asi roblem Set (U)

Real and imaginary parts, Powers of i.

1. Under what condition is the sum of two complex 5. (a) If z=x+iy and z = a - ib, then show that
numbers x +iy and x2 + iy2
(a) real number 4(-b°)
a b
(b) purely imaginary number?
a
(b) If the points on the Argand plane given by
2. (a) A student writes the formula vab vavb. =
ae",be",ce" are collinear, then show that
Then substitutes a = 1and b =-1 and finds
-

1-1. Explain where he is wrong.

bc sin (B-v) =0
Show that the equation
(b) Is the following computation correct? If not, give
A
hH=k
the correct computation : B + C2 + =k
X a x-b x-c
"-2.-3 -2)(-3) =V6
has no imaginary roots.
a+ ib
3.
Ifx+iy +id' prove that 7.
7. Prove that x* +4 =(x+1+i) (x+1-)
(x-1+) (x-1-i).
(x +y2 g+b (A) The following relations be committed to memory:
c+2 (Karnatak G.E.E. 1999) i=1,4n =1,iin*1 = i,
4. (a) If x=-5+2-4, find the value of
4n+2 =2 =- 1,i4n+3 =f =-i
x+9x3+35x x+4.
(1+=1+i +2i =2i
(b) If x 3+5-1 find the value of (1-i)= conj.= -2i, 1+i =0,1-i2 =2
2

2x+2x -

7x+ 72 1+i Ht).2i=i =2=-i

1-i 1-? 2 1+
and show that it will be unaltered if
3-5-1
x=-
8. Simplify thetollowing:
2 (a) (i157

(c)* If x =
-5+i3
prove that (b)( 1)* (n,a +ive integer)
2
(x+5x) +x(x+5) =42
H 40 O LI.T.J.E.E. Mathematics: Algebra
(c) ti 1-i
1+2 V5+12i + y5-12i
(d) (b)* V(5+12/) - N(5 - 12i)
1-(1- i)*
9.
Simplify the following: 18. (a) -8-6i

(a) (n, a +ive integer)

(b) -7-24i (c)a-1 +2a/-1
19. (a) 4-5-1 (b) 1+4-3
20. (a) i (b) -i
(b) If
=1,then for any +ive integer n, xis (c) 1-i
equal to 21. (a) Find the value of
(a) 4n (b) 4n +1 |4+3-2012 +[4 -3/-201/2
(c) 2n (d) 2n+1 (AIEEE 2003)
(b) y8+6i +8 -6i
(c) (1+) (d)-'
(C)-35+12 --35-12
(1-)-2 1-3
22. Find the square root of the following:
10. Simplify the following:
3-i,3+i (6) 2 + 2
x+ivx* +x +1.
11.
(a)2+2-i
Compute:
sab-2(a -b)-1
In Q. 23 to 25 find real values of x and y for which the
(a) (1+ i)1 (b) I(3 +) (V3 - ]-3/2
following equations are satisfied:
In Q. 12 to 15 put the following in the form A + iB:
23. (a) (1-i) x+(1+i) y =1-3i,
12. (a) +) (b) 4
(b)
3-i +5

13. (a) -21)

(2+3/) 24. (1+) x-2 2-3/)y+i,
i-i
(1+2i) (2-i) 3+i 3-i
(b) (x+ iy) (2- 3i) = 4+i
14. a + ib)_(a-ib)2
(a- ib)(a+ib) (c) (1+)y +6+i=(2 +i) x.
25. (a) Vx° -2x+8 +(x + 4) i =y (2 +i).
1-cos6+2i sin (b) ( x + 2xi) - (3x+yi) = (3- 5i) + (1 +2yi)
16. Find the lengths of the segments connecting the points
represented by the following pairs of numbers 26 (a)* If a,b, c, .... k are the roots of the equation
i) 5, 3 (ii) 3,-4i x"+px"-+p, x"-2 t P n - 1 X + Pn =0

(iii)-6i,3 (iv) 1-i,2+3i (P1P2. P, are real), then prove that

(v) 3-2i,3 +5i. (1+a) (1+b')...(1+ k)=(1- Pz + P.
number.
Method for Square root of a complex +(P1
(B) Pa +Ps
-

Let z = 5 +12i = x+ iy. Squaring,

Express (1+ x*) (1+J)1+z) as sum of t
x -y +2ixy =5+12 squares.
x - y= 5, xy =6. Solve. 27. (a) Solve the equation x 4x +8x+ 35 =0 -

B y Inspection :5+12i
having given that one root is 2+-3.
Take half the coefficient of i', i.e. (12) =6. Now
(b) Determine the condition that the equati
two factors, squares of
whose z +(p+ iq) z + r+ is =0 has real roots only.
decompose 6 into
difference is 5 i.e. 3
and 2 3 -2 =5 . .

28. (a) Find real6 such that +21 sin

Hence v (5+12iJ
2i) = t (3 + 1-2i sine
(3-2/). Conjugate (i) real (ii) purely imaginary
V(5 12i) t
v - 5 + 12i)=
t (2 +3/)
and
5 - 12i)
+ (2 = 3/). Conjugate tan-i sin+cos
and v- (b) If
- 3 . Hence w e choose 2 t 3i and
Here R.P =-5=2 1+2isin
not 3 t 2/ rootf of the numbers:
20 find the square
is purely imaginary. then determine the gent
In Q. 17 to (EE. W.B. 1993) value of6.
5 + 1 2 i ,
-5+12i
17. (a)
 '

Show
real value of x will satisfy the
that a
29.
1-IXa- ib if a +b =1 (a,b real.
equation
1+ix

30. Prove following

the identities :

