Wireless Personal Communications (2020) 112:273–302

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07026-6

Energy‑Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical

Data Routing (CDR)

Anil Kumar Sagar1 · Shivangi Singh1   · Avadhesh Kumar1

Published online: 14 January 2020

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
Wireless body area network (WBAN) is the subfield of Wireless Sensor Network, employs
in the area of monitoring the health of the patient. WBAN is also known as wireless body
sensor network in which sensor nodes are fused inside the body of the person to detect
their physiological changes. After processing or comparing those obtained data with the
pre-stored default value, the packets are transmitted to the base station. Due to the inner-
body sensor node, replacement of the battery may hazardous for the person. So, storing up
and saving of energy is the main focus inside the WBANs. In this research, we employ the
critical data routing code for transmitting the relevant data from inner-body node to the
on-body medical super sensor (MSS) node. Here, MSS act as a controller that can manage
all the injected sensor node inside the body of the person as their member. And, if inner-
body sensor node is detecting any corporal activities from the human body then it com-
pares those data with the pre-stored threshold level value of that sensor node, and if sensor
obtained more deviation in their results then it follows the critical data routing (CDR) for
the transmission process, unless it goes to the rest mode. In other words, the sensor node
can only be transmitted the critical packet data to their near-by controller and avoiding
the redundant picking of normal packet data. By following this procedure we can save the
maximum of energy for the sensor so that it alive for the greatest period of time that lead
to continuous monitoring of the patient and also maximizes the lifespan of the network.
Simulation can be done on MATLAB that can show the finest outcomes in terms of energy
spending, network lifespan, throughput- efficiency, hold up by any one of the steering pro-
tocol when there is a comparison between CDR, REEC, and SIMPLE respectively.

Keywords  Wireless sensor network · Wireless body area networks (WBANs) · Medical
super sensor · Quality of service (QoS) · Critical data routing protocols · Healthcare ·
Patient · Routing protocols

* Shivangi Singh
[email protected]
Anil Kumar Sagar
[email protected]
Avadhesh Kumar
[email protected]
1
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater‑Noida, India

13
Vol.:(0123456789)
 274 A. K. Sagar et al.

1 Introduction

WBAN is an innovative wireless communication technology that nowadays, achieved

bursting interest in favor of offering consistency and energy competence. WBANs is
becoming one of the most sophisticated or high-tech messages conveying meshwork
that provided services to many application areas like health protection by continuously
watching, advanced and animated fun and games, teaching physical activities, animated
act, aeronautics, navigation, regular hazards, end-user computerized types of equip-
ment, etc. In WBANs, sensor nodes are distributed in a deterministic manner (i.e. we
know about the position of the sensor where it is being placed). The nature of the sensor
nodes is either heterogeneous or homogeneous depends on the area of application. The
medical sensor nodes are of very trivial, mini, elegant, low rate, bearable, comfortable,
pleasant piece of equipment to facilitate supervising the critical signs of the person,
after that diagnosis/treatment by the doctor through SMS/Email, accordingly [1].
These sensor nodes are generally deployed inside the body of the patient for per-
forming well in terms of accuracy of the data obtained by them. Some of these sensors
are ECG sensor, Pressure sensor, Temperature sensor and a Glucose sensor (especially
for the diabetic person). Due to inner-deployment of the sensor node, conservation of
energy is our main concern in the WBANs, because replacement of the battery may
damage the health of the person. By conserving the energy of the sensor node patient
can be continuously monitored for the longest period of time without any interruption.
Energy can be spent by the sensors during detection, calculation, comparison, and trans-
mission of the data from the human body from origin to target. But maximum consump-
tion of energy by the sensor node is in the transmission process. That’s why we are
using an appropriate technique for resolving the consumption of energy at the transmis-
sion level.
In this paper, we are proposing a Critical data routing (CDR) procedure for the trans-
mission process and also we are introducing an application algorithm in the processing
unit of each sensor node component that implanted in the human body. The function of
the application algorithm is to compare the sensed data with the certain threshold level as
mentioned in the algorithm and if it is found that the sensed data crosses the set threshold
level then that data is categorized as a critical data (CD) or else, it is found to be non-
critical data and then it could be placed into non-critical data category. Depending on the
outcomes, sensor node sends the data to the medical super sensor (body controller) that
act as a sink for inner sensor nodes or else node goes to the rest mode until next time slot
not come. In simple words, it means that if the results show the critical condition of the
patient, then the sensor node uses the CDR routing for immediately transmitting the data
from source to destination for getting frequent diagnosis by the doctors or physicians or
else it can’t participate in the transmission process for redundant type of non-critical data.
We are deploying only four types of medical sensor nodes i.e., (ECG sensor, Pressure
sensor, Glucose sensor and temperature sensor) inside the human body because these
four sensors are normally very helpful in finding the critical condition of the person
that matters for life and death and one Medical Super Sensor (act as a body controller)
is attached from outside at the center of the human body. All four sensors are homoge-
neous in nature, having same power capacity but each one can perform their respective
task and all are placed at equidistant from the controller so that no need to employ any
forwarder node that helps the farthest node by taking the data from it and send to the
body controller as discussed in the paper [2].

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 275

1.1 Components of Sensor Node

In WBANs, a sensor node is used for detecting, managing and processing the obtained
data according to their default setting function and also analyzing their outcomes on the
basis of comparison and then transmitting those data to the base station. Sometimes, the
mode is used in the place of a node, but all the time node is not a mote [3].
Figure 1 shows the components of the sensor node which consists of sensing unit, the
processing unit, communicating unit and energy unit.
Following are the core mechanism of a sensor node.

1.1.1 Sensing Unit

In this unit, sensing components is present such as one or more sensors attached to chip
engine and ADCs (analog to digital converter).

SENSING UNIT COMMUNICATION UNIT

PROCESSING UNIT

TRANSCEIVER

SENSOR(S MEMORY

PROCESSOR RADIO ANTENNA

ADC

APPLICATION-ALGORITHM/

VIDEO CODING / ANALYSIS /

COMPARING WITH STORED

DEFAULT VALUE

BATTERYPOWER

ENERGY UNIT

Fig. 1  Architecture of the sensor node

13
 276 A. K. Sagar et al.

1.1.2 Processing Unit

In this unit, processing mechanism is followed in which processor, exterior-storage,

application-related algorithm, video coding, analysis, comparison apparatus is available
for evaluating the obtained sensory data with the stored threshold level value. This unit
can handle the working of all the other units of the sensor node and can act as a central
unit.

1.1.3 Communication Unit

In this unit, communication components are presented as transceiver, radio, antenna that
can help in the interacting process from the sensor node to the sink in the course of the
network. This part of sensor node consumed maximum power.

1.1.4 Energy Unit

This unit is mainly the significant unit of the sensor node in which the battery-power is
used as a source of doing all the functions in the different units means that each unit of
the sensor node can take the battery power for performing their task.

