Learn English Ahead With Grammar

MANMOHAN JOSHI
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD

WITH GRAMMAR
2
Learn English: Ahead with Grammar
1st edition
© 2019 Manmohan Joshi & bookboon.com
ISBN 978-87-403-3167-7
Peer review by Vanita J., M.A.(English), B.Ed., CELTA
Cambridge Certified English Language Trainer
3
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Contents
CONTENTS
About the author 6
Preface 7
1 The English Alphabet 8

1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Making words from letters and syllables 9
2 Sounds of English 11
2.1 Vowels and sounds 11
2.2 Consonants 13
3 Nouns 19
3.1 Singular and plural nouns 19
4 Articles 21
4.1 Rules 21
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LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Contents
5 Pronouns 23
5.1 Forms of personal pronouns and possessive adjectives 24
5.2 Relatve pronouns and clauses 25
6 Verbs 30
6.1 The simple present tense 34
6.2 Present Continuous tense 38
6.3 Present Continuous with future meaning 42
6.4 Simple Past tense 43
6.5 Present Perfect tense 46
6.6 Present Perfect Continuous Tense 49
6.7 Simple Future tense 52
6.8 Auxiliaries and Modals 53
7 Prepositions 55
8 Adjectives 58
8.1 Quantifiers: adjectives used for quantity 59
9 Adverbs 64
9.1 Kinds of adverbs 64
9.2 Adverbs of frequency 65
10 Conjunctions 68
11 Synonyms and Antonyms 73

11.1 Synonyms 73
11.2 Antonyms 74
12 Suffix and Prefix 76
13 Expressions with ‘Do’ and ‘Make’ 79
14 Idiomatic Expressions 82
15 Phonetic Alphabet 88
Answer Key 90
5
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR About the author
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Manmohan Joshi, M.A., M.Ed., Cert. Educational Admin, Dip. HRD, Dip. Mgmt. (UK),
MBA, Ph.D. (Mgmt.), has over 45 years’ teaching, training and administrative experience.
He has worked as Principal of large and reputed educational institutions in India, Kuwait
and the Sultanate of Oman.
For his work on Innovative Practices in Value Education he was awarded by the National
Council of Educational Research and Training, India.
He is also the recipient of the Best Teacher Award from the Govt. of Tamilnadu as well as
the Central Board of Secondary Education, India.
He has presented papers at various national and international conferences under the auspices
of UNESCO. He has also conducted various workshops for teachers, students, parents and
administrators. The topics covered a wide area viz., Leadership and Team Building, Value
Education, Administration Skills, Career Choice, Effective Decision Making in Administration,
Effective Communication Skills, Interpersonal Relationships, Continuous Comprehensive
Evaluation, Skills in Dealing with Managers, Secretarial Skills. He has also authored several
books on different subjects.
Later he worked as Acting Chief Executive for a reputed Training Institute in the Sultanate
of Oman.
His recent formal official assignment was at a group of educational institutes in Bangalore,
India, where he conducted workshops and training programmes – especially training in
Soft Skills and Business Communication – for college professors and students, and taught
students of MBA, B.Ed. and Law.
Currently he is a freelancer and conducts workshops and training programmes for college
students, professors as well as those working in the corporate sector – particularly in the area
of Soft Skills, Business Communication, Pedagogy of Teaching, Guidance and Counselling
at College/School level.
He spends a great deal of time in writing books which are published as eBooks on www.
bookboon.com
He can be contacted through e-mail: [email protected]
6
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Preface
PREFACE
English is the most widely used language – both spoken and written – in almost all
countries. Yet a lot of people – non-native speakers as well as a lot of native speakers – lack
the knowledge of grammatical concepts which are absolutely essential for using the English
Language in an error-free and acceptable form.
This book contains explanations as well as exercises – with Answer Key at the end – that
will enable students and others alike to acquire skills necessary for the specific purpose of
comprehending text and responding suitably using grammatically correct language.
I take this opportunity to express my appreciation to Karin Hamilton Jacobsen and Sophie
Tergeist for encouraging me at all stages.
I’d also like to thank the entire team of bookboon.com for publishing several of my books,
including this one.
Manmohan Joshi
7
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR The English Alphabet
1 THE ENGLISH ALPHABET
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This is to remind you that words are made up of letters. There are many different words in
English Language. But they are all made up by using one or more of only twenty-six (26)
letters. Together the 26 letters in the English alphabet form what is called the ‘English
Alphabet’.
In case you have forgotten, here is a list of the 26 letters in the English Alphabet in both
their capital and small forms:
Capital:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Small:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
The order in which the letters of the alphabet are listed: A, B, C, and so on, is called the
‘alphabetical order’.
1.1.1 VOWELS
In the list above five (5) letters are shown in bold; they are: A, E, I, O, U, and they are
called vowels.
1.1.2 SYLLABLES
A syllable is part of a word which contains a vowel.
• A word which has only one vowel sound is a word of one syllable,
for example, small.
• A word which has two vowel sounds has two syllables, for example, English
(Eng – lish).
• A word which has three vowel sounds has three syllables, for example, alphabet
(al-pha-bet).
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1.1.3 CONSONANTS
The other 21 letters in the English Alphabet are called consonants. They are:
BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ
bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz
1.2 MAKING WORDS FROM LETTERS AND SYLLABLES

Words are built up with letters and syllables. Some words are short, and they have only
one or a few letters. Other words are long and have many letters.
1.2.1 ONE-LETTER WORDS
There are some words which have one letter only:

A or a: This short word means one only. We can have:
A (one) man or A (one) woman, a (one) dog, or a (one) table.
I: This short word is used for the person who is speaking or writing. The word is used only
for people. When it is a word on its own, the letter I is always a capital letter. We can have:
I am learning about English words.
He asked me where I was going.
1.2.2 TWO-LETTER WORDS
There are a number of words in the English Language which have two letters only. Here
are just a few of them:
am an as at be do go he if in is it
me my no on or so to up us we of
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1.2.3 THREE-LETTER WORDS
There are a number of words in the English Language which have three letters. Here are
just a few of them:
and bed car dig eat far got hit ill joy kin log
men not off pin run son tip use van win you zip
1.2.4 LONGER WORDS
There are a very large number of words in the English Language which have four or more
letters. Here are some of them:
adverb book course desk eating flower green house
idle jump long manual name onion paper study
queen replied school table under valley words yellow
1.2.5 FORMING WORDS
By placing letters of the alphabet in different orders we can make or form different words.
As an example, think about the three letters a, r, and t. By arranging these three letters in
different orders we can form the words art, rat and tar.
Not only are they three different words, but each of the words has a different meaning:
art: this can mean a practical skill or talent, or something of beauty created.
rat: this is an animal, a rodent.
tar: this is a sticky, black substance, which is often used on roads.
The order in which letters are arranged to make words is called ‘spelling’. The wrong spelling
of a word changes the meaning of what you mean to write. For example, if you mean to
write “good writing is an art”, but by mistake you write “good writing is a rat” your readers
will be confused!
So, it is important for you to be able to spell words correctly.
10
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Sounds of English
2 SOUNDS OF ENGLISH
2.1 VOWELS AND SOUNDS

In speaking the sounds of vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are made with mouth open.
In English, when a word has more than just one syllable, one of the syllables will – when
speaking – be stressed or sounded more strongly, or accented. A dictionary might show
you the syllable in a word which must be accented, by printing the symbol (’) after it or
by printing it (’) before it.
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) Symbols for the common sounds of English
Vowels
IPA Symbol Example
three
bin
fat
far
sort
put
boot
up
her
until
bed
rock
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Diphthongs
IPA Symbol Example
stay
try
toy
fear
there
sure
mouth
nose
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2.2 CONSONANTS
In speaking, their sounds are made by the meeting and parting of parts of the mouth.
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) Symbols for the common sounds of English
Consonants
IPA Symbol Example
plan
boy
test
desk
kiss
go
chest
Joke
find
visitor
thick
this
sad
zoo
shoe
television
heavy
many
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no
ring
love
run
yesterday
wet
Consonant letters and their sounds

A consonant letter usually represents one consonant sound. However, some consonant letters,
for example, c, g, s, can represent two different consonant sounds.
Letters Sounds Examples

