Maths 7 Textbook

Direct and
Inverse
Proportions
The boss of a company
3
is told that he needs to
complete a construction
project in a shorter period
of time. Assuming that all
the workers work at the
same rate, how many more
workers does he need in
order to complete the
project on time?
1
One
3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• explain the concept of direct proportion using tables,
equations and graphs,
• explain the concept of inverse proportion using tables,
equations and graphs,
• solve problems involving direct and inverse proportions.
1
1.1 Direct Proportion
Investigation
Direct Proportion
In Singapore, if we borrow books from a public library and are late in returning the
books, we will be fined 15 cents per day for each overdue book. Table 1.1 shows the
fines for an overdue book.
Number of days (x)

Fine (y cents)
31
15
2
30
3
45
4
60
5
75
6
90
7
105
8
120
9
135
10
150
Table 1.1
1. If the number of days a book is overdue increases, will the fine increase or decrease?
2. If the number of days a book is overdue is doubled, how will the fine change?
Hint: Compare the fines when a book is overdue for 3 days and for 6 days.
3. If the number of days a book is overdue is tripled, what will happen to the fine?
4. If the number of days a book is overdue is halved, how will the fine change?
Hint: Compare the fines when a book is overdue for 10 days and for 5 days.
1
5. If the number of days a book is overdue is reduced to of the original number,
3
what will happen to the fine?
From the investigation, we notice that as the number of days, x, a book is overdue
increases, the fine, y cents, increases proportionally, i.e. if x is doubled, then y will
be doubled; if x is tripled, then y will be tripled.
Similarly, as the number of days, x, a book is overdue decreases, the fine,

y cents, decreases proportionally, i.e. if x is halved, then y will be halved;
1 1
if x is reduced to of its original value, then y will be reduced to of its original value.
3 3
This relationship is known as direct proportion. We say that the fine, y cents, is
directly proportional to the number of days, x, a book is overdue.
003 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

1
Class
Discussion
Real-Life Examples of Quantities in Direct Proportion
Work in pairs.
1. Give a few more real-life examples of quantities that are in direct proportion.
2. Explain why they are directly proportional to each other.
Complete Table 1.2.
Number
of days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(x)
Fine
(y cents)
Rate
x
y
15
1
15
= 15
330
2
30
= 15
45
3
45
= 15
60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Table 1.2
y
What can we observe about the rate ?
x
y
What does represent? What does the constant ‘15‘ mean in this context?
x
y y
In direct proportion, the rate is a constant. In this case, = 15.
x x
Let the number of days a book is overdue be x1 = 3. Then the corresponding fine is
y1 = 45.
Let the number of days a book is overdue be x2 = 6. Then the corresponding fine is
y2 = 90.
AT
TE
y 45 y 90
NTI
ON
From Table 1.2, 1 = = 15 and 2 = = 15.
x1 3 x2 6
y y y y
∴ 1 = 2 = 15 (constant), i.e. the two rates 1 and 2 are equal In Book 1, we have learnt that
x1 x2 x1 x2 a rate compares two or more
quantities of different kinds.
x2 6 y2 90 y1 y
Moreover, x = = 2 and y = = 2, i.e. y is doubled when x is doubled. In this case,
x1
or 2 compares
x2
1 3 1 45
the fine with the number of days
x y x y
∴ 2 = 2 , i.e. the two ratios 2 and 2 are equal (This can also be obtained by a book is overdue. We have also
x1 y1 x1 y1 learnt that a ratio compares two
rearranging the equation
or more quantities of the same
y1 y2 x2
x1 = x2 .) kind. In this case,
x1
(or x2 : x1)
is a comparison of the number of
To conclude, we have: y
days a book is overdue and 2
y1
(or y2 : y1) is a comparison of the
y1 y2 x y fines.
If y is directly proportional to x, then = or 2 = 2 .
x1 x2 x1 y1
1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 004

Worked
1
(Simple Problem involving Direct Proportion)
If 6 kg of biscuits cost $27, calculate the cost of 13 kg of
Example biscuits.
Solution:
First, we note that the cost of the biscuits is directly proportional to the mass of the INF
OR
MA
biscuits. TIO N
Method 1: Unitary Method Method 1 is called the unitary

method because it involves finding
6 kg of biscuits cost $27. the cost of 1 kg (or 1 unit) of biscuits
first.
$27
1 kg of biscuits costs .
6
$27
13 kg of biscuits cost × 13 = $58.50.
6 3
Method 2: Proportion Method
Let the cost of 13 kg of biscuits be $x.

x 27 ⎛ x1 x2 ⎞
=
13 6 ⎜⎝ y1 = y2 ⎟⎠
Then .
27
x= × 13
6
= $58.50
Alternatively,
x 13 ⎛ x1 y1 ⎞
= ⎜ = ⎟
27 6 ⎝ x2 y2 ⎠
13
x = 6 × 27
= $58.50
∴13 kg of biscuits cost $58.50.
PRACTISE NOW 1 SIMILAR

QUESTIONS
(a) If 50 g of sweets cost $2.10, find the cost of 380 g of sweets, giving your answer Exercise 1A Questions 1–2,
5(a)–(b), 6
correct to the nearest 5 cents.
3 2
(b) of a piece of metal has a mass of 15 kg. What is the mass of of the piece of
4 5
metal?

1
Algebraic and
Graphical
1.2 Representations of
Direct Proportion
y
In the example on overdue books in Section 1.1, we have found that = 15, which
x
y
is a constant. If we represent this constant by k, then = k or y = kx, where k ≠ 0.
x
Hence, we have:
y
If y is directly proportional to x, then = k or y = kx,
x
where k is a constant and k ≠ 0.
3
Thinking
Time
If we substitute k = 0 into y = kx, what can we say about the relationship between x
and y?
Investigation
Graphical Representation of Direct Proportion
Consider the example on overdue books in Section 1.1. Table 1.3 shows the fines,
y
y cents, for various number of days, x, a book is overdue, where = 15 or y = 15x.
x
What does y = 15x mean in this context?
Number of days (x) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fine (y cents) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Table 1.3

1. Plot the graph of y against x in Fig. 1.1.
Fine (y cents)
150
135
120
105
90
75 3
60
45
30
15
0 Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of days (x)
Fig. 1.1
2. What is the shape of the graph?
3. Does the graph pass through the origin?
To conclude, we have:
If y is directly proportional to x, then the graph of y

against x is a straight line that passes through the origin.
Thinking
Time
1. If y is directly proportional to x, is x directly proportional to y? Explain your answer.
2. Suppose y is directly proportional to x. If we plot the graph of x against y, will we
get a straight line that passes through the origin? Explain your answer.
3. If y is directly proportional to x, then the graph of y against x passes through the
origin. If the graph of y against x does not pass through the origin, is y directly
proportional to x? Explain your answer.
4. As x increases, y also increases. Can we conclude that y is directly proportional
to x? Explain your answer.

1
Worked
Example 2 (Equation of Direct Proportion)
If y is directly proportional to x and y = 12 when x = 4, find
(i) an equation connecting x and y,
(ii) the value of y when x = 8,
(iii) the value of x when y = 21.
Solution:
AT
TE
NTI
ON
(i) Since y is directly proportional to x, Since y is directly proportional to

y
then y = kx, where k is a constant. x, then = k or y = kx, where k is
x
When x = 4, y = 12, a constant and k ≠ 0.
12 = k × 4
∴k=3
∴ y= 3x
(ii) When x = 8,
y =3×8
= 24
Alternatively,
3
when x = 8, (x is doubled)
y = 2 × 12 (y is doubled)
= 24
y2 x2
We can also use y = x ,
1 1
y 8
i.e. =
12 4
y = 2 × 12
= 24
(iii) Substitute y = 21 into y = 3x:
21 = 3x
21
∴ x=
3
=7

QUESTIONS
1. If y is directly proportional to x and y = 10 when x = 2, find Exercise 1A Questions 3–4, 7–8,

9(a) –(b)
(i) an equation connecting x and y,
(ii) the value of y when x = 10,
2. If y is directly proportional to x and y = 5 when x = 2, find the value of y when
x = 7.
3. Given that y is directly proportional to x, copy and complete the table.
x 4 5 7
y 30 48 57

Worked
3
(Problem involving Direct Proportion)
The expenses, $E, of a tea party are directly proportional to
Example the number of guests, N, present. When there are 30 guests
present at the tea party, the expenses incurred are $210.
(i) Find an equation connecting E and N.
(ii) Calculate the expenses incurred when there are 80
guests present at the tea party.
(iii) Draw the graph of E against N.
AT
Solution:
TE
NTI
ON
(i) Since E is directly proportional to N, Worked Example 3 can also be

then E = kN, where k is a constant.
solved using the Unitary Method
or the Proportion Method (see
When N = 30, E = 210, Worked Example 1). However, as
210 = k × 30 3 there are forms of direct proportion
where these two methods will
∴k=7 not work, we need to learn the
∴ E = 7N algebraic method to solve them
(see Worked Example 6).
(ii) When N = 80,
E = 7 × 80
= 560
∴ The expenses incurred are $560.
(iii)
E E = 7N
7 (1, 7) E = 7N
When N = 0, E = 0.
When N = 1, E = 7.
(0, 0)
O N
1

QUESTIONS
The cost, $C, of transporting goods is directly proportional to the distance covered, d km. Exercise 1A Questions 10–14
The cost of transporting goods over a distance of 60 km is $100.

(i) Find an equation connecting C and d.
(ii) Find the cost of transporting goods over a distance of 45 km.
(iii) If the cost of transporting goods is $120, calculate the distance covered.
(iv) Draw the graph of C against d.

1
Worked
Example 4 (Non-Example of Direct Proportion)
The total monthly charges, $C, for a mobile plan consist
of a fixed amount of $20 and a variable amount which
depends on the usage. For every minute used, $0.20 is
charged.
(i) If the duration of usage is 120 minutes, calculate the
total monthly charges for the mobile plan.
(ii) If the total monthly charges for the mobile plan are
$50, find the duration of usage.
(iii) Write down a formula connecting C and n, where n
is the number of minutes of usage.
(iv) Draw the graph of C against n. Is C directly proportional
to n? Use your graph to explain your answer.
Solution: 3
(i) Total monthly charges for the mobile plan = $20 + 120 × $0.20
= $44
(ii) Variable amount = $50 – $20
= $30
30
Duration of usage =
0.20
= 150 minutes
(iii) Variable amount = n × $0.20
= $0.2n
Total monthly charges = variable amount + fixed amount AT
TE
NTI
∴ C = 0.2n + 20
ON
(iv) • Since n cannot be negative, the

C line must start from n = 0.
C = 0.2n + 20
21 • When n = 120, C = 44.
20 (0, 20) (5, 21) C = 0.2n + 20 When n = 150, C = 50.
When n = 0, C = 20. 44 50 C
Since 120 ≠ 150 , n is not a
When n = 5, C = 21. constant.

∴ C is not directly proportional
O 5 n to n.
C is not directly proportional to n because the line does not pass through
the origin.

QUESTIONS
The total monthly cost, $C, of running a kindergarten consists of a fixed amount Exercise 1A Questions 15–16
of $5000 and a variable amount which depends on the enrolment. For every child
enrolled, the monthly cost increases by $41.
(i) If the enrolment is 200, find the total monthly cost of running the kindergarten.
(ii) If the total monthly cost of running the kindergarten is $20 580, calculate the
number of children enrolled in the kindergarten.
(iii) Write down a formula connecting C and n, where n is the number of children
enrolled in the kindergarten.
(iv) Draw the graph of C against n. Is C directly proportional to n? Use your graph to
explain your answer.
Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 010
Exercise
1A
BASIC LEVEL
1. 108 identical books have a mass of 30 kg. Find 9. For each of the following, y is directly proportional
(i) the mass of 150 such books, to x. Copy and complete the tables.
(ii) the number of such books that have a mass (a)
of 20 kg. x 4 20 24
y 6 9 11
2. In a bookstore, 60 identical books occupy a length (b)
of 1.5 m on a shelf. Find x 2 3 5.5
(i) the length occupied by 50 such books on
y 3.6 9.6 11.4
a shelf,
3.
3
(ii) the number of such books needed to completely
occupy a shelf that is 80 cm long.
If x is directly proportional to y and x = 4.5 when

y = 3, find
10. If y is directly proportional to x and y = 20 when
x = 5,
(i) find an equation connecting x and y,
(ii) draw the graph of y against x.
(i) an equation connecting x and y, 11. If z is directly proportional to y and z = 48 when

(ii) the value of x when y = 6, y = 6,
(iii) the value of y when x = 12. (i) find an equation connecting y and z,
(ii) draw the graph of z against y.
4. If Q is directly proportional to P and Q = 28 when
P = 4, 12. The net force, F newtons, needed to push a block
(i) express Q in terms of P, along a horizontal surface is directly proportional
(ii) find the value of Q when P = 5, to the mass, m kg, of the block. When m = 5,
(iii) calculate the value of P when Q = 42. F = 49.
(i) Find an equation connecting F and m.
(ii) Find the value of F when m = 14.
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL (iii) Calculate the value of m when F = 215.6.
5. Find the cost of (iv) Draw the graph of F against m.
(a) 10 kg of tea leaves when 3 kg of tea leaves
cost $18, 13. The pressure, P pascals, of a gas in a container
(b) a kg of sugar when b kg of sugar cost $c. is directly proportional to its temperature, T kelvin.
When T = 10, P = 25.
5 (i) Find an equation connecting P and T.
6. of a piece of metal has a mass of 7 kg. What is
9 (ii) Find the value of P when T = 24.
2
the mass of of the piece of metal? (iii) Calculate the value of T when P = 12.
7
(iv) Draw the graph of P against T.
7. If z is directly proportional to x and z = 12 when
x = 3, find the value of x when z = 18. 14. The amount of voltage, V volts, needed to send
a fixed amount of current through a wire, is directly
8. If B is directly proportional to A and B = 3 when proportional to its resistance, R ohms. When R = 6,
A = 18, find the value of B when A = 24. V = 9.
(i) Find an equation connecting V and R.
(ii) Find the value of V when R = 15.
(iii) Calculate the value of R when V = 15.
(iv) Draw the graph of V against R.