2 Related Work

In this section, we presented the related work proposed by different researchers in

WBAN application of healthcare monitoring. Different authors gave their contribu-
tion in WBAN by proposing different routing protocol according to their application
areas in order to overcome their various QoS-constraints like latency, throughput, PDR
rate, average delay and expenditure of energy. This section presents the associated work
linked to the multiple steering protocols in WBANs.
Tsouri et  al. [4] presented an amplified new global path in WBAN for increasing
their effectiveness by minimizing the expenditure of energy through introducing a latest
charge associated function.
Latre et  al. represented a routing procedure based on spanning tree structure for
secure and less latency multiple-hop WBANs. This protocol planned for broadcasting
the nodes by using TDMA approach. These nodes behave like a promoter and collected
the data from other nodes and conveying to the coordinator/base station. If there are
more numbers of the sensor node in the body then additional package load effects that
node and they can also use maximum power very rapidly [5].
Quwaider et al. [6] proposed a steering protocol that controls the variation in the net,
this protocol contains a storage and onward method that help in maximizing the chances
for broadcasting the message from source to the sink successfully, every sensor contains
the storage for storing the packet data and promoted to the subsequent node, this proce-
dure takes more energy and extended their delay period also.
Ehyaic et  al. presented a technique that can resolve the problem of energy eating.
The author set up a new and advanced type of sensor node that has not used their sens-
ing unit for detection because of having an external power supply which conquers the
problem of energy spending as well as improved the lifespan of the network. But it

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 277

takes more money in implementing this type of hardware and also the maintenance of
the network is very much expensive [7].
Nabi et al. also proposed a similar scheme as mention by the author in [6], but the
difference is that they employed a single unit which transmits power adaption (TPA)
that combines both the storage and promoters method as a whole. Every node should
be aware of their nearby node so that it can transmit the data with very high speed in
very fewer energy expenses [8].
Guo et  al. presented the same technique that Nabi et  al., already proposed in [8],
while the only extension in their proposal is that if the connection between the near-
by-node is weak, then an automatic repeat-request is used for retransmission when data
is lost that’s why it expenses more energy and also effects the network throughput [9].
Tsouri et al. represented a stealing signal for conveying the packet data in order to
control maximum of the energy from expenditure in the sensor node through maintain-
ing the consistency between the connection of the human body [10, 11].
Javid et  al. presented their evaluation result on the delay parameters and different
standard admittance procedure in favor of WBANs [12, 13].
Muhannad et  al. proposed an interruption liberal procedure for increases the life-
time efficiency of the network, and also they showcase the evaluation of their proposed
protocol by all the varieties of different protocols [14].
Djenouri et  al. projected a new approach in which the sensed data can be further
divided into groups of four:-

1. Critical Data (CD): That data is required to be hand on to the sink node immediately
without any stoppage along with maximum consistency.
2. Delay Sensitive Data (DSD): It manages some interruption and can bear a little lost of
packet data.
3. Reliability Sensitive Data (RSD): It requires maximum consistency, but also can manage
a little bit of latency.
4. Regular Data (RD): Regular Data does not require any attention in terms of QoS attrib-
utes/metrics and also there is a two sink available one is superior and other is inferior
and the obtained packet data can be promoted to both the sink, that enhances the traffic
load in the network [15].

Reusens et al. [16] represented two prime technique, one is controlling and other are
collaborating in order to maximize the lifespan of the system in which broadcasting
node only relocating the message from source to the nearby station/sink, that’s why the
residual energy is becoming liable for transmission process/function.
Sandhu et al. proposed REEC routing protocol for WBAN in order to supervise the
health of the patient in a well-organized manner. The main focus of this paper is to
achieve the maximum of energy powered preserved in the sensor node by introducing
two promoters node i.e., Pa and Pb which depends on the values of the cost function.
If any two nodes having minimum cost function € can act as a promoter that gathered
the data from different sensor nodes, combine it and further transmitted it to the coor-
dinator, it takes only critical data for transmission, or else it drops the other redundant
types of data [17].

13
 278 A. K. Sagar et al.

3 Motivation

The wireless body sensor network is a technique that can perform their function along with
the short range of power source, for continuously watching the health-status of the person.
This is very much significant that the critical data of the person should be reached at the
medical server on rapid speed with proper accuracy where doctors, medical staff can take
immediate action in response to that one.
In order to maintain the efficiency of WBANs, various types of steering plans are
being proposed in terms of minimizing the expenditure of energy, average delay, and net-
work traffic load etc. Some of them are one-trip, multiple-trip, minimal-trip, opportunis-
tic schemes, M-ATTEMPT, SIMPLE, REEC Steering protocols etc. But, they all failed in
supplying an appropriate QoS to the WBANs and also not as efficient as required.
As one-trip routing scheme, the node which is far away from the sink has rapidly died
while compared to the nearby node from the sink.
And in multiple-trip routing scheme, the node which is closer to the sink rapidly
becomes die, because they have a large number of data to send.
REEC (Reliable Energy Efficient Critical Data Routing) procedure for wireless body
area network is used in order to resolve the issues found in SIMPLE. The proposed scheme
employs the two promoters in every single cycle that depends on the cost function of
every node for their selection that can only send the crucial data by skipping out on taking
the redundant type of data for transmission, that can save maximum power of nodes and
enhance lifetime of the network, as well as human, can be monitored for long period of
time. But this proposal also takes a small amount of energy in terms of selecting two pro-
moters in every single cycle [17].
M-ATTEMPT (Mobility Supporting Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-Aware Energy-
efficient Multi-hop Protocol) is a scheme that uses multiple trips routing procedure for
transferring the data from source to the sink. M-ATTEMPT is a thermal-aware steering
protocol that first detects the hotspot connection and after that, it chooses a unique path.
That’s why in the detection of hotspot by the protocol takes more power expenditure [18].
Stable Increased Throughput Multi-hop Protocol (SIMPLE) is an approach that is used
for establishing the link efficiency in wireless body sensor networks to resolve the issues
found in M-ATTEMPT. In this protocol, a matchless promoter in every cycle is selected
to collect and combine the data from all nodes and then path them to the sink. Therefore,
a particular promoter can take the load of steering all the sensors data to the sink. In this
scheme, sensors can send the needless data non-stop to the promoter almost all the time in
WBANs [19].
The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is also used in order to monitor the health of
the person. IoT helps in getting the relevant data of the person or object that linked to it by
checking over the internet through their addresses or entry in the database server that corre-
lates the effective RFID along with the capacity of sensing. IoT act as an interface between
the real world to the computer world. IoT contributes in order to improve the health of the
person that resides in the rural areas [20].
At the last, we are proposing our new scheme named as Critical Data Routing in
order to make WBANs efficient for the longest period of time in which no any single
or multiple promoter nodes is selected for picking the data and route to the sink. We
deploy a medical super sensor that acts as a sink node and also called as body control-
ler that placed at the center of the human body from outside and all other four sensors
are embedded inside the human body at equidistant from each other and also from body

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 279

controller in which sensors can detect any physiological activities then it first compared
those data values with the set threshold value and if they found that given data crosses
the threshold level then that type of data can be called as critical data and then it directly
transmitted to the body controller by using CDR procedure otherwise the obtained data
is termed as Non-Critical Data that should be dropped out and sensor node goes to the
rest mode therefore 80% of energy in the sensor node is saved as compared to all other
above discussed procedure.