(s) centre, cellar, cigarette, cinema, agency, notice
c
(k) cake, come, clean, cry, act, panic
(g) game, get, go, global, guide
g (j) giant, giraffe, general, huge
(zh) mirage, garage, beige, rouge
(h) history, hard, home, house, inherit
h
(-) (h)our, (h)onour, (h)honest, ve(h)icle
(kw) quality, qualification, quote, equal
q
(k) unique, technique, grotesque
(s) simple, sale, system, street, song
s
(z) cause, present, reason, was, always
(ks) exercise, exchange, expect, axis
x (gz) examination, exact, exit, exert
(z) xerox, xenophobia, xylophone
(z) zoo, puzzle, crazy, jazz, zero
z
(ts) pizza, waltz, Nazi
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The letter Y
The letter Y can function as a vowel or as a consonant.
As a vowel, Y has the vowel sounds: [ i], [ ai]
As a consonant Y has the consonant sound: (Y) (i.e. a semi-vowel sound, usually at the
beginning of a word and only in the syllable before a vowel.
Examples
[ i] baby, hurry, curry
[ ai] by, try, cry, type

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The letter W
The letter W represents the vowel sound [ u:] in the diphthongs [ au] and [ oʊ]].
Examples
now, how, cow, owl, brown, low
The –s / es ending of nouns and verbs

After a voiceless consonant: [ s]
After the voiced consonant or vowel: [ z]
After the letters: s, z, ch, tch, ge, dge, sh: [ iz]
[ s] [ z] [ iz]
tapes (teips) ribs (ribz) pieces (′pi: siz)
streets (stri:ts) legs (legz) roses (′rouziz)
chiefs (chi: fs) cows (kauz) coaches (′kouchiz)
writes (raits) reads (ri:dz) boxes (′boksiz)
myths (miϴs) goes (gouz) bridges (′brijiz)
parks (pa: rks) saves (seivz) washes (′wa: shiz)
The –ed ending of words

After a voiceless consonant: [ t]
After a voiced consonant or vowel: [ d]
After the letters: t, d: [ id]
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[ t] [ d] [ id]
stopped [stopt] saved [seivd] wanted [′wontid]
liked [laikt] called [co: ld] counted [′kauntid]
washed [wosht] seized [si: zd] needed [ni: did]
Consonant combinations
Letters Sounds Examples
[ ks] accent, access, accident

cc
[k] accommodate, account, occur
[ch] chain, check, much, church, kitchen

ch/tch
[k] character, chemical, mechanic
[g] guest, guard, guitar
gh [f] cough, rough, enough
[-] though, weigh, daughter
ph [f] phone, phrase, biography
[s] science, scissors, scene

sc
[ sk] scandal, scan, score
[ sk] school, scheme, schedule

sch
[ sh] schedule
[ϴ] thank, think, author

th
this, father, breathe
[ w] what, why, where

wh
[ h] who, whole
[ ks] exhibition
[ ks] + exhale, exhume

xh
[ h]
[ g] + [ z] exhort, exhale
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With silent letters Sounds Examples
by, pt [ t] doubt, debt, receipt
kn, gn, pn [ n] know, knife, sign, foreign, pneumonia
mb, lm [ m] lamb, comb, calm, salmon
ps [ s] psychology
rh [ r] rhyme, rhythm
wr [ r] wrestle, wrist, wrong
Letters in the suffix Sounds Example
ti, ci, si, su [ sh] nation, special, pension, sensual
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LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Nouns
3 NOUNS
3.1 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Singular: One – tree, camel, horse, book
Plural: More than one – trees. Camels, horses, books
Exercise-1: Find the singular nouns and plural nouns in these

sentences. Write ‘S’ above singular and ‘P’ above plural
1. The cat has frightened the pigeons.
2. The girl gave her cousin two apples.
3. There aren’t many nails on this door.
4. The cars are crossing the bridge.
5. How many letters did the postman bring?
6. The boys went up the stairs to their room.
Look at this table
• When the noun ends in: -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, o, and -x: we add -es
• When the noun ends in: consonant + y: we remove ‘y’ and add -ies
• When the noun ends in: vowel + y: we just add -s
• When the noun ends in: -f or -fe: we remove ‘f’ or ‘fe’, and add -ves
• These things are always in plural:
scissors glasses trousers shorts
• Some plurals do not end in -s: There is internal change when changing to plural:
man > men tooth > teeth
• Some nouns have singular and plural alike:
a sheep > sheep a fish > fish a deer > deer an aircraft>aircraft
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LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Nouns
Exercise-2: Write the plurals

mouse ____________
foot ____________
tooth ____________
man ____________
woman ____________
child ____________
half ____________
knife ____________
leaf ____________
thief ____________
wife ____________
sheep ____________
way ____________
bus ____________
dish ____________
furniture ____________
watch ____________
baby ____________
box ____________
day ____________
shelf ____________
potato ____________
tomato ____________
boy ____________
Exercise-3: Correct these sentences. There is one mistake in each sentence

1. Huda is a very interesting people._______________________________________________
2. My sister has three childs. _______________________________________________
3. There are a lot of sheeps in that field. _______________________________________________
4. These scissor are very sharp. _______________________________________________
5. You should brush your tooths twice a day, _______________________________________________
6. This job is for womans only. _______________________________________________
7. Please take your foots off the chair. _______________________________________________
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LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Articles
4 ARTICLES
4.1 RULES
Study the grammar box
Rules for using a, an, the
• We use a, or an……
1. With singular, countable nouns: a house, an apple, a bag of sugar
2. We use an before singular nouns that begin with vowel sounds. We use a with all
others.
3. Before a job or occupation in the singular: a photographer, an architect, a nurse
4. In expressions with numbers, when it means ‘every’: once a day, five times a week,
twice a year
• We use the………
1. When there is only one: the earth, the capital of England, the King of Jordan
2. With the names of……
*deserts – the Sahara Desert
*rivers – the River Nile, the Thames
*oceans and seas – the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean
*museums and libraries – the Egyptian Museum, the University Library
*hotels – the London Hilton, the Leela Palace Hotel
3. We don’t usually use the with the names of….

*towns and cities – Colombo, London, Tokyo, New York, Nairobi
*countries and continents – Britain, Egypt, Asia, South Africa
(but the USA, the UAE, the United Kingdom – i.e. name is a group of words)
*streets – Oxford Street, Bond Street
*mountains – Mount Everest, Mount Kilimanjaro
*airports – Heathrow Airport, Denver International Airport
4. Sometimes we use the with the names of important buildings…….

the White House, the Taj Mahal, the Pyramids, the Red Fort
…….and sometimes we don’t……
Buckingham Palace, Big Ben, Abu Simbel
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LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Articles
Exercise-1: Put a or the in the gaps, where necessary. Put (X) when nothing is needed
Examples: a ____________
She is ____________
doctor. I don’t ____________
X ____________
meat.
He watches television in ____________

the ____________
evenings.
1. Julia doesn’t like ____________coffee.

2. Can I have ____________cup of tea, please?
3. Manuela and Laura are ____________teachers.
4. I like playing tennis in ____________mornings.
5. Phillips is ____________secretary.
6. Helmut works in ____________bookshop.
7. Cathy like listening to ____________music.
8. When do you go to ____________supermarket?
9. I don’t eat in ____________restaurants.
10. Which is bigger, ____________Atlantic Ocean or ____________Pacific Ocean?
Exercise-2: Complete these sentences with a, an or the

1. This morning I bought (1) ____________ newspaper and (2) ____________ magazine.
(3) ____________
newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put (4)
____________magazine.
2. My brother is (5) ____________engineer. He lives in (6) ____________old house in
(7) ____________
small village. He has (7) ____________
beautiful garden behind (8)
____________
house.
3. I saw (9) ____________accident this morning. (10) ____________car crashed into
(11) ____________
tree. The driver of (12) ____________
car wasn’t hurt but (13)
____________
car was damaged.
Exercise-3: Fill in the gaps with a, an or the

Once there were four good friends, (1) ____________ little goat, (2) ____________ elephant, (3)
____________
rat and (4) ____________ crow. One morning (5) ____________ others were worried
because (6) ____________
goat did not meet them at (7) ____________ riverside as usual. (8)
____________crow flew up into (9) ____________
air, and immediately came down with (10)
____________
news that their friend was caught in (11) ____________ hunter’s net. (12) ____________
elephant was very angry but did not know what to do. (13) ____________ rat ran quickly to
(14) ____________
net and began to cut it with its teeth. (15) ____________ little goat was now
freed from (16) ____________hunter’s net.
22
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Pronouns
5 PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are pronouns.
• He is used for: man, boy.

• She is used for: woman, girl.
• It is used for: an animal or a plant or for a non-living thing: table, feeling,
There are many other types of pronouns. Some pronouns are used for asking questions or
for pointing to something: examples: who, whom, which, what, this, that, these and those.
Here are some examples; the pronouns are in bold:
1. Tom is my brother and he is as tall as I am.

