Computer Concepts For Commerce: WWW - Isat.guru WWW - Raghug.in

COMPUTER CONCEPTS FOR COMMERCE
Words of Concern
Point to be As Allan Bloom has said "Education is the movement from darkness to light".
Through this handbook, I have tried to illuminate what might otherwise appear as black
boxes to some. In doing so, I have used references from several other authors to synthesize
or simplify or elaborate information. This is not possible without omitting details that I deem
trivial while dilating the data that I consider relevant to topic. Every effort has been made to
avoid errors. In spite of this, some errors might have crept in. Any errors or discrepancies
noted maybe brought to my notice which I shall rectify in my next revision.
This handbook is solely for educational purpose and is not for sale. This handbook shall not
be reproduced or distributed or used for commercial purposes in any form or by any means.
Thanks,
Raghu Gurumurthy
1 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

Syllabus
Module-1: Computer Concepts: (10 Hours)
Introduction, Meaning, and Evolution of Computers-History-Generation – Classification of

Computers: Digital, Analog, Hybrid, Mini, Micro, Mainframe, Super Computers, General and
Specific Computers, Personal Computers, Palm Computer, Laptops and Desktops.
Application of Computer in Business and Office Environment and other Areas.
Module-2: Peripheral Devices: (08 Hours)
Block Diagram of a Digital Computer System and Functions of each Block; Input
and Output Devices, Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, OMR, MICR, OCR-Bar Code
Reader, Modem, Printer, Types of Printers, Web Camera, Digital Camera–IPod, Visual
Display Unit : CRT and LCD (Projector).
Module-3: Computer Memory (08 Hours)
Main Memory / Primary Memory-RAM and ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, PROM,

Secondary Memory-Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, CD-ROM, and Pen Drive, Cache Memory.
Module–4: Computer Software (08 Hours)
Meaning of Software Classification of Software: System Software Application

Software-Operating System: Meaning and Functions of Operating System
Programming Languages: High Level Language, Low Level Language
MS-DOS: Meaning of MS-DOS: Meaning of Command, Types of Commands.
Module-5: MS-Word: (08 Hours)
Meaning and Features - Advantages, Basic Operations, Opening Document,

Creating, Saving, Formatting, Spell Check, Alignment, Table Creation, Mail Merge (Theory
only), Shortcut Keys.
Module-6: MS-Excel: (08 Hours)
Meaning and Features of Electronic Spread Sheet- Advantages, Managing Work

Books Create, Open, Save and Close, Basic Formulas, Using Mathematical
Functions, Inserting Rows and Columns, Moving Worksheets – Charts.
Module-7: Soft Skills in Computer Knowledge: (14 Hours)
MS-Word: Preparation of Formal and Informal Letters, Table Creation, Report Making, etc.
MS-Excel: Procedures, Preparation, and Execution of different Spread Sheets in Computer
Lab like Admission Process, Marks Card, Salary Statement, Electricity Bill, Simple and
Compound Interest, Income Tax Calculation, Area and Circumference of a Circle, Triangle
and Rectangle, Commission payable

Unit I: Computer Concepts
Introduction
 Being a modern-day kid you must have used, seen, or read about computers.
 This is because they are an integral part of our everyday existence.
 Be it school, banks, shops, railway stations, hospital or your own home, computers are
present everywhere, making our work easier and faster for us.
 As they are such integral parts of our lives, we must know what they are and how they
function. Let us start with defining the term computer formally.
Note:
The literal meaning of computer is a device that can calculate.
However, modern computers can do a lot more than calculate.
Definition
Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per
user instructions and provides output in desired format.
Input-Process-Output Model
 Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on
user‟s instructions is called information.
 Raw facts and figures which can be processed using arithmetic and logical operations to
obtain information are called data.
History of Computers
 Computers in the form of personal desktop computers, laptops and tablets have become
such an important part of everyday living that it can be difficult to remember a time when
they did not exist.
 In reality, computers as they are known and used today are still relatively new. Although
computers have technically been in use since the abacus approximately 5000 years ago,
it is modern computers that have had the greatest and most profound effect on society.
 The first full-sized digital computer in history was developed in 1944.
 Called the Mark I, this computer was used only for calculations and weighed five tons.
Despite its size and limited ability it was the first of many that would start off generations
of computer development and growth.

Evolution and Generation of Computers
Computer generation include five different phases they are explained as below.
First Generation Computers
 First generation computers bore little resemblance to computers of today, either in

appearance or performance.
 The first generation of computers took place from 1940 to 1956 and was extremely large
in size.
 The inner workings of the computers at that time were unsophisticated. These early
machines required magnetic drums for memory and vacuum tubes that worked as
switches and amplifiers.
 It was the vacuum tubes that were mainly responsible for the large size of the machines
and the massive amounts of heat that they released.
 These computers produced so much heat that they regularly overheated despite large
cooling units. First generation computers also used a very basic programming language
that is referred to as machine language.
Second Generation Computers
 The second generation (from 1956 to 1963) of computers managed to do away with
vacuum tubes in lieu of transistors.
 This allowed them to use less electricity and generate less heat.
 Second generation computers were also significantly faster than their predecessors.
 Another significant change was in the size of the computers, which were smaller.
 Transistor computers also developed core memory which they used alongside magnetic
storage.
Third Generation Computers
 From 1964 to 1971 computers went through a significant change in terms of speed,
courtesy of integrated circuits.
 Integrated circuits, or semiconductor chips, were large numbers of miniature transistors
packed on silicon chips.
 This not only increased the speed of computers but also made them smaller, more
powerful, and less expensive.
 In addition, instead of the punch cards and the printouts of previous systems, keyboards
and monitors were now allowing people to interact with computing machines.
Fourth Generation Computers
 The changes with the greatest impact occurred in the years from 1971 to 2010.
 During this time technology developed to a point where manufacturers could place
millions of transistors on a single circuit chip.
 This was called monolithic integrated circuit technology. It also heralded the invention of
the Intel 4004 chip which was the first microprocessor to become commercially available
in 1971.

 This invention led to the dawn of the personal computer industry. By the mid-70s,
personal computers such as the Altair 8800 became available to the public in the form of
kits and required assembly.
 By the late 70s and early 80s assembled personal computers for home use, such as the
Commodore Pet, Apple II and the first IBM computer, were making their way onto the
market.
 Personal computers and their ability to create networks eventually would lead to the
Internet in the early 1990s.
 The fourth generation of computers also saw the creation of even smaller computers
including laptops and hand-held devices.
 Graphical user interface, or GUI, was also invented during this time. Computer memory
and storage also went through major improvements, with an increase in storage capacity
and speed.
The Fifth Generation of Computers
 In the future, computer users can expect even faster and more advanced computer
technology.
 Computers continue to develop into advanced forms of technology. Fifth generation
computing has yet to be truly defined, as there are numerous paths that technology is
taking toward the future of computer development.
 For instance, research is on-going in the fields of nanotechnology, artificial intelligence,
as well as quantum computation.
Classification of Computers
Classification on the basis of data handling are as follows
Analog Computers
 An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data.

 Analog computers store data in a continuous form of physical quantities and perform
calculations with the help of measures.
 It is quite different from the digital computer, which makes use of symbolic numbers to
represent results.
 Analog computers are excellent for situations which require data to be measured directly
without converting into numerals or codes.
 Analog computers, although available and used in industrial and scientific applications
like control systems and aircraft, have been largely replaced by digital computers due to
the wide range of complexities involved.
Digital Computers
 A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented
as digits.
 Digits include binary number system of “0” and “1”.
 Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete
form.
 From manipulation of the combinations of the binary digits.
 Digital computers perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyse data, control
industrial and other processes, and simulate dynamic systems such as global weather
patterns.
Digital computers in particular possess the following prominent characteristics…
 Automatic
 These machines are automatic. Once properly started, they can perform task without
any human intervention. This makes these devices immensely helpful in carrying out
tedious tasks which may tire normal human brain.
 Speed
 Digital computers are discrete systems and operate in discontinuous steps. However
the speed of operation is very high. They can carry out trillions of operations in a
second.
 Accuracy
 A Digital computer stores the information in encoded form which guarantees its
longevity and accurate retrieval.
 Flexibility
 These computers are versatile in a sense that they can carry out different type of jobs
at a time without any interference. They modify their behaviour based on the
information they process.
 Memory
 It can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage
facility. The information can be stored and retrieved as long as a user desires. This
seldom happens in case of a hum brain.
Hybrid Computers
 Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital
computers.
 The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and
numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential
equations and other mathematically complex equations.
 A hybrid computer system for use in cardiology.
 Although the digital computer has traditionally been used to perform these tasks, a
hybrid computer (combined analog and digital) has been found to provide many
advantages over the digital computer, especially where on-line data processing is
concerned.
Classification of digital computers
 The digital computers that are available now days vary in their sizes and types.
 These digital computers are broadly classified into four categories based on their size
and type.
 Micro Computer
 Mini Computer
 Mainframe Computer
 Super Computer
Micro Computer
 Micro Computer are small low cast and single user digital computers.
 It is a device with microprocessor, Input unit, storage unit and CPU(Central Processing
Unit).
 Microcomputer Computer formerly a commonly used term for Personal Computers
particularly any of class of any small digital computers. Its CPU contained on a single
integrated semiconductor chip.
 IBM PC based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple Macintosh are some Examples of
microcomputers. Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or
laptop, tablet compute, handheld computer, smartphones and notebook.
Types of Micro Computers
 Desktop Computer or Personal Computer(PC)

 It is the most type of microcomputer.
 A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single
location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements.
 It is not very expensive and is suited t the needs of a single user at home, small
business units, and organization.
 Notebook Computers or Laptop
 A laptop is a small, portable computer and has all the features of a desktop
computer.
 The advantage of the laptop is that it is small in size, so it can be carried anywhere.
Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies,
to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. Laptops Computers are
costlier than the desktop computers.
 Tablet
 A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface. The

tablet form factor is typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than a
smartphone.
 Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant(PDA)
 It is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm.

 It is small in size.
 PDA uses a pen or a stylus for input, instead of the keyboard.
 They have a limited memory and are less powerful.
 PDAs can be connected to the internet via wireless connection.
 Smart Phones
 A smartphone is a mobile phone with highly advanced features.

 A typical smartphone has a high-resolution touch screen display, Wi-Fi connectivity,
Web browsing capabilities, and the ability to accept sophisticated applications.
 The majority of these devices run on any of these popular mobile operating systems

Mainframe Computers
 Mainframes are computers used by organizations like banks, airlines and railways to
handle millions and trillions of online transactions per second.
 Important features of mainframes are
 Big in size
 Hundreds times Faster than servers, typically hundred megabytes per second
 Very expensive
 Use proprietary OS provided by the manufacturers
 In-built hardware, software and firmware security features
Supercomputer
 Supercomputers are the fastest computers on Earth. They are used for carrying out
complex, fast and time intensive calculations for scientific and engineering
applications.
 Supercomputer speed or performance is measured in teraflops, i.e. 1012 floating
point operations per second.
 Chinese supercomputer Sunway TaihuLight is the world‟s fastest supercomputer with
a rating of 93 petaflops per second, i.e. 93 quadrillion floating point operations per
second.
 Most common uses of supercomputers include −
 Molecular mapping and research
 Weather forecasting
 Environmental research
 Oil and gas exploration
Mini computer
 A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and

capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size.
 A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is
smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as
small or mid-range servers operating business and scientific applications. However, the
use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers.
 A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.
Personal computer
 A personal computer is a general-purpose, cost-effective computer that is designed to be

used by a single end-user.
 Every PC is dependent on microprocessor technology, which allows PC makers to set
the entire central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip.
 Businesses make use of PCs to perform tasks like accounting, desktop publishing and
word processing as well as to run database and spread sheets. At home, PCs are mainly
used for multimedia entertainment, playing PC games, accessing the Internet, etc. Even
though PCs are intended to use as single-user systems, it is normal to connect them
together to create a network, such as a local area network (LAN).