4 Radio Model

Only the first form of radio model is well-established for WBANs in comparison to the
various past radio replica that employed in WSN. It is only helpful in order to know the
activity of the cellular media. A detailed description of radio model in WBAN is given
in [21–23]. In radio model, let us assume that ‘s’ is the space between the sender and
recipient (Fig. 2).
The major problem faces by sensor node is energy consumption by their battery cell.
Due to inner-body sensors, frequent replacement of the battery is generally not possible
and also causes hazardous to the health of the person. Maximum energy is consumed in
the transmission unit due to routing the packet from sensors to the nearby coordinator,
and also on searching the wireless path on the way to select for reaching the base station
as early as possible.

4.1 Functioning Measurement or Metrics

Radio model procedure is defined on the basis of some parameters.

4.1.1 Throughput

Throughput is a partial rate and they have a collective amount of produced package so
as to properly arrived at the target station. In other words, it also refers to the difference
between the received packet and the lost packet.

s
ETX(P,s) ERX(P)

P bits packet P bits packet

Sender Tx Recipient
Electronics Amplifier Electronics

Eelec P Ps' Eelec P

Fig. 2  Imitation of radio replica first form

13
 280 A. K. Sagar et al.

4.1.2 Residual Energy

Residual Energy is defined as the left energy after every consecutive cycle in the sen-
sor node. Residual energy also identified the amount of energy utilized in the system
through the comparison.
Following are the equations of radio model below as:
( )
ETX (P, s) = ETX-elec (P) + ETX-amp (P, s) (1)

( )
ETX (P, s) = ETX-elec ∗ P + ETX-amp ∗ P ∗ s2 (2)

( )
ERX (P, s) = ERX-elec (P)ERX (P) = ERX-elec (P) ∗ P (3)

where ­ETX denotes the expenditure of energy in telecasting. ­ERX denotes the expenditure
of energy in receiving. E­ TX-elec denotes the needed energy for performing the operation
through telecasting side circuit. ­ERX-elec denotes the needed energy for performing the oper-
ation through receiving side circuit. E ­ amp denotes the needed energy for the amplifier cir-
cuit. P denotes the dimension of the package.
In WBANs, human body act as a stand for communication purpose that supplied
their coordination in fading or weakening the signal of radio that results in the path loss.
Therefore, the coefficient of attributes ‘c’ of path loss is added to the above-mentioned
Eq. (2) of radio model, and can be shown as follows:
( )
ETX (P, s) = Eelec ∗ P + Eamp ∗ c ∗ P ∗ sc (4)

In the above-given equation, the attribute ‘c’ is based on the kind of transmitter
applied. Only two transmitters devices mainly present at WBANs for the investigation
purpose and their names are Nordic nRF 2401A and Chipcon CC2420.
Nordic nRF 2401A device is made up of a special chip that helps in satisfying the
minimum expenditure of energy and high frequency of 2.4 GHz.
As well as Chipcon CC2420 device also has a frequency of 2.4 GHz for transmission.
The attributes of both the transmitters device are mentioned in the above equation
and its model factors are listed in below Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1  Power factors of Attribute nRF2401A CC2420 Units

transmitter device
DC current ­(TX) 10.5 17.4 mA
DC current ­(RX) 18 19.7 mA
Supply voltage (min.) 1.9 16.7 V
ETX-elect 16.7 96.9 nJ/bit
ERX-elect 36.1 172.8 nJ/bit
Eamp 1.97 271 nJ/bit/mn

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 281

Table 2  Model factors Factor Value Units

E0 0.8 Joule
Eelec 5.0 nJ/bit
Efs 10.0 PJ/bit/m2
Eamp 1.3 fJ/bit/m4
Eda 5.0 PJ/bit
Packet Size 4000 bits
j 2.4 GHz

5 Critical Data Routing

CDR is a critical data routing procedure that can be used in WBANs in order to
improve its efficiency and it has found to be the finest protocol after analyzing various
routing protocol in terms of longest lifespan of the network, less energy expenditure,
minimum latency and minute path loss and finally, CDR gives the results in the non-
stop tracking the health of the patient for the longest period of time. Following are the
sub-parts related to the protocol given below:

5.1 Replica of Network

Let us assume that there is a replica of the network in which dissimilar type of bio-
medical sensor nodes implanted inside the human body and a single on-body medical
super sensor with returnable battery power is represented through connected graph as
represented under the Eq. (5),
H = (B, L) (5)
in which ‘H’ is a connected graph with B represents the set of 4 number of implanted
BMSNs and 1 on-body MSS like that,
B = {n1, n2, n3, n4}U{MSS}

although L represents the ‘w’ possible communication connection between bio-medical

sensor nodes (n1, n2, n3, n4) with each other or from each node to the medical super sen-
sor (MSS), like that
L = {w1, w2, w3, w4, … wk}

Let, take the presumption as:

Firstly, entire bio-medical sensor nodes are doing the equal work of communicating
with each other at very low transmittal capacity. And the second one is that all the bio-
medical sensor node may act as an origin node in addition to promoting node instead
of selecting any node as promoter node.

13
 282 A. K. Sagar et al.

5.2 Deployment of Nodes

In this sub-section, we are only implanting four sensor nodes inside the human body,
whose names are ECG Sensor, BP Sensor, Glucose-Level Sensor and Temperature Sensor,
because these four sensors are generally very much vital that they directly relate to life con-
scious of the human. Generally, the person whose age is above 40 must take care of their
health and they also keep under monitoring continuously by using these inner-body sensor
technologies of WBANs. All these above-mentioned sensors are homogeneous in nature
means that have the same capacity of energy and calculation abilities. The medical super
sensor act as body controller that controls all the process of inner-body sensor nodes. The
MSS is deployed on-body at the center (Stomach), with a replaceable type of battery power
supply (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3  Placement of nodes inside or outside the human body as a part of WBANs

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 283

5.3 Arrangement of Data

We are categorized the observed vital sign data of the patient into critical and non-critical,
each time we only assuming the crucial medicinal applications of WBANs.
Whenever the observed data shows the critical condition, then that data packets requires
forwarding immediately by means of specific time period altogether with maximum con-
sistency and less latency, even if the non-critical data packets do not consider any such
procedure.