2. Mary’s brother gives her many clothes.
3. There is the lady who wants to speak to you.
4. Of all the books I like that. (pointing to the chosen book)
23
5. This book is mine. That one (book) is yours. (possession)

6. These are some good books. That is mine. (pointing)
7. Who is your best friend? (asking a question)
5.1 FORMS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Possessive Possessive
As a subject As an object Reflexive Pronoun
Pronoun Adjective
I me mine my myself
We us ours our ourselves
You you yours your yourself/yourselves
He him his his himself
She her hers her herself
They them theirs their themselves
It it its its itself
Exercise-1: Use the correct pronoun in the sentences

1. Sarah was playing cricket. ____________was with Mary.
2. The travellers went to the beach. ____________
enjoyed there.
3. Jeremy lost his bicycle. ____________
had kept ____________ behind the house.
4. ____________name is Ayesha. I have a new book.
5. The boy ran down the road. ____________ was late for school.
6. This is my father. We have been looking for ____________ .
7. John, Vera and I are going to town. ____________ hope to see a film.
8. We are going for a walk, Ali. Would ____________ like to come with ____________
?
9. The people on the platform are going to Leicester. ____________ have been waiting
a long time for ____________train.
10. We are working hard. Will you help ____________ ?
11. Your cousins are in the park. Let’s go and meet ____________ .
12. One of my shoes is missing. Perhaps ____________is in the bedroom.
24
Exercise-2: Put his, her, your, or their into the gaps

1. “What’s ____________ name”? “My name is Sheila”.
2. Celia is a travel agent. ____________ job is interesting.
3. Richard and Jeremy have a dog. ____________dog’s name is Fido.
4. John is a teacher. ____________ school is in the centre of the city.
5. Albert has a daughter. ____________name is Elena.
6. “What are ____________names”? “Our names are Robin and Samantha”.
7. This is my coach. ____________name is Chris Gayle.
8. This is my sister. ____________name is Emma.
Exercise-3: Read the text and use the correct pronoun to fill in the gaps
Mahmoud was a trader. (1) ____________ always rode a large, white donkey. (2) ____________
and
the donkey both slept in the same tent at night. (3) ____________
were never far from each other
in the daytime. Bader was a young boy. (4) ____________ used to travel with him sometimes.
One morning (5) ____________ started for Baghdad with Mahmoud. Bader had 80 coins of
gold in a leather bag. The next morning, the gold coins were lost. (6) ____________ rushed to
Mahmoud and said, (7) “ ____________ had kept 80 gold coins with me. (8) ____________kept the
bag of gold near me at night but now (9) ____________ is missing. Can (10) ____________please
find it”? Mahmoud asked him a few questions. Then (11) ____________ said, “Before sunset
(12) ____________
will find your gold. Now be quiet”.
5.2 RELATVE PRONOUNS AND CLAUSES
Clauses
A sentence can contain:
• A main clause, and

• One or more subordinate clauses.
A subordinate clause
• is a group of words,
• has a subject and a verb
• forms part of a sentence.
25
Examples: We knew that the bridge was unsafe. This is the painting that I bought in
Rome.
The relative pronouns are: who, which, that and what.
We use relative pronouns to join sentences. We use who or that for people and other living
beings, and which or that for things.
Examples
The girl was a student. She won the first prize for painting.
The girl who/that won the first prize for painting was a student.
The pen is for my brother. You saw it.
The pen which/that you saw is for my brother.
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Exercise-4: Circle the correct answer

1. This is the girl who broke/she broke the window pane.
2. Do you know the people who live/they live next door?
3. Did you like the mobile which I presented/presented it to you on your birthday?
4. The bike which is outside/it is outside belongs to my brother Ahmed.
5. This is the new kind of machine which grinds/it grinds coffee beans.
Exercise-5: Look at the sentences below and write in who or which

1. I’ve got the DVDs ____________you wanted.
2. The lady ____________lives next door is a scientist.
3. I know the teacher ____________teaches your son in school.
4. I’ve lost the ring ____________my father bought last month.
5. Do you know any of the boys ____________are standing outside the gate?
6. The bakery ____________sells fresh bread opens at 6.00 am.
Exercise-6: Use who, or where to complete the sentences

1. That smart man ____________ I met at a party is a famous author.
2. Steve ____________ got 99% marks in Mathematics is my childhood friend.
3. I don’t know ____________ he lives.
4. Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world and ____________ many
mountaineers go, is very difficult to get to.
5. People ____________ know my friend say that he is a very smart person.
Exercise-7: Join the following sentences by changing the words he, she,
it, they etc. to who or which. One has been done as an example
1. Most of the people speak Mandarin. They live in China.
Most of the people who live in China speak Mandarin.
2. The bus isn’t running today. It goes to Trafalgar Square.
___________________________________________________________________
3. My friend is not well. She hasn’t come to work today.
___________________________________________________________________
4. The eggs are bad. I bought them last week.
___________________________________________________________________
5. I’d like to talk to the student. She designed this machine.
___________________________________________________________________
27
Relative pronoun: that

We can use that instead of who or which.
Examples
The man lives at number 15. He is getting married next month.
The man that lives at number 15 is getting married next month.
The oranges are bad. I bought them yesterday.
The oranges that I bought yesterday are bad.
Using this (with singular and near) and that (with singular and far)
Exercise-8: Use this or that to complete the sentences

1. Please call ____________boy standing under the tree.
2. Tom, ____________is my brother Sam.
3. Can you solve ____________puzzle?
4. The boat looks quite far. Can you see ____________?
5. ____________is an interesting book. Would you like to read it?
6. Look at ____________deer running away. How fast he runs!
Using these (with plural and near) and those (with plural and far)
Exercise-9: Use these or those to complete the sentences

We use this and these to talk about things or living beings that are here, near to us.
We use that and those to talk about things or living beings that are there, not near.
28
1. What are ____________insects? Let me look at them.

2. Who are ____________people across the river?
3. Some of ____________trees in the distance seem to be very tall.
4. Where are you taking ____________chairs? We need them here.
5. Don’t worry. ____________bees are quite far.
6. Why have ____________people gathered here?
Exercise-10: Put in this / that / these / those

1. Why are you living in ____________country if you are not happy?
2. Please get me ____________instrument from the lab.
3. ____________shoes are hurting my feet.
4. Come here and look at ____________photos.
5. Could you pass me ____________bottle?
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29
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Verbs
6 VERBS
A verb tells us about an action or being or possession.
Selena plays tennis. (action)
They are clever. (being)
The horse has four legs. (possession)
The main parts of a verb are

1. The present tense (first form)
2. The past tense (second form)
3. The past participle (third form)
Regular and Irregular verbs

Regular verbs change their forms to make the past or past participle form by adding -d or
-ed.
Irregular verbs change their forms to make the past or past participle form by changing
the internal structure.
30
Examples of Regular verbs
Base form Past Simple Past Participle
play played played
work worked worked
smile smiled smiled
talk talked talked
walk walked walked
roll rolled rolled
stay stayed stayed
like liked liked
design designed designed
cook cooked cooked
pray prayed prayed
use used used
open opened opened
start started started
31
Examples of Irregular verbs

be was/were been
become became become
begin began begun
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
can could could
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
have had had

hear heard heard
hit hit hit
keep kept kept
know knew known
32

learn learned learned
leave left left
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met

play paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
33
15
6.1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Using the verb ‘to be’ (being)

The Simple Present tense of a verb refers to an action that happens in present time or
regularly. The verb to be is the most commonly used verb in English. It helps other verbs
with their tenses and it can be used on its own,
My name is John. I am English. This is my friend Anwar. He is Egyptian and he and I

are in a football match today.
Use
he, she, it, and singular noun = is
you, we, they, and plural noun = are
I = am
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Exercise-1: Complete the sentences with: is, are, am

1. Bob ____________my close friend.
2. In our classroom there ____________two fans.
3. She ____________always on time with her assignment.
4. Some of the boys ____________late with their work.
5. I ____________lucky to have you as my friend.
6. Hi, Ben. How ____________you?
7. I ____________fine.
8. I am Peter. What ____________your name?
9. What ____________this in French?
10. It ____________a beautiful painting.
Exercise-2: Complete the sentences with is, are, am

1. A: How ____________you today?
B: I ____________very well, thanks.
2. A: Where ____________you from?
B: I ____________from Philippines.
3. A: Where ____________Jack and Maria on holiday?
B: They ____________in Florida.
4. A: ____________the weather good?
5. B: Yes, it ____________fantastic.
Using action verbs: Look at these sentences

