D
The following results were obtained when the reaction represented above was studied at 25C.
Experiment Initial Initial Initial Rate of Formation of C (mol L-1 min-1)
[A] [B]
1 0.25 0.75 4.310-4
2 0.75 0.75 1.310-3
3 1.50 1.50 5.310-3
4 1.75 ? 8.010-3
(a) Determine the order of the reaction with respect to A and to B. Justify your answer

(b) Write the rate law for the reaction. Calculate the value of the rate constant, specifying units.

(c) Determine the initial rate of change of [A] in Experiment 3.

(d) Determine the initial value of [B] in Experiment 4.

(e) Identify which of the reaction mechanisms represented below is consistent with the rate law
developed in part (b). Justify your choice.
1. A + B  C + M Fast
M+AD Slow
2. B  M Fast equilibrium
M+AC+X Slow
A+XD Fast
3. A + B  M Fast equilibrium
M+AC+X Slow
XD Fast

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Answer EITHER Question 2 or Question 3. Choose one of the following two questions.
Only one of these two questions will be graded. If you start both questions, be sure to cross
out the question you do not want graded. The section II score weighing for the question you
choose is 20%.

2.
(a) A solution containing 3.23 grams of an unknown compound dissolved in 100.0 grams of
water freezes at -0.97°C. The solution does not conduct electricity. Calculate the
molecular weight of the compound. (The molal freezing point depression constant for
water is 1.86°C kg/m)

(b) Elemental analysis of this unknown compound yields the following percentages by
weight H = 9.74%; C = 38.70; O = 51.56%. Determine the molecular formula for the
compound.

(c) Complete the combustion of a 1.05 gram sample of compound with excess oxygen gas
produces a mixture of H2O (g) and CO2 (g). What is the pressure of this gas mixture
when it is contained in a 3.00 liter flask at 127°C.

3.
Standard Heat of Absolute
Formation, ∆ Hf °, Entropy, S°,
Substance in kJ mol-1 in J mol-1 K-1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C(s) 0.00 5.69
CO2(g) -393.5 213.6
H2(g) 0.00 130.6
H2O(l) -285.85 69.91
O2(g) 0.00 205.0
C3H7COOH(l) ? 226.3

The enthalpy change for the combustion of butyric acid at 25°C, ∆ Hf°,comb, is -2,183.5 kilojoules
per mole. The combustion reaction is
C3H7COOH(l) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
(a) From the above data, calculate the standard heat of formation, ∆ Hf °, for butyric acid.

(b) Write a correctly balanced equation for the formation of butyric acid from its elements.

(c) Calculate the standard entropy change, ∆Sf°, for the formation of butyric acid at 25°C. The
entropy change, ∆S°, for the combustion reaction above is -117.1 J K-1 at 25°C.

(d) Calculate the standard free energy of formation, ∆G°f, for butyric acid at 25°C

END OF PART A
MOVE TO NEXT PAGE FOR PART B

AP Chemistry Midterm 2009

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 Part B Theory:

Answer Question 4 below. The Section II score weighing for this question is 15%

4. You are given eight options for this question. Answer only five. Write an unbalanced
net ionic equation for the following reactions. All reactants are assumed to be
aqueous unless otherwise stated. All reactions do occur.

a. Solutions of cobalt (II) nitrate and sodium hydroxide are mixed.

b. Equal volumes of equimolar solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium

hydroxide are mixed.

c. Ethanol is burned in oxygen

d. Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water

e. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is heated

f. A solution of copper (II) sulfate is added to a solution of barium hydroxide

g. A strip of magnesium is added to a solution of silver nitrate

h. Solid calcium is added to warm water

Your responses to the rest of the questions in this part of the examination will be graded on
the basis of accuracy and the relevance of the information cited. Explanations should be
clear and well organized. Examples and equations may be included in your responses
where appropriate. Specific answers are preferable to broad, diffuse responses.

Answer BOTH question 5 and 6. Both of these questions will be graded. The Section II
score weighing for these questions is 30% (15% each).

5. Explain each of the following observations in terms of the electronic structure and/or bonding
of the compounds involved.
(a) At ordinary conditions, HF (normal boiling point = 20ºC) is a liquid, whereas HCl (normal
boiling point = -114ºC) is a gas.

(b) Molecules of AsF3 are polar, whereas molecules of AsF5 are nonpolar.

(c) The N-O bonds in the NO2- ion are equal in length, whereas they are unequal in HNO2.

(d) For sulfur, the fluorides SF2, SF4, and SF6 are known to exist, whereas for oxygen only OF2
is known to exist.

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6. Use the details of modern atomic theory to explain each of the following experimental
observations.
(a) Within a family such as the alkali metals, the ionic radius increases as the atomic number
increases.

(b) The radius of the chlorine atom is smaller than the radius of the chloride ion, Cl-. (Radii : Cl
atom = 0.99Å; Cl- ion = 1.81 Å)

(c) The first ionization energy of aluminum is lower than the first ionization energy of
magnesium. (First ionization energies: 12Mg = 7.6 ev; 13Al = 6.0 ev)

(d) For magnesium, the difference between the second and third ionization energies is much
larger than the difference between the first and second ionization energies. (Ionization
energies for Mg: 1st = 7.6 ev; 2nd = 14 ev; 3rd = 80 ev)

Answer EITHER Question 7 or Question 8. Only one of these questions will be graded. If
you start both questions, be sure to cross out the question you do not want graded. The
Section II score weighing for the question you choose is 15%.

7. BCl3(g) + NH3(g)  Cl3BNH3(s)

The reaction represented above is a reversible reaction.

(a) Predict the sign of the entropy change, S, as the reaction proceeds to the right. Explain your
prediction.

(b) If the reaction spontaneously proceeds to the right, predict the sign of the enthalpy change,
H. Explain your prediction.

(c) The direction in which the reaction spontaneously proceeds changes as the temperature is
increased above a specific temperature. Explain.

(d) What is the value of the equilibrium constant at the temperature referred to in (c); that is, the
specific temperature at which the direction of the spontaneous reaction changes? Explain.

8. Give scientific explanation for the following observations. Use equations or diagrams
if they are relevant.

a. It takes longer to cook an egg until it is hard-boiled in Denver (altitude 1 mile

above sea level) than it does in New York City (near sea level)

b. Burning coal containing a significant amount of sulfur leads to “acid rain”

c. Perspiring is a mechanism for cooling the body

d. The addition of antifreeze to water in a radiator decreases the likelihood that the
liquid in the radiator will either freeze or boil.

END OF EXAMINATION

AP Chemistry Midterm 2009

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