(x+a")* ={x* -6xa +a12

+(4xa-4xa 5.
a(x+a' =(x - 21 x'a +35 x'a 7xa2
-

+(7xa-35 xa +21 xa-a'12

 Problem Set (2)
Square root, cube roots of unity
lf
1,0,0 are the three cube roots of unity, show that
c) (2+5o +20) =
(2 +20+ 50)° 729.
=

(a) (1-@+0) (1+@ -o)= 4. Prove the following (Q.3 to 5):

(b) (1+ -(1 +o)' =0. 3. (a) (1 -o)(1 -o')(1-o')(1-o)=9.
c)(1-+o) =(1+o-o) =-8.
(b) (1+o)(1+o )(1+o')(1+o°)F1.
. a) If o is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (J.E.E. W.8. 1992)
(1+0-0) equals
(c) (1-0+o)(1-o +o')(1-o' +o)..
(a) 128 (b) -1288o to 2n factors = 24"
(b) 128o (d) -128 (1.1.T. 1998) +y = (x+ y) (ax +oy) (o'x+oy).
(b) (1-0+0)°+(1+0-o) =32 b) x - y ' = ({x - y) (ar -o y )(o"x- ay.
 1

6O .T.J.E.E. Mathematics Algebra

( a + b +c) (a+bo + co) (a +bo + co) (b) If o,B are the roots of x-X+1 =0, the
1030+8150 is equal to
= a+b3 +c -3abc (b) 0
(a) 1030
(d) If a=1+ +. (d) -1
6 (c) 1

(c) If a,B are the roots of x

-2x+ 4 =
0, then is
b x+t
4! 7!
...co B
equal to(-1t/3i).
2! 5! 8!
11. (a) Prove that the cube roots of unity 1,0,o
then find the value of a +b +c3 -3abc. are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
5. (a) (x+y)° + (x0 + yo")* + (xo* + y») = 6xy.
(b) Ifz= then show that (z101+103,105
)* (a+bo +co*)' +(a+ bø* +co) 2
=
(2a-b -c) (2b -

c -

a) (2c -

a-b) equals zs.

27abc if a+b +c=0 (J.E.E. W.B. 1992) Prove that for all odd integral values of
(c)
(a) Ifa,p.y are the
cuberoots
zY_
of p,p<0, then for
(3+i
3n
+1 0 .
* yp+
any x , y and z,
xB+ yY+ z -
12. Prove that
(b) a+b +co a+bo +co
C+a0+bo2 b+co+aw° (a)
7. (a) If a and B are the complex cube roots of unity,
show that a +B +a - l =0. (Bihar 1999) Another form:
(b) Prove that 1
1+20 2+0 1+0 +1-L=o, where ois 1 + + o " =0 when n is a positive integer bui
not a multiple of 3.
imaginary cube root of unity. (b) 1+o" +0" =3 when n is a multiple of 3.
(c) If o(# 1) be a cube root of unity and
(c) Ifo is a cube root of unity and
(1+o)" =(1+0*)",then theloast +ive value ofn o +0 =-1, then prove that the integer n is o
is
3
the form km+Iwhere (k, ) (3, 1),(3,2). =

(a) 2 (b) Note : See similar question 13 (a, b) P 46-49.

(c) 4 5 (d)
(Screening 2004)
It is given that n is an odd integer
8.
If x = a+b, y = ao +bß and z = aß +ba where a and B 13.
(a) greater
not a multiple of 3. Prove that x +x+
than
are complex cube roots of unity, show that butnis
xyz =a +b3 is a factor of (x + 1)" -x" -1.
(a)
+y' +z =3[a' +b*). (b) Iff (z) be divided by z iand z -

+i, the remaindes

(b)
Prove that
are
respectively i and 1+i. Determine the
9. remainder when f (z) is divided by z +1.
100
(c) If A (x) and B
(x) be two polynomials an
(a) 1
f(x)= A(x*)+ xB (x). If f (x) is divisible b
x +X+1 then show that it is divisible by x-
also.
(d) !f(1+ X* x)"
(c) Ifi =-1, then n
365
O0+OX+a2 x* +ag xt..+ a2n*
then prove that
+ + agt.)= (a, +a4 +ay t )
is equal to
(b) - 1+ i V3 (a2 +as +g ..)=3
(a) 1-i3
(c) iv3 (d)-i a3 (.1.T. 1999)
14. Prove that (x+ y)" -

x" -y" is divisible by

Ifa is a complex number such that a +a+1 =0, xy (x +
y) (x* +
xy +
y*),
10. (a)
a" is equal to a if is odd but not
then show that
n
a
multiple of 3.
 Complex Numbers O 47
Show
that the polynomial
(a) (b) If o be complex cube root of unity satisfying the
15. X
4x4m+T +x4n+2+x4p+3
equation
is divisible byx*+x+X +1 where 1, m, n, p are 1 .+ =200 and
positive integers. a+ b +0 c+0
Find the comm roots of the equations 1 + =200, then
a+0 b +0 C+0
z+22+2z+1 0, z5+z100 +1=0.
+ i s equal to
the value of a+1 b+1 c+1
Prove that when
16 (a) (a) 2 (b) -2
x-x+ 1 0 is 8.
c) -1+0 (d) -1+
dhl Ift +t +1 =0,then prove that ihe value of 19.* If ax +cy +bz = X, cx +by + az =Y,

bx+ ay +cz Z, show that:

=

54 (a) (a +b* +c2 -bc - ca - ab) (x + y +z

Ifz +1
-

yz
-
zX- xy)
il +z
=0where zis a complexnumber, X*+Y+2 - YZ - ZX- XY.
then the value of
(b) (a +b' +d -3abc) (x+y +z' -3»xyz)
= X +Y3 +Zs -3XYZ.
(a) 6 (b) 12 20.* Given z, +z2 + 2g A, z1 +Z,0 +Z30° =B,
(c) 18 (d) 54 (AIEEE 2006) Z1 +Z, + 2,0 =C.
) ft+t +1 =0, then the value of the expression (a) Express z, Z2, 2g in terms of A, B,C.
(b) Prove
AP +B+|C =3(|z, +1z1 +|z, P)
a))0 (b) 1 21. (a) For positive integers n^,n2 the value of the
(c) -1 (d) none expression
d) Ifa.B.yare the roots of x -3x +3x+7=0 and o (1+11 +(1+#)"1 +(1+5)2 +(1+1")2,
is cube root of unity, then the value of where i=-1is a real number if and only if
(a) n = n2 +1 b) ni =n2 -1
(c) n n (d) n, >0, n2 >0
(a) 2 b) 20 (1.1.T. 1996)
(b)z+1/z" = - 1, where z is a root of the equation
c) 302 (d) -30
z+1/z =1.
10
(e)sin900 (r-o) (r- o*)
r=1
22. (a) For what real values of x and y are the numbers
-3+ix'y and x +y+4i
a -1 (b) conjugate complex ?
c) 1 d) v3/2
7. If the argument of (z - a) (Z-b) is equal to that of (b) For what real values of xand y are the complex
numbers x - 7x+9yi and
3+i) (1+ 3i) where find yi+20i-12 equal ?
1+i a,b are two real numbers,
the v (c)* The complex numbers sin x+i cos 2x and
of a and b so that the locus becomes a circle cOs X-i sin 2x are conjugate to each other for
having its centre at (3+ i). X.

. faj I + 1 = 20
Solutions to Problem Set (2)

and 1
d+ 1. (a) Using the relations 1 + a +o* =0 and »' = 1, we
+ get
a+ b+0 (1-0 + )(1+0-o) =(- 20) (-20) =4 ' = 4.
then prove that (b) E=(-o* -(-o) = - 1+1 =0.
(c) Do yourself.
 Complex Numbers O 41
29. Show that a real value of x will satisfy the equation

1-iX=a- ib
1+ ix
if a +b =1 (a,b real). +5=5+13---5-3
2
...(2)

identities
30. Prowe thefollowing
+ a ) " =(x* -6xa +ad2
x(x+5)---5)*+(W3)*] =-7
E=(-7* -7=42.
+(4xa- 4xa). 5. (a) Cube and equate real and imaginary parts
+ =-21 x°a +35 xa -7a" x=a -3ab.y =b* - 3ab

+(7xa-35 x*a +21xa-7')2 -a b 3b -(b -3ad) =

4(d -b2
Solutions to Problem Set (1
(b) ae =a(cosa+isin a) =(acos o, a sin o)
1. Sum =(X1 +X2) +i (y1 +V2 a cos o a sin o
(a) sum is real if yj +y2 =0 and
(b) a purely imaginary number if x +X = 0.
For collinearity| b cos B
c cosy
bsinß
csin y
1=0
2. We first note that the formula vab = vavb, holds if at
a cos a (b sin B-c sin Y)-b cos B(asin a -c sin y)
least one of a and b is non-negative. +c cos y (a sin a - b sin B) = 0 etc.

(a) Since here both aand b are negative, we cannot

apply the above formula. Thus if a=-1 and
6. Ifpossible leta + i ßbea root. Thena i ßis also a root.
-

Substituting these values for xand subtracting the first

b=-1, we cannot have -1)-1)=-1-1 result from the second, we get
which gives the absurd result 1= -1
B
(b) The computation "-2-3 -2(-3= 6" is (a-a)+2 (a-b+B2
wrong since here both - 2and - 3 are negative.
The correct computation is
C2 = 0

-2-3- V2-1/3/-1=/2/3(,-1) (a-c) +B (a-h+Bp

which is impossible unless B = 0 as the term inside the
=V6(-1)= -v6. bracket is clearly + ive being squares of real numbers
3. x+iyC+id .(1) 7. (x+1+) (x+1-)(x-1+) (x-1-i
I(x+1)-iilx-1) -il
By the property of complex numbers, we have
= (x +2x+1+1) (x -2x+1+1)
x-iy by .2) [ ( x +2) +2x][(x +2) - 2x]
= ( x + 2 -4x = x*+4x +4 - 4x
Multiplying (1) and (2), we get = x +4.

+ = + i b a- ib
+y C+ id c- id
B. (a)s.i=i
(b) (- ) n * S = (- 1)*d n= - (i') = i

aring. we get (x + y212 +b (c) i-(-i) = 2i by result (A) P. 39

c+d
4(a) We have, (d) 1+2i
1--2/) = 1 by result (A) P. 39
x
+5 2-4.
Squaring, x* +10x + 25 - 16 9. (a) E= in*l = i by (A)
or x+10x + 41 =0 1) (b) Ans. (a).
Now x + 9x35x - x+ 4 = (x +10x+ 41) 1+i 2 4
.(x-x +4)-160.
cosisincosisin i
Byactual division. Now put x* +10 x+ 41 -0 ( ) * 1. Above is possible if
=
x =
4n wheree
n is a + ive
intege
Value of x +9x 35x-x*4 - 16
(b) Proceed as in part (a). ( ni"-2i =2-by (A)
4
E - (2x-6x+ 17 (x+ 4) 4 =0+4 +

c 5 + i v3 ...(1) d) Cancel 1-i E- 1- 2 by {A)