Positive/Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I/We/You/They play They do not (don’t) play. Do they play?
He/She/It plays He does not (doesn’t) play. Does he play?
1. With he, she, it and singular subjects we have to add s or es to the verb.
2. Short forms are: do not = don’t does not = doesn’t
3. Negative interrogative forms are:
Do you not play? Don’t you play?
Does he not play? Doesn’t he play?
4. In sentences with a question word the pattern is:
Question word + do/does + subject + verb + …………...
When do you play? When does he play?
35
Exercise-3: Complete the verbs

1. I get > He gets
2. You go > She goes
3. We have > He ____________
4. I leave > She ____________
5. We do > He ____________
6. You watch > She ____________
7. They live > He ____________
8. I work > She ____________
Exercise-4: Complete the sentences with the present

tense form of the verbs given in brackets
1. I ____________ his address. (know)
2. Elena ____________ her work on time. (do)
3. They ____________ in the morning. (pray)
4. Smith ____________ very interesting stories. (write)
5. It ____________ heavily in our country. (rain)
36
Exercise-5: Complete the following, using the verbs

in the brackets in Simple Present tense
I (1) ____________ (live) in Thailand with my husband, Dang. I (2) ____________ (be) a
teacher, and Dang (3) ____________ (be) a journalist. We (4) ____________ (live) in a flat
near the centre of Bangkok. It (5) ____________(be) very expensive. Paul (6) ____________
(works) at home. He (7) ____________ (read) and (8) ____________ (write) a lot. He (8)
____________(use) a computer. I (9) ____________(work) in a language school in Bangkok.
We (10) ____________ (have) a car, but I don’t (11) ____________ (drive) to work. I (12)
____________ (walk). At the weekends, Paul (13) ____________ (play) football, and I (14)
____________(go) swimming. On Saturday evenings, we (15) ____________(go) to the cinema,
or sometimes we (16) ____________(cook) dinner for our friends.
Exercise-6: Put do, don’t, does, or doesn’t into the gaps

1. ____________you like red roses? Yes, I ____________.
2. ____________he work for Land Rover? Yes, he ____________,
3. ____________she go to the supermarket on Fridays? No, she ____________.
4. ____________they drive to work? Yes, they ____________.
5. ____________he have a CD player? No, he ____________.
Exercise-7: Put do or does, go or goes into the gaps

1. When ____________he ____________to work?
2. He ____________to work at nine o’clock.
3. ____________she ____________to London every day?
4. ____________you ____________to school?
5. ____________they ____________to the beach?
6. When ____________Harry arrive at work?
7. ____________you like orange juice?
8. When ____________you have dinner?
9. ____________she play tennis?
10. Where ____________they live?
37
Exercise-8: Make the sentences negative

Examples: I work in London. I don’t work in London.
We are teachers. We aren’t teachers.
1. We go to work on Sundays. ______________________________________________________________

2. We are policemen. ___________________________________________________________________
3. I have an expensive car. _________________________________________________________________
4. They like listening to music in the evenings. ______________________________________________
5. She likes playing tennis. _________________________________________________________________
Exercise-9: Make these sentences positive/affirmative

Examples: We don’t like dancing. We like dancing.
We aren’t doctors. We are doctors.
1. I don’t drink milk. ___________________________________________________________________

2. We aren’t married. ___________________________________________________________________
3. We don’t work on Fridays. ________________________________________________________________
4. They don’t have a new television. _________________________________________________________
5. We don’t like swimming. ________________________________________________________________
6. She doesn’t like going out in the evenings. ________________________________________________
Spelling of verbs in Present Simple with: he/she/it/singular subjects
Most verbs: add -s listens, leaves, walks
Verbs ending in: -s, -ss, -sh, -ch: add -es watches, washes, glasses
go, have, and do are irregular goes, has, does
6.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense is about an action that is happening now, at the present time.
38
Look at these sentences

1. I am going to Denmark.
2. She is reading a new chapter.
3. Ronaldo is playing football.
4. Claudia is writing a letter.
5. Jane and Mboko are learning French.
Form: Affirmative/Positive: subject + verb to be + verb + ing + …………...
I + am + reading.
He / She / It + is + running.
They/You/We + are + watching TV.
Short form: I’m, You’re, He’s, She’s, They’re, We’re

Form: Negative: Subject + verb to be + verb + ing + …………...
I +am (I’m) + not + reading.

He/She/It + is + not + running
They/We/You + are +not + watching TV.
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Exercise-10: Study the spelling rules and examples in the

box. Then write the -ing form of the verbs below
Verb + ing
If a word ends in one vowel + consonant, we double the consonant:
sit sitting
begin beginning
stop stopping
If a verb ends in a consonant + -e, the -e disappears:
score scoring
take taking
leave leaving
For all other verbs, we just add -ing
wait waiting
go going
help helping
look looking
1. come ____________
2. play ____________ 3. learn ____________
4. do ____________ 5. have ____________ 6. get ____________
7. hit ____________ 8. pass ____________ 9.plan ____________
10. use ____________ 11. swim ____________ 12. make ____________
13. win ____________ 14. think ____________ 15. eat ____________
Exercise-11: Complete the sentences. Use these words, as suitable

build cook go have stand stay swim work
1. Please be quiet. I’m working.

2. “Where is Sam”? “He’s in the kitchen. He _________________________________________________
40
3. “You ___________________________________________________________________
on my foot”. “Oh, I’m sorry”.
4. Look! Somebody ___________________________________________________________________
in the river.
5. We’re here on holiday. We _______________________________________________________________
at the Hilton
hotel.
6. “Where’s Ann”? “She ___________________________________________________________________
a shower.
7. They ___________________________________________________________________
a new theatre in the city centre at
the moment.
8. I ___________________________________________________________________
now. Goodbye.
Exercise-12: Complete the sentences in the Present

Continuous form using the verbs given in brackets.
1. They (come) ___________________________________________________________________
home.
2. I (ride) ___________________________________________________________________
my bicycle.
3. He (sing) ___________________________________________________________________
a happy song.
4. We (have) ___________________________________________________________________
our breakfast.
5. Jennifer (bake) ___________________________________________________________________
a cake.
6. The cat (sit) ___________________________________________________________________
in the tree.
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Exercise-13: Choose the best verb form – Present Simple or Present Continuous
Right now, I (1) ____________(go) for a jog in the park, that’s why I (2) ____________(wear)
shorts. I (3) ____________(not wear) shorts usually. I (4) ____________(not like) shorts.
It’s fantastic! It’s only July and it is really, really very hot. The sun (5) ____________(shine)
and people (6) ____________(wear) t-shirts! I (7) ____________(have) tea outside; it’s glorious!
Normally in this city it (8) ____________(rain) all the time in July, but today it’s beautiful!
6.3 PRESENT CONTINUOUS WITH FUTURE MEANING

We use going to form or simply -ing form to suggest people’s intention to do something
in the future.
Examples
The teacher is going to give us a test today.
Are you going to invite everybody?
We are going to shift to a new house tomorrow.
I am meeting my friend this evening.
She is playing a badminton match this afternoon.
Exercise-14: Put the verbs in these sentences in the going to

form or simply -ing form, whichever appropriate
1. She ___________________________________________________________________
married next week. (get)
2. We ___________________________________________________________________
an interview to select our cricket
team. (hold)
3. They ___________________________________________________________________
a flyover at this site. (build)
4. He ___________________________________________________________________
a doctor when he grows up. (be)
5. When ___________________________________________________________________
this exercise? (you / do)
6. When ___________________________________________________________________
your doctor? (you / see)
42
6.4 SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The Simple Past tense is used for an action or state which happened at some time in
the past. For example, yesterday, last night, three weeks ago. However, it is not always
necessary to say when it was.