1
ADVANCED LEVEL
15. The total monthly income, $D, of a salesman who 16. A machine which manufactures ice needs to be run for
sells tyres consists of a basic salary of $600 and 10 minutes to warm up before the production of
a variable amount which depends on the ice begins. The mass, in tonnes, of ice produced
number of tyres he sells. For each tyre he sells, is directly proportional to the number of hours of
he receives $8. production. Given that 20 tonnes of ice are produced
(i) If the salesman sells 95 tyres in a particular when the machine runs for half an hour, find the
month, find his total income for that month. mass of ice manufactured when the machine runs
(ii) If the salesman’s monthly income for a particular for 1.75 hours.
month is $1680, calculate the number of
tyres he sells in that month.
(iii) Write down a formula connecting D and n,
where n is the number of tyres the salesman
sells in a month.
(iv) Draw the graph of D against n. Is D directly
3
proportional to n? Use your graph to explain
your answer.
1.3 Other Forms of

Direct Proportion
Investigation
Other Forms of Direct Proportion
The variables x and y are connected by the equation y = 3x2.

y
1. Some values of x, and the corresponding values of y and are given in Table 1.4.
x
x 1 2 3 4
y 3 12 27 48
y
x 3 6 9 12
Table 1.4

Fig. 1.2 shows the graph of y against x.
50 y = 3x2
40
30
20
3
10
x
0
1 2 3 4
Fig. 1.2
Is y directly proportional to x? Explain your answer.
2. Now, let us plot the graph of y against x2.

y
Some values of x, and the corresponding values of x2, y and 2 are given in
x
Table 1.5.
x 1 2 3 4
x2 1 4 9 16
y 3 12 27 48
y
3 3 3 3
x2
Table 1.5

1
Plot the graph of y against x2 in Fig. 1.3. The first three points have been plotted
for you.
50
40
30
20
3
10
x2
0
4 8 12 16
Fig. 1.3
Is y directly proportional to x2? Explain your answer.
From the investigation, when y = 3x2, y is not directly proportional to x because

INF
y y OR
= 3x is not a constant. However, y is directly proportional to x2 because 2 = 3 is
MA
TIO N
x x
a constant. Another way to look at this is to let
X = x2 such that y = 3x2 becomes
y
y = 3X, i.e. = 3. Therefore, y is
X
directly proportional to X ( = x2).

Worked
5
(Identifying Variables Which are Directly Proportional to
Each Other)
Example For each of the following equations, state the two variables
which are directly proportional to each other and explain
your answer.
(a) y = 5x3 (b) y2 = x
Solution:
y
(a) Since y = 5x3, i.e. = 5 is a constant, then y is directly proportional to x3.
x3
y2
(b) Since y2 = x , i.e. = 1 is a constant, then y2 is directly proportional to x .
x
PRACTISE NOW 5
3
For each of the following equations, state the two variables which are directly
SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
Exercise 1B Questions 4(a)–(d)

proportional to each other and explain your answer.
(a) y = 6x2 (b) y = x3
Thinking
Time
1. In Worked Example 4, we have found that the formula connecting C and n is
C = 0.2n + 20 and that C is not directly proportional to n. However, n is directly
proportional to a variable. What is this variable?
2. In the equation y – 1 = 4x, state the two variables which are directly proportional
to each other and explain your answer.
Worked
Example 6 (Equation of Another Form of Direct Proportion)
If y is directly proportional to x2 and y = 20 when x = 2,
(ii) calculate the value of y when x = 3,
(iii) find the values of x when y = 1.25,
(iv) draw the graph of y against x2.

1
Solution: AT
TE
NTI
(i) Since y is directly proportional to x , 2 ON
then y = kx2, where k is a constant. It is difficult to use the Unitary

When x = 2, y = 20, Method or the Proportion Method
(see Worked Example 1) to solve
20 = k × 22 direct proportion problems like in
20 = 4k Worked Example 6. Thus we need
∴k =5
to learn the algebraic method (see
Worked Example 3).
∴ y = 5x2
(ii) When x = 3,
y = 5 × 32
= 45
(iii) When y = 1.25,

1.25 = 5x2 3
x2 = 0.25
∴ x = ± 0.25
= ± 0.5
(iv) Since y is directly proportional to x2, then the graph of y against x2 is a straight AT
TE
NTI
ON
line that passes through the origin.
As x2 cannot be negative, the line

y y = 5x2 must start from the origin where
x2 = 0.
5 (1, 5)
y = 5x2
When x = 0, y = 0.
When x = 1, y = 5.
(0, 0)
x2
O 1

QUESTIONS
1. If y is directly proportional to x2 and y = 18 when x = 3, Exercise 1B Questions 1–3, 5–8, 11

(ii) find the value of y when x = 5,
(iii) calculate the values of x when y = 32,
(iv) draw the graph of y against x2.
2. If y is directly proportional to x2 and y = 21 when x = 2, find the value of y when

x = 4.
3. Given that y is directly proportional to x2, where x is a positive real number,

copy and complete the table.
x 2 3 5
y 56.25 81 441

Worked
7
(Problem involving Another Form of Direct Proportion)
The volume, V cm3, of a solid is directly proportional to
Example the cube of its radius, r cm. When the radius of the solid
is 6 cm, its volume is 905 cm3.
(i) Find an equation connecting V and r.
(ii) Calculate the volume of the solid when its radius is
10 cm.
Solution:
(i) Since V is directly proportional to r3,
then V = kr3, where k is a constant.
When r = 6, V = 905,
905 = k × 63
905
∴k=
∴V=
216
905 3
216
r
(ii) When r = 10,

3
905
V= × 103
216
22
= 4189
27
22
∴ The volume of the solid is 4189 cm3.
27

QUESTIONS
The length, l cm, of a simple pendulum is directly proportional to the square of its Exercise 1B Questions 9–10, 12
period (time taken to complete one oscillation), T seconds. A pendulum with a length
of 220.5 cm has a period of 3 s.
(i) Find an equation connecting l and T.
(ii) Find the length of a pendulum which has a period of 5 s.
(iii) What is the period of a pendulum which has a length of 0.98 m?

1
Exercise
1B
BASIC LEVEL
1. If x is directly proportional to y3 and x = 32 when 8. Given that the mass, m g, of a sphere is directly
y = 2, proportional to the cube of its radius, r cm, copy
(i) find an equation connecting x and y, and complete the table.
(ii) find the value of x when y = 6,
(iii) calculate the value of y when x = 108, r 0.2 0.7 1.5
(iv) draw the graph of x against y3. m 0.25 6.75 11.664
2. If z2 is directly proportional to w and z = 4 when 9. During a certain period in the life of an earthworm,
w = 8, 3 its length, L cm, is directly proportional to the
(i) find an equation connecting w and z, square root of N, where N is the number of hours
(ii) find the values of z when w = 18, after its birth. One hour after an earthworm is born,
(iii) calculate the value of w when z = 5, its length is 2.5 cm.
(iv) draw the graph of z2 against w. (i) Find an equation connecting L and N.
(ii) Find the length of an earthworm 4 hours after
3. It is given that y is directly proportional to xn. its birth.
Write down the value of n when (iii) How long will it take for an earthworm to grow
(i) y m2 is the area of a square of length x m, to a length of 15 cm?
(ii) y cm3 is the volume of a cube of length x cm.
10. If y is directly proportional to x2 and the difference
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL in the values of y when x = 1 and x = 3 is 32,
find the value of y when x = –2.
4. For each of the following equations, state the two
variables which are directly proportional to each ADVANCED LEVEL
other and explain your answer.
(a) y = 4x2 (b) y = 3 11. y is directly proportional to x2 and y = a for a
particular value of x. Find an expression for y in
(c) y2 = 5x3 (d) p3 = q2
terms of a, when this value of x is doubled.
5. If z2 is directly proportional to x3 and z = 8 when
12. The braking distance of a vehicle is directly
x = 4, find the values of z when x = 9.
proportional to the square of its speed. When the
6. If q is directly proportional to (p – 1)2 and q = 20 speed of the vehicle is b m/s, its braking distance
when p = 3, find the values of p when q = 80. is d m. If the speed of the vehicle is increased
by 200%, find the percentage increase in its
7. Given that y is directly proportional to x3, copy and braking distance.
complete the table.
x 3 4 6
y 375 648 1029

1.4 Inverse Proportion
Investigation
Inverse Proportion
Table 1.6 shows the time taken for a car to travel a distance of 120 km at different speeds.
Speed (x km/h)
Time taken (y hours)
3 10
12
20
6
30
4
40
3
60
2
120
1
Table 1.6
1. If the speed of the car increases, will the time taken increase or decrease?
2. If the speed of the car is doubled, how will the time taken change?
Hint: Compare the time taken when the speeds of the car are 20 km/h and
40 km/h.
3. If the speed of the car is tripled, what will happen to the time taken?
4. If the speed of the car is halved, how will the time taken change?
Hint: Compare the time taken when the speeds of the car are 60 km/h and
30 km/h.
1
5. If the speed of the car is reduced to of its original speed, what will happen to
3
the time taken?
From the investigation, we notice that as the speed of the car, x km/h, increases, the
time taken, y hours, decreases proportionally, i.e. if x is doubled, then y will be halved;
1
if x is tripled, then y will be reduced to of its original value.
3
Similarly, as the speed of the car, x km/h, decreases, the time taken, y hours, increases
1
proportionally, i.e. if x is halved, then y will be doubled; if x is reduced to of its
3
original value, then y will be tripled.
This relationship is known as inverse proportion. We say that the speed of the car,
x km/h, is inversely proportional to the time taken, y hours.

1
Class
Discussion
Real-Life Examples of Quantities in Inverse Proportion
Work in pairs. SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
1. Give a few more real-life examples of quantities that are in inverse proportion.
2. Explain why they are inversely proportional to each other. Exercise 1C Questions 1(a)–(e)
Complete Table 1.7.
Speed
10 20 30 40 60 120
(x km/h) 3
Time taken
12 6 4 3 2 1
(y hours)
Product
10 × 12 = 120 20 × 6 = 120
xy km
Table 1.7
What can we observe about the product xy?
In inverse proportion, the product xy is a constant. In this case, xy = 120

= distance travelled.
Let the speed of the car be x1 = 20. Then the corresponding time taken is y1 = 6.
Let the speed of the car be x2 = 40. Then the corresponding time taken is y2 = 3.
From Table 1.7, x1y1 = 20 × 6 = 120 and x2y2 = 40 × 3 = 120.
∴ x1y1 = x2y2 = 120 (constant)

AT
TE
NTI
Rearranging, ON
y2 x
= 1 We have learnt that for direct
y1 x2 y x
proportion, 2 = 2 , but for
y1 x1
inverse proportion, we have
To conclude, we have: y2 x1
= or x1y1 = x2y2. Note the
y1 x2
order of x1 and x2.
y2 x
If y is inversely proportional to x, then = 1 or x1y1 = x2 y2 .
y1 x2

Worked
Example 8 (Problem involving Inverse Proportion)
10 identical taps can fill a tank in 4 hours. Calculate the
time taken for 8 such taps to fill the same tank.
Solution:
First, we note that the time taken to fill the tank is inversely proportional to the
number of taps used because as the number of taps increases, the time taken to fill
the tank decreases.
P
So roblem
lvin
g T
Method 1: Unitary Method ip
10 taps can fill the tank in 4 hours. Tap
1 tap can fill the tank in (10 × 4) hours. (fewer taps require more time) Tank
3
8 taps can fill the tank in
10 × 4
8
= 5 hours.
(more taps require less time) 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h
1
Each tap can fill 10 of the tank
in 4 hours.
P
So roblem
lvin
g T
Method 2: Proportion Method ip
Let the time taken for 8 taps to fill the tank be y hours. It is more confusing to use
y2 x1
Then 8y = 10 × 4. (x1y1 = x2y2) = to solve inverse proportion
y1 x2
problems like in Worked Example
10 × 4
y= 8 because we need to switch the
8 order of x1 and x2 .
=5
∴ 8 taps can fill the tank in 5 hours.

QUESTIONS
Four identical taps can fill a tank in 70 minutes. Find the time taken for 7 such taps Exercise 1C Questions 2, 5–7, 15
to fill the same tank.

1
Worked
9
(Problem involving Direct and Inverse Proportions)
5 men can paint 2 identical houses in 3 days. Assuming
Example that all the men work at the same rate, how long will it
take 10 men to paint 8 such houses?
P
So roblem
lvin
Solution: g T
ip
The three variables are ‘number of men’, ‘number of houses’ and ‘number of days’. When three variables are involved,
we keep one variable constant
First, we keep the number of houses constant. at a time.
Number of men Number of houses Number of days
5 2 3
AT
TE
NTI
1 2 5×3 (fewer men require more ON
days)
The number of days required
10
3 2 5×3
= 1.5 (more men require fewer to paint the houses is inversely
10 proportional to the number of men.
days)
Next, we keep the number of men constant.

