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    Compiler HandMade Notes

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    Shubh Wairagade
    A translator is a program that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It performs translation and detects errors. There are different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A compiler translates the entire program at once and reports errors, while an interpreter translates line by line and reports errors as it encounters them. A compiler operates in phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation to convert source code into machine code.

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    Compiler HandMade Notes

    Uploaded by

    Shubh Wairagade
    50 views7 pages
    A translator is a program that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It performs translation and detects errors. There are different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A compiler translates the entire program at once and reports errors, while an interpreter translates line by line and reports errors as it encounters them. A compiler operates in phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation to convert source code into machine code.

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    A translator is a program that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It performs translation and detects errors. There are different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A compiler translates the entire program at once and reports errors, while an interpreter translates line by line and reports errors as it encounters them. A compiler operates in phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation to convert source code into machine code.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    50 views7 pages

    Compiler HandMade Notes

    Uploaded by

    Shubh Wairagade
    A translator is a program that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It performs translation and detects errors. There are different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A compiler translates the entire program at once and reports errors, while an interpreter translates line by line and reports errors as it encounters them. A compiler operates in phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation to convert source code into machine code.

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    of 7

    What is a translator?

    A program written in high-level language is called as source code. To convert the source code into
    machine code, translators are needed.
    A translator takes a program written in source language as input and converts it into a program in
    target language as output.
    It also detects and reports the error during translation.
    Roles of translator are:
    • Translating the high-level language program input into an equivalent machine language
    program.
    • Providing diagnostic messages wherever the programmer violates specification of the high-level
    language program.
    Different type of translators

    1. Compiler

    Compiler is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language to low-level language.

    It translates the entire program and also reports the errors in source program encountered during the

    translation.

    2. Interpreter

    Interpreter is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language to low-


    level language. Interpreter translates line by line and reports the error once it encountered
    during the translation process.
    It directly executes the operations specified in the source program when the input is given
    by the user.
    It gives better error diagnostics than a compiler.
    3. Assembler

    Assembler is a translator which is used to translate the assembly language code into machine

    language code.

    Structure of a Compiler
    Phases of a compiler: A compiler operates in phases. A phase is a logically interrelated
    operation that takes source program in one representation and produces output in another
    representation. The phases of a compiler are shown in below There are two phases of
    compilation.

    a. Analysis (Machine Independent/Language Dependent)

    b. Synthesis(Machine Dependent/Language independent)


    Lexical Analysis:
    Lexical analyzer phase is the first phase of compilation process. It takes source code as input. It reads
    the source program one character at a time and converts it into meaningful lexemes. Lexical analyzer
    represents these lexemes in the form of tokens.

    Syntax Analysis
    Syntax analysis is the second phase of compilation process. It takes tokens as input and generates a
    parse tree as output. In syntax analysis phase, the parser checks that the expression made by the
    tokens is syntactically correct or not.

    Semantic Analysis
    Semantic analysis is the third phase of compilation process. It checks whether the parse tree follows
    the rules of language. Semantic analyzer keeps track of identifiers, their types and expressions. The
    output of semantic analysis phase is the annotated tree syntax.

    Intermediate Code Generation


    In the intermediate code generation, compiler generates the source code into the intermediate code.
    Intermediate code is generated between the high-level language and the machine language. The
    intermediate code should be generated in such a way that you can easily translate it into the target
    machine code.

    Code Optimization
    Code optimization is an optional phase. It is used to improve the intermediate code so that the
    output of the program could run faster and take less space. It removes the unnecessary lines of the
    code and arranges the sequence of statements in order to speed up the program execution.

    Code Generation
    Code generation is the final stage of the compilation process. It takes the optimized intermediate
    code as input and maps it to the target machine language. Code generator translates the
    intermediate code into the machine code of the specified computer.
    Table Management OR Book-keeping :- A compiler needs to collect information about all the
    data objects that appear in the source program. The information about data objects is
    collected by the early phases of the compiler-lexical and syntactic analyzers. The data
    structure used to record this information is called as Symbol Table.

    Error Handing :- One of the most important functions of a compiler is the detection and
    reporting of errors in the source program. The error message should allow the programmer to
    determine exactly where the errors have occurred. Errors may occur in all or the phases of a
    compiler. Whenever a phase of the compiler discovers an error, it must report the error to the
    error handler, which issues an appropriate diagnostic msg. Both of the table-management and
    error-Handling routines interact with all phases of the compiler.

    Compiler construction tools-------------------------------------

    Interpreter and the related issues--------------------------------------------

    Cross compiler :
    A Cross compiler is a compiler that generates executable code for a platform other than one
    on which the compiler is running. For example a compiler that running on Linux/x86 box is
    building a program which will run on a separate Arduino/ARM.

    Native Compiler Cross Compiler

    Translates program for same Translates program for different


    hardware/platform/machine on it is hardware/platform/machine other than the
    running. platform which it is running.

    It is used to build programs for same It is used to build programs for other
    system/machine & OS it is installed. system/machine like AVR/ARM.

    It is dependent on System/machine and


    OS It is independent of System/machine and OS

    It can generate executable file like .exe It can generate raw code .hex

    TurboC or GCC is native Compiler. Keil is a cross compiler.


    Incremental compiler……………………
    Bootstrapping ---

    Bootstrapping is a process in which simple language is used to translate more complicated


    program which in turn may handle for more complicated program. This complicated program
    can further handle even more complicated program and so on.

    Lexical Analysis

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