Lumphatic System Tortora DR - Compatibility Mode

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 1 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 2
1 2
Immunity or Resistance
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FARRAH SHAFEERA @ ANN IBRAHIM n Abilityto ward off damage or disease through
our defenses
n 2 types of immunity
Chapter 22: The n Innate or nonspecific immunity – present at birth
Lymphatic System and n No specific recognition of invaders, no memory
component
Immunity n 1st and 2nd line of defenses
n Adaptive or specific immunity
n Specific
recognition of invaders with a memory
component
3 4
annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 1
Lymphatic system structure Components of the

and function Lymphatic System
n Consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels,
structures and organs containing lymphatic
tissue, red bone marrow
n Functions of the lymphatic system

1. Drain excess interstitial fluid
2. Transport dietary lipid
3. Carry our immune responses
5 6
Lymphatic vessels and lymph

Lymphatic capillaries
circulation
n Vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries n Slightly

large diameter than blood capillaries
n Closed at one end n Unique one-way structure
n Permits interstitial fluid to flow in but not out
n Unite to form large lymphatic vessels
n Anchoring filaments pull openings wider
n Resemble veins in structure but thinner when interstitial fluid accumulates
walls and more valves
n Passes through lymph nodes

n Encapsulated organs with masses and B
and T cells
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Lymph trunks and ducts

Lymphatic Capillaries
n Vessels unite to form lymph trunks

n Principaltrunks are the lumbar, intestinal,
bronchomediastinal, subclavian and jugular
n Passes from lymph trunks into 2 main
channels (thoracic and right lymphatic ducts)
before draining into venous blood
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Routes for drainage of lymph
11 12
Formation and flow of lymph Relationship of the Lymphatic

System to the Cardiovascular System
n More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than

returns to them by reabsorption
n Excess filtered fluid – about 3L/day – drains into
lymphatic vessels and become lymph
n Important function of lymphatic vessels to return
lost plasma proteins to blood stream
n Contain valves
n Same 2 “pumps” aiding venous return also used
n Skeletal
muscle pump – milking action
n Respiratory
pump – pressure changes during
breathing annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 13 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 14
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Lymphatic tissues and

organs
1. Lymphoid Cells
n Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in

the immune response
n Two main varieties (protect fr antigen)
nT cells
nB cells
15 16
Lymphocytes Lymphocytes
n T cells and B cells protect the body against n T cells

antigens n Manage the immune response
n Attack and destroy foreign cells
n Antigen – anything the body perceives as
foreign n B cells
n Bacteriaand their toxins; viruses n Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
n cancer cells n Antibodies immobilize antigens
17 18
Lymphatic tissues and

Other Lymphoid Cells
organs
n Macrophages – phagocytize foreign substances and n 2 groups based on function
help activate T cells
1. Primary lymphatic organs

n Dendritic cells – spiny-looking cells with functions
similar to macrophages(capture antigen&bring them nSiteswhere stem cells divide and become
back to the lymph nodes) immunocompetent (to produce a normal immune
reponse)
nRed bone marrow and thymus
n Reticular cells – fibroblast–like cells that produce a
stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in
lymphoid organs 2. Secondary lymphatic organs
nSites where most immune response occurs
annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 19 nLymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic
annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 nodules 20
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1. Thymus
Lymphoid Organs
Internal Anatomy
n Thymic lobes contain an outer cortex and inner
medulla
n Cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and

scattered macrophages
n Medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic

(Hassall’s) corpuscles
Figure 20.5
21 22
n Thymus
n The thymus differs from other lymphoid organs in
n Outer cortex composed of large number of T cells
important ways
n Immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow where they
n It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation proliferate and begin to mature
n It does not directly fight antigens n Dendritic cells derived from monocytes assist in T cell maturation
n Specialized epithelial cells help educate T cells through positive
selection – only about 25% survive
n The stroma of the thymus consists of star-shaped
n Macrophages clear out dead and dying cells
epithelial cells (not reticular fibers)
n Medulla
n These thymocytes secrete the hormones that stimulate n More mature T cells migrate here from cortex
lymphocytes to become immunocompetent n More epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
n Thymus shrinks with age from 70g in infants to 3g in old age