 A PC can be a microcomputer, desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet PC or a

handheld PC.
Palm Computer
 A palmtop computer is a personal computer or other electronic device that has many of
the same features as a computer and fits in the palm of your hand.
 A good example of an early palmtop computer is the PalmPilot.
 Because of their size, early palmtop computers did not have a keyboard or a mouse and
often relied on a pen that used Graffiti or something similar.
 The term "palmtop computer" was an early term used when computers were big and
cumbersome and small cell phones and even smartphones were not yet invented.
Today, this term is rarely used to describe a computer that fits in your hand because of
the invention of the smartphone.
Application of Computer in Business
 A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility

which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations.
 Computer is used in business organizations for below purpose
 Advertising
 E-Commerce
 Communication
 Applications
 Prediction
Advertising
 Marketing and advertising are like blood for business.

 Especially it‟s very important for small business owners and home-based businesses to
survive.
 They need marketing and advertising material on a daily basis. But to create marketing
and advertising materials they have to use popular computer applications such as Adobe
Photoshop, Microsoft Office, Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator and printer, etc. with or on the
computer.
 Without a computer, it‟s tough to create such marketing material (images, videos,
slideshows, business cards, letterhead, brochure, etc.) in quickly and accurately.
 And also using a computer to create online and offline marketing materials it‟s really
important to use a computer in Business.
E-Commerce
 E-commerce (electronic commerce) describes the buying, selling, and exchanging of

products, services, and information via computer network.
 The term e-commerce as describe transactions, conducted between business partners.
 There are many applications of e-commerce ,such as home banking, shopping in
electronic malls, buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, collaborating
electronically with business partners around the globe, marketing & advertising and
providing customer service.

Communication
 Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is

received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant.
 Some main areas in this category are as follows
 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing
Application
 Computer based computer applications have great scope in business, they are the
integral part of business
 Below are the different application and their usage in business.
 Facebook – Marketing
 Tally, Saral Accounts – Accounting
 Saral Billing – Billing
 Whatsapp – Messaging
 Amazon, Flipkart – Online marketing
Prediction
 Many computer application are used for prediction too, In business prediction play the
vital part to know the below criteria‟s
 Customer behaviour
 Future trends
 Marketing strategy
 Data management and analysis
 Economic fluctuations
Application of Computer in Office Environment
In office environment computers plays vital role, they are as below
Office Automation
 Office Automation (OA) refers to the movement toward automating office tasks. An
office where workers performs different tasks.
 The management and administrative tasks performed in an office five general
categories of activities like decision-making, data manipulation, document handling ,
communication, and storage.
 Many offices have used advance computer technologies to perform various tasks in an
office system such as for document management system, message-handling system,
and office support systems.

Document Management System (DMS)
 DMS include word processing, desktop, publishing, reporting, image processing, and
archival storage applications.
 Word processing enable documents to be created and edited electronically as well as
help to produce high quality memos, letters, proposals, reports, new letters and
brochures etc., which are used to send business community .
 Desktop publishing enables to make documents in attractive form by the use of photos,
artwork, graphical illustrations etc. Spread sheet is software package used to create a
table of columns and rows used by people responsible for tracking revenues, expenses,
profits, loses , statistical , mathematical and logical processing etc.
 Reprographics is the process of reproducing multiple copies of a document. Images
processing allow document to be scanned and stored in images oriented database.
Message-handling systems
 It enables to send messages or documents from one location to other location through
facsimile (fax), electronic mail (e-mail), Voice Mail etc.
Office Support Systems enable
 It to coordinate and manage the activities of work group. Groupware and desktop
organizers are some examples of office support systems.

Unit II: Peripheral Devices
Block Diagram of a Digital Computer System and Functions of each Block
Below diagram shows the components of digital computer, it consists of
 Input unit
 Storage unit
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory
 Central processing unit
 Control unit
 Arithmetic and Logic unit
 Output unit
Input Unit
 The data and instructions are inputted into the computer using keyboard which is one of
the most commonly used input devices.
 Other commonly used input devices are mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape etc.
 Thus, we can conclude that, all the input devices accepts the data and instruction from
outside world, convert it to a form that the computer can understand, supply the
converted data to the computer system for further processing.
Storage Unit
 The storage unit of a computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the
input unit, before they are processed.
 It stores programs, data as well as intermediate results and results for output. Its main
function is to store information.
 The various storage devices can be divided into two main categories
 Primary Storage (Main Memory)
 This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in
the computer, the data being received from input device, the intermediate and
final results of a program.
 The primary memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost when the computer
is switched off.
 The data is electronically represented in the main memory chip‟s circuitry and
while it remains in the main memory, central processing unit (CPU) can access it
directly at a very fast speed.
 Primary storage has limited storage capacity because it is very expensive and
generally made up of semiconductor devices.
 Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Memory)
 It is used like an archive. It stores operating system, data files, compilers,

assemblers, application programs etc.
 The Program and data if needed by central processing unit (CPU) are first
transferred from the secondary memory to main memory. The results are also
stored in secondary memory to main memory.
 It is a mass storage memory, slower but cheaper. It is non-volatile in nature i.e.
data is not lost even if the power supply is switched off. Some of the most
commonly used secondary storage devices are Hard Disk, Compact Disk etc.
Their access time is in milliseconds.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The control unit and arithmetic logic unit of computer are together known as central
processing unit (CPU).
 The CPU is like brain and performs following functions: It performs all calculations, it
takes all decisions, and it controls all units of a computer.
 A personal computer may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80386, 80486, Celeron,
Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, III, IV, Dual Core, AMD etc.
 Control Unit
 It controls all other units in a computer.
 The control unit instructs the input unit where to store the data after receiving it
from user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), it does not perform any actual processing of data.
 It manages and coordinates the entire computer system and synchronizes its
working, thus referred to as “Central Nervous System” or “Brain of the Computer”.

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit

 The function of an Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is to perform arithmetic and logical
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, AND, OR, NOT,
Exclusive OR etc. It also performs increment, decrements, shift and clear operations.
 It is the place where the actual execution of instructions takes place during
processing operation.
 To be precise, all calculations and comparisons are made in the Arithmetic and
Logical Unit (ALU).
Output Unit
 An output unit performs the reverse operation of that of an input unit. As computers, work
with binary code the results produced is also in binary form.
 So before applying results to the outside world it must be converted to human acceptable
(readable) form. So, it supplies information obtained from processing to outside world.
Units called output interfaces accomplish this task.
Input and Output Devices
Input Devices
 An input device can send data to another device, but it cannot receive data from another
device. Examples of input devices include the following.
 Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joy Stick
 Light pen
 Track Ball
 Scanner
 Graphic Tablet
 Microphone
 Web Camera
 Digital Camera
 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
 Optical Character Reader(OCR)
 Bar Code Reader
 Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard
 Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to
the computer.
 The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
 Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys
or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.
Mouse
 Mouse is the most popular pointing device.

 It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball
at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals
to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
 Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present
between the buttons.
 A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be
used to enter text into the computer.
Joystick
 Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor
screen.
 It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical
ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
 The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer
Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
Light Pen
 Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item
or draw pictures on the monitor screen.
 It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.
 When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is
pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the
corresponding signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
 Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead
of a mouse.
 This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.
 Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A
track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.
Scanner
 Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine.

 It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the
hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
 Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form
that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.
Microphone
 Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.
 The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.
Web camera
 A webcam is a hardware camera and input device that connects to a computer and the
Internet and captures either still pictures or motion video of a user or another object.
 The picture of the Logitech Webcam C270 is an example of what a webcam may look.
 Today, most webcams are either embedded into the display with laptop computers or
connected to the USB or FireWire port on the computer.
Digital Camera
 A digital camera records and stores photographic images in digital form.

 Many current models are also able to capture sound or video, in addition to still images.
 Capture is usually accomplished by use of a photosensor, using a charged coupled
device (CCD).
 These stored images can be uploaded to a computer immediately or stored in the
camera for to be uploaded into a computer or printer later.
 Images may also be archived on a photographic compact disc or external hard disk.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
 MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to
be processed every day.
 The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special
type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.
 This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR).
 The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
 OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

 OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine
readable code, and stores the text on the system memory.
Bar Code Readers
 Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light
and dark lines).
 Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be
a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
 Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which
is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
 OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by
pen or pencil.
 It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.
 It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple
choice questions.
Output devices
 An output device can receive data from another device and generate output with that
data, but it cannot send data to another device.
 Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
 Monitors

 Graphic Plotter
 Printer
Monitors
 Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer.
 It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
Printers
 Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

 There are two types of printers
 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
 Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed
on the paper.
 Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following
 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
 These printers are of two types
 Character printers
 Line printers
Character Printers
 Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.
 These are further divided into two types
 Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

 Daisy Wheel
Dot Matrix Printer
 In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer.
 These printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price.
 Each character printed is in the form of pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of
Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character which is why it is
called Dot Matrix Printer.

Daisy Wheel
 Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy
(flower) which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer.
 These printers are generally used for word-processing in offices that require a few letters
to be sent here and there with very nice quality.
Line Printers
 Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.
 These are of two types
 Drum Printer
 Chain Printer
Drum Printer
 This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the
drum is divided into a number of tracks.
 Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper width of 132 characters,
drum will have 132 tracks.
 A character set is embossed on the track.
 Different character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96
characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line.
 Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Chain Printer
 In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer.
 A standard character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.
Non-impact Printers
 Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon.

 These printers print a complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page
Printers.
 These printers are of two types −
 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
 Faster than impact printers

 They are not noisy
 High quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size
Laser Printers
 These are non-impact page printers.

 They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters to be printed on
a page.

Inkjet Printers
 Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology.
 They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce
high quality output with presentable features.
 They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of
printing modes available.
 Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple
copies of printing also.
Plotter
 A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for printing
vector graphics.
 Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or another writing tool to draw
multiple, continuous lines onto paper rather than a series of dots like a traditional printer.
 Though once widely used for computer-aided design, these devices have more or less
been phased out by wide-format printers.
 Plotters are used to produce a hard copy of schematics and other similar applications.
 Advantages of plotters
 Plotters can work on very large sheets of paper while maintaining high resolution.
 They can print on a wide variety of flat materials including plywood, aluminium, sheet
steel, cardboard, and plastic.
 Plotters allow the same pattern to be drawn thousands of times without any image
degradation.
 Disadvantages of plotters
 Plotters are quite large when compared to a traditional printer.
 Plotters are also much more expensive than a traditional printer.
Visual Display Unit
 Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer.
 It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
 The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels.

 The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution.
 It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the letter „e‟
in the word help.
 A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once.