2
 42O M.T.J.E.E. Mathematics Algebra
(iv) 1(-1-i)-(2+3/)|=l-3-4/
10. (a) 2-i)+(3+i) (2+i)
4+1 -3+(-4) =v25=5
(v) 1(3-2i)-(3+5i)|=1-7i|=7.
=[(6-51 +i)+(6 +5i+ )]==2.
5 root Page 40.
17. (a) See (B) Method for square
(b) )_22+) 2(1+i) is easily seen to be equal to 3+2i.
b) V5+12i
2 4+1 by part (a
15(1-i)-4(2+) +10(1 +i)]=17-9i)
10
(3+2i)+(3-2i)6 =- i
10
(3+2/)-(3-21) 4 2
11.()( -4 - 18. (a)-8-6i. Halfthe coefficient
are 3 and 1 and since
ofi is 3 whose factoni
the real part is -8, we taB
(b) IV3+ ) (3- 1)]3/2 =(3-12)-3/2 = 4-3/2 =1
the factors as 1 and 3 such that 1 -3
=-8

-8-6i) =t(1-3i)
12. (a)U+)=1+i +2i 2i3+1) V(-8 +6i) =t (1+3i).
3-i 3-i 32-2
(b) Ans. t(3-4/).
2(3i 10+i)-1(3i-1)--+i. (c) 1st Method. a -1+i.2a
Half the coefficient ofi is aor a.1.Its factors are a
(b)
(5+ 4/)
16+25
(4-5/)(20+20)+i(16- 25)_40-9i.
41 41
such that a -1 =R.P.
Square root is t (a+ i).
13. fal 21) (2+3i)(1-21) (2 +1)_(12+5/) (4-3/) Alt. -1+2a-1-d +i* +2ai =(a+i)
(1+4)(4+1) 25
Hence ya -1) +2a-1 t (a+ i).
(48 +15) +i (20-36) 63
25 25 19. (a) 4-5-1-1+i4V5
Half the coefficient of i is 2 V5 and its factors an
(b) Ans.+i.
4 2,5 s.t.2-(Vs) = -1= Real Part.

14. (a+ib (a-ib)(a+ib)-(a-ib)

_ Square root of -1+ i 4 V5 is t (2+iv5).
(a- ib) (a+ib) (a-ib) (a+ ib) (b) Ans. +(2+3i)
2 (3a.ib +i°b°)_2 (3afb -b) 20. (a) Let i = x+ iy. Then i =
x y -

+2ixy,
+b a+b2
x- y =0 and 2xy = 1.
2h(3a7-b) Solving these, we get
a+b2 x=y=TN(
1
15.
1 cos 0+2i sinne 2 sin+4i sincos Z
2
Hencei= =/
(b) Ans. V-i =t 1- i).
2 sin (0/2) [sin (0/2) + 2i cos (0/2)]
sin (6/2) - 2i cos (0/2) (c) (1-i) =t(x- iy) say. Squaring, we get
1-i= x -y' - i2xy
2 sin (0/2) sin (9/2) +4cos (e/2)
1-2/ cot (0/2) x y ' =1,2xy =1
2 sin (9/2) + 4{2 cos (0/2)]
x+y 2 and x - y2 =1. by (1)
Change to double angle.
1-2icot (6/2) 2+1
2
and y v2-1
5+3cos 2

length of segment joining the

On adding and subtracting, etc.
that the 21. (a)
First we note For alternate easier method of Q. 20 (a, b. c)
16.
z, is |z, -
and 221 Therefore
2 (a,b, P
c) 60-62.
S*
points z, 8.
(i) 5 - ( - 3 | =|8|- +4 V25=
4+3-20 =4+ i6V5
4/)|=|3+ 4i| ya*
5
(ii) 13-(-
- =

Half the coefficient

of i is 3 5 and its factors
6i =|- 9il 9
-

3i|
=
35 such that 3 (Vs) -
= 4
(ii) -
 E = (3+ V5) + (3-v5)=6
Complex Numbers O 43

+(3-i) = 6 x-2x +8 =2y or x -2x +8 4y .(1)

(b) (3+ i)
c)(1+6i)-(1-6/) = 12i and x+4= y. ...(2)
*+iVx* + x+1 Substituting for y from (2) in (1), we get
22. (a)
=x+iy(x - x+1) (x +x+1) x-2.x+8 4(x+ 4)* 4x +32x +64= =

or 3x+34x+56 =0b
[Factorizing x* +x*+1] or 3x +28x+6x+ 56 =0
2x+2iy(x x+1) (x* - x+1) +
or (3x +28) (x+2) =0
This gives x = -
2 or -

(28/3).
-x+x+ 1)* -(v -x+1) Then y=2 or - (16/3).
Hence
+2i(x+x+1) (x* - x+1) ] x=-2, y =2 or x = - (28/3). y = - (16/3).

- +x+1
+iwx x +1? - Of these twe solutions x = -(28/3). y -
does not satisfy given equation.
(16/3)

Hence x+ivx' +x +11/2 Hence the only solution is: x =-2, y =2

Caution : Whenever we square both sides while
=+ To +x+1 +iyx -x+: solving an equation, additional solutions appear
which do not satisfy the original equation. Hence
(b) 4ab-2a -b*) y-1 we check. A simple example is, say x =3. If we
4ab -2(a +b) (a-b) i solve it by squaring, then x =9 »
=
(a+b)° -(a-b)' -2 (a+b) (a-b) i (x+3) (x-3) =0 X=-3,3.
Check shows that x=-3 does not satisfy the
[la+b) -(a-b) i* original equation x =3.
Hence y4ab -2(a -b°) V(-1) [(a+b) =t
(b) Ans. x = 2, y =3 or x=-2, y =
d-D2 26. (a) Since a,b,c,... k are the roots of the given
23. (a) (1-)x+(1+i) y =1 -3i. equation, we have the identity
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get -2
x +y =1 and - x +y=-3.
x"+P x" +P2x"+.+ Pr-1 X* Pn
( x - a (x-b) (x - c ) . . ( x - k).
Solvingthese, we get x =2, y=-1. ..(1)
In the identity (1) put x = i.
(b) Ans. -4 y =6.
X Then i+p, i"' +p2 i " ' +...+ Pn -1 i t
24. fal1+i) x-2i(2-3/) y +i P
3+i 3-i =
(i a) (i -b) (i c)...(i k)
-
- -

or (1+ i) (3 -

i) x -
2i (3 i) or " 1+p, i + P2 i + P, i*+p, i * . .
+(2-3i) (3+i) y +i (3 +i) =i (3 + i) (3- i)
or (4+2/) x - 6i -2+ (9 7i) y +3i 1 = 10i
+Pn-1 i-+P,i"]
( i - a) i - b) (i - c)... (i - k)
Equating real and imaginary parts,
But i = - i, i = - 1.
4x+9y-3 =0 1)
and 2x 7y -3= 10
or 2x
7y 13 0 -