Number of men Number of houses Number of days
10 2 1.5
AT
TE
1.5 (fewer houses require NTI
ON
10 1
2 fewer days)
1.5 The number of days required

10 8 8× =6 (more houses require more to paint the houses is directly
2 proportional to the number of
days)
houses that need to be painted.
∴ 10 men will take 6 days to paint 8 houses.

QUESTIONS
(a) 3 men can dig 2 identical trenches in 5 hours. Assuming that all the men work Exercise 1C Questions 13–14, 16
at the same rate, how long will it take 5 men to dig 7 such trenches?
(b) 7 identical taps can fill 3 identical tanks in 45 minutes. How long will it take 5
of the taps to fill one of the tanks?

Algebraic
and Graphical
1.5 Representations of
Inverse Proportion
In the investigation on page 19 of Section 1.4, we have found that xy = 120, which
k
is a constant. If we represent this constant by k, then xy = k or y = , where k ≠ 0.
x
Hence, we have:
3
If y is inversely proportional to x, then xy = k or y =
k
x
,
Thinking
Time
k
If we substitute k = 0 into y = , what can we say about the relationship between
x
x and y?
Investigation
Graphical Representation of Inverse Proportion
Consider the example on the car in Section 1.4. Table 1.8 shows the time taken,
y hours, for the car to travel a distance of 120 km at different speeds, x km/h, where
120
xy = 120 or y = .
x
Speed
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
(x km/h)
Time taken
12 6 4 3 2.4 2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1
(y hours)
Table 1.8

1
1. If we plot the graph of y against x, what type of graph would we obtain?
2. Plot the graph of y against x in Fig. 1.4.
Time taken (y hours)

12
11
10
7 3
6
Speed
0 (x km/h)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Fig. 1.4
3. If the value of x is doubled, how will the value of y change?
Illustrate this with an example by choosing two appropriate points on the graph you
have drawn in Fig. 1.4.
1
What if we plot the graph of y against ? How would the graph look like?
x
1
Let X = . Some values of x, and the corresponding values of X and y are given in
x
Table 1.9. Complete the table.
Speed
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
(x km/h)
1
X= 0.1 0.05 0.033 0.02 0.017 0.014 0.013 0.011 0.009 0.008
x
Time taken
12 6 4 3 2.4 2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1
(y hours)
Table 1.9
4. Plot the graph of y against X in Fig. 1.5.
y
12
11
10
5
3
4
1
1
X=
0 x
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Fig. 1.5
5. Describe the graph obtained. What can we say about the relationship between
y and X?
6. Although y is inversely proportional to x, what is the relationship between y and
X?
7. Write down an equation connecting y and X. What does it tell you about the
relationship between y and X?
In general,
if y is inversely proportional to x, then

k
• xy = k or y = , where k is a constant and k ≠ 0,
x
k
• the graph of y against x (and of equation y = ) is a hyperbola (see Fig. 1.4),
x
1
• the graph of y against is a straight line (see Fig. 1.5).
x

1
Thinking
Time
If y is inversely proportional to x, is x inversely proportional to y? Explain your answer.
Worked
10
(Equation of Inverse Proportion)
If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 3 when
Example x = 4, find
(i) the value of y when x = 8,
(ii) an equation connecting x and y,
Solution:
y=
3
3
(i) When x = 8, (x is doubled)
(y is halved)
2
1
=1
2
Alternatively,
x2 y2 = x1 y1
8×y=4×3
12
y=
8
AT
1 TE
=1 NTI
ON
2
(ii) Since y is inversely proportional to x, Since y is inversely proportional to
k
k x, then xy = k or y = , where k is
then y = , where k is a constant. x
x a constant and k ≠ 0.
When x = 4, y = 3,
k
3= un
4 Just For F
∴ k = 12
12
∴ y= Raj and Ethan are going to compete
x in a race. Raj’s average speed is
twice that of Ethan’s.
(iii) When y = 48,
Ethan wants to start 10 m in front
12
48 = of Raj. Ethan says, ‘After Raj runs
x 10 m, I will be 5 m in front of
12 him. After Raj runs another 5 m, I
∴ x=
48 will be 2.5 m in front of him. Thus
Raj will never catch up with me.’
1
= Is Ethan correct?
4
This is a variation of one of Zeno’s
paradoxes. Zeno (490 – 430 B.C.)
was a Greek philosopher.

SIMILAR
PRACTISE NOW 10 QUESTIONS
1. If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 5 when x = 2, find Exercise 1C Questions 3–4, 8–9,

10(a)–(b)
(i) the value of y when x = 8,
(ii) an equation connecting x and y,
2. If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 9 when x = 2, find the value of y when
x = 3.
3. Given that y is inversely proportional to x, copy and complete the table.
x 0.5 2 3
y 4 2 0.8
Worked
Example 11 3 (Problem involving Inverse Proportion)
Boyle’s Law states that the volume, V dm3, of a fixed
mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely
proportional to its pressure, P pascals (Pa). The
INF
OR
MA
TIO N
pressure of 1 dm3 of a gas in an airtight container is 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

50 Pa. Assuming that the temperature in the container (dm3 means ‘cubic decimetre’)
is constant, calculate the volume of the gas when its
pressure is 1250 Pa.
Solution:
Since V is inversely proportional to P,
k
then V = , where k is a constant.
P
When P = 50, V = 1,
k
1=
50
∴ k = 50
50
∴ V=
P
When P = 1250,
50
V=
1250
= 0.04
∴ The volume of the gas is 0.04 dm3.
PRACTISE NOW 1 1 SIMILAR

QUESTIONS
The current, I amperes (A), flowing through a wire is inversely proportional to its Exercise 1C Questions 11–12
resistance, R ohms (Ω). Given that the current flowing through a wire with a resistance
of 0.5 Ω is 12 A, find
(i) the current flowing through the wire when its resistance is 3 Ω,
(ii) the resistance of the wire when the current flowing through it is 3 A.

1
Exercise
1C
BASIC LEVEL
1. Which of the following quantities are in inverse 6. A consignment of fodder can feed 1260 cattle for
proportion? State the assumption made in each case. 50 days. Given that all the cattle consume the
(a) The number of pencils Farhan buys and the fodder at the same rate, find
total cost of the pencils. (i) the number of cattle an equal consignment of
(b) The number of taps filling a tank and the time fodder can feed for 75 days,
taken to fill the tank. (ii) the number of days an equal consignment of
(c) The number of men laying a road and the time fodder can last if it is used to feed 1575 cattle.
taken to finish laying the road.
(d) The number of cattle to be fed and the amount
3 7. At a sports camp, there is sufficient food for 72
of fodder. athletes to last 6 days. If 18 athletes are absent from
(e) The number of cattle to be fed and the time the camp, how many more days can the food last
taken to finish a certain amount of the fodder. for the other athletes? State the assumption made.
2. Eight men can build a bridge in 12 days. Find the 8. If z is inversely proportional to x and z = 5 when
time taken for 6 men to build the same bridge. State x = 7, find the value of x when z = 70.
the assumption made.
9. If B is inversely proportional to A and B = 3.5 when
3. If x is inversely proportional to y and x = 40 when A = 2, find the value of B when A = 1.4.
y = 5, find
(i) the value of x when y = 25, 10. For each of the following, y is inversely proportional
(ii) an equation connecting x and y, to x. Copy and complete the tables.
(iii) the value of y when x = 400. (a)
x 2 2.5 3
4. If Q is inversely proportional to P and Q = 0.25 when y 24 4 1.5
P = 2, (b)
(i) express Q in terms of P,
x 3 4 25
(ii) find the value of Q when P = 5,
y 9 8 2.5
(iii) calculate the value of P when Q = 0.2.
11. The frequency, f kilohertz (kHz), of a radio wave

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
is inversely proportional to its wavelength, m.
The frequency of a radio wave that has a
5. 35 workers are employed to complete a construction
wavelength of 3000 m is 100 kHz. Find
project in 16 days. Before the project starts, the boss
(i) the frequency of a radio wave that has a
of the company is told that he needs to complete
wavelength of 500 m,
the project in 14 days. Assuming that all the workers
(ii) the wavelength of a radio wave that has a
work at the same rate, how many more workers does
frequency of 800 kHz.
he need to employ in order to complete the project
on time?

12. The time, t hours, needed to complete a job is 14. A consignment of fodder can feed 1000 sheep for
inversely proportional to N, where N is the 20 days. Assuming that all the sheep consume the
number of men employed for the job. 3 men can fodder at the same rate, how many consignments
complete the job in 8 hours. of fodder are needed to feed 550 sheep for 400 days?
(i) Find an equation connecting t and N.
(ii) Find the number of hours needed by 6 men 15. Tap A takes 6 minutes to fill a tank and Tap B
to complete the job. takes 9 minutes to fill the same tank. Pipe C can
3
(iii) If the job is to be completed in hour, how empty the tank in 15 minutes. How long will it
4
take to fill up the tank if the pipe is in use when
many men need to be employed?
both taps are turned on?
ADVANCED LEVEL
16. A contractor agrees to lay a road 3000 m long
in 30 days. 50 men are employed and they work
13. 12 glassblowers can make 12 identical vases in
for 8 hours per day. After 20 working days, he finds
9 minutes. Assuming that all the glassblowers
that only 1200 m of the road is completed. How
work at the same rate, how long will it take
3 many more men does he need to employ in order
8 glassblowers to make 32 such vases?
to finish the project on time if each man now works
10 hours a day?
1.6 Other Forms of

Inverse Proportion
We have learnt that if y is inversely proportional to x, then

k
xy = k or y = ,
x INF
OR
MA
TIO N
Similarly, if y is inversely proportional to x2, then Another way to look at this is to

let X = x2 such that
k
x2y = k or y = 2 ,
x x2y = k becomes Xy = k
k
or y= becomes y = k ,
x2 X

Therefore, y is inversely
proportional to X (= x2).

1
Worked
12
(Identifying Variables Which are Inversely Proportional
to Each Other)
Example For each of the following equations, state the two
variables which are inversely proportional to each
other and explain your answer.
2 3
(a) y = (b) y =
x3 x
Solution:
2
(a) Since y = , i.e. x3y = 2 is a constant, then y is inversely proportional to x3.
x3
3
(b) Since y = , i.e. y x = 3 is a constant, then y is inversely proportional to x .
x
PRACTISE NOW 12
3 SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
For each of the following equations, state the two variables which are inversely Exercise 1D Questions 3(a)–(e)
proportional to each other and explain your answer.
4 1 5
(a) y = (b) y2 = (c) y =
x2 3
x x+2
RE
13
CAL
L
Worked (Equation of Another Form of Inverse Proportion)

The square root sign is used
If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 6 when x = 4,
Example (i) calculate the value of y when x = 16,
to denote the positive square root
only. Thus 4 = 2. However, if
(ii) find an equation connecting x and y, x2 = 4, then x = ± 4 = ±2. If we
(iii) find the value of x when y = 4. want both the positive and the
negative square roots, we need to
write ± .
Solution:
(i) When x = 16 = 4 × 4 (16 is 4 times of 4),
1
y= × 6 (y is times of 6 since y is inversely proportional to )
4
1
= ×6
2
=3

k
(ii) Since y is inversely proportional to x , then y = , where k is a constant.
x
When x = 4, y = 6,
k
6=
4
k
6=
2
∴ k = 12
12
∴y=
x
(iii) When y = 4,
12
4=
x 3
12
x=
4
=3
∴x=9
PRACTISE NOW 1 3 SIMILAR

QUESTIONS
1. If y is inversely proportional to x2 and y = 2 when x = 4, Exercise 1D Questions 1–2, 4–6,

9–10
(i) find the value of y when x = 8,
(ii) find an equation connecting x and y,
(iii) calculate the values of x when y = 8.
2. If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 6 when x = 9, find the value of y when
x = 25.
3. Given that y is inversely proportional to x , copy and complete the table.
x 1 4 16
1
y 16 8 13

1
Worked
14
(Problem involving Another Form of Inverse Proportion)
In a computer simulation of an experiment, a drug
Example is added to two identical flasks, each containing
the same amount of a certain bacteria. The drug
is allowed to react with the bacteria for various
times in t hours. It is found that the amount of
bacteria left, s units, is inversely proportional to
(t – 2) hours. In one flask, there are 6 units of bacteria
left after 5 hours. Calculate the amount of bacteria left
in the other flask after 7 hours.
Solution:
Since s is inversely proportional to t – 2,
k
then s = t − 2 , where k is a constant.
When t = 5, s = 6,
k
6 = 5−2
6=
k
3
3
∴ k = 18
18
∴ s=
t−2
When t = 7,
18
s=
7−2
= 3.6
∴ The amount of bacteria left in the other flask after 7 hours is 3.6 units.

QUESTIONS
The force, F newtons (N), between two particles is inversely proportional to Exercise 1D Questions 7–8, 11
the square of the distance, d m, between them. When the particles are 2 m apart,
the force between them is 10 N. Find
(i) the force between the particles when they are 5 m apart,
(ii) the distance between the particles when the force between them is 25 N.