 The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes fixed location on the screen
where a standard character can be placed.
 Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines
vertically.
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
 The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume,
weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT.
 You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists.
 Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop
computer, and graphics display.
The flat-panel display is divided into two categories
 Emissive Displays
 Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light.
 For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
 Non-Emissive Displays
 Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other
source into graphics patterns.
 For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device).
Projector
 A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving
images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen.
 Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but
some newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers.
 A virtual retinal display, or retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly
on the retina instead of using an external projection screen.

Unit III: Computer Memory
 A memory is just like a human brain.

 It is used to store data and instructions.
 Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed
and instructions required for processing are stored.
 The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells.
 Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus
one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 =
65536 memory locations.
 The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
 Memory is primarily of three types
 Cache Memory
 Primary Memory/Main Memory
 Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
 Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the
CPU.
 It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory.
 It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the
CPU.
 The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the
operating system, from where the CPU can access them.
 The advantages of cache memory are as follows
 Cache memory is faster than main memory.
 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.
 The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows
 Cache memory has limited capacity.
 It is very expensive.
Primary Memory (Main Memory)
 Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is
currently working.
 It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made
up of semiconductor device.
 These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be
processed resides in the main memory.
 It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
 Characteristics of Main Memory
 These are semiconductor memories.
 It is known as the main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
 It is the working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

Secondary Memory
 This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than
the main memory.
 These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories; instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
 The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then
the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
 Characteristics of Secondary Memory
 These are magnetic and optical memories.
 It is known as the backup memory.
 It is a non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of data in a computer.
 Computer may run without the secondary memory.
 Slower than primary memories.
Difference between primary and secondary memory
Basis for Primary Memory Secondary Memory

comparison
Basic Primary memory is directly Secondary memory is not directly
accessible by Processor/CPU accessible by CPU.
Data Instructions or data to be Data to be permanently stored is

currently executed are copied kept in secondary memory.
to main memory.
Volatility Primary memory is usually Secondary memory is non-volatile.
volatile.
Formation Primary memories are made of Secondary memories are made of

semiconductors. magnetic and optical material.
Access Speed Accessing data from primary Accessing data from secondary
memory is faster. memory is slower.
Size The computer has a small The computer has a larger primary
primary memory. memory.
Expense Primary memory is costlier Secondary memory is cheaper

than secondary memory. than primary memory

RAM and Its Types
 RAM (Random Access Memory) is a part of computer‟s Main Memory which is directly
accessible by CPU.
 RAM is used to Read and Write data into it which is accessed by CPU randomly.
 RAM is volatile in nature; it means if the power goes off, the stored information is lost.
 RAM is used to store the data that is currently processed by the CPU.
 Most of the programs and data that are modifiable are stored in RAM.
RAM classified as fallows
 SRAM(Static RAM)
 DRAM(Dynamic RAM)
SRAM (Static RAM)
 The SRAM memories consist of circuits capable of retaining the stored information as
long as the power is applied.
 That means this type of memory requires constant power. SRAM memories are used to
build Cache Memory.
 SRAM is used primarily to create CPU‟s speed sensitive cache.
 Each memory cell of SRAM consists of multiple transistors for each memory cell and it
does not have a capacitor in each cell.
 SRAM is not required to be refreshed which makes it significantly fast.
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
 DRAM is required to be refreshed consistently.

 DRAM consist memory cells with paired transistors.
 DRAM has one more flavour called Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) which
enhances the system‟s performance by utilizing the burst mode concept.
ROM
 ROM stands for Read Only Memory.

 The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it.
 This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such
memories during manufacture.
 A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is
referred to as bootstrap.
 ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like
washing machine and microwave oven.
Types of ROM
MROM (Masked ROM)
 The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of
data or instructions.
 These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs, which are inexpensive.

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
 PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user.

 The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program.
 Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming.
It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
 EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40

minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function.
 During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region.
 The charge is retained for more than 10 years because the charge has no leakage path.
 For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window (lid).
 This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use, the quartz lid
is sealed with a sticker.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
 EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically.

 It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and
programming take about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond).
 In EEPROM, any location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can
be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the process of
reprogramming is flexible but slow.
Advantages of ROM
 Non-volatile in nature
 Cannot be accidentally changed
 Cheaper than RAMs
 Easy to test
 More reliable than RAMs
 Static and do not require refreshing
 Contents are always known and can be verified

Difference between RAM and ROM
Basis for RAM ROM

comparison
Basic It is a read-write memory. It is read only memory.
Use Used to store the data that has It stores the instructions required
to be currently processed by during bootstrap of the computer
CPU temporarily.
Volatility It is a volatile memory. It is a non-volatile memory.
Modification Data in ROM can be modified. Data in ROM can not be modified.
Cost RAM is a costlier memory. ROM is comparatively cheaper

than RAM.
Size RAM sizes from 64 MB to 4GB. ROM is comparatively smaller than

RAM.
Type Types of RAM are static RAM Types of ROM are PROM,
and dynamic RAM. EPROM, EEPROM.
Secondary memory
 If we need to store large amount of data or programs permanently, we need a cheaper

and permanent memory. Such memory is called secondary memory. Here we will
discuss secondary memory devices that can be used to store large amount of data,
audio, video and multimedia files.
 Characteristics of Secondary Memory
 It is non-volatile, i.e. it retains data when power is switched off
 It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes
 It is cheaper as compared to primary memory
 Depending on whether secondary memory device is part of CPU or not, there are two
types of secondary memory – fixed and removable.
Types of Secondary Memory
Hard Disk Drive
 Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one over
the other almost ½ inches apart around a spindle.
 Disks are made of non-magnetic material like aluminum alloy and coated with 10-20 nm
of magnetic material.
 Standard diameter of these disks is 14 inches and they rotate with speeds varying from
4200 rpm (rotations per minute) for personal computers to 15000 rpm for servers.
 Data is stored by magnetizing or demagnetizing the magnetic coating.
 A magnetic reader arm is used to read data from and write data to the disks. A typical
modern HDD has capacity in terabytes (TB).

CD Drive
 CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that use optical rays, usually lasers,
to read and write data.
 They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage space for less than a dollar.
 CDs are inserted in CD drives built into CPU cabinet.
 They are portable as you can eject the drive, remove the CD and carry it with you.
 There are three types of CDs
 CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory)

 The data on these CDs are recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software,
audio or video are released on CD-ROMs.
 CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable)

 Data can be written by the user once on the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified
later.
 CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable)

 Data can be written and deleted on these optical disks again and again.
DVD Drive
 DVD stands for Digital Video Display.

 DVD is optical devices that can store 15 times the data held by CDs.
 They are usually used to store rich multimedia files that need high storage capacity.
 DVDs also come in three varieties – read only, recordable and rewritable.
Pen Drive
 Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than
magnetic fields or lasers to record data.
 It uses a technology similar to RAM, except that it is non-volatile. It is also called USB
drive, key drive or flash memory.
Floppy Disk
 A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for computer systems.

 The floppy disk is composed of a thin, flexible magnetic disk sealed in a square plastic
carrier.
 In order to read and write data from a floppy disk, a computer system must have a floppy
disk drive (FDD).
 A floppy disk is also referred to simply as a floppy. Since the early days of personal
computing, floppy disks were widely used to distribute software, transfer files, and create
back-up copies of data.
 When hard drives were still very expensive, floppy disks were also used to store the
operating system of a computer.

Unit IV: Computer Software
Instruction
 An instruction is an order given to a computer processor by a computer program.

 At the lowest level, each instruction is a sequence of 0s and 1s that describes a physical
operation the computer is to perform (such as "Add").
 Depending on the particular instruction type, the specification of special storage areas
called registers that may contain data to be used in carrying out the instruction, or the
location in computer memory of data.
Program
 A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when

executed by a computer.
 Most computer devices require programs to function properly.
 A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming
language.
Programming language
 A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that

produce various kinds of output.
 Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms.
 Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers.
 There are programmable machines that use a set of specific instructions, rather than
general programming languages.
Conclusion:
 Programming languages are the languages which are used to communicate with
computers by the programmers.
 Even computers use programming languages to communicate each other
Classification of programming languages
Programming languages are classified into three types

 Machine level Language
 Assembly level Language
 High level Language
Machine Language
 Machine level language instructions are in binary form, which can be directly understood
by the computer (CPU) without translating them, is called a machine language or
machine code.
 Machine language is also known as first generation of programming language.
 Machine language is the fundamental language of the computer and the program
instructions in this language are in the binary form (that is 0's and 1's).
 This language is different for different computers.
 It is not easy to learn the machine language.

Note:
No language translators required, since machine level language directly understood by
machine that is computers
Advantage of Machine Language
 The only advantage of machine language is that the program of machine language runs
very fast because no translation program is required for the CPU.
Disadvantage of Machine Language
 Machine Dependent
 The internal design of every computer is different from every other type of computer,
machine language also differs from one computer to another.
 Hence, after becoming proficient in the machine language of one type of computer, if
a company decides to change to another type, then its programmer will have to learn
a new machine language and would have to rewrite all existing program.
 Difficult to Modify
 It is difficult to correct or modify this language. Checking machine instructions to
locate errors is very difficult and time consuming.
 Difficult to Program
 A computer executes machine language program directly and efficiently, it is difficult
to program in machine language.
 A machine language programming must be knowledgeable about the hardware
structure of the computer.
Assembly Level Language
 It is another low-level programming language because the program instructions written in

this language are close to machine language.
 Assembly language is also known as second generation of programming language.
 With assembly language, a programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction
code instead of binary codes.
 Symbolic codes are meaningful abbreviations such as SUB is used for substation
operation, MUL for multiply operation and so on. Therefore this language is also called
the low-level symbolic language.
 The set of program instructions written in assembly language are also called as
mnemonic code.
 Assembly language provides facilities for controlling the hardware.
Note:
 Language translators are required, since assembly level language not directly
understood by machine that is computers
 Assembler is the translator which used to convert assembly code into machine code.
Advantage of Assembly Language

Here are some of the main advantages of using assembly language
 Easy to understand and use

 Due to the use of mnemonic instead of numeric op-codes and symbolic names
for data location instead of numeric addresses, it is much easier to understand
and use in contrast with machine language.
 Easier to locate and correct errors

 The programmers need not to keep track of storage location of the data and
instruction, fewer errors are made while writing programs in assembly language
and those that are made, are easier to find and correct.
 Easy to modify
 Assembly language is easier to understand, it is easier to locate, correct and
modify instruction of an assembly language program.
 Efficiency of machine language
 An assembly language program will be just as long as the resulting machine
language program.
 Hence, leaving out the translation time required by the assembler, the actual
execution time for an assembly language program and its equivalent machine
language program.
Disadvantage of Assembly Languages
 Machine dependent
 Each instructions of assembly language program is translated into exactly one
machine language instruction, an assembly language programs are dependent on
machine language.
 Knowledge of hardware required
 Assembly languages are machine dependent, an assembly language programmer
must have a good knowledge of characteristics and logical structure of his/her
computer to write a good assembly language computer code.
 Machine level coding
 Assembly language instruction is substituted for one machine language instruction.
Hence like machine language programs, write assembly language program is also
time consuming and difficult.
High Level Languages
 The programming languages that are close to human languages (example like English
languages) are called the high-level languages.
 The examples of high-level languages are
 Fortran
 COBOL
 Basic
 Pascal
 C
 C++
 Java
 C#
 PHP
 Ruby
 Python
 Kotlin
 The high level languages are similar to English language. The program instructions are
written using English words, for example print, input etc.
 But each high level language has its own rule and grammar for writing program
instructions. These rules are called syntax of the language.