I left for school.
She invited all her friends to tea.
My mother baked a cake for the party.
My friends brought presents for me.
We did not go to the beach.
FORM
In positive sentences, we use the simple past tense form of the verb with all subjects.
In negative sentences the pattern is: subject + did not + verb + …………...
In interrogative sentences the pattern is: did + subject + verb + …………...
(In case of using question word in interrogative): Question word + did + subject
+ verb + …………...
Short forms: I didn’t play. Didn’t you play?
Exercise-15: Write the Past Simple forms

1. I live in London. I lived in London.
2. He lives in Toronto. _______________________________________________________________
3. Do you live in Nairobi? _______________________________________________________________
4. Does she live in Dubai? _______________________________________________________________
5. I don’t live in Hongkong. _______________________________________________________________
6. He doesn’t live in Manila. _______________________________________________________________
43
Exercise-16: Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the Past Simple
clean die enjoy finish happen open rain start stay want
1. I ____________
cleaned ____________
my teeth three times yesterday.
2. It was hot in the room, so I _____________________________________________________________
the window.
3. The concert ___________________________________________________________________
at 7.30 and ___________________________________________
at 10 o’clock.
4. When I was a child, I ___________________________________________________________________
to be a doctor.
5. The accident ___________________________________________________________________
last Sunday afternoon.
6. It’s a nice day today but yesterday it ______________________________________________________
all day.
7. We ___________________________________________________________________
our holiday last year. We _______________________________________
at a very
nice place.
8. Susan’s grandfather ___________________________________________________________________
when he was 90 years old.
Exercise-17: Write the Past Simple forms of these verbs

1.get ____________ 2. pay ____________ 3. go ____________
4. see ____________ 5. visit ____________ 6. think ____________
7. put ____________ 8. know ____________ 9. speak ____________
10. play ____________
11. buy ____________ 12. copy ____________
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Exercise-18: Write sentences about the past (yesterday / last week, etc.)
he went to work by car ____________
1. Jim always goes to work by car. Yesterday ____________ .
2. Rachel often loses her keys. She __________________________________________________________
last week.
3. Kate meets her friends every evening. She _________________________________________________
yesterday
evening.
4. I usually buy two newspapers every day, Yesterday I ________________________________________
5. We usually go to the cinema on Sundays. Last Sunday we __________________________________
6. I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I _____________________________________________________
7. Brian always has a shower in the morning. This morning he ________________________________
8. Our friends come to see us every Friday. They _____________________________________________
last Friday.
Exercise-19: Fill in the gaps with the correct Past

tense of the verbs given in the brackets
There (1) ____________ (be) once a prince who (2) ____________ (want) to get married. He
(3) ____________ (request) his mother and father to find him a bride. When he was fifteen
years old, the queen (4) ____________ (say), “OK. Go and find your own princess and get
married”. So, the prince (5) ____________ (sit) on his horse and (6) ____________ (go) in
search of a bride. Soon he (7) ____________ (find) a beautiful princess. He (8) ____________
(fix) a date for his wedding. But nobody (9) ____________ (come). So, he (10) ____________
(rush) to the palace and (11) ____________ (ask) his parents, “Why didn’t you come for
my wedding”? The queen (12) ____________ (shout) back, “but where is the invitation”?
The prince (13) ____________ (answer), “but I don’t know how to spell ‘invitation’”. The
queen (14) ____________ (change) the wedding date to his 25th birthday. So, the prince
(15) ____________ (marry) the princess on his 25th birthday and (16) ____________ (live)
happily ever after.
Exercise-20: Change the sentences to negative and interrogative forms

1. They drove their cars very fast.
(Negative) ___________________________________________________________________
(Interrogative) ___________________________________________________________________
2. She spoke English very well.
(Negative) ___________________________________________________________________
(Interrogative) ___________________________________________________________________
3. The ship sank in the ocean.
(Negative) ___________________________________________________________________
(Interrogative) ___________________________________________________________________
45
4. You met her last Sunday.

(Negative) ___________________________________________________________________
(Interrogative) ___________________________________________________________________
5. It cost us much.
(Negative) ___________________________________________________________________
(Interrogative) ___________________________________________________________________
6. He posted the letters yesterday.
(Negative) ___________________________________________________________________
(Interrogative) ___________________________________________________________________
6.5 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

This tense is used to express an action that has been recently completed.
He has just left.
We have just received this information.
She has finished the painting.
Mariam has taken the car.
FORM
Positive: subject + has / have + past participle + …………...
Negative: subject + hasn’t / haven’t + past participle + …………...
Interrogative: has / have + subject + past participle + …………...
Question word + has / have + subject + past participle + …………...
Past perfect: had in place of has / have
46
Exercise-21: Use has or have with the suitable Past Participle of

the verb to make the sentences in present perfect tense.
1. He ____________ just ____________ (write) a book.
2. She ____________ ____________ (drive) all night.
3. The teacher ____________ just ____________ (make) a mistake.
4. He ____________ ____________ (finish) the painting at last.
5. They ____________ not yet ____________ (pay) the bill.
6. We ____________ never ____________ (travel) abroad.
Exercise-22: Study the grammar box. Then complete the

questions and answers with the correct form of have
Present Perfect
Question: Have you ever visited Kenya? (= in your life)
Answer: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Examples:
Has Salman ever flown in a plane? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
Have they ever used a computer? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
Example: Has he ever eaten Chinese food? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
1. ____________ you ever had a serious accident? No, I ____________.

2. ____________ we ever met before? Yes, we _________________________________________________
.
3. ____________ I ever seen your house? No, you _____________________________________________
.
4. ____________ Oman ever won the FIFA World Cup? No, it ____________.
5. ____________ your sister ever played football? Yes, she ____________.
47
Exercise-23: Study this grammar box. Then write the

time phrases under the correct headings.
Present Perfect or Past Simple?
• Use the Past Simple for finished time.

- I went to Britain last year.
- I didn’t see Fahad yesterday.
- I had breakfast an hour ago.
• Use the Present Perfect for unfinished time,

- I have been to Britain. (in my life)
yesterday today two hours ago this week last Friday
5.30 this morning this month this year
48
Finished time Unfinished time
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
6.6 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Present Perfect Continuous tense refers to an action which began in the past and is
still continuing (in the present).

She has been working here since April.
He has been reading that book for the last two hours.
FORM
Positive: subject + has been / have been + verb + ing + …………...
Negative: subject + has not been / have not been + verb + ing + …………...
Interrogative: has / have + subject + been + verb + ing + …………...
Question word + has / have + subject + been + verb + ing + …………...
Past Perfect Continuous: had in place of has / have
49
Exercise-24: Study the grammar box. Then complete

the time phrases with for or since
Present Perfect tense with since and for
• Since: for specific time, date or event in the past

- Most countries have developed industries since the Industrial Revolution.
- Space science has developed a lot since 1960.
- I have not seen my cousin since he got married.
• For: for a period of time

- We have lived here for 25 years.
- She has been ill for three days.
- I haven’t seen you for a long time.
1. ____________ January 2. ____________ a long time 3. ____________ 10 minutes
4. ____________ yesterday 5. ____________ two months 6. ____________ I was 13

years old
7. ____________ 17 years 8. ____________ many centuries 9. ____________ the 16th

century
10. ____________ my sister’s wedding 11. ____________ about five minutes
12. ____________ 1st of October 1997
Exercise-25: Complete the sentences with for or since

1. My uncle has worked in Dubai____________ twenty years.
2. India has been an independent country____________ 1947.
3. We’ve had the same Maths teacher____________ the past two years.
4. I’ve been much happier____________ I met you.
5. I haven’t visited my cousin____________ last Christmas.
6. Ophelia has been in hospital____________ two months.
50
Exercise-26: Complete these sentences with appropriate time phrases

1. I have known my best friend for _________________________________________________________
.
2. I’ve been a student in this school since ____________________________________________________
3. My father has had the same job for _______________________________________________________
.
4. My parents have been married since ______________________________________________________
.
5. He has been stammering since ___________________________________________________________
.
.
6. Kuwait has been an oil-producing country for _____________________________________________
Exercise-27: Tina wants to introduce herself to a new friend. Given

below are some of her personal details. Fill in the gaps using
the Present Perfect form of the verbs given in brackets
Dear Helga,
Let me introduce myself. I am Tina. I (1) ____________ (live) in Seattle all my life. I
(2) ____________ (be) a student of West Seattle High School from the beginning. I (3)
____________ always (4) ____________ (be) interested in making new friends.
51
My hobbies are music, reading and playing tennis. I (5) ____________ (learn) music for
five years. I (6) ____________ (give) performances in different cities. I also love reading
story books. I (7) ____________ often (8) ____________ (try) to write short stories and
poems but no one wants to read them.
I (9) ____________ also (10) ____________ (be) a tennis champion all these years in school.
I (11) ____________ (have) to miss school sometimes because of matches. So far, I (12)
____________ (play) at the junior level but I would like to join the senior group soon.
I (13) ____________ (tell) you a lot of things about myself. Do write to me about yourself
and your interests.
Bye,
Tina
6.7 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

The Simple Future tense is just one of the ways in which we can refer to something that
will happen in the future. That means after the present time.