.2) i . ir-1etc.
Solving (1) and (2), we get x =3, y= -1 . The above identity may be written as
(b) (x+ iy) (2
- 3/) 4+i =
i" I(1 P +P4 )-i(Pi - Ps Ps-* }
or
(2x+3y) + i(-3x + 2y) = 4+i.
(-1) (a-ib-ne-n..t- ..(2)
Equating real and imaginary parts, Similarly putting x= - i in (1), we shall obtain
2x+3y = 4. 3 x + 2y 1.
(-i)" I(1- P2 +P..)+iP - Ps Ps
Solving these, we get
X=
(5/13). y (14/13). =
(-1)" (a+ /)(b+ i) tc+ ) ( k ) . 3)
c) Ans. y= -2.
Multiplying (2) and (3). we get
X=5, y =2 or x =5,
la) y -2x +8 + (x+ 4) i y l** (-1". l1- P2 *P4
Fquating real and imaginary parts. -(P Ps P s 1
 44
O1.J.T.-J.E.E. Mathematics Algebra
-i) i.e, sin e=2=sin
=-1 ta -)2-2)( } ..k 3
is an integer
-1)2n=(-i)" (-1)" =(-1)*n =1, This gives = nt t,where
3
n

this gives
above and below by conjugate
(1- * b) Multiply real part equal to zero.
P2 +P4 +(P -

P3 +Ps* denominator and put

(a+1) (b2 +1) (c +1).-(k +1). tan-2sin;(ainc-0

(b) E =[(1+ xi) (1+ yi) (1+ zi)]
[(1- xi) (1- yi) (1-zi')] or
sin 1-cos0) -sin 6F
=(1+ iS, +iis, + i°s,) (1-is, +i*s, -P'S,) cas
=[(1-S) +i(S, - S,)][(1-S,)-iS, -S,)] or sin 1 -cos e) = 0

= (1-S) +(S, -S, co[

where S =
xyz x, S, =Exy, S3 = or (1-cos-6) (tan 0 -1) =0
27. (a) The equation is x - 4x +8x +35 = 0. .(1) cos = 1 >0=2nn
and tare =1 > 6 = nt + (T/4)
One root of this equation is given as'2+ 3i.
Since the complex roots occur in conjugate pairs, 29. X= ib
the other root must be 2- V3i. 1+IX 1
dividendo, we have
S 4,P==7 By compttnendo and
The quadratic factor corresponding to these two 1+ix)-1-ix)_1-(a-ib)
roots is x - Sx + P or x - 4x +7. (1+ix) +(1-ix) 1+(a-ib)
Then the other quadratic factor ofL.H.S. of(1)is or
2x1-a+ib

ofthe form x + px+5. 2 1+a-ib

Hence we have the identity (1-a+ib) (1+ a+ ib)_1-a
-b° + 2ib
or ix=
x4x +8x + 35 = (x - 4x+7) (x + px +5). (1+a-1b (1+a)+64
reduces to
Equating the coefficient of x on both sides
of the If atb =1, the equation (1)
above identity, we get 8 =7p-20 or p=4. X
2ib

[Note that same value of p will be obtained by (1+a+b2

equating the coefficient of x X =
2b
which is real.
Or
the
Hence the other two roots of
the equation are
(1+a +b2
0
roots of the equation x + 4x+5 =
Alternative method.
Let us suppose that x is real, then
-4t16-20-4t-4=-2ti.
or X:
2 2
the given
1-1Xa-ib (given)
1+ix
(b) Suppose z = x (real) is the solution of
equation, then-

x+(p + iq) x +r+is =0

or 1-ix =a+ib,
1+ix
x+px+r=0 and qx +s =0 on taking conjugate of both sides.
Eliminating x, we get PS+r0 or 1t1X=a+ ib
1-ix
or s - pqs + rq =0 Multiplying (1) and (2), we get
1+ x a
3+2isin _(3+2i sin 0) (1+2i gin
0) +b* or a* +b =1 which is true by
28. (a) 1-4 sin e 1+x2
1-2i sin
given condition. Hence our supposition that xis rea
(3-4sin 0)+Bisin
.
.(1) Correct.
1 + 4sin e
30. (a) We have (x* +a)* (x + ai)" (x ai)
= -

The expression
in (1) is real if sin =
0.
Now (x+ ai)' x* +
(i)
This gives
= n* where n is
an integer. 4x ai +6xa'i*
=

in (1) is purely imaginary, then + 4xa'+a"

ii) If the expression
3 4 sin
0=0, = (x* -6x'a+ad)+i (4x'a- 4xa)
 Solutions to Preblem Set (2)
1. (a) Using the relations 1+0 +0 =0 and o = 1. we

get
(1-0+0)(1+0-»*) =(-20)(-20)=4
(b E (- -(-) 11 =0. -

(c) Do yourself.
 48 O
1.I.T.-J.E.E. Mathematics: Algebra
2. (a) Ans. (d). Refer S 6 (1) P. 45. We know that
(b)
(b) (1-ao +o*) x+y = (x+ y) (ax +@y)(ox+oy
-o'j =(- 200) +(-2)
+(1 +0
Put x = a +bø + co',y = a+bøs +co
=-
32 (o +0) - 32 (0.o [email protected]) =