23 24
2. Lymph nodes
n Located along lymphatic vessels

n Scattered throughout body
n Stroma – supporting connective tissue
n Capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers and fibroblasts
n Parenchyma – functional part
n Outer cortex – aggregates of B cells called
lymphatic nodules (follicles) – site of plasma cell
and memory B cell formation
n Inner cortex – mainly T cells and dendritic cells
n Medulla – B cells, antibody producing plasma cells
from cortex, and macrophages
25 26
Lymph
n Lymph flows through a node in 1 direction only
n Enters through afferent lymphatic vessels
n Directs lymph inward
n Lymph enters sinuses (irregular channels)
n Into medulla
n Medullary sinuses drain into efferent lymphatic vessels
n Conveys lymph, antibodies and activated T cells out of the node
n Lymph nodes function as a filter

n Foreign substances trapped
n Destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes

Structure of a Lymph Node
27 28
Structure of a Lymph Node
n Two basic functions: n Nodes are bean shaped and surrounded by a

a) Filtration – macrophages destroy fibrous capsule
microorganisms and debris n Trabeculae extended inward from the capsule
and divide the node into compartments
b) Immune system activation – monitor for n Nodes have two histologically distinct regions:
antigens and mount an attack against them a cortex and a medulla

Figure 20.4a
29 30
Structure of a Lymph Node 3. Spleen
n Cortex contains follicles with germinal centers, n Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the
heavy with dividing B cells body
n Stroma – capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers,
n Dendritic cells nearly encapsulate the follicles
and fibroblasts
n Deep cortex houses T cells in transit n Parenchyma
n T cells circulate continuously among the blood, n White pulp – lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes
lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream and macrophages)
n B cells and T cells carry out immune
function
n Red pulp
31 32
n Redpulp – blood-filled venous sinuses and

splenic (Bilroth’s) cords – red blood cells, n Functions:
macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells,
n Site of lymphocyte proliferation
and granulocytes
n Immune surveillance and response
n Macrophages remove ruptured, worn out or
defective blood cells n Cleanses the blood
n Stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse
n Storage of up to 1/3 of body’s platelet supply
n Spleen macrophages salvage and store iron for later
n Production of blood cells during fetal life use by bone marrow
n Site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases
after birth)
n Stores blood platelets
33 34
4. Lymphatic nodules
n Not surrounded by a capsule

n Scattered throughout lamina propria of
mucous membranes lining GI, urinary,
reproductive tract
n Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
of respiratory tract
n Most small and solitary
n Some larger – tonsils, Peyer’s patches,
appendix
Structure of the Spleen
35 36
Lymphoid Organs

Figure 20.5
37 38
First line of defenses: Skin

and mucous membranes
n Provideboth physical and chemical barriers
n Physical barriers
INNATE IMMUNITY
n Epidermis – closely packed, keratinized cells
n Mucous membranes
n Mucus traps microbes and foreign substances
n Nose hairs trap and filter
n Ciliaof upper respiratory tract propel trapped particles
up and out
39 40
n Fluids
n Lacrimal apparatus of eye
n Washing action of tears
n Lysozyme breaks down bacterial cell walls –
n Salivawashes mouth (by salivary gland)
n Urinecleanses urinary system
n Vaginal secretions, defecation and vomiting-expel the
microbes
n Chemicals
n Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum – protective
film, acid
n gastric juice(HCl,mucus,enzymes), vaginal secretions
– all acidic-discourage bacterial
annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 growth 41 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 42
41 42
Second line of defenses:

Internal defenses
A) Antimicrobial
substances
2. Complement
Proteins in blood plasma and plasma
1. Interferons membranes
nProduced by “complement” or enhance certain
lymphocytes, immune reactions
macrophages, and
fibroblasts infected by Causes cytolysis of microbes,
viruses promotes phagocytosis, contributes to
nPrevents replication in inflammation
neighboring uninfected
cells
43 44
3.Iron-binding proteins
nInhibit growth of bacteria by reducing available iron
nTransferrin(blood and tissue fluids),
lactoferin(milk,saliva,mucus), ferritin(liver spleen

,rbm), hemoglobin (rbc)
4.Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

nShort peptides that have a broad spectrum of
antimicrobial activity
nCan attract dendritic cells and mast cells that
participate in immune responses
45 46
Phagocytosis of a microbe
B) Natural Killer (NK) cells
n Lymphocyte but not a B or T cell
n Ability to kill wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor
cells
n Attack any body cell displaying abnormal or unusual plasma
membrane proteins
n Cause cellular detruction by releasing proteins that destroy the
target cell’s membrane
C) Phagocytes
n Neutrophils and macrophages (from monocytes)
n Migrate to infected area
n 5 steps in phagocytosis
47 48
1 CHEMOTAXIS Microbe
1 CHEMOTAXIS Microbe
Phagocyte
Phagocyte D) Inflammation
2 ADHERENCE 3 INGESTION
2 ADHERENCE 3 INGESTION n Nonspecific, defensive response of body to tissue
Pseudopod
Pseudopod damage
Lysosome 4 DIGESTION
4 DIGESTION
n 4 signs and symptoms – redness, pain, heat and
Lysosome
swelling
Plasma Digested microbe
membrane
Plasma in phagolysosome n Attempt to dispose of microbes, prevent spread, and
membrane Residual body prepare site for tissue repair
5 KILLING (indigestible
Digestive material) n 3 basic stages
enzymes
Digestive n Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability
enzymes
n Emigration
Phases of phagocytosis n Tissue repair
Phases of phagocytosis
49 50
Inflammation
i) Vasodilation and increased permeability

of blood vessels
n Increased diameter of arterioles allows more
blood flow through area bringing supplies and
removing debris
n Increased permeability means substances
normally retained in the blood are permitted to
pass out – antibodies and clotting factors
n Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins (PGs),
leukotrienes (LTs), complement
51 52
ii) Emigration of phagocytes

n Within an hour after inflammation process starts, phagocyte appear
on the scene.Neutrophils start to stick to the inner surface of
endotheluim of blood vessel.
n The neutrophils begin to squeeze through the wall of blood vessel to
reach the damaged cells (emigration)
n N attempt to destroy the microbes by phagocytosis
n Depends on chemotaxis
n Neutrophils predominate in early stages but die off quickly
n Monocytes transform into macrophages
n More potent than neutrophils
n Pus – pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue
53 54
Adaptive immunity
n Ability of the body to defend itself against

specific invading agents
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY n Antigens (Ags) – substances recognized as
foreign and provoking an immune response
n Distinguished from innate immunity by
n Specificity
n Memory
55 56
1. 2. types of adaptive immunity

Maturation of T cells and B cells
n Both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone n Cell-mediated
marrow n Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
n B cells complete their development in red bone marrow n Particularly effective against intracellular pathogens(viruses,
n T cells develop from pre-T cells that migrate from red bone bacteria,fungi), some cancer cells and foreign tissue
marrow to the thymus transplants(inside cell)
n Helper T cells (CD4 T cells) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T n Involve cells attacking cells
cells) n Antibody-mediated
n B cells transform into plasma cells making antibodies (Abs) or
n Immunocompetence – ability to carry out adaptive immune immunoglobulins
response n Works against extracellular pathogens in fluids outside cells
n Have antigen receptors(make protein that r inserted into their n Helper T cells aid in both types
plasma membranes): to identify specific antigen n CM & AM often wok 2gther 2 get rid of large no. of copies of
particular antigen from th body
57 58
Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