We will go to Spain next month.
He will wait for us in the classroom.
FORM
Positive: subject + will + verb + …………...
Negative: subject + will not (won’t) + verb + …………...
Interrogative: will + subject + verb + …………...
Question word + will + subject + verb + …………...
Short forms: I’ll, You’ll, They’ll, She’ll, We’ll, He’ll
52
Exercise-28: Change these sentences into the Simple Future tense

1. Michael misses the train. ________________________________________________________________
2. The bird flies away. ___________________________________________________________________
3. The children are tired after the game. _____________________________________________________
4. The two boys and Sarah have their tea. ____________________________________________________
5. The weather is fine. ___________________________________________________________________
6.8 AUXILIARIES AND MODALS

The verbs ‘be’ (am, is, are, was, were), have and do, when used with ordinary verbs to
make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives, are called auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries.
The verbs that are called modal verbs or modals are: can, could, may, might, will, would,
shall, should, must and ought. They are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings
such as permission, possibility, certainty and necessity. Need and dare can sometimes be
used like modal verbs.
Exercise-29: Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries from the words in the box.
can will must should could
1. He ____________ never deceive me.

2. We ____________ obey the laws.
3. I ____________
____________
hear a dog bark.
4. He ____________ easily have done it.
5. Joseph ____________ help his brother.
6. They ____________ turn you out of job.
Exercise-30: Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries from the words in the box
would should may needs can must used
53
1. Ahmed ____________ play the guitar.

2. I ____________ go to Greenland next year.
3. Juanita ____________ to come home often.
4. You ____________ obey your parents.
5. We ____________ help the poor.
6. Peter ____________ see the doctor.
7. ____________ I know where I can buy medicines?
8. The students ____________ be present at 9.30 am without fail.
9. We ____________ pay the tax on time.
10. She said that she ____________ return the books tomorrow.
Exercise-31: Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliaries

1. ____________ you come to the canteen with me?
2. I ____________ like to know what my duty is.
3. She ____________ play tennis very well.
4. The bank officer ____________ agree to grant the loan.
5. It ____________ rain today.
6. We ____________ obey elders.
7. Students ____________ always be punctual.
8. ____________ I borrow your pen?
9. ____________ I come in?
10. I ____________ finish my work by Sunday.
11. ____________ his soul rest in peace!
12. ____________ you lift this heavy suitcase?
13. You ____________ pay all the dues before filling in the examination form.
14. You ____________ go now.
15. He ____________ not answer the question.
Exercise-32: Choose the correct alternative

1. I don’t think I ____________ be able to go. (shall/should/can)
2. He ____________ not pay unless he is compelled. (shall/will/dare)
3. I wish you ____________ tell me earlier. (should/would/must)
4. ____________ you please help me with this? (Shall/Should/Would)
5. He ____________ not ask for a rise, for fear of losing his job. (need/dare/would)
6. You ____________ light a match; the room is full of gas. (needn’t/mustn’t/won’t)
7. He ____________ to play cricket before his marriage. (used/is used/was used)
8. ____________ I carry the box into the house for you? (Shall/Will/Would)
54
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Prepositions
7 PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word which shows the relation or connection between other words.
Prepositions are words that go before nouns and pronouns. (The word ‘preposition’ means
place before.) They usually join with the nouns or pronouns to become part of a phrase.
Look at these phrases

under the table behind your chair at the match
in the morning after lunch of the city
on the table through the window in the pocket
over the mountain in front of you out of the window
beside the table across the river near the house
from the market about the weather
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Exercise-1: Complete the sentences with a preposition from the box
for at in to with of
1. I’m waiting ____________ the postman to arrive.

2. Look ____________ the picture! Isn’t it beautiful!
3. I’m looking ____________ George. Is he here?
4. If you have a problem, ask ____________ help.
5. Are you interested ____________ history?
6. Did you know that Helen is getting married ____________ James?
7. Can I speak ____________ you for a minute?
8. My children are afraid ____________ the dogs.
9. Are you good ____________ tennis?
10. This book is full ____________ useful information.
Exercise-2: Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions

1. My grandfather is always complaining ____________ the pain in his back.
2. The pilot blamed his colleague ____________ losing their way.
3. An infant depends ____________ its mother for food.
4. He is worried ____________ his bad results.
5. They are very fond ____________ football.
6. They were absent ____________ the class yesterday.
7. I was angry ____________ my brother for breaking my tape recorder.
Exercise-3: Fill in the correct prepositions from the box
across at during for in into on to of
1. Halloween is celebrated ____________the United States ____________October 31.

2. “Are you going away for the weekend”? “I don’t know. It depends ____________
the weather”.
3. Don’t kiss the prince. He might turn ____________a frog.
4. He felt bad ____________no reason at all.
56
5. I have been living here ____________ten years.

6. “Have you been ____________the cinema recently”? “Yes, I was there a few days
ago”.
7. I happened to meet an old friend ____________town.
8. Have you read the article? It was ____________yesterday’s paper.
9. He always drives ____________a great speed because he’s always ____________a
hurry.
10. He is very fond ____________good food.
11. He married ____________the age of 28.
12. I bought many things ____________my stay in New York.
13. According ____________the guide there are three hotels ____________the town,
14. I saw her standing ____________the queue but I don’t know if she got ____________
the bus.
15. John has a very strange taste ____________clothes.
16. I’m interested ____________basketball but I’m not good ____________playing it.
17. I’m returning ____________Spain ____________the end of the month.
18. My parents met ____________the war in 1943.
19. It was embarrassing. I didn’t have enough money ____________pay for the meal.
20. It was ____________the TV yesterday morning.
57
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Adjectives
8 ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word which can be used to describe or to modify the meaning of a
noun or of a pronoun.
Examples
The tall man in the brown coat is my father.
The east wind is cold and strong.
Exercise-1: Underline the adjectives in this story

An old woman had her handbag stolen. She told a friendly policeman that a small boy had
taken it. As well as the boys in the narrow street there was a short man with a hairy dog and
also a young girl with her mother.
Exercise-2: Complete the sentences with adjectives from the box
bad happy heavy beautiful twelve much
many good safe quiet fast careless
1. The postman has brought us a ____________parcel.

2. Robert is a ____________man today. He has finished writing his book.
3. Vanessa ate too many chocolates and now she has ____________teeth.
4. What a ____________flower this is!
5. There are ____________months in a year.
6. There is not ____________sugar in my tea.
7. There were not ____________people on the bus.
8. Steffi is a ____________driver. She drives well.
9. Julie and Sonia are ____________netball players.
10. Vivian is a ____________reader.
11. Mandy is a ____________driver. She keeps talking on mobile.
12. Andy is a ____________worker. He doesn’t talk much.
58
8.1 QUANTIFIERS: ADJECTIVES USED FOR QUANTITY
How much / How many

John is at the supermarket. He is speaking to his wife, Anne, on his mobile. Read their conversation.
John: It just says ‘milk’ here. How much do we need?
Anne: Two litres.
John: And eggs? How many eggs?
Anne: Six.
John: And what about tomatoes? How many tomatoes?
Anne: A kilo’s enough.
We use much with uncountable nouns (singular) and many with countable nouns (plural).
We use much or many in negative or interrogative sentences.
Examples
How many friends do you have? I don’t have many friends.
How much water is there in the bottle? There isn’t much water in the bottle.
some / any
Some means a certain (not large) number or amount of.
Some is used mostly in affirmative (positive) sentences.
We use any in negative sentences, and in most questions.
59
Examples
I’d like some water. Here are some flowers for you.
I haven’t got any money. There aren’t any trains today.
Have you got any sugar? Do you speak any other language?
a lot of / lots of
These are used to talk about a large number or amount of. They can be used both for
countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples
Please buy lots of crisps from the supermarket.
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He has a lot of friends.
a little / a few
We use a little with uncountable nouns.
We use a few with countable nouns.
Examples
There is a little water in the glass. Can you give me a little help?
There are a few biscuits on the table. There are a few people in the hall.
Study this table
*in positive *in negative

We use… *with CNs *with UNs *in questions
sentences sentences
some √ √ √ √ (sometimes) X
any √ √ X √ √
much X √ X √ √
many √ X X √ √
a lot/lots of √ √ √ √ √
a few √ X √ √ √
a little X √ √ √ √
CNs = countable nouns UNs = uncountable nouns
61
Exercise-3: Complete the sentences with much or many

1. She doesn’t speak ____________ ____________
English.
2. She doesn’t buy ____________ ____________
clothes.
3. I haven’t got ________________________
time.
4. Do you play ____________ ____________
football?
5. Are there ________________________
Africans in your company?
6. We don’t have ____________ ____________
rain in summer.
7. How ____________ ____________
people are there in the room?
8. How ____________ ____________
money do you have in your pocket?
9. How ____________ ____________
petrol is there in the car?
10. How ____________ ____________
apples do you want?
11. How ____________ ____________
meat do you eat in a week?
12. How ____________ ____________
fruit do you eat?
13. How ____________ ____________
hours do you sleep at night?
14. How ____________ ____________
dresses do you have?
Exercise-4: Put in some or any