 The program written in high level language must be translated to machine code before to
run it. Each high level language has its own translator program.
Note:
 Language translators are required, since high level language not directly understood by
machine that is computers
 Complier and Interpreters are the translator which used to convert assembly code into
machine code.
Advantages of High Level Languages
 Easy to learn
 The high level languages are very easy to learn than low level languages. The
statements written for the program are similar to English-like statements.
 Easy to understand
 The program written in high level language by one programmer can easily be
understood by another because the program instructions are similar to the English
language.
 Easy to write program
 In high level language, a new program can easily be written in a very short time. The
larger and complicated software can be developed in few days or months.
 Easy to detect and remove errors
 The errors in a program can be easily detected and removed. mostly the errors are
occurred during the compilation of new program.
 Built-in library functions
 Each high level language provides a large number of built-in functions or procedures
that can be used to perform specific task during designing of new programs. In this
way, a large amount of time of programmer is saved.
 Machine Independence
 Program written in high level language is machine independent. It means that a
program written in one type of computer can be executed on another type of
computer.
Limitation of High Level Language
 Low efficiency
 A program written in high level languages has lower efficiency than one written in a
machine/assembly language to do the same job. That is, program written in high
level languages result in multiple machine language instruction that may not be
optimize, taking more time to execute and requiring more memory space.
 Less flexibility
 High level languages are less flexible than assembly languages because they do not
normally have instructions or mechanism to control a computer's CPU, memory and
register.
Software
 Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and

execute specific tasks.

 Opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer, software is a

generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a device.
 Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the
invariable part.
Software Characteristics
Software characteristics are classified into six major components.
 Functionality
 Refers to the degree of performance of the software against its intended purpose.
 Reliability
 Refers to the ability of the software to provide desired functionality under the given
conditions.
 Usability
 Refers to the extent to which the software can be used with ease.
 Efficiency
 Refers to the ability of the software to use system resources in the most effective
and efficient manner.
 Maintainability
 Refers to the ease with which the modifications can be made in a software system to
extend its functionality, improve its performance, or correct errors.
 Portability
 Refers to the ease with which software developers can transfer software from one
platform to another, without (or with minimum) changes.
 In simple terms, it refers to the ability of software to function properly on different
hardware and software platforms without making any changes in it.
Classifications of Software
 Software’s are classified in to below two types as below.

 The classification criteria are on which the software is operating and end users.
 Systems software
 Application software
Systems software
 Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer
itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system
(or DOS), translators like assemblers, complier and interpreters.
 System software is software that provides platform to other software‟s.
 Some examples can be operating systems, antivirus software‟s, disk formatting
software‟s, Computer language translators etc.
 These are commonly prepared by the computer manufacturers.
 This software‟s consists of programs written in low-level languages, used to interact with
the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between the
hardware and the end users.

The most important features of system software include
 Closeness to the system

 Fast speed
 Difficult to manipulate
 Written in low level language
 Difficult to design
Application Software
 An application is any program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end user.
 Application software is a term which is used for software created for a specific purpose.
 It is generally a program or collection of programs used by end users.
 It can be called an application or simply an app.
 Various examples of application software are as fallows
 Word processing software(MS WORD,ATOM)
 Database programs(MSSQL,MYSQL,COUCH BASE,MANGO DB)
 Entertainment software(TICK TALK,YOU TUBE)
 Business software(TALLY,SARAL TAX OFFICE)
 Educational software(BYJUS,GLOBAL SHIKSHA)
 Computer-aided design(CAD) software
 Spread sheet software(MS EXCEL)
Difference between System and Application Software‟s
System Software Application Software

System software is used for operating Application software is used by
computer hardware user to perform specific task.
System software‟s are installed on the Application software‟s are installed
computer when operating system is according to user‟s requirements.
installed.
In general, the user does not interact In general, the user interacts with
with system software because it works in application software‟s.
the background.
System software can run independently. Application software can‟t run
It provides platform for running independently. They can‟t run
application software‟s. without the presence of system
software.
Some examples of system software‟s are Some examples of application

compiler, assembler, debugger, driver, software‟s are word processor,
etc. web browser, media player, etc.
Operating System
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the
computer hardware.

 It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to manage overall resources and

operations of the computer.
 It is specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of all other programs
that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software.
Objectives of Operating System
 To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.

 To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
 To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
 To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users, making it easier for the
users to access and use other resources.
 To manage the resources of a computer system.
 To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, and mediating
conflicting requests from different programs and users.
 To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.
Characteristics of Operating System
Here is a list of some of the most prominent characteristic features of Operating Systems
 Memory Management
Keeps track of the primary memory, i.e. what part of it is in use by whom, what part is not
in use, etc. and allocates the memory when a process or program requests it.
 Processor Management
Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and deallocates the processor when it is no
longer required.
 Device Management
Keeps track of all the devices.

This is also called I/O controller that decides which process gets the device, when, and
for how much time.
 File Management
Allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the resources.
 Security
Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of passwords and other
similar techniques.
 Job Accounting
Keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs and/or users.
 Control Over System Performance

Records delays between the request for a service and from the system.
 Interaction with the Operators

Interaction may take place via the console of the computer in the form of instructions.
The Operating System acknowledges the same, does the corresponding action, and
informs the operation by a display screen.
 Error-detecting Aids
Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging and error-detecting
methods.
 Coordination Between Other Software and Users

Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and other software
to the various users of the computer systems.
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
 Short for Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line
operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible computers.
 MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981
and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released.
 MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate files on their
computer from a command line instead of a GUI like Windows.
 Today, MS-DOS is no longer used; however, the command shell, more commonly known
as the Windows command line is still used by many users.
 Most computer users are only familiar with how to navigate Microsoft Windows using the
mouse.
Commands
 DOS commands are the commands available in MS-DOS that are used to interact with
the operating system and other command line based software.
 Unlike in Windows, DOS commands are the primary way in which you use the operating
system. Windows and other modern OSs use a graphics-based system designed for
touch or a mouse.

Below are the some commands, which performs different functionality
dir(directory) command
 To view the contents of a directory
OUTPUT
cd(change directory) command
 To change from the root directory to the specified directory

 To change directories, you will use the cd command.
 The cd command stands for "change directory."
OUTPUT

cd \ to change to the root directory
 cd \ used to change current directory to root directory

 The root directory does not have a name.
 It is simply referred to by a backslash (\).
OUTPUT
md (make directory) command
 To create a directory, you will use the md command.

 The md command stands for "make directory."
OUTPUT
 Here creating a directory called fruits in cppdemo directory

 The GRAPES directory is a subdirectory of the FRUIT directory.
 A subdirectory is a directory within another directory.
 Subdirectories are useful if you want to further subdivide information.

rd (remove directory) command
 To delete a directory, use the rd command.

 The rd command stands for "remove directory."
OUTPUT
Here the fruits consists of two directories with name graped and grapes, out of which we are
removing directory with name grapes

Copy command
Copy command is used to copy files from source to destination directories
copy source_file_address destination_file _address
Changing the drive command
 To change need to use drive name fallowed by colon

 Ex: d:
OUTPUT
Here changing from C to D drive.
ren(renaming Files) command

 To rename a file, you will use the ren command.
 The ren command stands for "rename." When you use
 the ren command, you must include two parameters.
 The first is the file you want to rename, and the second is the new name for the file.
Ex: ren oldname newname
OUTPUT

delete command
 To delete a file need to use del command

 Ex: del hh.exe
 rd is used to remove directory
OUTPUT
Here deleting hh.exe from fruits directory


Unit I: MS Word
Introduction
 Microsoft Office is a suite of desktop productivity applications that is designed specifically

to be used for office or business use.
 It is a proprietary product of Microsoft Corporation and was first released in 1990.
Microsoft Office is available in 35 different languages and is supported by Windows, Mac
and most Linux variants.
 It mainly consists of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, OneNote, Outlook and Publisher
applications.
Definition
Microsoft Word is a widely used commercial word processor designed by Microsoft.

Microsoft Word is a component of the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software, but can
also be purchased as a stand-alone product. It was initially launched in 1983 and has since
been revised numerous times. Microsoft Word is available for both Windows and Macintosh
operating systems. Microsoft Word is often called simply Word or MS Word.
Features of MS Word
Microsoft Word offers several features to ease document creation and editing, they are as
below
 WYSIWYG (what-you-see-is-what-you-get) display

It ensures that everything displayed on screen appears the same way when printed
or moved to another format or program.
 Typing easy
In MS WORD typing is so easy because
We need not click enter button after end of the line as the type writer. The word
processor itself takes matter to the next line of the document. This facility is called
word wrapping
There is no limit for typing the matter
You can easily correct mistakes as the typing matter appears on the screen
 Saving
The document type can be stored for future use. We can preserve the document for
any number of years in word processing
 Adding, removing and applying text
Documents can be modified easily in MS office we can easily place a new word in
place of existing one.
The new words will automatically be adjusted in the place of deleted or modified text.
We can also copy a part or whole of the matter from one document to another
document
 Spell check of words

The spelling of the words in the document can be rectified automatically we can also
find alternative words to our typed words. The grammatical errors can also be
rectified in word processor.

 Change the style and shape of characters and paragraph

The documents in word processor can be made attractive because the shape and
style of characters in the documents can be changed according to our requirement
 Bullets and Numbering

Bullets are special symbols which can be put for different points, paragraphs and
documents where as numbers are ascending figure while 1,2,3 etc.
 Headers and footers

A header is the text appearing above the documents and footer is the text appearing
below the documents
 Creation of tables
If you give directions for required number of rows and columns word provides a
readymade table to work
 Inserting pictures and objects

In the word processor we can insert the pictures in the document to make it more
attractive. These pictures can be obtain from clip art which is available in word
processor
 Preview facility
Before getting a print out of our document we can get a preview of document if
mistakes are there we can change the document
 Mail merge facility

If you want to send information to different persons there is a facility in word
processor known as mail merge the main body of the letters can be typed once and
we can send the same to different addresses
 Macros
With the help of macros we can avoid certain type of repetitive works. This saves our
time and efforts.

Advantages
 Quality
Word produces error free documents. The spell and grammar check in word
processing makes the document to be error free.
 Storage of text
We can take any number of copies with word processor. If we need this same
document with slight changes we need not type the same letter again just by making
some slight changes we can obtain a modified copy easily.
 Time saving
We can get any number of copies of documents in future without re typing
 Securities
We can protect the documents of word by giving pass word.
 Dynamic exchange of data

We can have dynamic exchange of objects and pictures from other documents into
word processing document. The documents can be linked each other.

Opening Document
Step 1 − Click the Start button.
Step 2 − Click the All Programs option from the menu.

Step 3 − Search for Microsoft Office from the submenu and click it.
Step 4 − Search for Microsoft Word 2010 from the submenu and click it.
Step 4 will launch the Microsoft Word 2010 application and you will see the below window.

Opening New Document
A new, blank document always opens when you start Microsoft Word.
Suppose you want to start another new document while you are working on another
document, or you closed an already opened document and want to start a new document.
Here are the steps to open a new document
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the New option.
Step 2 − When you select the New option from the first column, it will display a list of
templates in the second column. Double-click on the Blank document; this is the first option
in the template list. We will discuss the other templates available in the list in the following
chapters.