5.4 Plantation Stage

In this stage, the medical super sensor telecasts a brief instruction package that encloses the
region of their position at the patient body to all the inner sensor nodes. Every bio-medical
sensor node gets the package instruction and then save their location into its register.
Therefore, each and every medical sensor node telecasts their packet that encloses their
identification, position, the area or the region and the most important balanced energy con-
dition to the body controller. Then, all the medical sensors and body controller are fully
up-to-date about their positions, area of regions and their adjacent nodes and become ready
for the further communication process.

5.5 No Promoter’s Choosing Stage

No, any promoters are chosen to path the data from all the node to the near-by-coordinator
because the selection phase of the promoters also take a certain amount of energy from the
medical sensors and that results in the minimum lifespan of the network.
After analyzed many techniques that based on the promoter selection in order to over-
come with the problem of energy, but we have come to the point of knowledge that pro-
moter selection is the bad option to resolve the problem of energy expenditure.
In this paper, we don’t involve any promoter’s selection scheme because we are taking
only four sensors inside the human body, and if any sensor detects the critical condition
then it immediately forward that packet to the body controller, without involvement in any
selection criteria. In this way, patient’s report can be received early at the medical server
and get the frequent feedback or treatment by calling emergency for them very soon. So, if
we wanted to consume very less amount of energy from the sensors, then we don’t follow
the rules of promoter selection.

5.6 Agenda Stage

Every inner medical sensor node forwarded their critical data according to their given time
slot assigned by Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
Nodes can send their data according to their assigned priority within given time slot, so
that the convenient set up for nodes makes them free from any smash, together with reduc-
ing energy expenditure at a certain level that leads to increasing the performance of system
throughput.

13
 284 A. K. Sagar et al.

5.7 Data Transmittal Stage

Inner-sensor nodes can send their critical data to the body controller node. At the start-
ing phase, the original energy capacity of each medical sensor node ∂0 is 0.8 J.
If the node detects vital sign which crosses the threshold level ­Lthres, then that data
packet from the critical data chain should immediately transmitted to the body control-
ler according to their assigned priority by using CDR Protocol, while the non-critical
value of data packet left in the non-critical data chain and that node should directly
undergo the rest mode until their next time slot not come.
By doing this technique, only critical or emergency data can be reached at the med-
ical server for speedy and proper treatment on calling ambulance for early diagnosis
of the patient, while redundant type of data can’t take part in the transmission process
because if unwanted data stored in the medical server then it causes huge overflow of
data and the server not working properly or become hang and so due to that reason none
of the space is left for the emergency type of data. The flowchart of suggested technique
can be shown below in Fig. 4.

START

Scanning the whole body according to their assigned time slot.

Detecting the vital sign from all the four sensor node of the human body.

No No
No No

Check value Check value Check value Check value

of node of node of node of node
A>=LTHRES? B>=LTHRES? C>=LTHRES? D>=LTHRES?

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes
No
Yes
Data obtained by the nodes is 'Not critical' then Data obtained by all the nodes show the
the nodes go to the rest mode correspondingly, 'Critical Result'
until their next time slot not come.

Priority Assigned to each node is like that shown below:

priority of node A=1; prio rity of node B=2;
priority of node C=3; priority of node D=4;

Data can send immediately using CDR protocol according

to assigned priority of each sensor node respectively.

Finally, BC/MSS sendthe data to the medical server for

further analysis.

Stop

Fig. 4  Sequencing the parameters of the routing table

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 285

6 Estimating Parameters

Estimating the parameters in order to achieve Quality-of-Service (QoS) in WBANs,

through the equation. In this section, we are discussing some modules that are related to
critical data routing (CDR)scheme.

6.1 Estimating Delay

Estimating the delay of the package ‘P’ in transmission process from node n­ j towards
node ­nk through a link K­ j,k in Eq. 6, given below in which ‘DQnj is the Delay in Queue
and DTnj is the transmission delay of the package ‘P’.
Propagating and Processing, both are the different delay sensed through a package
‘P’, while this delay is quite minute and that can be rejected. So, the equation can be as
follows:
DEnj = (DQnj + DTnj) (6)
where DEnj is the delay estimator.
In our proposed CDR Scheme, the only critical data packet is considered, so the
package ‘P’ of node nj in delay queue is the time spent by them before going through
the process of transmission. And that can be estimated with the help of Exponentially
Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) formula which is stated below in Eq. 7. Therefore,
the stable point constant ‘A’ scopes from 0 to 1 and hence assuming A = 0.25 in our
model although equivalent that in [23–25].
The first critical data packet is experiencing the initial delay in the queue, that can be
stated in Eq. 7, as below:
DQnj = A(DQnj) + (1 − A)DQnj (7)
whereas, Delay in transmission ‘DTjk’ is the period in which package ‘P’ left in the MAC
level of node n­ j, before going for the process of either transmitting the packet to the node
­nk successfully or rejected through the link K­ j,k can be estimated using some mathematical
formula in [12] can be stated as below in Eq. 8, in which RDbits denotes the rate of data
package in bits, LPbits denotes the length of the package in bits and TP is the transmission
package at certain period of time ∆t,
� ∑TP �
1 i=0 LPbits(i)
DTj, k = ∗ (8)
RDbits TP

6.2 Estimating Consistency

Estimating consistency can be done by consistency estimator that play a vital role in
calculating and estimating the average consistency over the link ­Kj,k denoted as ­LCj,k
from node ­nj to node ­nk. Also, ­TPsuccessfull represents the count of the package that has

13
 286 A. K. Sagar et al.

been successfully transmitted, T­ Ptotal is the total transmission of the package that can
be explained by Eq. 9. By calculating the P ­ average which is the average probability of the
packet that successfully transmitted through the link ­Kj,k in the time of period ‘∆t’.
Mathematical formula as given detail in [26], termed as Window Mean at Exponen-
tially Weighted Moving Average (WMEWMA), that help in estimating L ­ Cj,k (which is
average link consistency over link ­Kj,k among the sending node ­nj, to the receiving node
­nk, as stated in Eq. 10, in which ‘B’ is the weighting factor that value is in between 0
and 1, but here we assume, B = 0.45 in this model, as also given detail in [23, 24, 27].
The equation can be as follows,
( )
TPsuccessful
Paverage = (9)
TPtotal

or,
( )
LCj,k = LCj,k ∗ B + (1 − B) ∗ Paverage (10)

6.3 Estimating Path Loss

Path loss ­PLj,k can be measured by estimating path losses through any wireless connection
link ­Kj,k between the sender node n­ j and receiver node n­ k. Friss formula detailed in [28],
can be copied and become as semi-empirical formula [16] used in path loss ­PLj,k model.
On the point of its space d­ j,k among the sending node n­ j and the receiving node n­ k that can
be shown in Eq.  11, where ­PL1 represents the relating loss in the path with the relating
space ­d1.
( )
dj,k
PLj,k = PL1 + 10n log (11)
d1

