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    Approximation and Estimation

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    josephcheng
    This document discusses approximation and estimation through rounding numbers. It provides examples of rounding whole numbers, decimals, and numbers with significant figures. The key points are: 1. Numbers can be rounded up or down depending on whether the digit following the place value being rounded is greater than or less than 5. 2. Rules for rounding include considering the digit one place to the right of the place value and adding or keeping the place value digit unchanged. 3. Examples demonstrate rounding numbers to the nearest value, thousand, ten thousand, and to a specified number of significant figures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Approximation and Estimation

    Uploaded by

    josephcheng
    42 views3 pages
    This document discusses approximation and estimation through rounding numbers. It provides examples of rounding whole numbers, decimals, and numbers with significant figures. The key points are: 1. Numbers can be rounded up or down depending on whether the digit following the place value being rounded is greater than or less than 5. 2. Rules for rounding include considering the digit one place to the right of the place value and adding or keeping the place value digit unchanged. 3. Examples demonstrate rounding numbers to the nearest value, thousand, ten thousand, and to a specified number of significant figures.

    Original Description:

    Intergrated Maths Problem

    Original Title

    3. Approximation and Estimation

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    This document discusses approximation and estimation through rounding numbers. It provides examples of rounding whole numbers, decimals, and numbers with significant figures. The key points are: 1. Numbers can be rounded up or down depending on whether the digit following the place value being rounded is greater than or less than 5. 2. Rules for rounding include considering the digit one place to the right of the place value and adding or keeping the place value digit unchanged. 3. Examples demonstrate rounding numbers to the nearest value, thousand, ten thousand, and to a specified number of significant figures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views3 pages

    Approximation and Estimation

    Uploaded by

    josephcheng
    This document discusses approximation and estimation through rounding numbers. It provides examples of rounding whole numbers, decimals, and numbers with significant figures. The key points are: 1. Numbers can be rounded up or down depending on whether the digit following the place value being rounded is greater than or less than 5. 2. Rules for rounding include considering the digit one place to the right of the place value and adding or keeping the place value digit unchanged. 3. Examples demonstrate rounding numbers to the nearest value, thousand, ten thousand, and to a specified number of significant figures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    rIII

    l-
    !t
    !t
    rr
    -TJ
    rr Approximation
    r, and Estimation

    i*iii-;i:*lrt1
    One way to approximate the exact value is by rounding - round up or
    round down or to the nearest.

    For example, consider the whole numbers 22,25 and27 .

    20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

    22 is nearer to 20 than 30. thus it is rounded down to 20.


    27 is closer to 30 and thus it is rounded up to 30.
    As a general guide, 25, which is exactly halfway between 20 and 30,
    is rounded up to 30.

    Rounding decimals can also be done in the same way.


    Rules for rounding:
    1. Consider one digit to the right of the place value of rounding.
    2.
    (i) If this digit is > 5 (ii) If this digit is < 5
    For rounding whole numbers
    add 'l' to the digit in the place |
    . the digit in the place value of
    value of rounding I rounding remains unchanged
    and
    a replace the digit(s) to the right of the place value with 0
    For rounding decimals
    o add '1' to the digit in the place | ' the digit in the place value of
    value of rounding rounding remains unchanged
    and
    . 'drop' the digit(s) to the right of the place value of rounding

    CH,A,F3THF: 3 ] E4
    ::i, : i : i I ii.;r. l;l l-:i,..: r.-i :'i:::-.
    . All non-zero digits are significant.
    . A zero (or zeros) between non-zero digits is (are) significant.
    . In a whole number, zeros after the last non-zero digit may or may
    not be significant.
    . In a decimal, zeros before the first non-zero digit are not signiflcant.
    . In a decimal, zeros after the last non-zero digit are significant.

    >'F EXAMPLE 1 ' -; i,t:;.r'rl :1,:rit:'::-ri:ii lil-ll


    Correct each of the following numbers to the nearest 50.
    (a) 22638
    (b) 23sttz (c) s7 s67

    }F"
    (a)
    SOLUTION
    22650
    I
    ''t,
    For (a), 22 638 is closer to
    22 650 than to 22 600. Likewise,

    (b) 23s r00 for (b), 235 112 is closer to


    235 100 than to 235 150; for (c),
    (c) 57 550 +
    57 567 is closer to 57 550 than

    i to 57 600.

    };" EXAMPLE 2 i,'r,r,;irjiri! r:r ,,.i

    ,,.,.:ri :.,,,, ii;r,,.r, ,il;


    Round 48 379 to the nearest
    (a) thousand, (b) ten thousand.

    }.}e SOLUTION
    oig"'8' is the place value;
    (a) 48 379 = 48 000 ,$
    consider one digit to the right.
    i.e. '3', which is less than 5, thus
    '8'remains unchanged and all
    the digits after'3'are replaced
    with 0.

    Digit '4' is the place value:


    (b) 48 379 = 50 000
    { consider one digit to the right,
    i.e. '8'. which is more than 5.
    thus we add 1 to 4 and replace
    i all the digits on the right with 0.

    >.3 EXAMPLE 3 i,r llj:il{.i il:: ii:1, 'ari1 .'1, :il :1.1t;..i i r: i j,:'il:,'ili:l t.i
    Round 6.3501 correct to
    (a) I decimal place, (b) 3 decimal places.

    }}= SOLUTION
    (a) 6.3501= 6.4
    f Digit '3' is the first decimall
    consider one digit to its right, i.e.
    '5', thus we add 1 to 3 and drop

    i all the other decimals.

    (b) 6.3501 = 6.350


    f Digit '0'is the third decimal:
    consider one digit to its right, i.e.
    '1'. which is less than 5, thus '0'
    I remains unchanged and the digit
    1 is dropped.

    !:5 Ct-jAPTEn 3
    Round 107.0305 correct to
    (a) 2 significant figures,
    (b) 4 significant figures,
    (c) 5 significant figures,
    (d) 6 signiflcant figures.

    >tr SOLUTION
    (a) 110
    (b) 107.0
    (c) 107.03
    (d) 107.031

    it l:.lr i:-, i:ti,jll:-:

    To estimate the value of the result of numbers in a calculation, the numbers


    in our working should be rounded to one more significant figure than
    that of the required result.

    >"b EXAMPLE$1,.'t -. .,,. ,, ., ' i.r;',ii,-:r'tr'l-:f 11111rr:fr,,-:'r,'l,i:it;r't;l

    Estimate the value of .,405 x 11.3 - 44.7 corect to 1 significant figure.

    >F SOLUTION
    Jros x tt .3 - 44.j
    = Joo x 11- 45 / ./ Round all the numbers to 2

    = 10x ll-45 significant figures.

    =65 /'''t. Do not forget to check if your


    answer is correct to 1 significant
    -70 i is not,you mustround
    flgure.If it
    .i up/down once more.

    fl!*,&FTI:FI :l AG

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