X+y=2 a - b - c
-32 (0 +0) = -

32(-1) =32. ax + y =(a@ +bo* +c) + (aw + ba +c)

(c) E=(50 -20) =35 .o =729
2c a - b
E
=(5-200)=3 =729 .12 ox+oy = 2b - c - a
3.. (a) L.H.S. =(1- o) (1- o)(1-o'o) (1-o'o»") Each of the factors corresponds to ihree give
+c =0, i.e., b +c= ~ a
=[(1-o) (1 -o*)* factors. Incase
a +b
then the answer is (3a) (3b) (3c) = 27abc.
etc
= (1-0-o +o*)2 6. (a) Ans. o. Since p <0
=
(1+1+1) =9. f: o+0 =-1, o =1]J P - 4 , where q is +ive.
(b) Proceed as above.
(c) (1-o +o)(1-@ p -q1/3 (1)1/3
+o*) (1-o +o) If 1,0,0 be cube roots of unity, then
(1-o+o").. to 2n factors:
= (1- +0) (1-o +o) (1-0+0) - q . 1 , B=-qs.o, 7=-q.o
X+yo +zw
( 1 - +o)...to 2n factors. Given expression =
X0 + yw +z
: o =@, o° =o ,o =o etc.]
=(-20) (-20)(-20) (-20)... to 2n factors 1-X0+ yo +2-1= =®
xw + yw +z
=
(2 *)(2 o')... to n factors.
(b) Ans. -1.
: - 2 0 0 ) (- 20) = 2 o ' = 2]
= (2)" =22n . 1+1-9*0 =-1
4. (a) See $ 6 P45. 7. fa Since a,ß are the complex
(b) See$ 6 P. 45.
roots of unity, we may
write a W and ß =@.
(c) (g+b +c) (a+bo + co ) (a+bo +co)
ab (o +o)
Hence a +B +a'*=o +o+oo
=
(a +b +c)la +bo'+co +
=@ o+o° .o + (o')-1
+bc (o+ o*) +ca(o +@")]
=0+0+1=0.
= (a +b +c) (af +b +c - ab - bc- co)
(b) 1+o +@=0. 1+0 =
-0
I = 0 and' o+® = - 1]
1+20=o -0
= +b3 +c 3abc 2+0= 1-
(d) E=a b +c -3abc 0,1+0= - w
= [a +b +) (a + bo +co ) (a+bo + co)
L.H.S.=- 1 1
+1
(1 o) (1-o) (1 +o)
where a+b +c=e* and o = 1,0' =0,0 = o2
o (1+o)+0+1-01+0+ 2

a+bø + co =1+ x +
x (x) , x)4! o(1-o) (1-o)
2! 3! (c) Ans. (b) Given
(1+o)" =(1 +o)" =

o».
or
(-o) =(-o*)" or o" =o,
and a+bw +co =e" a s above Clearly n =3 is the least value of n satisfying abovt

F=e*(1+0+0") =e" =1
0" =1
8. (a) and
Expanding, we get
u=0
B=o
5. (a) Then
L.H.S. = x(1+o* +o")+y (1 +o +o2) xyz =(a+b) (ao +bo*) (a +bo) =
a +|
+2xy (1+ @ +o) IS 5. (1) P. 45
=x (1+o +@)+y" (1+0+o") +2xy (1 +1+1)
(b Here x+y
+z={a+b) +(ao +bo) +{aw* +bo
= 6 xy 1+0+ =0] a(1+0+@+b{1+@ +0)
ax0+b x0 =0.
 Complex Numbers O 49
Since x+y+z=, we have
+y +z' =3xyz =3 (a +b°), by part (a) B - - ) +1=(-1).+1 n

100 +(0) =0 o+0 o =@+02=-1.

9. (a) -1+1=0 as n is odd 3 n is odd
(b) +(o)°" =1+1=2.
12. (a) Since -1+V3 =0 and -1-v3í
c) Ans. (c). E = 4 +5 (o)°** +3 (o365
2 2
=
4+50+ 30 =1+20 +3(1+0+0) We have to prove thato" +0" = -1
=1+(-1+i/3) =i v3 or 1+ +0" =0,
a =0,0 when n is not a multiple of 3.
10. (a)
=
31
@°* =0 =a or a 31
= 04 = 0 =ax Another form:
+")1-0n
(b) Ans. (d). Now 1+@" +02 1-o")1+o
a= -0,B=-0,1030 =3(343) +1 1- 1-0
3n+1,(-1)00=1 [ theformula1-x =(1-x)(1+x+x)is usedhere]
E= +0' =-1 3 =0 =1 1-o"

c) a+B=2,aß =4 +) F1-00, since n is not amultiple of 3. o 1

1 We give a second proof of this. Since n is not a multiple
,P+2=1 or t++1=0 wheret = of 3, we have
n = 3m+1 or n= 3m +2
2
or t+t+1 =0. t =0,0 where mis a +ive integer.
When n =3m+1, we have
or 1tiv3
1+0+ 0" =1 +3m+1+m+2
11. 2
(a) A,B,C are 1,0,o = 1+0" .o+awmo2