Despite, the posture of the human body is always dynamic in behavior, therefore,
its path losses are also dynamic in intra WBANs. Therefore, Eq.  11, can be formulated
according to the zero-mean Gaussian random variable X ­ A along with standard deviation σ
into the new Eq. 12. After that Eq. 12, can be simplified to make a new Eq. 13, in which
­ j,k represented as L
the excellence of link K ­ Nj,k among the sending node n­ j and the receiving
node ­nk as detailed in [16], by taking path loss ­PLj,k through Eq. 12 along with transmis-
sion power denoted as ­Ptrans and level of threshold value as ­LNthres. Moreover, the sending
node ­nj is interacted only with the receiving node n­ k due to its excellence of connecting
link ­Lj,k exist among them is represented by ­LNj,k which is larger than or similar to the
pre-owned level of threshold. In this suggested CDR Scheme, we are using the path loss

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 287

model for each body part that also overlay the suggested path loss model for intra WBANs
as detailed in [16].
( )
dj,k
PLj,k = PL1 + 10 nlog −Xσ (12)
d1

as well as Nature of link ­Lj,k. is stated in Eq. 13,or,

� �
1 1 −Ptrans + PLj,k + LNthres
LNj,k = − erf √ (13)
2 2 2πσ

where σ = 4.12, n = 3.39, j = 2.4 GHz.

6.4 Estimating Temperature

Temperature estimation is the task that can be performed by the temperature estimator
in the way of measuring body temperature raised due to embedded in-body medical sen-
sor nodes ­nj. And we don’t know that the electromagnetic waves generated due to wire-
less communication can be absorbed by the tissues of the human body at the transmission
of information among the nodes and the body coordinator that may lead to increase the
temperature of the sensor. The speed of absorbing electromagnetic wave by the tissues of
human whose density is ρbody, electrical conductivity is σbody, and also they have induced
Electric field ‘EField’ according to their unit weight as discussed in [29].
Following is the formula as under:
( )
2
σbody ||Efield ||
SRA = (14)
ρbody

Instead of an electromagnetic wave, some others factors are also equally responsible
for raising the temperature of the human body and embedded bio-medical sensor node has
consumed more power in order to carry out the various operations like sending, receiving,
processing, computing etc. that can be represented as ‘Pcons’.
Therefore, rising temperature can be defined as the ratio of power consumed to the num-
ber of embedded sensor nodes. By the help of Penne’s Bio-heat Formula as in [30], we can
estimate the speed of temperature raised by the embedded nodes as below in Eq. 15,
( 2 )
S▾ Temp − a ∗ (Temp − Tempa ) + ρbody ∗ SRA + Pcons
dTemp = (15)
ρbody ∗ Bp

Different Parameter used in above Eq. 15 can be given in Table 3 with their description.

13
 288 A. K. Sagar et al.

Table 3  Parameters description of above equation

Parameter Explanation

dTemp/dt Rate of temperature rise in sensors

S▾2Temp Temperature rising due to its thermal conductivity
a (Temp-Tempa) Temperature rising due to effusion in blood
ρbody SRA Temperature rising due to absorption by an electromagnetic wave
Pcons Temperature rising due to consumption of power in performing
the various operation of nodes
ρbody Density of the body
Bp Specific heat constant of body’s tissue

6.5 Segments of Routing

In this section, there is a segment in routing process which can be further categories into
three sub-section i.e., first one is constructing the routing table, the second one is con-
structing the hello packets and the third is the routing table.
The role of constructor routing table is that it creates and updates the routing table regu-
larly on the basis of collected instruction through different estimators on different param-
eters and from different medical sensor nodes. These are some different Eqs. 16–18 stated
below are useful in order to receive the needed instruction that requires in finding the
back-to-back route interruption ­PDj,k, consistency ­PRj,k and temperature P ­ Tj,k between the
sending node n­ j to the body controller BC, passes over the intermediary sensor node n­ k
cooperatively.
Following are the equations which stated below as:
( )
PDj,k = PDj,k + NDnj (16)

( )
PRj,k = PRj,k + LRj,k (17)

( )
PTj,k = PTj,k = NTnj (18)

The parameters of the routing table are mentioned in below Table  4, along with its
explanation. After every regular time interval, the routing table is created and revised, so
that it supplies the instruction to the Hello package creator for creating the hello package
that notifies the medical sensor nodes and its neighborhoods (Fig. 5).

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 289

Table 4  Parameters description of above figure

Parameter Explanation

IDdestination Identification of destination

LOCdestination Synchronize body controller
IDnk The identity of neighbor node n­ k
LNj,k Nature of link between the node ­nj and ­nk
PDj,k Path delay in back-to-back from node to the body controller over node ­nk
RCj,k Route consistency at back-to-back from node ­nj to body controller over the node n­ k
RTj,k Back-to-back the route temperature from node nj to BC over node ­nk
LOCnk Coordinates of the adjacent node ­nk

IDdestinon LOCdestination IDnk LNj,k RCj,k RDj,k RTj,k LOCnk

Fig. 5  Parameters of routing table

6.6 QoS‑Alert Adjacent Trip Elector

In this section, we are explaining the critical data packet (CDR) algorithm. The role of the
QoS-alert nearest trip elector is to select the desired new trip on the basis of expected QoS-
restrictions. Consequent to, the obtained packet data from data packet clarifier section, the
CDR algorithm inquires the steering table (ST) in order to get only those sensor node from
the neighborhood whose data value D ­ Vi,j is greater than the threshold level value L ­ thres
which varies from sensor-to-sensor.
And if any sensor node has greater the value of certain threshold level, it can be put
into ­NNDV. The packet data ‘P’ be thrown-away at once, in the case of vacant ­NNDV. On
the other hand, if packet ‘P’ relating to the critical data, then Delay Alert Protocol is sup-
posed to add along with some detailed input data i.e., N ­ NPD and P. Otherwise, if packet ‘P’
relating to non-critical data, then the required adjacent trip (RAT) node is that node which
is related to ­NNDV along with minimum back-to-back route temperature ­(RTj,k). Whenever
Delay Alert protocol is used, then it can only select those sensor nodes that are placed in
­NNDV because its back-to-back route delay ­(RDj,k) is very much smaller than or equal to
desired delay (­ RDdes) and then it finally put a node into N­ NRD. In case of vacant N
­ NRD, the
packet data ‘P’ be thrown away directly at once, and if there is only one sensor node placed
in ­NNRD then those node is chosen as RAT. Else, consistency-alert protocol is being used
along with some detail input data i.e., ­NNRD and P. So, that this procedure only choose
that node which has larger back-to-back route consistency ­(RCj,k) or equal to the desired
consistency ­RCdes and reserved them in N ­ NRC, supposing that there is no any node which
satisfies the desired consistency need so that the RAT containing node is relating to ­NNRD
acquiring largest ­RCj,k. Or, in case of only one node resides in ­NNRC, subsequently, that
node is chosen by RAT, else the node relating to N ­ NRC together with minimum R ­ Tj,k also
chosen by RAT [31].

13
 290 A. K. Sagar et al.