Exercise
1D
BASIC LEVEL
1. If x is inversely proportional to y3 and x = 50 when 7. The force of repulsion, F newtons (N), between two
y = 2, particles is inversely proportional to the square of
(i) find the value of x when y = 4, the distance, d m, between the particles.
(ii) find an equation connecting x and y, (i) Write down a formula connecting F and d.
(iii) calculate the value of y when x = 3.2. (ii) When the particles are a certain distance apart,
the force of repulsion is 20 N. Find the force
2. If z is inversely proportional to w and z = 9 when when the distance is halved.
w = 9, 3
(i) find an equation connecting w and z, 8. For a fixed volume, the height, h cm, of a cone is
(ii) find the value of z when w = 16, inversely proportional to the square of the base
(iii) calculate the value of w when z = 3. radius, r cm. Cone A has a base
radius of 6 cm and a height of
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL 5 cm. The base radius of Cone B
is 3 cm and the height of Cone C
3. For each of the following equations, state the two is 1.25 cm. If all the cones have
h cm
variables which are inversely proportional to the same volume, find
each other and explain your answer. (i) the height of Cone B,
3 1 (ii) the base radius of Cone C. r cm
(a) y = 2 (b) y =
x x
5 7 ADVANCED LEVEL
(c) y2 = 3 (d) n =
x m –1
4 If y is inversely proportional to 2x + 1 and the
(e) q = 9.
( p + 1)2 difference in the values of y when x = 0.5 and x = 2
is 0.9, find the value of y when x = –0.25.
4. If z is inversely proportional to 3 x and z = 5 when
10. y is inversely proportional to x2 and y = b for
x = 64, find the value of z when x = 216.
a particular value of x. Find an expression in
terms of b for y when this value of x is tripled.
5. If q2 is inversely proportional to p + 3 and q = 5 when
p = 2, find the values of q when p = 17.
11. The force of attraction between two magnets is
inversely proportional to the square of the
6. Given that t is inversely proportional to s3, copy and
distance between them. When the magnets are
complete the table.
r cm apart, the force of attraction between them
s 1 2 4 is F newtons (N). If the distance between the
t 80 0.08 0.01 magnets is increased by 400%, the force of
attraction between them becomes cF N. Find the
value of c.

1
1. If y is directly proportional to x, then
y
• = k or y = kx, where k is a constant and k ≠ 0,
x
y1 y2 x2 y2
• x = x or x = y ,
1 2 1 1
• the graph of y against x is a straight line that passes through the origin.
3 y
x
O
2. If y is inversely proportional to x, then

k
• xy = k or y = , where k is a constant and k ≠ 0,
x
y2 x1
• y = x or x1 y1= x2 y2 ,
1 2
• the graph of y against x is a hyperbola,
x
O
1
• the graph of y against is a straight line that starts from the origin (x ≠ 0).
x
y
1
O x

1
1. If y is directly proportional to x and y = 6 when 8. If z is inversely proportional to w + 3 and z = 4
x = 2, when w = 3, find
(i) express y in terms of x, (i) the value of z when w = 9,
(ii) find the value of y when x = 11, (ii) the value of w when z = 2.4.
(iii) calculate the value of x when y = 12,
(iv) draw the graph of y against x. 9. Given that y is inversely proportional to 2x2, copy
and complete the table.
2
2. If A is directly proportional to B and A = 1 when
3 3 x 0.2 0.5 2
5
B = 6 , find
y 1.5 0.96 0.375
1
(i) the value of A when B = ,
3
1 10. The total monthly charges, $C, for a fixed phone line
(ii) the value of B when A = 7 . consists of a fixed amount of $9.81 and a variable
2
amount which depends on the usage. For every
3. If y is directly proportional to x3 and y = 108 when minute used, $0.086 is charged.
x = 3, (i) If the duration of usage is 300 minutes, find the
(i) find an equation connecting x and y, total monthly charges for the fixed phone line.
(ii) find the value of y when x = 7, (ii) If the total monthly charges for the fixed phone
(iii) calculate the value of x when y = 4000, line are $20.56, calculate the duration of usage.
(iv) draw the graph of y against x3. (iii) Write down a formula connecting C and n, where
n is the number of minutes of usage. Hence,
4. If n is directly proportional to m2 and n = 9.375 state the two variables which are directly
when m = 2.5, find proportional to each other.
(i) the value of n when m = 3,
(ii) the values of m when n = 181.5. 11. The gravitational potential energy, G joules (J),
of an object is directly proportional to its height,
5. If t is directly proportional to 3 s and t = 4 when h m, above the surface of the Earth. When the
s = 64, find object is at a height of 40 m above the surface
(i) the value of t when s = 125, of the Earth, its gravitational potential energy is
(ii) the value of s when t = 2. 2200 J. Find
(i) an equation connecting G and h,
6. If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 4 when (ii) the gravitational potential energy of the object
x = 3, when it is at a height of 22 m above the surface
(i) express y in terms of x, of the Earth,
(ii) find the value of y when x = 6, (iii) the height of the object above the surface of
(iii) calculate the value of x when y = 24. the Earth when it has a gravitational potential
energy of 3025 J.
7. If q is inversely proportional to p2 and q = 3 when
p = 5, find
(i) an equation connecting p and q,
(ii) the value of q when p = 10,
1
(iii) the negative value of p when q = .
3
1
12. Kate makes a donation to a charitable organisation 14. 5 men are hired to complete a job. If one more man
on a monthly basis. Her monthly donation is directly is hired, the job can be completed 8 days earlier.
proportional to the square of her monthly savings. If Assuming that all the men work at the same rate,
she saves $900 and $1200 in January and February how many more men should be hired so that the
respectively, her donation increases by $35 from job can be completed 28 days earlier?
January to February. Find the amount of money she
donates to the charitable organisation in each of the
two months.
13. Boyle’s Law states that the pressure, P pascals (Pa), of

a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely
proportional to its volume, V dm3. The pressure of
4000 dm3 of a gas in an airtight container is 250 Pa.
Assuming that the temperature in the container is
constant, find
5000 dm3,
3
(i) the pressure of the gas when its volume is
(ii) the volume of the gas when its pressure is

125 Pa.
Challenge
1. If A is directly proportional to C and B is directly proportional to C, prove that each of the following is
directly proportional to C.
(a) A + B
(b) A – B
(c) AB
2. It is given that z is directly proportional to x2 and inversely proportional to y .

(i) Write down an equation connecting x, y and z.
(ii) If z = 16 when x = 2 and y = 9, find the value of z when x = 5 and y = 4.
3. The time, T days, needed to paint some buildings is directly proportional to the number of buildings, B, that
need to be painted and inversely proportional to the number of painters employed, P. 18 painters can paint
3 buildings in 20 days.
(i) Find an equation connecting T, B and P.
(ii) Find the number of days needed by 16 painters to paint 4 buildings.
(iii) If 10 buildings are to be painted in 24 days, how many painters need to be employed?

Linear Graphs and
Simultaneous Linear Equations
During festive seasons, people usually buy gifts for their
friends and relatives. When shopping for gifts, if we narrow
down our gift choices to two items and we have a fixed budget,
how do we determine the number of each item to buy?
1
Two
3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• find the gradient of a straight line,
• state the y-intercept of a straight line,
• state the equation of a horizontal line and of a vertical line,
• draw graphs of linear equations in the form ax + by = k,
• solve simultaneous linear equations in two variables using
(a) the graphical method,
(b) the elimination method,
(c) the substitution method.
• formulate a pair of linear equations in two variables to
solve mathematical and real-life problems.
1
2.1 Gradient of
a Straight Line
The equation of a straight line is in the form y = mx + c, where m and c are constants.
Now, we shall take a look at how changing the value of m and of c affects the line.
Investigation
Equation of a Straight Line
In this investigation, we shall explore how the graph of a straight line in the form y = mx + c changes when either
3
m or c varies.
Go to http://www.shinglee.com.sg/StudentResources/ and open the spreadsheet ‘Equation of a Straight Line’.
1. Change the value of c from –3 to 3 in steps of 1 by clicking on the scroll bar. What happens to the line?
State the coordinates of the point where the line cuts the y-axis.
2. Change the value of m from 0 to 5 in steps of 1. What happens to the line?
3. Change the value of m from 0 to –5 in steps of –1. What happens to the line?
4. What is the difference between a line with a positive value for m and a line with a negative value for m?
Fig. 2.1
039 Chapter 2 Linear Graphs and Simultaneous Linear Equations

1
Gradient of a Straight Line
Look at the roads around you. Some roads are steeper than others.
The steeper a road is, the harder it is to walk up the road. Gradient is a
measure of how steep a slope is.
From the investigation on the previous page,
The equation of a straight line is in the form of y = mx + c, where the

constant m is the gradient of the line and the constant c is the y-intercept.
Note: The y-intercept refers to the y-coordinate of the point of intersection of

the line with the y-axis.
From the investigation, we have discovered that the gradient of a line can be either
positive or negative.
3
• Fig. 2.2(a) shows a line that slopes __________ from the left to the right and its
gradient is positive.
• Fig. 2.2(b) shows a line that slopes __________ from the left to the right and its
gradient is negative.
AT
TE
NTI
ON
slope slope In Fig. 2.2(a), the line slopes

upwards from downwards from downwards from the right to the
left to right left to right left but its gradient is positive. Thus
it is important to specify whether
the line is sloping upwards or
downwards from the left to
the right.
(a) Positive gradient (b) Negative gradient

Fig. 2.2
In real life, can the gradient of a slope be negative?
From the investigation, we can also see that as the absolute value of the gradient m
increases, the steepness of the line increases. For example, a line with a gradient of 3
is steeper than a line with a gradient of 2 since 3 > 2; but a line with a gradient of –3
is also __________ than a line with a gradient of –2 although –3 < –2.
How do we find the gradient of a line?
The gradient of a straight line is the measure of the ratio of the vertical change (or rise)
to the horizontal change (or run), i.e.
vertical change risse

Gradient = or .
horizontal change run
1 Linear Graphs and Simultaneous Linear Equations Chapter 2 040

Worked
Example 1 (Finding Gradients of Straight Lines)
Find the gradient of each of the following lines.
(a) y (b) y
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
3 2 2
1 1
x x
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Solution:
(a) y Take two points A and B on the line and draw dotted
lines to form the right-angled triangle ABC.
7 Vertical change (or rise) BC = 5 – 1
=4
6 Horizontal change (or run) AC = 2 – 0
=2
B
5 Since the line slopes upwards from the left to the right,
its gradient is positive.
4
Gradient == rise
∴ Gradient
run
3 vertical change 4
=
2
2 =2
1
A C
horizontal change
x
0 1 2 3

1
(b) y Take two points P and Q where the line cuts the y-axis
and x-axis respectively.
Let O be the origin (0, 0).
Vertical change (or rise) OP = 6
7 Horizontal change (or run) OQ = 2
Since the line slopes downwards from the left to
6 P
the right, its gradient is negative.
5 Gradient == rise
∴ Gradient
run
6
= −
4 2
vertical change
= −3
3
O
0
3
1 2Q 3
x
horizontal change
SIMILAR
Find the gradient of each of the following lines. Exercise 2A Questions 2(a)–(h)
(a) y
14
12
10
x
0
1 2 3 4

(b)
y
3 0
2 4 6 8
x
(c) y (d) y
3 14
2 12
1 10
x 8
0 1 2 3 4
–1 6
–2 4
–3 2
x
0 1 2 3 4

1
Class
Discussion
Gradients of Straight Lines
Work in pairs.
Consider the points D(1, 3) and E(2.5, 6) on the line in Worked Example 1(a).
(i) Find the gradient of DE.
(ii) Is gradient of DE = gradient of AB?
(iii) Hence, we can choose any two points on a line to find its gradient because
the gradient of a straight line is ____________.
3
After learning how to find the gradient of a straight line, we need to have a sense of
the magnitude of the steepness of a line.
Class
Discussion
Gradients in the Real World
1. How steep is a road with a gradient of 1? Fig. 2.3 shows a line with a gradient
of 1. Measure the angle of inclination between the line and the horizontal INF
OR
MA
TIO N
dotted line.
The steepest street in the world
is Baldwin Street in Dunedin,
New Zealand, with a gradient of
about 0.38.
1 unit
angle
1 unit
Fig. 2.3
2. How steep is a road with a gradient of 2? Make an accurate drawing of
a line with a gradient of 2 and, indicate the vertical change and horizontal
change clearly. Measure the angle of inclination.
1
3. Repeat Step 2 for a road with a gradient of 2 .
4. Do you consider a road with a gradient of 1 steep or gentle? Discuss with
your classmates if there are many roads in Pakistan that have a gradient of 1.
1
5. Do you consider a road with a gradient of 2 steep or gentle? Discuss with your
classmates whether the gradients of most roads in Pakistan are greater than
1
or less than 2 .

Horizontal Line
Investigation
Gradient of a Horizontal Line
In this investigation, we shall find out what the gradient of a horizontal line is.
Fig. 2.4 shows a horizontal line.
3 4
3
A(–3, 2) B C(0, 2) D
2
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Fig. 2.4
1. There are 4 points on the line. The coordinates of A and C are given.
INF
Write down the coordinates of B and of D. OR
MA
TIO N
2. In the line segment AC, In this case, the equation of the

horizontal line is y = 2, which is
rise = ________ and run = ________. a linear function. Notice that the
y-coordinates of all the points on
3. In the line segment BD,
the horizontal line are equal to 2.
rise = ________ and run = ________.
4. What can you conclude about the gradient of a horizontal line?