or A (1,0). B =1+0 +0 1 1
= 0.
Clearly AB= BC =CA= v3 Similarly when n = 3m +2, we can prove the result.
b) Sincenis a multiple of 3, we have
Aisequilateral.
Alt. 1+0 +0 =0 = 1 and o =1
Hence centroid G is Hence 1+o" +0" = 1+1+1=3
at the origin.
Again if|1|-|o|=|o*|=1 (c) 1+o" +o" =0
Circumcentre is also at origin. 1 wn
0 if w" 1 because if o" = 1 then it
hus centroid and circumcentre coincide. 1-
is equilateral. takes the indeterminate form
b) iz1+iv3
2 Now" 1when n is a multiple of 3 say n=3a
z -i00 ...(1) Hence n= Im+ 1,3m 2 (not 3m+3 as it is
multiple of 3). This implies k 3i= 1 or 2
Also 1,4" =1,i= -i (2)
13. (a) We have x+**= x{Nx
+103 101101 - io - i
by(2)
Let f(a)={r+ 1 --
-i(1+w') = - i(- o)= j0
In order toshow that x *+xisfactor of f (x).
L.H.S.105 105,.o' =i(iz)* - i't' -t wemust show that f (x) =0whenx=0.x*a and
ote: You may try it by polar form
Le., 2 =1.ei/ ande2n=1. i=e Now f (0) {0+1)"-0-1 1 1 »0
c3i(3+)-1i 200
floo)-(a 1"--1-(- -o" -1
3-i i(3-1+iv3
350 LI.T.-J.E.E. Mathematics Algebra
Let f(x,y) =(x + y)" -x" - y".
= i- 1 ao" - o" - 1 = - w" - o" - 1

(-1) = - 1 since n i s odd integer] Considering the given expression f (x,y) assa
= - (1 +o" +w") = 0 polynomial in y, we put y =0.
IQ. 12 (a), P. 46-49] We see that at y = 0, the polynomial f(x, y) becomes
Similarlyf (o*) = (o +1)" - (w*)" - 1 x" - x" =0 i.e. it becomes 0 for any x. Thusf (x, y) is
=(-o)" - w - 1
divisible by y.
= - " - o " - 1 = 0. Similarly f (x, y) is divisible by x. Thus f (x, y) is
divisible by xy .
Hence x(x - o)(x - @*), that is, x+x*+x is a
To prove that f (x.y) is divisible by x+y, we put
factor of fx) y = - X.
b I f f (x) be divided by(x - a). then the remainder is
In this case f lx.y) becomes (x- x" - x" - (-x)"
(a
f(x) = (x - a Q R ...(1) =0- x"+x =0
f(a =0 +R I nisodd,we have (-x)" = - x"]
Here f iz) is divided by z* +1 therefore remainder Consequently our polynomial is divisible byx+y.
will be of first degree say pz +q It remains to prove that f (x, y) is divisible by
f(z) = {z +1)Q-(pz +g) y xo and y - x0.
f n = 0 p i+q =i In f (x, y), we put y = xo. It becomes
.2)
fl-)=0+p(-i) +q =1+i (x+ xo)" - x" - (xao)" = x" ( - o ) " - x" - x" o"
3)
Solving (2) and (3). p -5i.q=[: =
x"I(-1)" on -o" 1) -

= -

x"[n
+o" +1] n is odd
Remainder-i-i =x" x0 =0, by Q. 12 (a), P. 46-49.
c) We know that x+x+1 =0 Similarlyf (x.y) vanishes when y =» x.
= ( x - o)} (x - o*) =0. By given condition o , o Hence the polynomial f (x, y) is divisible
by
will aiso be roots of f {x) =0 and o =1
y (x+y)x +23 +y).
f lo) = 0 = A(1) +oB (1) =0 .(1) 15. (a) Let f (x) =x+xm*1 + xn+2+xp+3
f (o) =0 A (1) +o'B (1) =0 .(2) Also x+ x+X+1= (x+ 1) (x + 1)
Solving (1) and (2). get A (1) =0, B (1) 0
we =
= (x+1) (x+ i){x-i)
showing that both A (x) and B (x) are divisible by Then
x-1 f(-1) =(-1)* +(-1)4*1
ftx)= A(x')+xB{x) is +(-1)n ** +|-14
also divisible by =1-1+1-1=0
-1
Hence x+1 is a factor of f (x).
d Putx t9 and note that 1 =0
Again f(- i) =(-i)" (- )
2
and 2
=(- 1).i+{- 1)m *1 . 4m
+(- 1)*'j" ( -4p*';"
1.1+(1).1.i+1.11-1)1-1).1(-
Euating real and 1 i -1 i=0
imayjnary parts on hoth sides
Hence Ni is a facton o t i
Similarly a - i s a factor of fint
Thus( ) ai-t, that is
BCand henme A A- ired
Again putting x 1 in the given relation,
N lis a factor of fix). as regui
we get written as
Sum of all the tAfficients- A+H tb) The first equation may be
or 33A A-3" ' H . w - 1d

14. We have is d s at 1.a and »*. The nax

Ay (x y}( the seNond aquation but
osatisty

Natisly it
 Hence and o are the common roots
Complex Numbers O 51

X= - 0;--0 10
IS 6, P.
45 T=1 r-o)= r 1
- r(-1) +1}
( + =(- 1" o" + (" +2 (r+r+1) =2r +Er+E 1
r(r+1) (2r+1) ,rr+l, 10.
6 2
Put r=10
10.11.21
Now, 1 + " + 0 2 n 1 - n
10.110 450
= =
0 for n #
3p.
1-w E =sin 450
900 = sin =1.
= 1+1+1=3 n=3p for Tti
17. The given number is 2.e 6 .2e32e 4
+" =-1 for
n# 3p= 2 for n =3p ...(A)
Hence the given number has argument.
- n=1 +04n)2 Now (z - (Z -b) =z Z - aZ - bz + ab
4

Now n 3p for n =
1,2, 4,5 and n =
3p for n = 3 = (x* +y)- a (x- iy) -b (x+iy) + ab
={(-1)" +(-1)" +(-1)* +(-1)}+{2)2 = (x+y)- (a+b) x+ila-b) y + ab
= X+iY say
= 4+ 4 = 8
by (A)
Ifits argument isthen tan 1or or Y = X
4
Same result will be true for x= - 0.
(b) (i) Herex=0,0. As in last
or
x+y -(a+b) x+ ab =
(a-b) y
question for x = or x+ y - (a+b) x - (a-b) y + ab =0