1. I’d like ____________
____________
help.
2. There aren’t ____________letters for you.
3. Have you got ____________brothers or sisters?
4. We need ____________more milk.
5. Are there ____________restaurants near here?
6. I’m having ____________problems with my car.
7. I didn’t have ____________breakfast today.
8. He hasn’t done ____________work for ten years.
9. I haven’t got ____________paper.
10. I’ll buy ____________paper when I go to the shop.
11. Is there ____________petrol in the car?
12. I bought ____________fruit, but they didn’t have ____________vegetables.
13. Do you have ____________change? I need 50p.
14. I saw ____________change on the table a minute ago.
15. I need ____________help with my homework. Are you free?
16. I don’t have ____________free time today. Sorry.
17. Did you have ____________problems with this exercise?
62
Exercise-5: Complete the following sentences with either a few or a little

1. Today there are only ____________students in the class.
2. There is ____________cake remaining in the fridge; most of it was eaten yesterday.
3. I gave the dog ____________water as it looked very thirsty.
4. There were only ____________boys at the beach although it was quite late in the
afternoon.
5. I’ve got only ____________friends in the city whereas in my village I have a lot.
6. I only have ____________money in the bank, so I am not buying the computer.
7. He spoke ____________Chinese, so it was difficult to make him understand.
8. He is worried. He has ____________problems.
9. I have ____________friends here and we meet weekly.
10. We have ____________time left so we can go to the shoe shop.
11. The city of Cairo has ____________old buildings.
12. Can I have ____________milk for my coffee?
13. Do you mind if I ask you ____________questions?
14. There was ____________traffic on the road today.
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LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Adverbs
9 ADVERBS
An adverb is a word which can be used to describe or modify the meaning of a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.
9.1 KINDS OF ADVERBS

Manner: bravely, fast, happily, hard, quickly, well
Place: by, down, here, near, there, up
Time: now, soon, still, then, today, yet, already
Frequency: always, never, occasionally, often, twice, sometimes, rarely
Degree: fairly, hardly, rather, too, very, quite
Interrogative: When? Where? Why?
Relative: when, where, why
The words heavily, beautifully, very, quickly, certainly, definitely, luckily, surely are all
adverbs, and there are many more in the English Language.
Here are some examples

1. James walks quickly. (describing the verb walks)
2. I study very many books. (describing the adjective many)
3. Tom plays football very well. (describing the adverb well)
4. He hasn’t finished his breakfast yet. (he hasn’t done so up to the time of
speaking)
5. These dresses are expensive, yet people buy them. (they don’t care for the cost)
6. He has already spoken to his father. (action completed)
We use adverbs to compare conditions or actions or feelings or states. We use the adverb
more to compare only two, and we use the adverb most to compare more than two. These
types of adverbs are placed after the verbs.
64
Here are some examples

1. Jeremy runs quickly. (no comparison with others)
2. Albert runs more quickly than Tom. (two people are compared)
3. Henry runs most quickly. (more than two people are compared)
9.2 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
We usually put the adverb before the verb. We put the adverb after the verb ‘be’.
My children sometimes watch a video on English people are usually very friendly.
Sunday.
The winters are sometimes very harsh.
Nicolas never goes to school on Saturday.
The weather isn’t always good.
I don’t often visit my brother’s family.
I am not often home in the evenings.
I don’t usually like burgers.
Exercise-1: Complete the sentences with an adverb from the box
mainly possibly happily badly well really
nearly seriously exactly straight
1. Our team lost the match because they played so ____________ ____________
.
2. I did ____________
____________
in the exam. I got 90%.
3. A: Are you going out?
B: ____________
____________
. I don’t know yet.
4. My daughter is ____________
____________
ten. It’s her birthday next week.
5. The exam was ____________
____________
difficult. I couldn’t do any of it.
6. I travel a lot in my job, ____________
____________ to Europe.
7. There was an accident, but no one was ____________ ____________injured.
8. I thought Nick and Sara were ____________ married, but they just got divorced.
9. A: How do I get to the station?
B: Go ____________
____________
on, and turn left at the traffic lights.
10. I have ____________
____________
£ 2.60 in my pocket. Not much, is it?
65
Exercise-2: Circle the best words to complete the sentences

1. My teacher was very angry / angrily because I did my work careless / carelessly.
2. The party was very good / well but the music was very loud / loudly.
3. My sister is a bad / badly cook but she can sew beautiful / beautifully.
4. Please be quiet / quietly. I want to sleep.
5. Rebecca didn’t do good / well in the exam because she didn’t read the questions
careful / carefully.
6. My mother shouted loud / loudly because my brother drove dangerous /
dangerously.
Exercise-3: Complete the sentences with yet or already

1. He hasn’t ____________
____________applied for the job we told him about.
2. She has ____________
____________applied for this job.
3. The boys haven’t ____________
____________
done their homework.
4. I have ____________
____________
written all the answers.
5. He was late for class, ____________
____________
the teacher allowed him in.
6. Mother had ____________
____________
cooked meal when I reached home.
66
Exercise-4: Correct the sentences

1. He often comes very lately to the class. ___________________________________________________
2. He came here before two months. ________________________________________________________
3. He comes often to our house. ____________________________________________________________
4. Though he worked very hardly, he failed. _________________________________________________
5. I have wanted to meet him always. _______________________________________________________
Correct use of some adverbs

Only: The adverb ‘only’ should be placed immediately before the word which it modifies.
The meaning of a sentence changes according to the change in the position of ‘only’.
Exercise-5: Find the difference in meanings

1. Only John helped me to buy the house. __________________________________________________
2. John only helped me to buy the house. ___________________________________________________
3. John helped only me to buy the house. ___________________________________________________
4. John helped me only to buy the house. ___________________________________________________
5. John helped me to buy only the house. ___________________________________________________
Use of the same word as Adjective and Adverb
Exercise-6: Write whether it is adjective or adverb.

1.He is an early riser. ____________
____________
2. I got up early today. ____________
____________
3. He drives fast. ____________

____________ 4. He is a fast bowler. ____________
____________
5. It is very hard work. ____________

____________
6. He works very hard. _____________________________
7. Always aim high. ____________

____________
8. I have a high opinion of him. ____________
9. It is a long way. ____________

____________ 10. She waited long. ____________
____________
67
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Conjunctions
10 CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word (or a group of words) which joins or links words, or joins or
links sentences.
There is a great variety of conjunctions in the English Language. Some common ones are:
and, but, because, before, after, if, whether, yet, therefore
Here are some example sentences; the conjunctions are in bold:
1. Dan and Bob go to school.

2. Tom works quickly but carefully.
3. I think Sam or John will win the race.
4. Men and women work together in our office.
5. Sam is a fast runner. He will beat John.
Sam is a fast runner and he will beat John
Sam is a fast runner therefore he will beat John.
6. John works well. Sam works better.
John works well but Sam works better.
7. Today the girls can study. Today the girls can play.
Today the girls can study or they can play.
Exercise-1: Join these sentences with so. Choose the correct

pairs of sentences. The first one has been done for you
Fareed was very thirsty. I phoned for an ambulance.
The front tyre was flat. The diver of the car braked.
A lorry came out of a side road. She started to look for him.
The driver was injured. Fareed checked the engine.
Sarah was worried about Fareed. I changed the wheel.
The car suddenly stopped. He decided to stop for a drink.
68
1. Fareed was thirsty, so he decided to stop for a drink.

2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
Exercise-2: Use or to join these sentences. Match the pairs of

sentences first. The first one has been done for you
I may decide to become the manager of a football team. Perhaps I’ll study at a college.
I think I’ll phone Fatima this evening. Perhaps I’ll become a coach.
I’ll probably go to university this year. I may decide to join a bank.
I may go to Tunis next year. Perhaps I’ll wait until I see her.
I may become a teacher. I may decide to stay at home.
69
1. I may decide to become the manager of a football team, or perhaps I’ll become
a coach.
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
Exercise-3: Choose and, or, so, but to join these sentences

1. I’d like to visit Algeria. I don’t have enough money. ________________________________________
2. I want to help other people. I’m going to be a nurse. ______________________________________
3. I’m planning to study physics. I hope to be a teacher. ______________________________________
4. I may join the army. I may become a pilot in the air force. _________________________________
Some coordinating conjunctions get paired together in a sentence. This means they are
used together in a sentence. Read the following sentences of the paired coordinating
conjunctions.
1. You either iron your clothes or you wash your father’s car.
2. He neither cleaned his room nor washed his clothes.
3. Anne did not only help her mother in the kitchen but she also helped her
younger sister with her homework.
Exercise-4: Use the paired coordinating conjunctions in the box, and make sentences
either…….or neither……. nor not only…….but also
1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
70
Exercise-5: Join the pairs of sentences by using the following pairs of conjunctions
either………or both……..and not only………but also
1. Celina passed her examinations. She got the best grades for her school.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Elena and Yana went to Dubai for their holidays. They did a lot of shopping.
___________________________________________________________________
3. The farmer looked after the farm. He kept the chicken house clean.
___________________________________________________________________
4. David is very strong. He is very tall.
___________________________________________________________________
5. Ahmed bin Majid was a great sailor. He was a great fighter.
___________________________________________________________________
6. He could spend the money on an expensive car. He could start building his
house.
___________________________________________________________________
Exercise-6: Select a suitable conjunction for each

sentence; then write it in blank spaces
unless otherwise although while whereas
however moreover because
1. My grades in English are good _______________I hadn’t studied much.