1
Vertical Line
Investigation
Gradient of a Vertical Line
In this investigation, we shall find out what the gradient of a vertical line is.
Fig. 2.5 shows a vertical line.
3 4 P(3, 4)
2 Q
1
R(3, 0)
x
0 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
–3 S
Fig. 2.5
1. There are 4 points on the line. The coordinates of P and of R are given.
INF
Write down the coordinates of Q and of S. OR
MA
TIO N
2. In the line segment PR,

In this case, the equation of the
rise = ________ and run = ________. vertical line is x = 3, which is not
3. In the line segment QS, a linear function. Notice that the
x-coordinates of all the points on
rise = ________ and run = ________. the vertical line are equal to 3.
4. What can you conclude about the gradient of a vertical line?
SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
Exercise 2A Questions 1, 3–4

Exercise
2A
BASIC LEVEL
1. y
Line 2
Line 1
4
–4 –3
3
–2 –1
1
0 1 2
x
–1
–2
Write down the gradient of each of the given lines.
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
2. Given that the equation of the line representing each of the following linear graphs is in the form
y = mx + c, find the gradient m and state the y-intercept c.
(a) y (b) y
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3
–1

1
(c) (d)
y y
8 3
6 2
4 1
2 x
0
–3 –2 –1
x –1
0
3 2 4 6 8
–2
–3
(e) (f)
y y
6 3
5 2
4 1
3 x
0
1 2
2
x
0 1 2 3

(g) y (h) y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
0 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1 2 3
(i)
6
y
3 (j)
4
y
4 2
2 x
0 2 4 6 8
x
0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6

1
3. The figure shows five line segments.
3
Line 1
2
Line 5
Line 3
Line 2
1
Line 4
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
3 –2
Find the gradient of each of the line segments.
ADVANCED LEVEL
4. y In the figure, Line 1 is parallel to the x-axis and Line 3

is parallel to the y-axis. Line 2 is parallel to Line 5
Line 1
and Line 4 is parallel to Line 6. If the gradients of Line 5
Line 6
1
Line 2 and Line 6 are –3 and respectively, write down the gradients
2
of Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 and Line 4.
x
O
Line 3
Line 5
Line 4
Further Applications of
2.2 Linear Graphs in

Real-World Contexts
In this section, we will learn how to apply the concepts of gradient and y-intercept to solve linear graphs used in
daily situations.

Worked
2
(Distance-Time Graph)
Example The travel graph shows a journey taken by a cyclist.

He started his 50-km journey at 0800 hours. At
0900 hours, his bicycle tyre suffered a puncture and
he spent half an hour repairing it. He then continued
his journey and reached his destination at 1130 hours.
(a) How far did the cyclist travel before his bicycle
tyre suffered a puncture?
(b) Find the gradient of each of the following line
segments, stating clearly what each gradient represents.
(i) OA
(ii) AB
(iii) BC
3 Distance
travelled (km)
50 C
40
30
A B
20
10
Time
0 (hours)
0800 0830 0900 0930 1000 1030 1100 1130
Solution:
(a) 20 km
20
(b) (i) Gradient of OA =
1
= 20
The cyclist travelled 20 km in 1 hour, i.e. his average speed was 20 km/h
before his bicycle tyre suffered a puncture.
(ii) Gradient of AB = 0
He stopped cycling, i.e. his average speed was zero.
30
(iii) Gradient of BC =
2
= 15
The average speed during the last part of his journey was 15 km/h.

1
QUESTIONS
A technician in a computer firm drove from his workshop to repair a customer’s Exercise 2B Questions 1-2
computer. On his way back, he stopped to repair another customer’s computer.

The distance-time graph shows his entire journey.
Distance
travelled (km)
A B
9
5
3 C
D
1
E Time
0 (minutes)
10 20 30 40 50 60
(a) How long did he take to repair each computer?

(b) How far from his workshop was his first customer?
(c) Find the gradient of each of the following line segments, stating clearly what
each gradient represents.
(i) OA
(ii) AB
(iii) BC
(iv) CD
(v) DE

Exercise
2B
BASIC LEVEL
1. The graph shows Khairul’s journey when he visited a friend in Town C. During the journey, he stopped for
breakfast at a cafeteria, after which he continued to drive to Town C.
Distance
travelled (km)
C
80
70
60
3 A B
50
40
30
20
10
O Time
0 (hours)
1000 1030 1100 1130 1200
(a) At what time did he leave home?

(b) How far did he travel before he reached the cafeteria?
(c) Find the gradient of each of the following line segments, stating clearly what each gradient represents.
(i) OA (ii) AB (iii) BC

1
2. Ethan cycled from home to a post office. On his way back, he stopped at a hawker centre to have his breakfast.
The distance-time graph shows his entire journey.
Distance from
home (km)
40 A B
30
20 D
3 C
10
O E Time
0 (hours)
0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200
(a) How far from his home was the post office?
(b) Find the total time he stayed at the post office and at the hawker centre.
(c) Find the gradient of each of the following line segments, stating clearly what each gradient represents.
(i) OA (ii) BC (iii) DE
Linear Graphs and Simultaneous Linear Equations Chapter 2 054

2.3 Horizontal and
Vertical Lines
In section 2.1, we have learnt that the equation of a straight line is in the form
y = mx + c, where the constant m is the gradient of the line and the constant c is the
y-intercept.
Consider the equation of the straight line y = 2x + 1. For each value of x, there is a
corresponding value of y.
When x = 0, y = 2(0) + 1 = 1.
When x = 2, y = 2(2) + 1 = 5.
If we plot these points on a sheet of graph paper, we obtain a straight line. Since
the points (0, 1) and (2, 5) lie on the line, the coordinates of these points satisfy the
3
equation y = 2x + 1.
Does the point (4, 10) lie on the line with equation y = 2x + 1?
We replace x by 4 and y by 10 in the equation y = 2x + 1.
LHS = 10
RHS = 2(4) + 1
= 9 ≠ LHS
Since the coordinates of (4, 10) do not satisfy the equation y = 2x + 1, the point does
not lie on the line.
What are the equations of a horizontal line and a vertical line?
Investigation
Equation of a Horizontal Line
Fig. 2.6 shows a horizontal line.
4
A(–4, 3) B C(0, 3) D
3
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Fig. 2.6

1
1. What is the gradient of the horizontal line?
2. There are 4 points on the line. The coordinates of A and of C are given.
Write down the coordinates of B and of D.
3. What do you notice about the y-coordinates of all the four points on the
horizontal line?
4. What do you think the equation of the horizontal line is?
From the investigation, since the gradient m of a horizontal line is 0, the equation of
a horizontal line is
y = c.
The y-coordinates of all the points on a horizontal line are equal to c (a constant).
y
c
3 y=c
x
O
SIMILAR
PRACTISE NOW QUESTIONS
Exercise 2C Question 1
y
2
Line 1
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0
1 2 3 4
–1
–2
–3
Line 2
–4
(a) Write down the equation of each of the given horizontal lines.
(b) In the graph, draw each of the lines with the following equations.
(i) y = 2
(ii) y = 0
Describe the lines.
Linear Graphs and Simultaneous Linear Equations Chapter 2 056
Investigation
Equation of a Vertical Line
Fig. 2.7 shows a vertical line.
3 P(2, 3)
3 1 Q
R(2, 0)
x
0 1 2 3
–1
–2
–3
–4 S
Fig. 2.7
1. What is the gradient of the vertical line?

2. There are 4 points on the line. The coordinates of P and of R are given.
Write down the coordinates of Q and of S.
3. What do you notice about the x-coordinates of all the four points on the
vertical line?
4. What do you think the equation of the vertical line is?
From the investigation, since the gradient m of a vertical line is undefined,

we cannot write the equation of a vertical line in the form y = mx + c.
As the x-coordinates of all the points on a vertical line are equal to the same constant INF
OR
MA
value a, the equation of a vertical line is TIO N
x = a is not a linear function

x = a. because there are many values
of y for one value of x.
y
x=a
x
O a

1
PRACTISE NOW SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
y Exercise 2C Question 2
Line 2 Line 1
x
0
–4 –3
3
–2 –1
–1
–2
1 2 3 4
–3
(a) Write down the equation of each of the given vertical lines.
(b) In the graph, draw each of the lines with the following equations.
(i) x = –3.5
(ii) x = 0
Describe the lines.
Graphs of Linear
2.4 Equations in the
form ax + by = k
We have learnt how to draw graphs of linear equations in the form y = mx + c,
where m and c are constants. In this section, we shall take a look at the graphs of
linear equations in the form ax + by = k, where a, b and k are constants.

Investigation
Graphs of ax + by = k
1. Consider the equation 2x + y = 3.
(i) Using a graphing software, draw the graph of 2x + y = 3.
(ii) Do the points A(2, –1) and B(–2, 5) lie on the graph in (i)?
Do the coordinates of each of the points satisfy the equation 2x + y = 3?
Explain your answers.
(iii) The point (1, p) lies on the graph in (i). Determine the value of p.
(iv) The point (q, –7) lies on the graph in (i). Determine the value of q.
(v) On the same axes in (i), draw the graph of y = −2x + 3. What do you notice?
Hence, show algebraically that y = −2x + 3 can be obtained from 2x + y = 3.
3
2. Consider the equation 3x – 4y = 6.
(i) Using a graphing software, draw the graph of 3x – 4y = 6.
(ii) The point (2, r) lies on the graph in (i). Determine the value of r.
(iii) The point (s, –1.5) lies on the graph in (i). Determine the value of s.
(iv) State the coordinates of two other points that satisfy the equation 3x – 4y = 6.
3 3
(v) On the same axes in (i), draw the graph of yy == x − . What do you notice?
4 2
3 3
Hence, show algebraically that yy == x − can be obtained from 3x − 4y = 6.
4 2
Worked
3
(Drawing the Graph of ax + by = k)
The variables x and y are connected by the equation
Example 2x – 3y = 2. Some values of x and the corresponding
values of y are given in the table.
x –2 –0.5 4
y –2 p 2
(a) Calculate the value of p.
(b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 1 cm
to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to represent AT
TE
NTI
1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of 2x – 3y = 2
ON
for –2 < x < 4. –2  x  4 represents values of

x that are more than or equal to
(c) The point (1, q) lies on the graph in (b). Find the value –2 but less than or equal to 4.
of q.
(d) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph of y = 1.
(ii) State the x-coordinate of the point on the graph
of 2x – 3y = 2 that has a y-coordinate of 1.

1
Solution:
(a) When x = –0.5, y = p,
2(–0.5) – 3p = 2
3p = –3
∴ p = –1
(b) y
2x – 3y = 2
2
(d)(i)
1 y=1
(d)(ii)
–2 –1
3 0
(c)
1 2 3 4
x
–1
–2
Scale: x-axis: 1 cm to 1 unit
y-axis: 2 cm to 1 unit
(c) From the graph in (b),

When x = 1,
q=y=0
(d) (ii) x-coordinate of point = 2.5

QUESTIONS
The variables x and y are connected by the equation 3x + y = 1. Some values of x Exercise 2C Questions 3–4
and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x –2 0 2
y p 1 –5
(a) Find the value of p.
(b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis
and 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of 3x + y = 1
for –2 < x < 2.
(c) The point (–1, q) lies on the graph in (b). Find the value of q.
(d) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph of y = –0.5.
(ii) State the x-coordinate of the point on the graph of 3x + y = 1 that has a
y-coordinate of –0.5.

Exercise
2C
BASIC LEVEL
1. y 2. y
Line 1 Line 2 Line 1
6
5 4
4 3
3 3
2
2
1 x
–3 –2 –1 0
1 2
x –1
–3 –2 –1 0
1 2 3
–1 –2
Line 2
–2 –3
–3
(a) Write down the equation of each of the given
vertical lines.
(a) Write down the equation of each of the given (b) In the graph, draw each of the lines with the
horizontal lines. following equations.
(b) In the graph, draw each of the lines with the (i) x = 1
1
following equations. (ii) x = −2
(i) y = –3 2
Describe the lines.
(ii) y = 3 1
2
Describe the lines.

1
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL
3. The variables x and y are connected by the 4. Consider the equation –2x + y = –3.
equation –x + 2y = 4. Some values of x and (a) Copy and complete the table.
the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x –1 0 2
x –5 0 5 y
y p 2 q (b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of
(a) Find the value of p and of q. 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and
(b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the
1 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm graph of –2x + y = –3 for –1  x  2.
to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the (c) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph
graph of –x + 2y = 4 for –5  x  5. of y = –1.
(c) The point (r, 0.5) lies on the graph in (b). (ii) Find the area of the trapezium bounded
Find the value of r. by the lines –2x + y = –3, y = –1, and the
(d) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph
3 x- and y-axes.
of x = 3.
(ii) State the y-coordinate of the point on the
graph of –x + 2y = 4 that has an x-coordinate
of 3.
Solving
Simultaneous Linear
2.5 Equations Using

Graphical Method
1
We have learnt how to draw graphs of 2x – 3y = 2 , y = –3, x = −2 , –x + 2y = 4, etc.
2
What is the relationship between the graphs of two linear equations when we draw
them on the same axes? What is the connection between the coordinates of the point
of intersection of the two graphs and the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both
the equations?

Investigation
Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Graphically
1. Consider the linear equations 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x – y = 2.
(i) Using a graphing software, draw the graphs of 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x – y = 2 on the
same axes.
(ii) What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs?
(iii) Five pairs of values of x and y are given in Table 2.1.
x –2 0 1 2 4
y 3 –2 1 4 –1
3 Table 2.1
Determine the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both the equations
2x + 3y = 5 and 3x – y = 2. What do you notice?
2. Consider the linear equations 3x – 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3.
(i) Using a graphing software, draw the graphs of 3x – 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3 on
the same axes.
(ii) What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs?
(iii) Hence, state the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both the equations
3x – 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3.
What can we conclude about the coordinates of the point of intersection of the
two graphs and the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both the equations?
Explain your answer.
In the investigation, the graphs of 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x – y = 2 intersect at the point

(1, 1). x = 1 and y = 1 satisfies the two linear equations simultaneously. We say
that x = 1 and y = 1 is the solution of the simultaneous linear equations 2x + 3y = 5
and 3x – y = 2.
Can we say the same for the linear equations 3x – 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3?