- (o"+2n2
Above

ta-ba-bi-().
represents a circle whose
the number
centre

given by
is

Now n #3pfor 18 numbers from 1 to 27 and n =

3p
for 9 numbers from 1 to 27 complex number (3+i)
27
18(-1)" +9(2]* =18 +36 =54
n=1 . a+b 3,a-b =1 a = 2,b =1
The same result will be true for x = wo. 18. (a) Because o =* and hence the two questions
(ti) Ans. (b).
Proceed exactly in
canbe written as Ea+ -2,2 =and
as part (a). a+
Since z +z+1=0 z =0,0
have to prove
n3pfor n =1,2, 4,5; n=3p for n =3,6
we
that E =
(-1 +(-1 +(-1? +(-1]+(2 +(2 Consider the equation Y = .(1)
= 4+4+4 12. whose two roots are o,o by virtue of
c) Ans. (a). given
equations and we have to show x = 1 is also a root
of this equation
to,0,S27 of G.P. t(1-t=o
= both for 1 +
1-t
a+x b + x c+ X d+ x X
t=o,0
d) Ans. (c). x(x+ a) {x +b) {(x *c) =2(x+ a) {x +b)
(x-1)"= -8 (+c){x+d)
2(1)" =1,0,0 or E x (x" + x (a+b +c)+ (ab x + bc + ca)
1,B =1 - 200,y = 1-200 2 abci
= 2 [x*+ x".La+ x ab + xE abc +abcd|
4
E +
20
or 4x+ x (32 a) + x 22 ab + x2 abc
22 2
2 12

2x* +x Ea+ x* E ab +
x abc +abcd
e Ans. (c). 2xx2a+0x* - xE abc - zbacd 0
 52 O L.I.T.-J.E.E. Mathematics:
Algebra
Above is a fourth = (ax +cyo +bz»' +CXo +byo* + az02
degree equation two of whose
roots and
are o
o and let the other two be o, p +bxo + ayo +czo*)
then
x (ax +Cyo +bzo + CX® +byo* +
a
+ 8 + o +o =-
2
+bxo +
ayo +czu
OT 2a = [(ax +Cy + bz) + (cx+by + az) »
a+B-11=. ..(2)
2 +(bx + ay +cz) w]
o+0+1 0, o* =1 x [(ax +cy +bz) + (cx +by + aa
Products taken two at a time = 0 as coefficient of +(bx +ay +cz)
is zero0. = (X + Yo + Zo) (X+Yo +Zo)
(+B) (o +0)+aß +o.o =0 x 2 +Y2 +Z - YZ - ZX - XY.
or
(o+B) (-1) +otß+1==0 (b) (a +b' +c -3abc) (x° + y° +z' -3xyz)
or cß-(a+B) +1 =0 . (a-1) (B -1) =0
= (a +b+c)(a +b^ +c - bc -ca- ab)
Ifa=1 then B=-and ifß =1then x (x+ y+z) (x + y +z* - yz - zx- xy)

Now (a+b +c) (x+ y+z) = [(ax + cy + bz)

=-2by
2
(2) +(Cx +by+az) +(bx+ay +
in either case the other two roots = X+Y +Z
Hence
2a
are 1 and
And by part (1) we have
Putting x=1 in (1), we get the required
(a+b+c -bc -ca- ab)
result.
.(x+y +z - yz-zx-
(b) Ans. (a). Given relations show that o and o are
=x +Y2 +z2 -YZ -ZX- XY .
= £ which is a
the roots of a+
b+x
cubic in xand we have to prove that 1 is also a root
C+ X
Substituting from (2) and (3) in (1), we get
(a+b+c -3abc)(x+y+z' - 3xyz)
of it. Above equation is simplified to = (X+Y +Z) (X +Y* + Z-YZ-zX- XY)21
xE [b+ x) (c+x) =2(a+ x) (b +x) (c +x) = x* +Y3 +23 -3XYz.
or x bc +2 (Ea) x +3x°] 20. We are given
= 2 [x +x Ea+ xEab + abc] Z1 +Z2 + Zg A

3x +2x Ea+ x bc Z1 +Z20+Z,0 = B

or

= 2x +2x Ea+2x Eab +2abc Z1 +220 +2g0 =C

or
x + 0 x - xEab -2abc =0 (a) Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get
Above is a cubic in xwhose two roots, are @,
o.If 32 +22 (1+0 +0*)+z3 (1 (1+0
+o2 +0) =A+B+
a be the third root
then a + 0 +0 sum of the =

Or
2 4 + B +

3
as the term of x i s missing.
Put
roots =0 Now
22
+0 =-1
multiplying (1), (2) and (3) by 1,0
respectively and adding, we get
a-1 0 or a =1 is the third root
z (1+0 +@) +Z2 (1+ +0»°)
a+1 1
+ 2 (1 +o+e
+b +¢° -bc -
ca -

ab) =
A+ Bw + Co.
19. (a) (a
(x+yz -yz -zx Ay) or
2 Bo2+
+Co
ço*) (a+ bo* +Co) (x + yo + zo*) 3
=
(a+ ba +
(x+ yo + z0) :1+o +0 = 1+0) + 0 =0 and o = 1|
(See Q. 4 (c) P. 46-49 A+ Bw
Similarly, Z +Co
[(a+bw + cw*) (x
+ y» 3
=

I(a +bo" + c0)[x+ yw +zo)|| (b) We have

AI +B |CP =
A BB +CC
But AA (z, +
z2 tz,) (z, +Z2 +Z3)