You should have your blank document as shown below. The document is now ready for you
to start typing your text.
Note: You can use a shortcut to open a blank document anytime. Try using the Ctrl + N keys
and you will see a new blank document similar to the one in the above screenshot.
Opening Existing Document

There may be a situation when you open an existing document and edit it partially or
completely. Follow the steps given below to open an existing document
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Open option.

Step 2 − This will display the following file Open dialog box.
This lets you navigate through different folders and files, and also lets you select a file which
you want to open.
Step 3 − finally, locate and select a file which you want to open and click the small triangle
available on the Open button to open the file. You will have different options to open the file,
but simply use the Open option.

Saving New Document

Once you are done with typing in your new Word document, it is time to save your document
to avoid losing work you have done on a Word document.
Following are the steps to save an edited Word document
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Save As option.
Step 2 − Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which
you want to give to your document and Select the Save As option, by default it is the .docx
format.

Step 3 − Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered
name in the selected folder.
Saving New Changes
There may be an instance when you open an existing document and edit it partially or
completely or an instance where you may like to save the changes in between editing of the
document.
If you want to save this document with the same name, then you can use either of the
following simple options
 Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

 Optionally you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above
the File tab. This option will also help you save the changes.
 You can also use the third method to save the changes, which is the Save option
available just above the Save As option as shown in the above screenshot.
 If your document is new and it was never saved so far, then with any of the three
options, Word will display a dialogue box to let you select a folder, and enter the
document name as explained in case of saving new document.

Formatting the document
Adjust page margins
 Margins are the space between the edge of the paper and the text.
 You can adjust the right, left, top, and bottom margins of your document.
 By default, Word sets all margins left, right, top, and bottom to 1 inch.
 In the screenshot given below, I have shown top, left and right margins, if you will type
the complete page, word will leave 1-inch bottom margin as well.
Adjust Margins
The following steps will help you understand how to set margins for an open document.
Step 1 − Open the document the margins of which need to be set. If you want the margins to
be applied only to a selected part of a document, select that particular part.
Step 2 − Click the Page Layout tab, and click the Margins button in the Page Setup group.
This will display a list of options to be selected but you have to click the Custom Margins
option available at the bottom.
You can also select any of the predefined margins from the list, but using custom margins
option you will have more control on all the settings.

Step 3 − You will have to display a Page Dialog Box as shown below where you can set top,
left, right and bottom margins under the Margins Tab. Select the Apply to: option to apply the
margin on selected text or complete document.

Step 4 − If you are going to bind the document and want to add an extra amount of space on
one edge for the binding, enter that amount in the Gutter text box, and select the side the
gutter is on with the Gutter Position drop-down list. After setting all the desired values for all
the margins, click the OK button to apply the margins.
Headers and footers
 Headers and footers are parts of a document that contain special information such
as page numbers and the total number of pages, the document title, company logo,
any photo, etc.
 The header appears at the top of every page, and the footer appears at the bottom of
every page.
Add Header and Footer

The following steps will help you understand how to add header and footer in a Word
document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click either the Header button or the Footer button that
which needs to be added first. Assume you are going to add Header; when you click the
Header button it will display a list of built-in Headers from where you can choose any of the
headers by simply clicking on it.
Step 2 − Once you select any of the headers, it will be applied to the document in editable
mode and the text in your document will appear dimmed, Header and Footer buttons appear
on the Ribbon and a Close Header and Footer button will also appear at the top-right corner.

Step 3 − Finally, you can type your information whatever you want to have in your document
header and once you are done, click Close Header and Footer to come out of the header
insertion mode. You will see the final result as follows.
Note: We can follow a similar procedure to add footer in your document.

Add Page Numbers
Microsoft Word automatically assigns page numbers on the pages of your document.
Typically, page numbers are printed either in header or footer but you have the option that
can display the page number in the left or right margins at the top or the bottom of a page.
Following are the simple steps to add page numbers in a Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click the Page Number button available in the header and
footer section. This will display a list of options to display the page number at the top,
bottom, current position etc.
Step 2 − When you move your mouse pointer over the available options, it displays further
styles of page numbers to be displayed. For example, when I take the mouse pointer at the
Bottom of Page option it displays the following list of styles.

Step 3 − Finally, select any one of the page number styles. I selected the Accent Bar 1 style
by clicking over it. You will be directed to the Page Footer modification mode. Click the Close
Header and Footer button to come out of the Footer Edit mode.
You can format your page numbers using the Format Page Numbers option available under
the listed options.

Remove Page Numbers

The following steps will help you remove page numbering from a Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click the Page Number button available in the header and
footer section. This will display a list of options to display page number at the top, bottom,
current position, etc. At the bottom, you will have the Remove Page Numbers option. Just
click this option and it will delete all the page numbers set in your document.
Insert Page Breaks
Microsoft Word automatically starts a new page when the current page fills with text but you
can insert a page break to force Word to start text on a new page. You can insert a page
break using either the mouse or the keyboard.
The following steps will help you insert page breaks in a Word document.
Step 1 − Bring your insertion point immediately before the text that has to appear on a new
page.
Step 2 − Click the Insert tab, and click the Page Break button available in the Pages group.

Note:
Word inserts a page break and moves all text after the page break onto a new page. You
can also use the Ctrl + Enter keys to create a page break at the pointed location.
Delete a Page Break

Just put the insertion point on the previous page of the page break that needs to be deleted.
Press the Delete key multiple times until both the pages get merged.

Insert Blank Pages
A blank page is a page which does not have any text or any other content over it. This
chapter will also make you understand how to delete a blank page from your Microsoft Word
document.
Following are the simple steps to insert blank page in a word document.
Step 1 − Bring your insertion point immediately before the text where you want to insert a
blank page.
Step 2 − Click the Insert tab, and click the Blank Page button available in the Pages group.
Note:
Word inserts a new blank page and moves all the text after the page break onto a new page.

Delete Blank Pages

The following steps will help you delete blank page from a Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Home tab, and click the Show/Hide ¶ paragraph marks button available in
the Paragraph group or simply press the Ctrl + Shift + * keys. This will display all the page
breaks as shown below
Step 2 − Bring your cursor immediately before the Page Break mark available on the blank
page and press the Delete Key. This will delete the blank page and again you can click the
Show/Hide ¶ paragraph marks button to hide all the paragraph marks.
Add Cover Pages
Books have an attractive first page that includes the document title, its subject, author and
publisher name etc.
This first page is is the Cover Page and Microsoft Word provides an easy way to add a cover
page.
Following are the simple steps to add a cover page in a Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click the Cover Page button available in the Pages group.
This will display a list of Built-in Cover Pages as shown below.

Step 2 − Choose a cover page from the options available in the gallery. The selected cover
page will be added as the first page of your document which can later be modified according
to the requirements. If you want to place the cover page elsewhere except the first page,
right-click the cover page in the gallery and select the location you want from the menu that
appears.

Delete Cover Pages

The following steps will help you understand how to delete an existing cover page from a
Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click the Cover Page button available in the Pages group.
This will display a list of Built-in Cover Pages as shown below. You will find a Remove
Current Cover Page option available at the bottom of the cover page gallery.

Step 2 − Click the Remove Current Cover Page option and your cover page will be deleted
from your document.
Page Orientation
Page Orientation is useful when you print your pages. By default, Microsoft Word shows a
page in portrait orientation and in this case the width of the page is less than the height of
the page; the page will be 8.5 inches × 11 inches.
You can change the page orientation from portrait to landscape orientation. In such case, the
width of the page will be more than the height of the page and page will be 11 inches × 8.5
inches.
Change Page Orientation

The following steps will help you understand how to change the page orientation of a word
document.
Step 1 − Open the Word document the orientation of which needs to be changed. By default,
orientation will be Portrait Orientation as shown below.

Step 2 − Click the Page Layout tab, and click the Orientation button available in the Page
Setup group. This will display an Option Menu having both the options (Portrait &
Landscape) to be selected.
Step 3 − Click any of the options you want to set to orientation. Because our page is already
in portrait orientation, we will click the Landscape option to change my orientation to
landscape orientation.

Table creation
A table is a structure of vertical columns and horizontal rows with a cell at every intersection.
Each cell can contain text or graphics, and you can format the table in any way you want.
Usually the top row in the table is kept as a table header and can be used to put some
informative instruction.
Create a Table
The following steps will help you understand how to create a table in a Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab followed by the Table button. This will display a simple grid as
shown below. When you move your mouse over the grid cells, it makes a table in the table
that appears in the document. You can make your table having the desired number of rows
and columns.
Step 2 − Click the square representing the lower-right corner of your table, which will create
an actual table in your document and Word goes in the table design mode. The table design
mode has many options to work with as shown below.

Step 3 − This is an optional step that can be worked out if you want to have a fancy table.
Click the Table Styles button to display a gallery of table styles. When you move your mouse
over any of the styles, it shows real time preview of your actual table.
Step 4 − To select any of the styles, just click the built-in table style and you will see that the
selected style has been applied on your table.

Delete Table
Following are the simple steps to delete an existing table from a word document.
Step 1 − Click anywhere in the table you want to delete.
Step 2 − Click the Layout tab, and click the Delete Table option under the Delete Table
Button to delete the complete table from the document along with its content.

Add a Row
Following are the simple steps to add rows in a table of a word document.
Step 1 − Click a row where you want to add an additional row and then click the Layout tab;
it will show the following screen.
Step 2 − Now use the Row & Column group of buttons to add any row below or above to the
selected row. If you click the Insert Below button, it will add a row just below the selected row
as follows.
Note: If you click the Insert Above button, it will add a row just above the selected row.

Delete a Row
The following steps will help you delete rows from a table of a Word document.
Step 1 − Click a row which you want to delete from the table and then click the Layout tab; it
will show the following screen.
Step 2 − Click the Layout tab, and then click the Delete Rows option under the Delete Table
Button to delete the selected row.
Note: For adding column or deleting column, need to follow the above steps but instead of
rows need to select required columns and click delete column options.

Merging Cells
Microsoft Word allows the merging of two or more cells to create one large cell. You will
frequently need to merge columns of the top row to create the title of the table. You can
merge cells either row-wise or column-wise, rather you cannot merge cells diagonally. This
chapter will teach you how to merge multiple rows or columns.
The following steps will help you merge table cells in a Word document.
Step 1 − Bring your mouse pointer position inside the first cell that you want to merge. Now
press the Shift key and click the cells around the cell which you want to merge into the first
cell. This will highlight the cells which you click and they will be ready to be merged.
Step 2 − Now click the Layout tab and then click the Merge Cells button which will merge all
the selected cells.

Note:
After merging the cells, all the content of the cells will be scrambled which you can fix later
as you like.
Add a Formula
Microsoft Word allows you to use mathematical formula in table cells which can be used to
add numbers, to find the average of numbers, or find the largest or the smallest number in
table cells you specify. There is a list of formulae, you can choose from the many based on
the requirement. This chapter will teach you how to use formula in word tables.
Add a Formula
Following are the simple steps to add formula in a table cell available in Word document.
Step 1 − Consider the following table with the total number of rows. Click in a cell that should
contain the sum of the rows.
Step 2 − Now click the Layout tab and then click the Formula button; this will display a
Formula Dialog Box which will suggest a default formula, which is =SUM(LEFT) in our case.
You can select a number format using Number Format List Box to display the result or you
can change the formula using the Formula List Box.