3. Clonal selection
n Process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates (highly

Lymph nodes,spleen specialized cell) in response to a specific antigen
,lymp nodules
n Clone – population of identical cells all recognizing the same antigen as
original cell
n Occur in secondary lymphatic organ & tissue
n Indicator : swollen lymph nodes+tonsils when U were sick
n Lymphocyte undergoes clonal selection to produce
n Effector cell (inactivation of the antigen)– active helper T cell, active
cytotoxic T cell, plasma cell, die after immune response
nd
n Memory cell – do not participate in initial immune response, respond to 2
invasion by proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory
cells, long life spans
destroy the ANTG fast & vigorous b4 any sign & symptom of disease can
occur
59 60
4. Who is Antigens????
n Antigens have 2
characteristics
n Immunogenicity – ability to
provoke immune response
n Reactivity – ability of
antigen to react
specifically with antibodies
it provoked
n Entire microbes may act as

antigen
n Typically, just certain small
parts of large antigen
molecule triggers response
(epitope or antigenic annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 62
determinant)
61 62
Diversity of antigen 5. Pathways of antigen

receptors processing
n Human immune system able to recognize and bind to at n B cells can recognize and bind to antigens(lymph,
least a billion different epitopes interstitial fluid, or blood plasma)
n An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the n T cells only recognize fragments of antigens that are
part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune processed and presented in a certain way
system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells
n Antigen processing
n Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens (protein self
n Antigenic proteins are broken down into peptide fragments
antigen: located at the plasma membrane surface of most
and associated with MHC molecules
body cells)
n Antigen presentation – antigen-MHC complex inserted into
n MHC or human leukocyte antigens (HLA) plasma membrane
n Normal function to help T cells recognize foreign or n Pathway depends on whether antigen is outside or inside
self body cells
63 64
Exogenous and
Endogenous Antigens
n Exogenous antigens – present in fluid outside body cells
Antigen presenting cell: n Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include dendritic cells, macrophages
-process and present the antigen and B cells
n Ingest antigen, process, place next to MHC-II molecule in plasma
-APC’s include :dendritic cells, macrophage, B cell membrane, and present to T cells
-location: place that antigen like to penetrate (skin: langerhans
cell is dendritic cell)mucous membranes of resp, gastro, n Endogenous antigens – antigens inside body cells
urinary, reproductive tract, lymph nodes. n Infected cell displays antigen next to MHC-I
-post action: APC’s migrate from tissue via lymphatic vessels

AFT PROCESS AN ANTIGEN APC MIGRATE TO LYMPHATIC
to lymph nodes TISSUE TO PRESENT ANTIGEN TO T CELLS
T CELL BIND WITH ANTIGEN FRAGMENT MHC COMLEX TRIGGER
CELL MEDIATD / ANTIBODY MDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
65 66
Exogenous Antigens 5 Vesicles containing antigen

Key:
Antigen
peptide
peptide fragments and
1 Phagocytosis or MHC-II molecules fuse fragments
Exogenous endocytosis of 6 Antigen peptide
antigen fragments bind to MHC-II
antigen
MHC-II molecules self-antigen
Phagosome
or endosome
7 Vesicle undergoes
2 Digestion of exocytosis and
antigen into antigen–MHC-II
peptide fragments complexes are inserted
Antigen- 4 Packaging of MHC-II
presenting molecules into a vesicle into plasma membrane
cell (APC)
Endoplasmic
reticulum
3 Synthesis of MHC-II molecules
APCs present exogenous antigens in association with MHC-II molecules
67 68
Endogenous Antigens
Cell-mediated immunity
69 70
Activation and clonal