1
Choice of Appropriate Scales for Graphs
Before we proceed to draw a graph, we have to choose a suitable scale. The following
guidelines may be useful:
• Use a convenient scale for both the x-axis and the y-axis. For example, we may use
1 cm to represent 1 unit, 2 units, 4 units, 5 units or 10 units. Avoid using awkward
scales such as 1 cm to represent 3 units or 1 cm to represent 4.3 units.
• The scale used for the x-axis need not be the same as the scale used in the y-axis.
• Choose a suitable scale so that the graph will occupy more than half the size of
the graph paper.
• Look at the largest and the smallest value of x and estimate the scale to be used.
Repeat the process for the values of y.
3 Class
Discussion
Choice of Appropriate Scales for Graphs and Accuracy of Graphs
Work in pairs.
1. Using a suitable scale, draw the graph of y = 3x – 1. Compare your graph with that
of your classmate. Do the graphs look different?
2. Use your graph in Question 1 to find
(i) the value of y when x = 1.3,
(ii) the value of x when y = −2.8.
3. How do you check for the accuracy of your answers in Question 2?
4. If your answers in Question 2 are inaccurate, how can you improve your graph?

Worked
Example 4 (Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Graphical
Method)
Using the graphical method, solve the simultaneous
equations
2x – 5y = 32,
2x + 3y = 0.
Solution:
2x – 5y = 32 2x + 3y = 0
x –4 1 6 x –3 0 3
RE
CAL
y –8 –6 –4 y 2 0 –2 L
We only need to plot 3 points

y to obtain the graph of a linear
equation. In fact, a straight line
3 can be determined by plotting
Scale: x-axis: 2 cm to 5 units 2 points. We use the 3rd point to
check for mistakes in the graph.
y-axis: 2 cm to 5 units
10
x
–10 –5 0 5 10
2x – 5y = 32
(6, –4)
–5
2x + 3y = 0
–10
The graphs intersect at the point (6, –4).

∴ The solution is x = 6 and y = –4.
SIMILAR
Exercise 2D Questions 1(a)–(f),

1. Using the graphical method, solve the simultaneous equations 2(a)–(d), 3
x + y = 3,
3x + y = 5.
2. Using the graphical method, solve the simultaneous equations
7x – 2y + 11 = 0,
6x + y + 4 = 0.

1
Class
Discussion
Coincident Lines and Parallel Lines
Work in pairs.
1. (a) Using a graphing software, on separate axes, draw the graphs of each of
the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
(i) x + y = 1
3x + 3y = 3
(ii) 2x + 3y = –1
20x + 30y = –10
(iii) x – 2y = 5
5x – 10y = 25
(b) What do you notice about the graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations?
3
(c) Does each pair of simultaneous equations have any solutions? If yes,
what are the solutions?
2. (a) Using a graphing software, on separate axes, draw the graphs of each of
the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
(i) x + y = 1
3x + 3y = 15
(ii) 2x + 3y = –1
20x + 30y = –40
(iii) x – 2y = 5
5x – 10y = 30
(b) What do you notice about the graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations?
(c) Does each pair of simultaneous equations have any solutions? If yes,
what are the solutions?
From the class discussion, we notice that the graphs of each pair of simultaneous SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
equations in Question 1 are identical, i.e. the two lines coincide. Since every point on
each line is a point of intersection of the graphs, the graphs have an infinite number Exercise 2D Questions 4(a)–(d),
5(a)–(b)
of points of intersection. Hence, the simultaneous equations have an infinite number
of solutions.
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations in Question 2 are parallel lines.
Since the graphs do not intersect, they have no point of intersection. Hence, the
simultaneous equations have no solution.
Thinking
Time
What type of simultaneous equations have
(a) infinitely many solutions?
(b) no solution?

Exercise
2D
BASIC LEVEL
1
1. Using the graphical method, solve each of the (b) Consider the equation y = x+2.
4
following pairs of simultaneous equations. (i) Copy and complete the table.
(a) 3x – y = 0 (b) x – y = –3
2x – y = 1 x – 2y = –1 x –8 0 4
(c) 3x – 2y = 7 (d) 3x + 2y = 4 y
2x + 3y = 9 5x + y = 2
(ii) On the same axes in (a)(ii), draw the graph
(e) 2x + 5y = 25 (f) 3x – 4y = 25 1
3x – 2y = 9 4x – y = 16 of y = x + 2 for –8  x  4.
4
3 (c) Hence, solve the simultaneous equations
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL 2x – y = –9 and x – 4y = –8.
2. Using the graphical method, solve each of the
following pairs of simultaneous equations. 4. Using the graphical method, solve each of the
(a) x + 4y – 12 = 0 (b) 3x + y – 2 = 0 following pairs of simultaneous equations.
4x + y – 18 = 0 2x – y – 3 = 0 (a) x + 2y = 3 (b) 4x + y = 2
(c) 3x – 2y – 13 = 0 (d) 2x + 4y + 5 = 0 2x + 4y = 6 4x + y = –3
2x + 2y = 0 –x + 5y + 1 = 0 (c) 2y – x = 2 (d) 2y + x = 4
4y – 2x = 4 2y + x = 6
3. (a) Consider the equation y = 2x + 9.
ADVANCED LEVEL
(i) Copy and complete the table.
5. Using the graphical method, solve each of the
x –8 0 4
following pairs of simultaneous equations.
y (a) y = 3 – 5x (b) 3y + x = 7
(ii) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale 5x + y – 1 = 0 15y = 35 – 5x
of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis
and 1 cm to represent 4 units on the y-axis,
draw the graph of y = 2x + 9 for –8  x  4.
Solving
Simultaneous Linear
2.6 Equations Using

Algebraic Methods
In Book 1, we have learnt how to solve linear equations in one variable such as
3x – 4 = 11 and 4x – 10 = 5x + 7.
To solve a linear equation in one variable x means to find the value of x so that the
values on both sides of the equation are equal, i.e. x satisfies the equation.

1
Thinking
Time
What are the solutions to a linear equation in two variables, e.g. 2x + y = 13?
Do you obtain the same solutions as your classmates?
In Section 2.5, we have learnt that from the graphs of two linear equations, the
coordinates of the point(s) of intersection give the solution(s) to the pair of simultaneous
linear equations. In this section, we shall take a look at two algebraic methods that
can be used to solve a pair of simultaneous equations: the elimination method and
the substitution method.
Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using

3
Elimination Method
Let us use the elimination method to solve the following pair of equations.
We shall label the equations as equation (1) and equation (2).
3x – y = 12 ---------- (1)
2x + y = 13 ---------- (2)
The elimination method is usually used when the absolute values of the
coefficients of one variable in both the equations are the same. For example,
the absolute values of the coefficients of y in equations (1) and (2) are the same.
What happens when we add equation (2) to equation (1)?
(1) + (2): (3x – y) + (2x + y) = 12 + 13
3x + 2x – y + y = 25
Notice that the terms in y are eliminated. We are left with a linear equation in
one variable x.
5x = 25
x=5
Substitute x = 5 into (1): 3(5) – y = 12
y=3 P
So roblem
lvin
∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is x = 5 and y = 3. g T
ip
Check: Substitute x = 5 and y = 3 into (1) and (2): It is a good practice to check your
solution by substituting the values
In (1), LHS = 3(5) – 3 of the unknowns which you have
= 12 found into the original equations.
= RHS
In (2), LHS = 2(5) + 3
= 13
= RHS
Since x = 5 and y = 3 satisfies both the equations, it is the solution of

the simultaneous equations.

Worked
5
(Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Elimination
Method)
Example Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous
equations
3x + 7y = 17,
3x – 6y = 4.
AT
Solution:
TE
NTI
ON
3x + 7y = 17 ---------- (1) The coefficient of x in both the

equations is 3. Hence, when we
3x – 6y = 4 ---------- (2) subtract equation (2) from equation
(1) – (2): (3x + 7y) – (3x – 6y) = 17 – 4 (1), the terms in x are eliminated.
3x + 7y – 3x + 6y = 13
13y = 13 P
So roblem
y=1
lvin
g T
ip
Substitute y = 1 into (1): 3x + 7(1) = 17

3 To eliminate a variable, the
3x = 10
absolute values of the coefficients
of the variable in both the equations
1
x= 3 must be the same.
3
1
∴ The solution is x = 3 and y = 1.
3
1
Check: Substitute x = 3 and y = 1 into (1) and (2):
3
In (1), LHS = 3 3 1 + 7(1)

( )
3
= 17
= RHS
In (2), LHS = 3 3 1 − 6(1)

( )
3
=4
= RHS

QUESTIONS
1. Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous Exercise 2E Questions 1(a)–(l), 5(a),
6(a)–(b)
equations.
(a) x – y = 3 (b) 7x + 2y = 19
4x + y = 17 7x + 8y = 13
(c) 13x + 9y = 4 (d) 4x – 5y = 17
17x – 9y = 26 x – 5y = 8
2. Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
3x – y + 14 = 0,
2x + y + 1 = 0.

1
It is sometimes necessary to manipulate one of the equations before we can
eliminate a variable by addition or subtraction.
Worked
Example 6 (Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Elimination
Method)
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous
equations
3x + 2y = 8,
4x – y = 7.
Solution:
3x + 2y = 8 ---------- (1) AT
TE
NTI
ON
4x – y = 7 ---------- (2)
2 × (2): 8x – 2y = 14 ---------- (3) • In this case, it is easier to
eliminate y first.
(1) + (3): (3x + 2y) + (8x – 2y) = 8 + 14 • We multiply equation (2) by
11x = 22 2 so that the absolute values of
3 the coefficients of y in both the
x=2 equations are the same.
y=1

QUESTIONS
Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous Exercise 2E Questions 2(a)–(f), 5(b),
6(c)–(d)
equations.
(a) 2x + 3y = 18 (b) 4x + y = 11
3x – y = 5 3x + 2y = 7
It is sometimes necessary to manipulate both the equations before we can

eliminate a variable.
Worked
Example 7 (Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Elimination
Method)
equations
13x – 6y = 20,
7x + 4y = 18.
Solution:
13x – 6y = 20 ---------- (1) AT
TE
NTI
ON
7x + 4y = 18 ---------- (2)
2 × (1): 26x – 12y = 40 ---------- (3) • The LCM of 6 and 4 is 12.
• We multiply equation (1) by 2
3 × (2): 21x + 12y = 54 ---------- (4) and equation (2) by 3 so that
(3) + (4): (26x – 12y) + (21x + 12y) = 40 + 54 the absolute values of the
47x = 94 coefficients of y in both the
equations are the same.
x=2
Substitute x = 2 into (1): 13(2) – 6y = 20
6y = 6
y=1
Thinking
Time
In Worked Example 7, is it easier to eliminate x first? Explain your answer by showing
how x can be eliminated.

QUESTIONS
Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous Exercise 2E Questions 3(a)–(f),
5(c)–(d), 6(e)–(f)
equations.
(a) 9x + 2y = 5 (b) 5x – 4y = 17
7x – 3y = 13 2x – 3y = 11
Worked
Example 8
3 (Solving Simultaneous Fractional Equations Using
Elimination Method)
equations
2 y
x − = 6,
3 9
y
x − = 6.
3
Solution:
Method 1:
2 y
x − = 6 ---------- (1)
3 9
y
x − = 6 ---------- (2)
3
3 y
× (1): x − = 9 ---------- (3)
2 6
( )( ) y y
(3) – (2): x − − x − = 9 – 6
6 3
y y
− + =3
6 3
y
=3
6
y = 18
18
Substitute y = 18 into (2): x − =6
3
x = 12

1
Method 2:
2 y
x − = 6 ---------- (1)
3 9
y
x − = 6 ---------- (2)
3
9 × (1): 6x – y = 54 ---------- (3)
3 × (2): 3x – y = 18 ---------- (4)
(3) – (4): (6x – y) – (3x – y) = 54 – 18
3x = 36
x = 12
y = 18
PRACTISE NOW 8
3
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
x y
− = 4,
SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
Exercise 2E Questions 7(a)–(d)
2 3
2 y 1
x− =3 .
5 6 2
Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using

Substitution Method
Now, we shall take a look at how we can solve a pair of simultaneous equations
using the substitution method.
In this method, we first rearrange one equation to express one variable in terms
of the other variable. Next, we substitute this expression into the other equation
to obtain an equation in only one variable.
Worked
Example 9 (Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Substitution
Method)
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous
equations
7x – 2y = 21,
4x + y = 57.
Solution:
7x – 2y = 21 ---------- (1)
4x + y = 57 ---------- (2)
From (2), y = 57 – 4x ---------- (3) (rearrange (2) to express y in terms of x)
Substitute (3) into (1): 7x – 2(57 – 4x) = 21 (replace y in (1) with expression in x to
7x – 114 + 8x = 21 obtain an equation in x)
P
15x = 135 (solve the equation in x) So roblem
lvin
g T
x=9
ip
Substitute x = 9 into (3): y = 57 – 4(9) (substitute the solution of x into the expression It is easier to obtain the value of y
by substituting the value of x into
= 21 for y) equation (3) instead of equation
∴ The solution is x = 9 and y = 21. (1) or (2).

Thinking
Time
If we make x the subject of equation (1) or (2) in Worked Example 9, will we get the
same solution? Which way is easier?