Step 3 − Now click OK to apply the formula and you will see that the left cells have been
added and the sum has been put in the total cell where we wanted to have it. You can
repeat the procedure to have the sum of other two rows as well.
Cell Formulae
The Formula dialog box provides the following important functions to be used as formula in a
cell.
Sl.No Formula & Description
1 AVERAGE( )
The average of a list of cells
2 COUNT( )
The number of items in a list of cells
3 MAX( )
The largest value in a list of cells

4 MIN( )
The smallest value in a list of cells
5 PRODUCT( )
The multiplication of a list of cells
6 SUM( )
The sum of a list of cells
 Word formulae uses a reference system to refer to an individual table cells.

 Each column is identified by a letter, starting with A for the first column, B for the second
column, and so on. After the letter comes the row number.
 Thus, the first cell in the first row is A1, the third cell in the fourth row is C4, and so on.
Following are useful points to help you in constructing a word cell formula.
Sl.No Cell References and Description
1 A single cell reference, such as B3 or F7

2 A range of cells, such as A4:A9 or C5:C13
3 A series of individual cells, such as A3, B4, C5
4 BELOW, referring to all cells in the column below the current cell.
5 ABOVE, referring to all cells in the column above the current cell.
6 LEFT, referring to all cells in the row to the left of the current cell
7 RIGHT, referring to all cells in the row to the right of the current cell
Mail Merge
What is mail merge?
A mail merge (or data merge) is a method of auto-inserting data.

It takes the time and effort out of creating personalized content.
A number of programs offer a mail merge tool to help with address labeling, name tag
creation, certificate printing, email personalization, and more.
How does mail merge work?
The mail merge functionality pulls the information from a list of data.
It then inserts the appropriate fields into your document, design, email, etc.
What programs offer label mail merges?
Dozens of standard programs offer mail merge, but the most common for label mail merges
are Maestro Label Designer and Microsoft Word.
Is mail merge free?
Mail merge in most programs is a free tool.

It's included free in both Maestro Label Designer and Microsoft Word.
How do you create a data list for mail merge?
We explain this process below in Step 1: Create your data list.

 What file formats are needed for mail merge?
Maestro Label Designer and Microsoft word accept .csv, .txt, .xls, and .xlsx file formats.
Microsoft Word also accepts Outlook and Apple contact lists.
Step 1: Create your data list
 Before Microsoft Word 2007 can auto-fill your labels, it has to access your data.
 If you already have your data set, move on to Step 2.
 If not, follow the below instructions for how to create a mail merge data list in Microsoft
Excel.
 Launch Microsoft Excel.
 Title each column based on the data you'll be adding. If you're making address labels, for
example, you may want to use the following column titles: first name, last name, address
1, address 2, city, state, zip.
 Add your data to each row and column.
 Select "Save As" from the File menu in the top left-hand corner.
 Give your document a name. Example: Wedding Invitation Address List.
 Expand the dropdown for the "Save as type" option.
 Choose any of the following formats: CSV (Comma delimited)(recommended), Text (Tab
delimited), Excel Workbook, or Excel 97-2003 Workbook.
 Click "Save". If you get any warning pop-ups, click "OK" and/or "Yes."
 Close your document along with Microsoft Excel and continue to Step 2.
Step 2: Launch the mail merge wizard
 Microsoft Word has a wizard that will walk you through the process from start to finish.
Microsoft Word 2010 Mail Merge
 Open on the "Mailings" tab in the menu bar.

 Click "Start Mail Merge."
 Start Mail Merge
 Select "Step by Step Mail Merge Wizard."
 Ensure "Change document layout" is selected and click "Next: Select recipients."
 Choose "OnlineLabels.com" from the second dropdown list and find your label product
number in the list.
 Click "OK."
 Optional: Click into the "Layout" tab and select "View gridlines" to see the outline of your
labels on-screen.
 Ensure "Use an existing list" is selected and click "Next: Arrange your labels."
 Find your data set from Step 1 and click "Open."
 Review the data in the next pop-up and click "OK."
 Click "Next: Arrange your labels" again.
 Move your cursor to the first label on your screen. Click "Address block" if you're creating
address/return address labels and select your preferred formatting in the pop-up (use the
preview pane to choose the best option for your data). If you're making another type of
document, use the "Insert Merge Fields" button in the "Mailings" tab. Be sure to add
spaces, commas, etc if you're creating your own layout.
 Hit the "Update all labels" button and then "Next: Preview your labels."
 Check that your data copied over correctly and you're happy with the final result.
 Click "Next: Complete the merge."
 Close the wizard and save your document.

Shortcut keys
There are many general program shortcuts in Microsoft Word that make it easier for you to
do everything from save your document to undo a mistake.
 Ctrl+N: Create a new document

 Ctrl+O: Open an existing document
 Ctrl+S: Save a document
 F12: Open the Save As dialog box
 Ctrl+W: Close a document
 Ctrl+Z: Undo an action
 Ctrl+Y: Redo an action
 Alt+Ctrl+S: Split a window or remove the split view
 Ctrl+Alt+V: Print Layout View
 Ctrl+Alt+O: Outline View
 Ctrl+Alt+N: Draft View
 Ctrl+F2: Print Preview View
 F1: Open the Help pane
 Alt+Q: Go to the “Tell me what you want to do” box
 F9: Refresh the field codes in the current selection
 Ctrl+F: Search a document
 F7: Run a spelling and grammar check
 Shift+F7: Open the thesaurus. If you have a word selected, Shift+F7 looks up that word
in the thesaurus.
 Backspace: Delete one character to the left
 Ctrl+Backspace: Delete one word to the left
 Delete: Delete one character to the right
 Ctrl+Delete: Delete one word to the right
 Ctrl+C: Copy or graphics to the Clipboard text
 Ctrl+X: Cut selected text or graphics to the Clipboard
 Ctrl+V: Paste the Clipboard contents

Unit VI: MS-Excel
Meaning and Definition
Excel is a commercial spread sheet application produced and distributed by Microsoft for
Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features the ability to perform basic calculations, use
graphing tools, create pivot tables and create macros. Excel has the same basic features as
all spreadsheet applications, which use a collection of cells arranged into rows and columns
to organize and manipulate data. They can also display data as charts, histograms and line
graphs.
Features of MS-Excel
 Add Header and Footer

MS Excel allows us to keep header and footer in our spreadsheet document.
 Find and Replace Command
MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and numbers) in the workbook and
also replace the existing data with a new one.
 Password Protection
It allows user to protect their workbooks by using password from unauthorized
access to their information.
 Data Filtering
Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a range. A
filtered range displays only the rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column.
MS Excel provides two commands for filtering ranges:
 Data Sorting
Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical order. MS Excel allows
us to sort data either in ascending or descending order.
 Built in formulae
MS Excel has got many built- in formulae for sum, average, minimum, etc. We can
use those formulae as per our needs.
 Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)
MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar graph, pie- charts, line
graphs, etc. This helps us to analyze and compare data very easily.
 Automatically edits the result
MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are made in any of the cell.
 Formula Auditing
Using formula auditing we can graphically display or trace the relationships between
cells and formulas with blue arrows. We can trace the precedents (the cells that
provide data to a specific cell) or the dependents (the cells that depend on the value
in a specific cell).
Advantages of MS-Excel
 Easy data entry and operations

One of the main advantages of MS excel is that it facilitates smooth and easy data entry.
Compared to any other data entry and analyzing tools, MS Excel offers features like
Ribbon interface, a set of commands used to perform certain operations.
 Accurate comparisons and analysis options

MS Excel provides many analytical tools for the accurate analysis and comparison of
large amounts of data. The advanced sorting and filtering techniques allows you to sort

out large amount of data so that it will be easier for you to find out the required
information.
 Allows graphical representation of data

MS Excel allows you to create the visual representation of data and information. The
data can be visually displayed in the form of bar charts, column charts and graphs.
 Compatible with other business applications

Since the recent versions of MS Excel is compatible with many other business
applications like MS office, other web applications etc., it allows you to import excel
data to other applications
 Ready to use formulas

MS Excel performs all mathematical and logical functions like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, average, sum, mod, product etc. Excel provides many
formulas that helps you to solve both simple and complex calculations.
Managing Work Books
Create workbook
Start the excel application following the below mentioned steps in your PC
Step 1 − Click on the Start button.
Step 2 − Click on All Programs option from the menu.

Step 3 − Search for Microsoft Office from the sub menu and click it.
Step 4 − Search for Microsoft Excel 2010 from the submenu and click it.

This will launch the Microsoft Excel 2010 application and you will see the following excel
window.
Open workbook
Let us see how to open workbook from excel in the below mentioned steps.
Step 1 − Click the File Menu as shown below. You can see the Open option in File Menu.
There are two more columns Recent workbooks and Recent places, where you can see the
recently opened workbooks and the recent places from where workbooks are opened.

Step 2 − Clicking the Open Option will open the browse dialog as shown below. Browse the
directory and find the file you need to open.
Step 3 − Once you select the workbook your workbook will be opened as below

Close Workbook
Here are the steps to close a workbook.

Step 1 − Click the Close Button as shown below.

We will see a confirmation message to save the workbook.
Step 2 − Press the Save Button to save the workbook as we did in MS Excel - Save
Workbook chapter.
Now your worksheet will get closed.
Save workbook
Saving New Sheet

Once you are done with typing in your new excel sheet, it is time to save your
sheet/workbook to avoid losing work you have done on an Excel sheet.
Following are the steps to save an edited excel sheet
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select Save As option.

Step 2 − Select a folder where you would like to save the sheet, Enter file name, which you
want to give to your sheet and Select a Save as type, by default it is .xlsx format.

Step 3 − Finally, click on Save button and your sheet will be saved with the entered name in
the selected folder.
Saving New Changes
 There may be a situation when you open an existing sheet and edit it partially or
completely, or even you would like to save the changes in between editing of the sheet.
If you want to save this sheet with the same name, then you can use either of the
following simple options
 Just press Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.
 Optionally, you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above
the File tab. This option will also save the changes.
 You can also use third method to save the changes, which is the Save option available
just above the Save As option as shown in the above screen capture.
 If your sheet is new and it was never saved so far, then with either of the three options,
word would display you a dialogue box to let you select a folder, and enter sheet name
as explained in case of saving new sheet

Formulas in MS Excel
 A formula consists of special code, which is entered into a cell.

 It performs some calculations and returns a result, which is displayed in the cell.
 Formulas use a variety of operators and worksheet functions to work with values and
text. The values and text used in formulas can be located in other cells, which makes
changing data easy and gives worksheets their dynamic nature.
Elements of Formulas
A formula can consist of any of these elements
 Mathematical operators, such as + (for addition) and * (for multiplication)
Ex:
=A1+A2 Adds the values in cells A1 and A2.
 Values or text
Ex:
=200*0.5 Multiplies 200 times 0.15. This formula uses only values, and it always returns
the same result as 100.
 Cell references (including named cells and ranges)
Ex:
=A1=C12 Compares cell A1 with cell C12. If the cells are identical, the formula returns
TRUE; otherwise, it returns FALSE.
 Worksheet functions (such as SUM or AVERAGE)
Ex:
=SUM(A1:A12) Adds the values in the range A1:A12.
Creating Formula
 For creating a formula you need to type in the Formula Bar.