Cell-mediated immunity selection of helper T cells
n Most that display CD4 develop into helper T cells (CD4 T cells)
n Activation of T cells n Recognize exogenous antigen fragments associated with MHC-II molecules on the
n First signal in activation
surface of an APC
n After activation undergoes clonal selection
n T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize and bind to a specific
n Makes active helper T cells and memory helper T cells
foreign antigen fragments that are presented in antigen-MHC
complexes n Function:help other cells of adaptive immune response combat intruders
n Active helper T cells secrete variety of cytokines
n CD4 and CD8 proteins are coreceptors
n Interleukin-2 (IL-2)(costimulator) needed for virtually all immune
n Second signal required for activation responses(enhance activation/poliferate of restingT,B,NK cell)
n Costimulation – 20 known substances (cytokines, plasma n Memory helper T cells are not active cells – can quickly proliferate and differentiate if
membrane molecules)interleukin 2 the antigen appears again
n May prevent immune response from occurring accidentally
n Anergy – recognition without costimulation (in both B and T

cells) leads to prolonged state of inactivity
71 72
Activation and clonal Activation and clonal

selection of a helper T cell selection of cytotoxic T cells
n Most that display CD8 develop into cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T

cells)
n Recognize antigens combined with MHC-I
n Maximal activation also requires presentation of antigen with
MHC-II to cause helper T cells to produce IL-2
n Undergoes clonal selection
n Active cytotoxic T cells attack body cells that have been infected
n Memory cytotoxic T cells do not attack but wait for a antigen to
appear again
73 74
Activation and clonal Elimination of invaders

selection of a cytoxic T cell
n Cytotoxic T cells migrate to seek out and destroy infected target cells
n Kill like natural killer cells
n Major difference is T cells have specific receptor for particular microbe
while NK cells destroy a wide variety of microbe-infected cells
n 2 ways to kill cells

n Granzymes cause apoptosis (fragmentation of cellular contents)
once the infected cell is destroyed the released microbs are killed
by phagocytocyte
n Release 2 protein from their granule : Perforin and/ or granulysin
causes cytolysis (cell bursting)
n Immunological surveillance
n Tumor antigens displayed on cancerous cells targeted by cytotoxic T
cells, macrophages and natural killer cells
75 76
Activity of cytoxic T cells
Antibody-mediated immunity
77 78
Antibody-mediated Activation and clonal

immunity selection of B cells
n Activation and clonal selection of B cells
n During activation, antigen binds to B cell receptor (BCRs)
n Can respond to unprocessed antigen

n Response much more intense when B cell processes
antigen*antigen processing stage
n Antigen taken into B cell, combined with MHC-II, moved to
plasma membrane, helper T cell binds and delivers
costimulation (interleukin-2 and other cytokines)
n Once activated, B cell undergoes clonal selection.Produce:
n Plasma cells secrete antibodies (4-5 days until plasma cell die)
n Antibody travel in lymph and blood to the invasion site)

n Memory B cells do not secrete antibodies but wait for
reappearance of antigen
79 80
Chemical structure of the

Antibodies (Ab)
immunoglobin (IgG) class of
antibody
n Can combine specifically with epitope of the antigen that
triggered its production
n Belong to group of glycoproteins called globulins
n Ab are immunoglobulins (Igs)
n 4 polypeptide chains – 2 heavy (H) chains, 2 light (L)
chains
n Hinge region – antibody can be T shape or Y shape
n Variable (V) region at tips of each H and L chain
n 2 antigen-binding sites - bivalent
n Constant (C) region – remainder of H and L chain
n Same in each 5 classes – determines type of reaction
81 82
Antibody actions Immunological memory
n Neutralizing antigen (antibody+antigen)