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 291

6.7 QoS‑Alert Chains

There are two different types of chain used in this procedure along with satisfying the
Quality-of-Service, the first one is Critical Data Chain (CDC) and the second one is non-
critical data chain (NCDC). If there is already the required adjacent trip has been chosen,
then the packet data is transmitted to the QoS-alert chain, where Critical Data Chain is on
the top of the priority than any other non-critical data chain. All the critical data packets
from the nodes are having to wait in the critical data chain before broadcasting to the body
controller in order of their assigned priority. While non-critical data packets are stored in
the NCDC, but it can eliminate all the data after a certain time interval. Therefore by using
such technique, we can save the maximum of energy for the sensor node.

7 Energy Consumption Analysis

We are using the equations of energy consumed by the sensor node in this category:
For the one-trip network, energy can be consumed by sensor nodes can be explained in
below equation:
ΔOT = ΔBX (19)
where ∆BX is the broadcasting energy which can be expressed as,
( ( ) )
ΔBX = P ∗ Δelectronic + εamp ∗ S2 (20)

∆electronic = Difference between the electronic circuit broadcasting side and received side.
ɛamp = Energy consumed by the amplifier circuit. S = Separation between sender and
receiver.
Now, In multiple-trip network, consumption of energy can be measured in below Eq. 21,
(21)
where ῼ is the number of the sensor node in the system and ∆cd is the energy of collected
data as detailed in [17].

8 Result Analysis

In this section, we are considering the execution of the CDR procedure by using MATLAB
simulation tool and plotted their results in the graphical mode. In this discussion part, we
are comparing our suggested CDR procedure with well-known energy-aware protocol i.e.
REEC and SIMPLE and find out their performance outcome.
There are some of the system parameters used in the simulation operation can be given
in Table 5.
In this simulation, let us supposed that only the critical data obtained from the sen-
sor node with the probability of 65% from any patient body. Here, we are considering the
consumption of energy only on the processing unit of the sensor node because in this unit
a simple application algorithm is set up for checking the threshold data value with the
obtained/sensed data value and if the sensed value is greater than or equal to threshold

13
 292 A. K. Sagar et al.

Table 5  Parameters of network
simulation Operation Dimension 3 m × 2 m
Number of sensor nodes 4 SN and 1 MSS
Starting energy 100 Joule
Size of buffer 40 Packets
Range of transmission 25 cm
Power of transmission 1.8477 ­e−12
The rate of error bit 10−1 -10−2
Assignment Type of application Incident driven
Model of propagation Two ray ground
Type of network interface Without Wired
Type of traffic Stable bit rate (SBR)
MAC operation IEEE 802.15.4 Pre-assigned value
Running period 300 s

level ‘Lthres ‘ value, then it is immediately transferred to the critical data chain for further
transmission to the body controller. So, that we set the threshold level ‘Lthres’ value in each
sensor node at the time of their implantation inside the human body. On the basis of that
we are analyzing the performance of the suggested CDR protocol with REEC and SIM-
PLE protocol of WBANs through comparison on various QoS-metrics and then the results
should be estimated through the help of graph given below in the sub-parts as detailed in
[18].
Following are the sub-parts related to the QoS-metric performance given as follows.

8.1 Network Lifespan and Duration of Establishment

In this section, we are evaluating the performance of CDR procedure on the parameter of
Network lifespan which is shown in Fig. 6. In this suggested protocol, CDR does not use
any forwarders nodes in any round in order to collect the data from all other nodes and
transmitted to the sink.
By using CDR protocol, sensor node takes the data from the critical data chain in which
packet data set according to their assigned priority and then route to the body controller,
here only the critical data is used for the transmission process or else the redundant data is
left in the non-critical data chain and no any further action taken on that.
So, from the figure, it is analyzed that the suggested CDR has approximately 30% and
55% more upgraded than REEC and SIMPLE in its duration of establishment respectively
according to the performance shown above.
Therefore, Energy of the sensor nodes can be used consistently and increases the lifes-
pan of the network for approximately 16,000 rounds.

8.2 System Throughput Performance

System throughput can be defined as the number of data packets profitably accepted to the
destination. In order to achieve higher system throughput in WBANs, steering procedure
that satisfies the QoS-metrics should be followed, so that the patients should be monitored
in an efficient manner, that’s results in the longest lifespan of the network.

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 293

Fig. 6  Performance of network lifespan

The throughput of the system must increases whenever more numbers of packet reached
at the sink by the medical sensors, due to that node should be conscious for the longest
period of time.
For that purpose, we are using Random Uniform Model [32], for the estimation of
dropped packet, that totally depends on the interaction link which is either weak or strong
based on some probability.
Let us assume that probability of interaction link is good enough of about 0.8 in CDR
procedure which delivers the best results in throughput parameter other than REEC and
SIMPLE.
Furthermore, Comparison of CDR with REEC and SIMPLE on the average ratio of
packet success with the various qualities of the link between the dissimilar generation of
the data rate which is presented in Fig. 7a.
From the above-obtained results, it shows that the CDR gives the finest results among
all the other REEC and SIMPLE procedure, but the ratio of the packet success is vaguely
decrementing in all the protocols against the generating data rate due to the problem of
congestion.
Moreover, We can evaluated the performance of the suggested CDR procedure with
REEC and SIMPLE procedure on the basis of various required consistency in opposition to
average ratio of packet success while considering the different qualities of link generating
at lower and higher data rates separately in different Fig. 7b, c, and there outcomes shows
that CDR achieves the finest among all the procedure on comparison.

13
 294 A. K. Sagar et al.

Fig. 7  a Comparing the packet success ratio on certain data rate at different link quality. b Comparing the
average success ratio at low data rate with certain demanded consistency. c Comparing the average success
ratio at high data rate with the particular demanded consistency

8.3 Average Ratio of Packet Loss

In this section, we are presenting the comparison of route loss among the CDR, REEC and
SIMPLE protocol and find the best protocol that has minimum route loss by using the route
loss estimation Eq. 11, 12 and 13 respectively.

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 295

We are evaluating the performance of CDR procedure on the basis of the average ratio
of packet loss with dissimilar qualities of the link on various data generation rate as shown
in Fig. 8 below such that the package loss in every round of the suggested protocol along
with REEC and SIMPLE correspondingly.
From the above-shown Fig. 8, the performance of CDR is much better as compared to
both REEC and SIMPLE, as CDR results in the lower ratio of packet loss while SIMPLE
shows the higher ratio of packet loss. The cause at the back is that the SIMPLE proce-
dure does not follow the rule of priority assigned to each sensor node, that’s why all the
implanted sensors send their packet data to the sink at the same time and that’s the reason
of the high packet loss, while CDR noticed this point in their procedure for overcome to
this problem.

8.4 Scheduling Packet Delivery Ratio

In this sub-parts of discussion, CDR protocol can be compared with REEC and SIMPLE
procedure and estimates their performance on the basis of On-Schedule PDR rate besides
time constraint parameter at different qualities of the link along with different generation
of the data rate. The generation of data at higher or lower rate which is shown in Fig. 9a, b
correspondingly.