 Formula begins with '=' sign. When building formulas manually, you can either type in the
cell addresses or you can point to them in the worksheet.
 Using the Pointing method to supply the cell addresses for formulas is often easier and
more powerful method of formula building.
 When you are using built-in functions, you click the cell or drag through the cell range
that you want to use when defining the function‟s arguments in the Function Arguments
dialog box.
 As soon as you complete a formula entry, Excel calculates the result, which is then
displayed inside the cell within the worksheet (the contents of the formula, however,
continue to be visible on the Formula bar anytime the cell is active).
 If you make an error in the formula that prevents Excel from being able to calculate the
formula at all, Excel displays an Alert dialog box suggesting how to fix the problem.
 Below screen shot shows the steps.

Copying Formulas in MS Excel
 Copying formulas is one of the most common tasks that you do in a typical spreadsheet
that relies primarily on formulas.
 When a formula uses cell references rather than constant values, Excel makes the task
of copying an original formula to every place that requires a similar formula.
Relative Cell Addresses
 MS Excel does it automatically adjusting the cell references in the original formula to suit
the position of the copies that you make.
 It does this through a system known as relative cell addresses, where by the column
references in the cell address in the formula change to suit their new column position
and the row references change to suit their new row position.
Ex:
Suppose we want the sum of all the rows at last, then we will write a formula for first column
i.e. B. We want sum of the rows from 3 to 8 in the 9th row.

 After writing formula in the 9th row, we can drag it to remaining columns and the formula
gets copied. After dragging we can see the formula in the remaining columns as below.
column C : =SUM(C3:C8)
column D : =SUM(D3:D8)
column E : =SUM(E3:E8)
column F : =SUM(F3:F8)
column G : =SUM(G3:G8)

Functions in Formula
 Many formulas you create use available worksheet functions.

 These functions enable you to greatly enhance the power of your formulas and perform
calculations that are difficult if you use only the operators.
 For example, you can use the LOG or SIN function to calculate the Logarithm or Sin
ratio.
 You can‟t do this complicated calculation by using the mathematical operators alone.
 When you type = sign and then type any alphabet you will see the searched functions as
below.
Function Arguments
 In the above examples, you may have noticed that all the functions used parentheses.
The information inside the parentheses is the list of arguments.
 Functions vary in how they use arguments. Depending on what it has to do, a function
may use.
 No arguments − Examples − Now(), Date(), etc.
 One argument − UPPER(), LOWER(), etc.
 A fixed number of arguments − IF(), MAX(), MIN(), AVERGAGE(), etc.
 Infinite number of arguments
 Optional arguments

Below are the examples of functions
 SUM - Adds up all the values in a range

 SUMIF - Adds all the values in a range that meet specific critera
 SUMIFS (2007+) - Adds values in a range based on multiple criteria
 SUMPRODUCT - Sum a range of cells that meet multiple criteria
 ROUND - Round a number to a specified number of digits
 ROUNDUP - Round a number up to a specified number of digits
 ROUNDDOWN - Round a number down to a specified number of digits
 CEILING - Round a number up to a multiple of significance
 FLOOR - Round a number down to a multiple of significance
 COUNT - Counts all the values in a range
 AVERAGE - Calculates the average number from a range of values
 MAX - Finds the maximum value in a range
 MIN - Finds the minimum value in a range
 LEN - Returns the length, in number of characters, of the contents of a cell
 REPT - Repeats a character a specified number of times
 TRIM - Remove unwanted spaces from cells
 LEFT - Extracts a specific number of characters from the start of a cell
 RIGHT - Extracts a specific number of characters from the end of a cell
 MID - Extracts a specific number of characters from the middle of a cell
 UPPER - Converts the contents of a cell to uppercase
 LOWER - Converts the contents of a cell to lowercase
 PROPER - Converts the contents of a cell to proper case
 REPLACE - Replace existing characters in a cell with a different set of characters
 SUBSTITUTE - Replace existing characters with a different set of characters
Inserting a row
We can insert a row in a spread sheet anywhere you need it.

Excel moves the existing rows down to make room for the new one.
Procedure to insert a row
 Click anywhere in the row below where you want to insert the new row.
 Choose Insert
 Rows from the menu bar.

A new row is inserted above the cell(s) you originally selected.
Procedure
Click anywhere in the row below where you want to insert the new row.
Right-click and choose Insert from the shortcut menu.
 The Insert dialog box opens.

 Choose Entire Row.
 Click OK.

 A new row is inserted above the cell(s) you originally selected.

 Select multiple rows before choosing Insert to add rows quickly. Excel inserts the same
number of new rows you originally selected.
Inserting a column
 In Excel, you can insert a column anywhere you need it.

 Excel moves the existing columns to make room for the new one.
 Click anywhere in the column where you want to insert a new column.
 Choose Insert Columns from the menu bar.
 A new column is inserted to the left of the existing column.

Procedure 2
 Click anywhere in the column where you want to insert a new column.
 Right-click and choose Insert from the shortcut menu.
 The Insert dialog box opens.
 Click Entire Column in the Insert dialog box.

 Click OK.
 A new column is inserted to the left of the existing column.

Deleting columns and rows
 Columns and rows are deleted in much the same manner as inserting columns and
rows.
 To delete a row and all information in it.
 Select a cell in the row to be deleted.
 Choose Edit Delete from the menu bar.
 Click Entire Row in the Delete dialog box.
 Click OK.
To delete a column and all information in it

 Select a cell in the column to be deleted.
 Choose Edit Delete from the menu bar.
 Click Entire Column in the Delete dialog box.
 Click OK.

Chart
 A chart is a visual representative of data in both columns and rows.
 Charts are usually used to analyse trends and patterns in data sets.
Ex:
Let's say you have been recording the sales figures in Excel for the past three years.
Using charts, you can easily tell which year had the most sales and which year had the least.
You can also use charts to compare set targets against actual achievements.
Types of charts
 Different scenarios require different types of charts. Towards this end, Excel provides a
number of chart types that you can work with.
 The type of chart that you choose depends on the type of data that you want to visualize.
 To help simplify things for the users, Excel 2013 and above has an option that analyses
your data and makes a recommendation of the chart type that you should use.
The following table shows some of the most commonly used charts and when you should
consider using them.


The importance of charts
 Allows you to visualize data graphically

 It's easier to analyse trends and patterns in the charts
 Easy to interpret compared to data in cells
Step by step example of creating charts in Excel
In this tutorial, we are going to create a simple column chart that will display the sold
quantities against the sales year.
 Open Excel
 Enter the data from the sample data table above
 Your workbook should now look as follows
 To get the desired chart you have to follow the following steps
 Select the data you want to represent in graph

 Click on INSERT tab from the ribbon
 Click on the Column chart drop down button
 Select the chart type you want

You should be able to see the following chart

Unit I: Soft Skills in Computer Knowledge
Preparation of Formal and Informal Letters
Steps to create Business Letter
Step 1: Open MS Office traverse to MS word traverse to File Option and select New (CTRL
+ N)
Step 2: Go to Home ribbon select the Font style, size, alignment, etc., according to
requirements.
Step 3: Go to Page Layout ribbon select Page Set up option set top, bottom, and right and
bottom margin and select the paper size, set the borders, according to requirements.
Step 4: Type the text and rearrange the given matter to its appropriate place.
Step 5: To save the file go to File->Save As enter the file name click save button (CTRL + S).
Step 6: To close the File, go to File->Close.
Step 7: To exit MS Word, go to File->Exit.
OUTPUT
Date: 23/10/2019
Place: Davanagere
From
Raghu Gurumurthy
Interface Schooling And Technologies
BIET Road
Davanagere
577004
To
MMM Eshwar
Bhima Softech Pvt Ltd
Rajajinagar 1st Block
Bangalaore
577001
Subject: Regarding Recruitment Process
Sir,
With reference to the above subject, we are happy to invite you to for the campus
recruitment to our institute; we trained our students for the position of junior software
developers and testing engineers. Let us inform the date for recruitment process.
Thank and Regards

Raghu Gurumurthy

Steps for creating a Personal Letter
+N)
requirements.
OUTPUT
[sender‟s name]
[sender‟s departmental address]
[sender‟s departmental phone number, if available]
[sender‟s departmental fax number]
[sender‟s institutional email address]
[today‟s date]
[recipient‟s name]
[recipient‟s institutional address]
Dear [recipient‟s name]: or To Whom it May Concern:
It is my pleasure to recommend Jane Doe for admission to [name of program] at

[name of university]. I am a fifth-year Ph.D. student at the University of California, Berkeley. I
came to know Jane when I was her Graduate Student Instructor for Philosophy 111: Ethical
Relativism, taught by Professor John Smith. The course comprised [short description of
course]. Jane distinguished herself by submitting an exceptionally
well researched and interesting project on ethical practices in ancient Greece. I would rank
her in the top 2% of students that I have taught in the past five years in respect of her writing
ability and research skills.
Overall, Jane is highly intelligent and has good analytical skills. Her project on ethical
practices in ancient Greece demonstrated her ability to come a detailed understanding of the
ethical practices of another, very different, culture, and to analyze the consequences of
those practices for contemporary ethical theories. She gave a particularly interesting
discussion of the difficult practice of infanticide, and showed both sensitivity and detachment
when discussing its ethical consequences. Her overall intelligence is also reflected in her
grades for the course, which were by far the best in the class.
Jane is unquestionably an exceptional candidate for graduate study in Ethics. Jane‟s

work in Philosophy 111 suggests that she would greatly benefit from the opportunities for
intellectual development provided by a sustained period of graduate study. She has proven
herself to have the perseverance, initiative, and intellectual creativity necessary to complete
an advanced graduate degree. I would therefore highly recommend Jane Doe. If her
performance in my class is a good indication of how she would perform as a
graduate student, she would be an extremely positive asset to your program.
If I can be of any further assistance, or provide you with any further information,
please do not hesitate to contact me.

Yours sincerely,
[sender‟s signature]
[sender‟s name and title]
Procedure for Table Creation and Report Making
+ N).
requirements.
Step 4: To make a table of „X‟ rows and „X‟ columns go to Insert ribbon select Table, to draw
the numbers of rows and columns.
OUTPUT
Billing Report
Name of Customer Bill No

Address of Customer Bill Date
Sl No. Details Rate Quantity Amount
GST
Delivery status
Warranty period
Payment period
Signature With
Seal and Date
Procedure for creating a Resume
+ N).
requirements.
Step 3: Go to Page Layout ribbon select Page Set up option set top, bottom, right and bottom
margin and select the paper size, set the borders, according to requirements.
Step 4: To make a table of „X‟ rows and „X‟ columns go to Insert ribbon select Table, to draw
the numbers of rows and columns.
OUTPUT
OBJECTIVE:
Seeking a position in Information Technology Industry to pursue a challenging and
motivating career and induce creative ideas with ample innovativeness.
STRENGTHS:
I‟m a hard worker. I believe in doing my duty clean and tidy and finish in time and like to
take more responsibility and act as a leader.
EDUCATIONAL DETAILS:
Course Discipline Institution / University or Board
BE Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan.

Computer Science
(Year of passing and Engineering Visvesvaraya Technological University,
2013) Belgaum.
Computer Science Sri Bahubali Polytechnic, Shravanabelagola.

DIPLOMA
and Engineering Dept of Technical Education, Bangalore.
Sri Venkateshwara High School, Hassan.