n Thousands of memory
- neutralize & prevents attachments of some virues to body cells cells exist after initial
encounter with an antigen
n Immobilizing bacteria (limits bacterial spread) n Next time antigen appears
- To lose their motility (limits bacterial spread into nearby tissues) can proliferate and
differentiate within hours
n Agglutinating and precipitating antigen (clumping together) n Antibody titer measure of
- antigen antibody complex activate compleent proteinsà immunological memory
cytolysisàmicrobe removed n Amount of Ab in serum
n Primary response
n Enhancing phagocytosis (attrction)
n Secondary response
- antigen antibody bind: antibody (flag) attract phagocytes. faster and stronger
83 84
Self-recognition and self- Development of self-

tolerance recognition and self-tolerance
n Your T cells must have
n Self-recognition – be able to recognize your own MHC
n Self-tolerance – lack reactivity to peptide fragments from your
own proteins
n Pre-T cells in thymus develop self-recognition via positive selection –

cells that can’t recognize your own MHC undergo apoptosis
n Self-tolerance occurs through negative selection in which T and B

cells that recognize self peptide fragments are eliminated
n Deletion – undergo apoptosis
n Anergy – remian alive but are unresponsive
85 86
n Summary of Innate Defenses

n COMPONENT
n FUNCTIONS
n FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
n Physical factors
n Epidermis of skin
n Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes.
n Mucous membranes
n Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin.
n Mucus
n Traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
n Hairs
n Filter out microbes and dust in nose.
n Cilia
n Together with mucus, trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract.
n Lacrimal apparatus
n Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes.
n Saliva
n Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth.
n Urine
n Washes microbes from urethra.
n Defecation and vomiting
n Expel microbes from body. annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 87
n Chemical factors
n Sebum
Forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits growth of many microbes.
87
n
n Lysozyme
n Antimicrobial substance in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids.
n Gastric juice
n Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.
n Vaginal secretions
n Slight acidity discourages bacterial growth; flush microbes out of vagina.
n SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: INTERNAL DEFENSES
n Antimicrobial substances
n Interferons (IFNs)
n Protect uninfected host cells from viral infection.
n Complement system
n Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation.
n Iron-binding proteins
n Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing
the amount of available iron.
annshafeera@FSK
n UiTM'09
Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) 22
n Have broad spectrum antimicrobial activities
and attract dendritic cells and mast cells.
n Natural killer (NK) cells

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 1 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 2

Lymphatic system structure Components of the

n Functions of the lymphatic system

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 5 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 6

Lymphatic vessels and lymph

n Vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries n Slightly

n Passes through lymph nodes

Lymph trunks and ducts

n Vessels unite to form lymph trunks

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 9 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 10

Routes for drainage of lymph

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 11 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 12

Formation and flow of lymph Relationship of the Lymphatic

n More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than

Lymphatic tissues and

n Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 15 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 16

n T cells and B cells protect the body against n T cells

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 17 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 18

Lymphatic tissues and

1. Primary lymphatic organs

n Cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and

n Medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic

n Thymus shrinks with age from 70g in infants to 3g in old age

n Located along lymphatic vessels

n Lymph nodes function as a filter

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 27 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 28

Structure of a Lymph Node

n Two basic functions: n Nodes are bean shaped and surrounded by a

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 29 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 30

Structure of a Lymph Node 3. Spleen

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 31 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 32

n Redpulp – blood-filled venous sinuses and

n Not surrounded by a capsule

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 37 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 38

First line of defenses: Skin

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 39 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 40

Second line of defenses:

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 43 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 44

lactoferin(milk,saliva,mucus), ferritin(liver spleen

4.Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

i) Vasodilation and increased permeability

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 51 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 52

ii) Emigration of phagocytes

n Ability of the body to defend itself against

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 55 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 56

1. 2. types of adaptive immunity

Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

n Process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates (highly

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 59 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 60

n Entire microbes may act as

Diversity of antigen 5. Pathways of antigen

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 63 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 64

-post action: APC’s migrate from tissue via lymphatic vessels

annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 65 annshafeera@FSK UiTM'09 66

Exogenous Antigens 5 Vesicles containing antigen

3 Synthesis of MHC-II molecules