QUESTIONS
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations Exercise 2E Questions 4(a)–(h)
3y – x = 7,
2x + 3y = 4.
10
Worked
Example
3 (Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Substitution
Method)
equations
3x + 2y = 7,
9x + 8y = 22.
Solution:
3x + 2y = 7 ---------- (1)
9x + 8y = 22 ---------- (2)
From (1), 2y = 7 – 3x
7 − 3x
y= ---------- (3)
2
7 − 3x
Substitute (3) into (2): 9 x + 8 = 22
2
9x + 4(7 – 3x) = 22
9x + 28 – 12x = 22
–3x = –6
3x = 6
x=2
7 − 3(2)
Substitute x = 2 into (3): y =
2
1
=
2
1
∴ The solution is x = 2 and y = .
2

QUESTIONS
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations Exercise 2E Questions 8(a)–(f),
3x – 2y = 8,
11–13
4x + 3y = 5.

1
Thinking
Time
Devi was asked to solve the simultaneous equations
2x + y = 6,
1
x = 1− y,
2
using the substitution method.
She did it this way:
2x + y = 6 ---------- (1)
1
x = 1 − y ---------- (2)
2
1
( )
Substitute (2) into (1): 2 1 − y + y = 6
2
32–y+y=6
2=6
What was wrong? Explain your answer.
Worked
Example 11 (Solving Simultaneous Fractional Equations Using
Substitution Method)
equations
x +1 1
y+2 = 2 ,
x–2 1
y –1 = 3 .
Solution:
x +1 1
y+2 = 2
---------- (1)
RE
CAL
x–2 1 L
y –1 = 3
---------- (2)
From (1), 2(x + 1) = y + 2 a c

Consider = , where b, d ≠ 0.
b d
2x + 2 = y + 2
Multiply by bd on both sides,
y = 2x ---------- (3) a c
bd × = bd ×
b d
From (2), 3(x – 2) = y – 1
∴ ad = bc
3x – 6 = y – 1
3x – y = 5 ---------- (4)
Substitute (3) into (4): 3x – 2x = 5
x=5
Substitute x = 5 into (3): y = 2(5)
= 10

QUESTIONS
Using the substitution method, solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous Exercise 2E Questions 9(a)–(d),
10(a)–10(d)
equations.
x–1 2
(a) = (b) 3x + 2y = 3
y–3 3
x– 2 1 1 3
=
=
y –1 2 x+y x + 2y
Exercise
2E
BASIC LEVEL
3
1. Using the elimination method, solve each of the 3. Using the elimination method, solve each of the
following pairs of simultaneous equations. following pairs of simultaneous equations.
(a) x + y = 16 (b) x – y = 5 (a) 7x – 3y = 18 (b) 4x + 3y = –5
x–y=0 x + y = 19 6x + 7y = 25 3x – 2y = 43
(c) 11x + 4y = 12 (d) 4y + x = 11 (c) 2x + 3y = 8 (d) 5x + 4y = 11
9x – 4y = 8 3y – x = 3 5x + 2y = 9 3x + 5y = 4
(e) 3x + y = 5 (f) 2x + 3y = 5 (e) 4x – 3y = –1 (f) 5x – 4y = 23
x+y=3 2x + 7y = 9 5x – 2y = 4 2x – 7y = 11
(g) 7x – 3y = 15 (h) 3y – 2x = 9
11x – 3y = 21 2y – 2x = 7 4. Using the substitution method, solve each of the
(i) 3a – 2b = 5 (j) 5c – 2d = 9 following pairs of simultaneous equations.
2b – 5a = 9 3c + 2d = 7 (a) x + y = 7 (b) 3x – y = 0
(k) 3f + 4h = 1 (l) 6j – k = 23 x–y=5 2x + y = 5
5f – 4h = 7 3k + 6j = 11 (c) 2x – 7y = 5 (d) 5x – y = 5
3x + y = –4 3x + 2y = 29
2. Using the elimination method, solve each of the (e) 5x + 3y = 11 (f) 3x + 5y = 10
following pairs of simultaneous equations. 4x – y = 2 x – 2y = 7
(a) 7x – 2y = 17 (b) 16x + 5y = 39 (g) x + y = 9 (h) 5x + 2y = 3
3x + 4y = 17 4x – 3y = 31 5x – 2y = 4 x – 4y = –6
(c) x + 2y = 3 (d) 3x + y = –5
3x + 5y = 7 7x + 3y = 1
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
(e) 7x – 3y = 13 (f) 9x – 5y = 2
2x – y = 3 3x – 4y = 10
5. Using the elimination method, solve each of the
(a) x + y = 0.5 (b) 2x + 0.4y = 8
x–y=1 5x – 1.2y = 9
(c) 10x – 3y = 24.5 (d) 6x + 5y = 10.5
3x – 5y = 13.5 5x – 3y = –2

1
6. Using the elimination method, solve each of the ADVANCED LEVEL
(a) 4x – y – 7 = 0 (b) 7x + 2y – 33 = 0 10. Using either the elimination or the substitution
4x + 3y – 11 = 0 3y – 7x – 17 = 0 method, solve each of the following pairs of
(c) 5x – 3y – 2 = 0 (d) 5x – 3y – 13 = 0 simultaneous equations.
x + 5y – 6 = 0 7x – 6y – 20 = 0 2 1
(a) =
(e) 7x + 3y – 8 = 0 (f) 3x + 5y + 8 = 0 x + y 2x + y
3x – 4y – 14 = 0 4x + 13y – 2 = 0 3x + 4y = 9
1 1
(b) ( x − 2) = (1 − y )
7. Using the elimination method, solve each of the 5 4
1 2 1
(a)
x +1 3
= (b)
x y 5
− =
7( )
x + 2 = (3 − y )
3 3
y+2 4 3 2 6 5x + y x+y
x−2 3 2 2 (c) =2−
= 3x − y = 3 9 5
y −1 5 5 5
7x − 3 y−x
3 x−3 y−7
=1 +
x 3 2 3
(c) − y=3 (d) =
4 8 5 2 x+y x−y
5 y (d) = = 2x – 3y + 5
x − = 12 11x = 13y 3 5
3 2
11. If x = 3 and y = –1 is the solution of the simultaneous
8. Using the substitution method, solve each of the equations
following pairs of simultaneous equations. 3px + qy = 11,
(a) 2x + 5y = 12 (b) 4x – 3y = 25 –qx + 5y = p,
4x + 3y = –4 6x + 5y = 9 find the value of p and of q.
(c) 3x + 7y = 2 (d) 9x + 2y = 5
6x – 5y = 4 7x – 3y = 13 12. If x = –11 and y = 5 is the solution of the simultaneous
(e) 2y – 5x = 25 (f) 3x – 5y = 7 equations
4x + 3y = 3 4x – 3y = 3 px + 5y = q,
qx + 7y = p,
9. Using the substitution method, solve each of the find the value of p and of q.
x+y
(a) x + y + 2 = 0 (b) =3 13. A computer animation shows a cat moving in a
5 3
x 3x + y straight line. Its height, h metres, above the ground,
− y − 10 = 0 =1
3 5 is given by 8s – 3h = –9, where s is the time in
x y seconds after it starts moving. In the same animation,
(c) 3x – y = 23 (d) + =4
3 2 a mouse starts to move at the same time as the cat
x y 2 y and its movement is given by –29s + 10h = 16.
+ =4 x− =1
3 4 3 6 Find the height above the ground and the time
when the cat meets the mouse.

Applications of
Simultaneous
2.7 Equations in
Real-World Contexts
In this section, we will learn how to apply the concept of simultaneous equations to
solve mathematical and real-life problems.
A familiar problem which we have learnt how to solve in primary school is used to
illustrate how to formulate a pair of simultaneous equations to solve the problem.
3
Consider the following problem:
7 cups of coffee and 4 pieces of toast cost $10.60. 5 cups of coffee and
4 pieces of toast cost $8.60. Find the cost of each item.
In primary school, we have learnt how to solve the problem by using the following
representation (or drawing a diagram).
Method 1:
+ = $10.60
7 cups of coffee 4 pieces of toast
+ = $8.60
5 cups of coffee 4 pieces of toast
∴ Cost of 2 cups of coffee = $10.60 – $8.60

= $2
∴ Cost of 1 cup of coffee = $1
5 × $1 + cost of 4 pieces of toast = $8.60
Cost of 4 pieces of toast = $8.60 – $5

= $3.60
∴ Cost of 1 piece of toast = $0.90

1
We shall now take a look at how we can solve the problem by using the algebraic
method.
Method 2:
Let the cost of 1 cup of coffee be $x and the cost of 1 piece of toast be $y.
7x + 4y = 10.6 ---------- (1)
5x + 4y = 8.6 ---------- (2)
(1) – (2): 2x = 10.6 – 8.6
2x = 2
x=1
Substitute x = 1 into (2): 5(1) + 4y = 8.6
4y = 8.6 – 5
4y = 3.6
y = 0.9
∴ Cost of 1 cup of coffee = $1

3
Cost of 1 piece of toast = $0.90
Worked
Example 12 (Finding Two Numbers Given Sum and Difference)
The sum of two numbers is 67 and their difference is
3. Find the two numbers.
Solution:
Let the smaller number be x and the greater number be y.
x + y = 67 ---------- (1)
y – x = 3 ---------- (2)
(1) + (2): 2y = 70
y = 35
Substitute y = 35 into (1): x + 35 = 67
x = 32
The two numbers are 32 and 35.
Thinking
Time
Can you solve Worked Example 12 by using only one variable x?

QUESTIONS
1. The sum of two numbers is 36 and their difference is 9. Find the two numbers. Exercise 2F Questions 1–2, 5–10,
18
2. One third of the sum of two angles is 60˚ and one quarter of their difference
is 28˚. Find the two angles.
3. The figure shows a rectangle with its length and breadth as indicated. Find the
perimeter of the rectangle.
(x + y + 2) cm
2y cm (x + 2) cm
(2x + 1) cm
13
Worked
Example
3 (Finding a Fraction)
If 1 is added to the numerator and 2 to the denominator
2
of a fraction, the value obtained is . If 2 is subtracted
3
from its numerator and 1 from its denominator, the
1
resulting value is . Find the fraction.
3
Solution:
Let the numerator of the fraction be x and its denominator be y, i.e. let the fraction
x
be .
y
x +1 2
= ---------- (1)
y+2 3
x−2 1
= ---------- (2)
y −1 3
From (1), 3(x + 1) = 2(y + 2)
3x + 3 = 2y + 4
3x – 2y = 1 ---------- (3)
From (2), 3(x – 2) = y – 1
3x – 6 = y – 1
3x – y = 5 ---------- (4)
(4) – (3): y = 4
Substitute y = 4 into (4): 3x – 4 = 5
3x = 9
x=3
3
∴ The fraction is .
4

QUESTIONS
If 1 is added to the numerator and to the denominator of a fraction, the value obtained Exercise 2F Question 11
4
is . If 5 is subtracted from its numerator and from its denominator, the resulting
5
1
value is . Find the fraction.
2

1
Worked
Example 14 (Finding ages)
The sum of the ages of Jun Wei and his mother is 60.
Two years ago, Jun Wei’s mother was three times as
old as Jun Wei. Calculate
(i) Jun Wei’s present age,
(ii) the age of Jun Wei’s mother when he was born.
Solution:
(i) Let the present age of Jun Wei’s mother be x years and that of Jun Wei be y years.
Then two years ago, Jun Wei’s mother was (x – 2) years old and Jun Wei was
(y – 2) years old.
x + y = 60 ---------- (1)
3 x – 2 = 3(y – 2) ---------- (2)
From (2), x – 2 = 3y – 6
x = 3y – 4 ---------- (3)
Substitute (3) into (1): (3y – 4) + y = 60
4y = 64
y = 16
Jun Wei’s present age = 16 years
(ii) Substitute y = 16 into (3): x = 3(16) – 4
= 44
∴ Age of Jun Wei’s mother when he was born = 44 – 16
= 28 years

QUESTIONS
1. In five years’ time, Kate’s father will be three times as old as Kate. Four years ago, Exercise 2F Questions 3–4,
12–17, 20–21
her father was six times as old as her. Find their present ages.
2. To visit the two conservatories at Gardens by the Bay, 11 adults and 5 children
have to pay $280 whereas 14 adults and 9 children have to pay $388. Find the total
amount a family of 2 adults and 3 children has to pay to visit the two conservatories.

Worked
Example 15 (Finding a Two-Digit Number)
The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 8.
When the digits of the number are reversed and
the number is subtracted from the original number,
the result obtained is 18. Find the original number.
Solution:
Let the tens digit of the original number be x and its ones digit be y.
n
Then the original number is 10x + y, JustForFu
the number obtained when the digits of the original number are reversed is
10y + x.
Search on the Internet for ‘Psychic
x + y = 8 ---------- (1) Mind Reader’. This is an interactive
10x + y – (10y + x) = 18 ---------- (2) applet that claims to read your
From (2), 10x + y – 10y – x = 18
mind. Follow the instructions on
the applet. Do you believe that
9x – 9y = 18 the applet can read your mind? If
x – y = 2 (divide by 9 throughout) ---------- (3)
3 not, try to show, by using algebra,
how this fascinating trick works!
(1) + (3): 2x = 10 Explain why the symbols for the
x= 5 numbers 90 and 99 are different
Substitute x = 5 into (1): 5 + y = 8
from the symbol that corresponds
to your final number.
y=3
∴ The original number is 53.