Karnataka Secondary Education Examination
SSLC English Board, Bangalore.
SOFTWARE SKILLS:
Mobile Based Technologies : Android SDK
Programming Languages : C, C + +, C#, JAVA
Window Based Technologies : VB
Web Based Technologies : HTML, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, Flex
Database Technologies : MS Access, ORACLE, SQLite, MySQL, Redis
Operating System : Windows XP/7, Linux.
Web Service Integration : JSON, XML, SOAP
HARDWARE SKILLS:
Assembling a PC, Installations, Networking and Troubleshooting.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Date of Birth : 08-09-1987

Marital Status : Single
Sex : Male
Father‟s Name : Naga Setty
Permanent Address : #3662,
Keshava Temple Street,
Davanagere 573201,
Karnataka State.
Nationality : Indian
E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]
Mobile : 111111111111
Languages Known : English, Kannada and Hindi.
Interests : Yoga, Meditation.
DECLARATION:
I hereby declare that all the particulars stated above are true to the best of my knowledge.
Dheeraj.HN
Procedure for creating a Mail Merge
+ N).
requirements.
Step 3: Type your letter which you want to send to the multiple addresses.
Step 4: Go to Mailings->Start Mail Merge->Step-by-step Mail Merge Wizard-> Letter click
Next: Starting Document, -> Use the current document click Next: Select Recipients -> Type
a new list -> Create, enter the address.
Step 5: If you want to change the filed names then click Customize select the filed Renames
Click Ok.
Step 6: Then in Mail Merge tool bar click Insert Merge Fields in the top of the letter.
Step 7: Finally in the Mail Merge tab click Merge to New Documents – All - Ok.
Step 10:To exit MS Word, go to File->Exit.
OUTPUT
To
<<Name>>
<<Address-Line_1>>
<<Address_Line_2>>
<<City>>
<<State>>
Sir/ Madam,
Sub : Interview Letter for the post of <<Job Title>>
You are hereby informed to attend the interview for the post of <<job Title>>on 29th feb
2016.Bring all the documents and original marks cards without fail.
Date : 25th jan 2016
Place : Davangere.
Yours Faithfully
Manager
MS Excel
Procedure for creating a Student Result Sheet
Step1: Open MS Office 2007 -> MS Excel -> File ->New

Step2: Select few columns and few rows to enter headings of the exercise.
Step3: Make tabular columns as per requirements i.e. sl.no. in the next right side columns
go to entering stu_reg_no, Stu_name, sub1, sub2, sub3, sub4, total, average,
result….etc., .
Step4: Entering the values in the corresponding columns such as sl.no., stu_reg_no,
Stu_name, sub1, sub2, sub3, sub4 of the 10 students.
Step5: Total Calculation: H5 = (D5+E5+F5+G5)
Step6: Average Calculation: I5 = (H5/4)
Step7: Result Computing
=(IF(OR(D5<40,E5<40,F5<40,G5<40),"f=Fail",
IF(I5>=85,"Distinction",
IF(AND(I5>=60,I5<85),"First class",
IF(AND(I5>=50,I5<60),"Second class",
IF(AND(I5>=40,I5<50),"Pass"))))))
Step8: After completion of first record, select total, average, result of the first student and
then drag the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner of total cell, the pointer
will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last student. The appropriate
vales will be present in the corresponding cells.
Step9: To save the file go to File->Save As enter the file name click save button.
Step10: To close the File, go to File->Close.
Step11: To exit MS - Excel, go to File->Exit.
OUTPUT
Procedure for computing Employee Salary
Step 1: Open MS Office 2007 -> MS Excel -> File ->New

Step 2: Select few columns and few rows to enter headings of the exercise.
Make tabular columns as per requirements i.e. sl.no. in the next right side columns
go to entering Emp_no, Emp_name, Basic_salary, DA, HRA, CCA, Gross_salary,
PF, IT, Deduction, Net_salary,….etc.,
Step 3:
Entering the values in the corresponding columns Emp_no, Emp_name,Basic_salary
of the 10 employees.
Step4: Now calculate the following values in the corresponding cells of first Employee only
DA – E7 =D7*30/100
HRA – F7=D7*10/100
CCA – G7 =D7*5/100
Gross_salary – H7=sum(D7:G7)
PF – I7 =D7*3/100
IT – J7 =D7*2/100
Deduction – K7=sum(I7:J7)
Net_salary – L7=h7-k7
Step5:
After completion of first record, select DA, HRA, CCA, Gross_salary, PF, IT,
Deduction, Net_salary of the first employee and then bring the mouse pointer to the
right bottom most corner of total cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag
it till the end of the last employee. The appropriate vales will be present in the
corresponding cells.
Step 6: To save the file go to File->Save As enter the file name click save button.
Step 8: To exit MS - Excel, go to File->Exit.
OUTPUT
Procedure for creating a Income Tax Report

Step 3: Make tabular columns as per requirements i.e. sl.no. in the next right side columns
go to entering Emp_no, Emp_name, Taxable Amount, Income Tax,….etc.,
Step 4: Entering the values in the corresponding columns Emp_no, Emp_name, Taxable
Amount of the 5 employees.
Step 5: Now calculate the following values in the corresponding cells of first Employee only
=(IF(D8<=200000,D2*0,
IF(AND(D8>200000,D8<=500000),D8*5/100,
IF(AND(D8>500000,D8<=1000000),D8*10/100,
IF(D8>1000000,D8*15/100)))))
Step 6:
After completion of first record, select Income Tax of the first employee and then
bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner of total cell, the pointer will
change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last employee. The appropriate
OUTPUT:
Procedure for creating a Commission Payable

go to entering Emp_no, Emp_name, Amount, Commission Payable,….etc.,
Step 4: Entering the values in the corresponding columns Emp_no, Emp_name, Amount of
the 5 employees.
Step 5: Now calculate the following values in the corresponding cells of first Employee only
Commission payable
=(IF(D8<=200000,D2*0,
IF(AND(D8>200000,D8<=500000),
D8*5/100,IF(AND(D8>500000,D8<=1000000),
D8*10/100,
IF(D8>1000000,D8*15/100)))))
Step 6:
After completion of first record, select Income Tax of the first employee and then
bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner of total cell, the pointer will
change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last employee. The appropriate
OUTPUT:
Procedure for simple interest

go to entering Principal amount, Rate, Terms, ….etc.,
Step 4: Entering the values in the corresponding columns Principal amount, Rate, Rate,
Terms
Step 5: Now calculate the simple interest using
= (B5*C5*D5)
Step 6:
After computing simple interest of first record, select simple interest of the first
employee and then bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner of total
cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last entry,
the appropriate simple interest in the corresponding cells.
OUTPUT:
Procedure for compound interest

go to entering Current Amount, Rate, Terms, Compound periods ….etc.,
Step 4: Entering the values in the corresponding columns Current Amount, Rate, Terms,
Compound periods
Step 5: Now calculate the compound interest using
Formula: =FV(C6/C8,C7*C8,0,-C5)
Ex:
=FV(C6/C8,C7*C8,0,-C5)
=FV(0.05/12,10*12,0,-1000)
=FV(0.00417,120,0,-1000)
=1647
Step 6:
After computing compound interest of first record, select simple interest of the first
employee and then bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner of total
cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last entry,
the appropriate compound interest in the corresponding cells.
For Reference follow below link:

https://exceljet.net/formula/calculate-compound-interest
OUTPUT
Procedure for Electricity bill

go to entering Name, Previous units, Current units, Consumed units, Electricity Charge, Sur
Charge and Calculate Bill Payable ….etc.,
Step 4: Entering the values in the corresponding columns
Units Consumed: = (D6-C6)
Electricity charge: = (IF(E6>200,E6*15,IF(E6>100,1000+(E6-100)*12,E5*10)))
Surcharge: = (IF(F6>5000,F6*5%,IF(F6>1000,F6*3%,0)))
Bills Payable: = (SUM(F6:G6))
Step 6:
After computing bills of payable of first record, bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom
most corner of total cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the
last entry, the appropriate bills payable in the corresponding cells.
OUTPUT
Procedure for Area and Circumference of Circle

go to entering Radius and calculate area and circumference of circle ….etc.,
Area of Circle: =(PI()*POWER(B4,2))
Circumference: =(2*PI()*B4)
Step 6:
After computing area and circumference of first record, bring the mouse pointer to the right
bottom most corner of total cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end
of the last entry, the appropriate area and circumference in the corresponding cells.
OUTPUT:
Procedure for Area of Rectangle

go to entering width, length and calculate area of rectangle ….etc.,
Step 5: Now calculate the area of rectangle
Area of rectangle: = (B4*C4)
Step 6:
After computing area of first record, bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner
of total cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last entry,
the appropriate area in the corresponding cells.
OUTPUT
Procedure for Area of Triangle

go to entering height and base and calculate area of triangle ….etc.,
Step 5: Now calculate the area of rectangle
Area of rectangle: =((B4*C4)/2)
Step 6:
After computing area of first record, bring the mouse pointer to the right bottom most corner
of total cell, the pointer will change to + mark, hold and drag it till the end of the last entry,
the appropriate area in the corresponding cells.
OUTPUT

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COMPUTER CONCEPTS FOR COMMERCE

1 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

COMPUTER CONCEPTS FOR COMMERCE

Module-1: Computer Concepts: (10 Hours)

Introduction, Meaning, and Evolution of Computers-History-Generation – Classification of

Module-2: Peripheral Devices: (08 Hours)

Module-3: Computer Memory (08 Hours)

Main Memory / Primary Memory-RAM and ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, PROM,

Module–4: Computer Software (08 Hours)

Meaning of Software Classification of Software: System Software Application

Module-5: MS-Word: (08 Hours)

Meaning and Features - Advantages, Basic Operations, Opening Document,

Module-6: MS-Excel: (08 Hours)

Meaning and Features of Electronic Spread Sheet- Advantages, Managing Work

Module-7: Soft Skills in Computer Knowledge: (14 Hours)

2 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

Unit I: Computer Concepts

3 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

Evolution and Generation of Computers

First Generation Computers

 First generation computers bore little resemblance to computers of today, either in

Second Generation Computers

Third Generation Computers

Fourth Generation Computers

4 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

The Fifth Generation of Computers

Classification on the basis of data handling are as follows

 An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data.

Digital computers in particular possess the following prominent characteristics…

Classification of digital computers

Types of Micro Computers

 Desktop Computer or Personal Computer(PC)

 Notebook Computers or Laptop

 A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface. The

 Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant(PDA)

 It is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm.

 A smartphone is a mobile phone with highly advanced features.

7 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

 A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and

 A personal computer is a general-purpose, cost-effective computer that is designed to be

8 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

 A PC can be a microcomputer, desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet PC or a

Application of Computer in Business

 A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility

 Marketing and advertising are like blood for business.

 E-commerce (electronic commerce) describes the buying, selling, and exchanging of

9 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

 Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is

Application of Computer in Office Environment

In office environment computers plays vital role, they are as below

10 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

Document Management System (DMS)

Office Support Systems enable

11 Raghu Gurumurthy, MCA (Site : : www.isat.guru www.raghug.in, Phone no: 9060130871)

Unit II: Peripheral Devices

Block Diagram of a Digital Computer System and Functions of each Block

Below diagram shows the components of digital computer, it consists of

 Primary Storage (Main Memory)

 Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Memory)