Fig. 8  Comparing package loss

with the quality of link in CDR

13
 296 A. K. Sagar et al.

Fig. 9  a Figure out an average On-schedule PDR at high data rate in terms of time constraints. b Plotting
the data for average On-schedule PDR at low data rate with regards to the time constraints

As according to the obtained outcomes, the performance of CDR procedure gives the
outstanding results in achieving On-schedule delivery of packet with the high data rate at
the destination successfully from both the REEC and SIMPLE procedure, although REEC
gives the finest results from the SIMPLE procedure. The cause behind the bad performance
of SIMPLE is due to its layout arrangement that it cannot be considered on any changeable
route loss issues of the inner-body sensor node, along with the thermal consequences.
On the other side, our suggested CDR approach achieves the finest results performance
among all the other state-of-art with REEC and SIMPLE, also in achieving On-schedule
delivery of packet with low data rate at the destination as shown in Fig. 9b, but REEC pro-
cedure more neglected the above-mentioned issues, like the variable and higher route loss
issues of the implanted in-body sensor nodes. Although, both the above procedure REEC
and SIMPLE transmitted the copy of every critical data packet twice a time, that’s results
in the higher collision and then after might cause higher packet loss and low data genera-
tion rate.

8.5 Performance of Collision on Number of Sensor Nodes

Performance of collision depends on the number of sensor node used in WBANs. As we

see from the figure below in 10(a), that in general when we increase the number of sensor
nodes in the WBANs, it directly increases the probability of collision rate. On the other
hand, we explain like that:

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 297

The number of Sensor Node ∝ Probability of Collision Rate.

And if we are using this above approach in our suggested CDR procedure, and com-
pared its outcomes with both the protocols REEC and SIMPLE, and then analyzed
which one is performing better.
From the above Fig. 10b, it is clear that CDR procedure is finest among all the proce-
dures also in the terms of collision rate.

8.6 Performance of Average Rising Temperature

Generating the data at lower or higher rate also affects rising the temperature of inner-
body sensor node as well as consuming their energy.
As we already mentioned above that SIMPLE protocol consumes more energy from
both CDR and REEC, but it gives excellent results in terms of reducing the temperature
of the inner-body sensor node when compared with CDR and REEC as shown in below
Fig. 11, because the design layout of the SIMPLE procedure has only concentrated on
minimizing the temperature of inner-body sensor node instead of caring about the con-
sumption of energy.
In the end, we analyzed that more temperature is raised in the sensor node in both
the CDR and REEC protocol because they only focus on reducing the consumption of
energy in the sensor node not on reducing the temperature.

Fig. 10  a Identifying the probability of collision with respect to the number of sensor nodes. b Comparing
the collision in a different appraoches with same number of sensor node in each case

13
 298 A. K. Sagar et al.

Fig. 11  Performance of tempera-
ture rise

8.7 Performance of Average Energy Expenditure

As we already mentioned in above sub-parts of the observation that, in this suggested

protocol we are not using the concept of any promoter node to pick the critical data
from the node and then the path to the destination as the REEC and SIMPLE protocol
do.
While in this suggested approach, sensor nodes are placed at equidistance to the body
controller that routs only the crucial data of the patient in very less time and energy or
else it goes to the rest mode, that’s why very least power is utilized and sensor nodes
keep alive for the longest period of time as well as patient can be continuously moni-
tored up-to that limit. CDR Procedure can be compared with both REEC and SIMPLE
in the terms of consuming energy in generating the data at higher or lower rate as well
as sending the critical data packet twice a time. In CDR, the sensor node diminishes
their power very gently as presented in Fig. 12.
Finally, we analyze from the figure given above, that CDR approach saved the max-
imum of energy from the other two REEC and SIMPLE. As REEC also saved more
energy as compared to the SIMPLE but less as compared to CDR. That’s why SIMPLE
protocol consumes the maximum of energy among all the procedures while saved a very
little amount.

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 299

Fig. 12  Performance of average
energy expenditure with different
data rate

9 Conclusion

In this paper, CDR protocol is used for routing the critical data from sensor node to the
sink node (body controller) in WBANs. We are using a new mechanism of implantation of
the bio-medical sensor node inside the human body, in which we are placing all the medi-
cal sensors at equidistant from the body controller, that’s why there is no need to employs
any forwarder node to pick the data from the sensor nodes which is placed at a distance
from the body controller and then route the data to the controller. The sensor’s sensed the
data and check its threshold level and further categorized into Critical or Non-Critical. If
any sensed data value crosses beyond the certain threshold level, then it is the critical data.
Our aim is to pick only the critical data for routing while the non-critical data is discarded
immediately and nodes go to the sleep mode up-to their next time slot.
Therefore by using this approach we compare our suggested procedure CDR along with
REEC and SIMPLE protocol in terms of network lifespan, system throughput, schedule
PDR at higher or lower rate of data, rate of collision, Remaining energy and route loss.
After comparison, CDR gives the excellent results from both the protocols REEC and
SIMPLE in terms of above mentioned QoS-metrics. In this scheme, sensor nodes diminish
their power very gently and alive for the longest period of time. Thus, the patient can con-
tinuously keep under surveillance for the maximum period of time.

13
 300 A. K. Sagar et al.