QUESTIONS
A two-digit number is such that the sum of its digits is 11. When the digits of Exercise 2F Question 19
the number are reversed and the number is subtracted from the original number,
the result obtained is 9. Find the original number.
Exercise
2F
In each of the following questions, formulate a pair of
linear equations in two variables to solve the problem.
BASIC LEVEL
1. The sum of two numbers is 138 and their difference 3. A belt and a wallet cost $42. 7 belts and 4 wallets
is 88. Find the two numbers. cost $213. Find the cost of each item.
2. The difference between two numbers is 10 and 4. 8 kg of potatoes and 5 kg of carrots cost $28
their sum is four times the smaller number. whereas 2 kg of potatoes and 3 kg of carrots
Find the two numbers. cost $11.20. Find the cost of 1 kg of each item.

1
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
5. Two numbers are such that if 7 is added to the first 11. If 1 is subtracted from the numerator and from
number, a number twice the second number is the denominator of a fraction, the value obtained
obtained. If 20 is added to the second number, 1
is . If 1 is added to its numerator and to its
the number obtained is four times the first number. 2 2
denominator, the resulting value is . Find the
Find the two numbers. 3
fraction.
6. The sum of two numbers is 48. If the smaller number
12. The giant pandas Kai Kai and Jia Jia reside at
is one fifth of the larger number, find the two numbers.
the River Safari. The sum of their ages when they
first arrived in Singapore in 2013 was 11 years.
7. One fifth of the sum of two angles is 24˚ and half
In 2022, Kai Kai will be three times as old as
their difference is 14˚. Find the two angles.
Jia Jia was in 2013. Find their ages in 2014.
8. The figure shows an equilateral triangle with its
13. 6 adults and 4 senior citizens have to pay $228
sides as indicated. Find the length of each side of
3 while 13 adults and 7 senior citizens have to pay
the triangle.
$459 to visit an exhibition at the ArtScience Museum.
Find the total amount 2 adults and a senior citizen
have to pay to visit the exhibition.
(2x – 7) cm (x + y – 9) cm
14. Lixin intends to buy either Gift A, which costs $10,
or Gift B, which costs $8, as Christmas gifts for each of
her parents, 2 siblings, 13 relatives and 10 friends.
(y + 5) cm Given that she intends to spend $230, find the
number of each gift she should buy.
9. The figure shows a rectangle with its length and
15. There are some chickens and goats on a farm.
breadth as indicated. Given that the perimeter of
Given that the animals have a total of 50 heads
the rectangle is 120 cm, find the area of the rectangle.
and 140 legs, how many more chickens than
(3x – y) cm goats are there?
16. $80 is divided between Ethan and Michael such

(2x – 3) cm that one quarter of Ethan’s share is equal to one
sixth of Michael’s share. How much does each of
them receive?
(2x + y) cm
17. Rui Feng deposited a total of $25 000 in Bank A
and Bank B at the beginning of 2013. Bank A and
10. The figure shows a rhombus with its sides as indicated.
Bank B pay simple interest at rates of 0.6% and
Find the perimeter of the figure.
0.65% per annum respectively. He withdrew all
(2x + y + 1) cm his money from the two banks at the end of 2013.
If the amount of interest he earned from each
3x y 2 bank is the same, find the amount of money he
cm
2 deposited in each bank.
(x – y) cm

ADVANCED LEVEL
18. Two numbers are such that when the larger 21. Huixian’s mother buys some shares of
number is divided by the smaller number, both Company A on Day 0. On Day 7, the share price
the quotient and the remainder are equal to 2. of Company A is $4.60. If she sells all her shares
If five times the smaller number is divided by of Company A and buys 2000 shares of
the larger number, both the quotient and the Company B on Day 7, she would receive $7400.
remainder are also equal to 2. Find the two numbers. On Day 12, the share price of Company A is
$4.80 and the share price of Company B is $0.50
19. A two-digit number is such that the sum of its less than that on Day 7. If she sells all her shares
1 of Company A and buys 5000 shares of
digits is of the number. When the digits of
8 Company B on Day 12, she would have to pay $5800.
the number are reversed and the number is Find
subtracted from the original number, the result (i) the number of shares of Company A Huixian’s
obtained is 45. Find the original number. mother has,
3 (ii) the share price of Company B on Day 12.
20. Raj has $10. If he buys 8 pears and 5 mangoes,
he will be short of $1.10. If he buys 5 pears and
4 mangoes, he will receive $1.75 in change.
Find the price of 1 pear and 1 mango.
1. The equation of a straight line is in the form 5. The solution of a pair of simultaneous linear equations
y = mx + c, where the constant m is the gradient of is given by the coordinates of the point of intersection
the line and the constant c is the y-intercept. of the graphs of the two equations.
2. The gradient of a straight line is the measure of 6. A pair of simultaneous linear equations has an infinite
the ratio of the vertical change (or rise) to the number of solutions if the graphs of the two equations
horizontal change (or run), i.e. are identical.
vertical change risse
Gradient = or . 7. A pair of simultaneous linear equations has no
horizontal change run
solution if the graphs of the two equations are parallel.
3. If x = a and y = b satisfy each of the two simultaneous

8. For mathematical and real-life problems that involve
equations in two variables, then x = a and y = b is
simultaneous equations, we formulate a pair of linear
known as a solution of the two equations.
equations in two variables before solving for the
unknowns in the problems.
4. A pair of simultaneous linear equations in two
variables can be solved by
• the graphical method,
• the elimination method,
• the substitution method.

1
2
1. Given that the equation of the line representing each of the following linear graphs is in the form
y = mx + c, find the gradient m and state the y-intercept c.
(a) y (b) y
10
3 7
6
8
4
5
4 2
3 x
–2 –1 0
2 –2
1 –4
x
–2 –1 0

2. The flag-down fare of a taxi is $m. The taxi charges $n for each kilometre it travels. Use the graph to
find the value of m and of n.
Charges ($)
0
3 1 2 3
Distance
travelled (km)
3. Two mobile phone companies, A and B, offer plans with a talk time rate as shown in the graph.
(i) How much does Company A
Charges ($) charge for 20 minutes of talk
time?
B
(ii) How much does Company B
5
charge for 50 minutes of talk
A time?
4
(iii) If Jun Wei uses less than
30 minutes of talk time
3
per month, which company
would be able to offer him
2
a better price? Explain your
answer.
1
(iv) Which company has a greater
Time rate of increase in charges?
0 (minutes) Explain your answer.
10 20 30 40 50 60 (v) If Michael wants to pay only $4
for a talk time plan per month,
which company should he
choose? Explain your answer.

1
4. Consider the equation 2x + y = 2.
(a) Copy and complete the table.
x –4 0 4
y
(b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the
x-axis and 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of
2x + y = 2 for –4  x  4.
(c) The point (p, –2) lies on the graph in (b). Find the value of p.
(d) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph of x = –0.5.
(ii) State the coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs of
2x + y = 2 and x = –0.5.
5. (a) The variables x and y are connected by the equation 5x – 3y = 2. Some values
of x and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
3 x
y
–5
p
(i) Find the value of p and of q.
–2
–4
7
q
(ii) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit

on both axes, draw the graph of 5x – 3y = 2 for –5  x  7.
(b) Consider the equation 3x + 4y = 7.
(i) Copy and complete the table.
x –5 3 7
y
(ii) On the same axes in (a)(ii), draw the graph of 3x + 4y = 7 for –5  x  7.
(c) Hence, solve the simultaneous equations 5x – 3y = 2 and 3x + 4y = 7.
6. Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations.

(a) 7x + 2y = 10 (b) 9x + 4y = 28
5x + 2y = 6 4y – 11x = –12
(c) 2x – 5y = 22 (d) 6x – y = 16
2x – 3y = 14 3x + 2y = –12
(e) 4x + 3y = 0 (f) 5x – 4y = 4
5y + 53 = 11x 2x – y = 2.5
7. Two numbers are such that if 11 is added to the first number, a number twice
the second number is obtained. If 20 is added to the second number, the number
obtained is twice the first number. Find the two numbers.

8. The figure shows a parallelogram with its sides as indicated. Find the perimeter
of the parallelogram.
(x + y + 1) cm
(2y – x) cm (x + 2) cm
(3x – 4) cm
9. If 1 is subtracted from the numerator and 2 is added to the denominator of

1
a fraction, the value obtained is . If 3 is added to its numerator and 2 is
2
1
subtracted from its denominator, the resulting value is 1 . Find the fraction.
4
10. A two-digit number is such that the sum of its digits is 12 and the ones digit
3
is twice its tens digit. Find the number.
11. In four years’ time, Khairul’s mother will be three times as old as Khairul.
Six years ago, his mother was seven times as old as him. Find
(i) Khairul’s present age,
(ii) the age of Khairul’s mother when he was born.
12. If Shirley gives $3 to Priya, Priya will have twice as much as Shirley. If Priya gives
$5 to Shirley, Shirley will have twice as much as Priya. How much does each
of them have?
13. A vendor buys 36 smartphones and tablet computers for $28 065. Given that
a smartphone costs $895 and a tablet computer costs $618, find the number
of each item the vendor buys.
14. 5 cups of ice-cream milk tea and 4 cups of citron tea cost $26.80 whereas
7 cups of ice-cream milk tea and 6 cups of citron tea cost $38.60. Find the difference
between the cost of 1 cup of ice-cream milk tea and 1 cup of citron tea.
15. Vishal mixes coffee powder that costs $2.50 per kg with coffee powder that
costs $3.50 per kg. Given that he sold 20 kg of the mixture at $2.80 per kg
such that he does not make any profit or incur any loss, find the mass of
each type of coffee powder that he uses for the mixture.
16. A mobile company charges a fixed rate of x cents per minute for the first
120 minutes of talk time and another rate of y cents per minute for each additional
minute of talk time. Ethan paid $26.80 and $32.40 for 175 minutes and 210 minutes
of talk time on two different occasions respectively. Find the amount he has to
pay if he uses 140 minutes of talk time.
17. In a Mathematics test, the average score obtained by Class 2A is 72 and

the average score obtained by Class 2B is 75. The average score obtained by
the two classes is 73.48. Given that there is a total of 75 students in the
two classes, find the number of students in each class.

1
Challenge
1. Consider the simultaneous equations

px – y = 6,
8x – 2y = q.
Determine the conditions that p and q must satisfy if the simultaneous equations
have
(i) an infinite number of solutions,
(ii) no solution,
(iii) a unique solution, i.e. only one solution.
2. Solve the simultaneous equations

3 4 15
+ = 15,
x y
7 6
− = 3.
5x y
3. Two positive numbers are such that the sum of 11 times the square of
the first number and 13 times the cube of the second number is 395. If 218
is subtracted from 26 times the cube of the second number, the number
obtained is 121 times the square of the first number. Find the two numbers.
4. Some spiders, dragonflies and houseflies are kept in three separate enclosures.
They have a total of 20 heads, 136 legs and 19 pairs of wings. Given that
a spider has 8 legs and 0 pairs of wings, a dragonfly has 6 legs and 2 pairs
of wings, and a housefly has 6 legs and 1 pair of wings, find
(i) the number of spiders,
(ii) the number of dragonflies,
(iii) the number of houseflies.
5. A rooster costs $5 and a hen costs $3. Chicks are sold at 3 for $1. A farmer
bought 100 birds of these three types for $100. How many of each type of
bird did he buy?
Hint: There are three possible sets of answers.

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Direct and

Number of days (x)

Similarly, as the number of days, x, a book is overdue decreases, the fine,

003 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

Complete Table 1.2.

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 004

Method 1: Unitary Method Method 1 is called the unitary

Let the cost of 13 kg of biscuits be $x.

PRACTISE NOW 1 SIMILAR

005 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

Number of days (x) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 006

If y is directly proportional to x, then the graph of y

007 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

(i) Since y is directly proportional to x, Since y is directly proportional to

PRACTISE NOW 2 SIMILAR

1. If y is directly proportional to x and y = 10 when x = 2, find Exercise 1A Questions 3–4, 7–8,

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 008

(i) Since E is directly proportional to N, Worked Example 3 can also be

PRACTISE NOW 3 SIMILAR

The cost of transporting goods over a distance of 60 km is $100.

009 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

(iv) • Since n cannot be negative, the

When n = 5, C = 21. constant.

PRACTISE NOW 4 SIMILAR

If x is directly proportional to y and x = 4.5 when

(i) an equation connecting x and y, 11. If z is directly proportional to y and z = 48 when

011 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

1.3 Other Forms of

The variables x and y are connected by the equation y = 3x2.

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 012

Is y directly proportional to x? Explain your answer.

2. Now, let us plot the graph of y against x2.

013 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

Is y directly proportional to x2? Explain your answer.

From the investigation, when y = 3x2, y is not directly proportional to x because

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 014

Exercise 1B Questions 4(a)–(d)

015 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

then y = kx2, where k is a constant. It is difficult to use the Unitary

(iii) When y = 1.25,

As x2 cannot be negative, the line

PRACTISE NOW 6 SIMILAR

1. If y is directly proportional to x2 and y = 18 when x = 3, Exercise 1B Questions 1–3, 5–8, 11

(i) find an equation connecting x and y,

2. If y is directly proportional to x2 and y = 21 when x = 2, find the value of y when

3. Given that y is directly proportional to x2, where x is a positive real number,

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 016

(ii) When r = 10,

PRACTISE NOW 7 SIMILAR

017 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 018

019 Chapter 1 Direct and Inverse Proportions

Complete Table 1.7.

What can we observe about the product xy?

In inverse proportion, the product xy is a constant. In this case, xy = 120

∴ x1y1 = x2y2 = 120 (constant)

1 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 020