References
1. Movassaghi, S., Abolhasan, M., & Lipman, J. (2013). A review of routing protocols in wireless
body area networks. Journal of Networks, 8(3), 559–575.
2. Ababneh, N., & et al. (2012) Energy-balanced rate assignment and routing protocol for body area
network. In 26th international conference on advanced information networking and applications
workshops (WAINA). IEEE.
3. https​://en.wikip​edia.org/wiki/Senso​r_node.
4. Tsouri, G. R., Gill, R., Prieto, A., & Argade, N. (2012). On increasing network lifetime in body area
networks using global routing with energy consumption balancing. Sensors, 12(10), 13088–13108.
5. Latre, B., & et al. (2007). A low-delay protocol for multihop wireless body area networks. In Fourth
annual international conference on mobile and ubiquitous systems: Networking and services, 2007.
MobiQuitous 2007. IEEE.
6. Quwaider, M., & Biswas, S. (2009). On-body packet routing algorithms for body sensor networks.
In First international conference on networks and communications, 2009. NETCOM’09. IEEE.
7. Ehyaie, A., Hashemi, M., & Khadivi, P. (2009). Using relay network to increase lifetime in wire-
less body area sensor networks. In IEEE international symposium on world of wireless, mobile and
multimedia networks, and workshops, 2009. WoWMoM 2009. IEEE.
8. Nabi, M., & et al. (2010). A robust protocol stack for multi-hop wireless body area networks with
transmit power adaptation. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on body area net-
works. ACM.
9. Guo, C., Venkatesha Prasad, R., & Jacobsson, M. (2010). Packet forwarding with minimum energy
consumption in body area sensor networks. In 2010 7th IEEE consumer communications and net-
working conference (CCNC). IEEE.
10. Tsouri, Gill R., Sapio, Adrian, & Wilczewski, Jeff. (2011). An investigation into relaying of creep-
ing waves for reliable low-power body sensor networking. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Cir-
cuits and Systems, 5(4), 307–319.
11. Sapio, A., & Tsouri, G. R. (2010). Low-power body sensor network for wireless ECG based on
relaying of creeping waves at 2.4 GHz. In 2010 international conference on body sensor networks
(BSN). IEEE.
12. Javaid, N.,, Yaqoob, M., Khan, M. Y., Khan, M. A., Javaid, A., & Khan, Z. A. (2013). Analyzing
delay in wireless multi-hop heterogeneous body area networks. Research Journal of Applied Sci-
ences, Engineering, and Technology.
13. Javaid, N., Israr, I., Khan, M. A., Javaid, A., Bouk, S. H., & Khan, Z. A. (2013). Analyzing medium
access techniques in wireless body area networks. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineer-
ing and Technology.
14. Quwaider, M., & Biswas, S. (2009). Probabilistic routing in on-body sensor networks with postural
disconnections. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Mobility management
and wireless access. ACM.
15. Djenouri, D., & Balasingham, I. (2009) New QoS and geographical routing in wireless biomedical
sensor networks. In Proceedings of 6th IEEE international ICST conference on broadband commu-
nications, networks, and systems (pp. 1–8). Madrid, Spain.
16. Reusens, E., et al. (2009). Characterization of on-body communication channel and energy efficient
topology design for wireless body area network. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, 13(6), 933–945.
17. Sandhu, M. M., Akbar, M., Behzad, M., Javaid, N., Khan, Z. A., & Qasim, U. (2014). REEC: Reli-
able energy efficient critical data routing in wireless body area network. In 2014 ninth international
conference on broadband and wireless computing, communication, and applications.
18. Javaid, N., Abbas, Z., Farid, M. S., Khan, Z. A., & Alrajeh, N. (2013). M-ATTEMPT: A new
energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks. In The 4th international
conference on ambient systems, networks and technologies (ANT 2013) (Vol. 19, pp. 224–231),
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Procedia Computer Science, ISSN 1877-0509.
19. Nadeem, Q., Javaid, N., Mohammad, S. N., Khan, M. Y., Sarfraz, S., & Gull, M. (2013). SIMPLE:
Stable increased-throughput multi-hop protocol for link efficiency in broadband and wireless com-
puting. In Proceedings of the eighth international conference on broadband and wireless comput-
ing, communication and applications (BWCCA) (pp. 221–226), Compiegne, France.
20. Rohokale, V. M., Prasad, N. R., & Prasad R. (2011). A cooperative internet of things (IoT) for
rural healthcare monitoring and control. In 2nd international conference wireless VITAE.
ISBN:978-1-4577-0787-2.

13
Energy-Aware WBAN for Health Monitoring Using Critical Data… 301

21. Mainwaring, A., Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., Culler, D., & Anderson, J. (2002).Wireless sensor net-
works for habitat monitoring. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on wireless sen-
sor networks and applications (pp. 88–97). ACM Press.
22. Manzoor, B., Javaid, N., Rehman, O., Akbar, M., Nadeem, Q., Iqbal, A., et al. (2013). Q-LEACH: A
new routing protocol for WSNs. Procedia Computer Science, 19, 926–931.
23. Razzaque, M. A., Hong, C. S., & Lee, S. (2011). Data-centric multiobjective QoS-aware routing proto-
col for body sensor networks. Sensors (Basel), 11(1), 917–937.
24. Khan, Z. A., Sivakumar, S., Phillips, W., & Robertson, B. (2013). A QoS-aware routing protocol for
reliability sensitive data in hospital body area networks. Procedia Computer Science, 19, 171–179.
25. Khan, Z, Sivakumar, S., Phillips, W., & Robertson, B. (2012). QPRD: QoS-aware peering routing pro-
tocol for delay sensitive data in hospital body area network communication. In Proceedings of 7th
IEEE international conference on broadband, wireless computing, communication and applications
(pp. 178–185). Victoria, BC, Canada.
26. Woo, A., & Culler, D. (2003) Evaluation of efficient link reliability estimators for low-power wireless
networks. Computer Science Division, University of California, 1–20.
27. Monowar, M. M., Hassan, M. M., Bajaber, F., Hamid, M. A., & Alamri, A. (2014). Thermal-aware
multiconstrained intrabody QoS routing for wireless body area networks. International Journal of Sen-
sor Networks, 2014(676312), 1–14.
28. Balanis, C. A. (2006). Antenna theory, analysis and design (3rd ed., p. 1073). Hoboken: Wiley.
29. Tang, Q., Tummala, N., Gupta, S. K. S., & Schwiebert, L. (2005). TARA : Thermal-aware routing
algorithm for implanted sensor networks. In Proceedings of 1st IEEE international conference on dis-
tributed computing in sensor systems (pp. 206–217). Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
30. Pennes, H. H. (1948). Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperature in the resting human forearm.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1(2), 93–122.
31. Bangash, J. I., Abdullah, A. H., Khan, A. W., Razzaque, M. A., & Yusof, R. (2015). Critical data
routing (CDR) for intra wireless body sensor networks. Telkomnika, 13(1), 181–192. https​://doi.
org/10.12928​/telko​mnika​.v13i1​.365.
32. Zhou, Q., Cao, X., Chen, S., & Lin, G. (2009). A solution to error and loss in wireless network transfer.
In International conference on wireless networks and information systems, WNIS ‘09 (Vol., pp. 312,
315). 28–29 December 2009.

Publisher’s Note  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Dr. Anil Kumar Sagar  received his Ph.D. (Computer Science) from
School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univer-
sity, New Delhi, India in 2015. He is currently working as Professor at
School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University,
Greater Noida, India. His research interest includes mobile ad hoc net-
works, wireless sensor network. Dr. Sagar has published papers in var-
ious international journals and conferences.

13
 302 A. K. Sagar et al.

Shivangi Singh  received her Bachelor of Technology Degree in Com-

puter Science and Engineering from GNIT Girls Institute of Technol-
ogy, Greater Noida, India in 2016. She is currently completing
M-Tech. (Computer Science and Engineering) final semester from
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University,
Greater Noida, India. Her research interest includes mobile ad hoc net-
works, wireless sensor networks, quality-of-service issues.

Dr. Avadhesh Kumar received his Ph.D. (Computer Science) from

Thapar University, Patiala, India in 2010. He is currently working as
Professor at School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias
University, Greater Noida, India. His research interest includes wire-
less sensor network, aspect-oriented software systems, component-
based software development, soft computing, and autonomic comput-
ing. Dr. Avadhesh has published papers in various International
journals and conferences.

13