2. You cannot get well _______________ you take the medicine every day.
3. He completed his work. _______________, he made some mistakes.
4. She did not go to office _______________she was sick.
5. You had better run _______________ you will miss the train.
6. We saw our friends at the mall _______________ we were shopping there.
7. She wanted to visit England to meet her friend. _______________, she wanted to
see some interesting places.
8. Sam went on a school trip _______________ Clyde stayed at home.
71
Exercise-7: Circle the best conjunction

1. I’ll call you although / so / when I arrive at the hotel.
2. The play at the theatre was very boring so / because / after I decided to go
home.
3. I’ll see you all again when / while / after we come back to school.
4. I enjoyed my month in Italy but / because / and I learned a lot of Italian.
5. She speaks English well but / after / because she has a heavy Arabic accent.
6. She told him that she was leaving while / because / if they were having lunch.
7. The teacher told Abraham that he would like to talk to him before / and /
although he went home.
8. Olivia will stay at her uncle’s house while / but / if her parents are on holiday.
9. I am going to work in the petrol and gas industry if / but / when I leave school.
10. We went to the restaurant to eat but / because / so there was no food at home.
72
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Synonyms and Antonyms
11 SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
11.1 SYNONYMS
Words that have similar meaning are called synonyms.
Exercise-1: Replace the word ‘said’ in the sentences

with the best synonym from the box
exclaimed boasted announced ordered suggested
repeated asked shouted
1. “Does this bus go to the city centre”? she said. ____________________________________________

2. “I’m a very good reader”, she said. ________________________________________________________
3. “The new teacher has arrived”, she said. ___________________________________________________
4. “Ouch! You are hurting me”, she said. ____________________________________________________
5. “No, I don’t want it”, she said. ___________________________________________________________
6. “I think you need to see a doctor”, she said. ______________________________________________
7. “Here I come, here I come”, she said. ____________________________________________________
8. “Go back”! she said. ___________________________________________________________________
Exercise-2: Match the words in A with their synonyms in B
A B
1. pardon a. reply
2. solitary b. lovely
3. tender c. mercy, excuse
4. independence d. wonder, amaze, astonishment
5. pretty e. freedom
6. answer f. beautiful
7. surprise g. delicate
8. beautiful h. lonely, only
73
11.2 ANTONYMS
Words that have opposite meaning are called antonyms.
Exercise-3: Match the words in list A with their antonyms in list B
A B
1. big a. dependence
2. master . b. complex, difficult
3. independence c. public
4. rough d. illegal, unlawful
5. pure e. small
6. coward f. national, familiar
7. private h. former
9. latter h. misfortune
9. simple i. smooth
10.foreign j. impure
11.fortune k. brave
12.legal l. amateur, subordinate
74
Exercise-4: Match the words in list A with their antonyms in list B
A B
1. high a. softly
2. good b. slow
3. careful c. incorrect, wrong
4. correct d. careless
5. safe e. bad
6. loudly f. dangerous
7. fast g. low
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75
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Suffix and Prefix
12 SUFFIX AND PREFIX
Exercise-1: Read the explanation on what is a suffix, then choose

suitable suffixes and add them to the words to make new words. Note:
you may have to change the spelling of some of the words
ly ry less ache full ness able ous
A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of the word to give a new word.
1.care _________________
2. manage _________________
3. happy _________________
4. tooth _________________
5. disaster _________________
6. joy _________________
7. pain _________________
8. kind _________________ 9. brave _________________
10. success _________________

11.beauty _________________
12. use _________________
Exercise-2: Complete the following words with the suffixes to make names of jobs
Suffixes: er, or, ist, ian
teach ____________
paint ____________
dent ____________
music ____________
journal ____________
act ____________
translate ____________
art ____________
research ____________
fight ____________
train ____________
invent ____________
sing ____________
farm ____________
record ____________
76
Exercise-3: Look at the words in the box. Complete the sentences below by
using the words and adding suffixes. Spellings of some words will change
danger improve hot educate care populate
1. You must be very _________________ when you cross the road.

2. A good _________________ gets you a better job.
3. This is a very _________________ road.
4. My examination results show _________________ .
5. It was the _________________ day of the year.
6. The _________________ of some countries is increasing.
Exercise-4: Add a suffix to the words in the box and complete the sentences
art music direct translate manage teach act journal
1. A bank __________________w manages a bank.

2. A __________________wplays music.
3. A __________________wwrites about the news.
4. A film __________________wdirects films.
5. An __________________w acts in films and plays.
6. A __________________wtranslates languages.
7. An __________________wpaints and draws.
8. A __________________wteaches students.
Exercise-5: Read the explanation on what is a prefix. Choose

from the list of prefixes, and add them to the words
in un dis im ir
A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed before a word. Sometimes prefixes are used
to give the opposite meaning of the word.
77
1. ____________correct 2. ____________capable 3. ____________perfect
4. ____________ tie 5. ____________agree 6. ____________ happy 7. ____________

regular
Exercise-6: Many people use the word nice to describe almost

anything. For example, they say a nice advertisement, a nice flier, a
nice exhibit, nice food, and nice music. Read the words in the box
that can replace nice. Use the words to complete the blanks
nice
delicious enjoyable interesting fine wonderful beautiful pretty
comfortable restful glorious thoughtful lovely handsome attractive
1. I had a __________________w meal at the new restaurant yesterday. The company

was ____________.
2. What a __________________w day! The weather is just __________________w.
3. The __________________wgirl got married to a __________________wyoung man.
4. I read an __________________wstory sitting in a __________________wsofa.
5. My friend wore a __________________wdress and had in her hand an
__________________whandbag.
6. The yoga session was __________________was well as __________________w >
“How __________________w , you’ve brought your old mum some flowers! What a
__________________wyoung man you are”!
78
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Expressions with ‘Do’ and ‘Make’
13 EXPRESSIONS WITH
‘DO’ AND ‘MAKE’
A. Do is a general word for actions:
• What are you doing this evening?

• “Shall I open the window”? “No, it’s OK. I’ll do it”.
• “What do you do”? “I work in a bank”.
B. Make = produce / create. For example:
• She’s making coffee.

• He has made a cake.
• They make umbrellas.
• It was made in France.
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79
C. Expressions with do:
do
an exam/a test
a course
homework
(somebody) a favour
exercises
• I’m doing my driving test next week.

• John has just done a training course.
• Have the children done their homework?
• Anne, could you do me a favour?
• I go for a run and do exercises every morning.
• I hate doing housework, especially cleaning,
D. Expressions with make:
make
an exam/a test
a course
homework
(somebody) a favour
exercises
• I’m sorry, I made a mistake.

• I must make an appointment to see the doctor.
• Excuse me, I have to make a phone call.
• It’s late. We mustn’t make a noise.
• I forgot to make my bed this morning.
• Have you made a shopping list?
80
Exercise-1: Put in make / making / made / or do / doing / did / done

1. “Shall I draw the blinds”? “No, it’s OK. I’ll do it”.
2. What did you ____________ at the weekend? Did you go anywhere?
3. Do you know how to ____________ bread?
4. Paper is ____________ from wood.
5. Richard didn’t help me. He sat in an armchair and ____________ nothing.
6. “What do you ____________”? “I’m a doctor”.
7. I asked you to clean the bathroom. Have you ____________ it?
8. “What do they ____________ in the factory”? “Shoes”.
9. I’m ____________ coffee. Would you like some?
10. Why are you angry with me? I didn’t ____________ anything wrong.
Exercise-2: Put in make or do in the correct form

1. I hate doing housework, especially cleaning.
2. Why do you always ____________ the same mistake?
3. “Can you ____________ me a favour”? “It depends on what it is”.
4. “Have you ____________ your homework”? “Not yet”.
5. I need to see the dentist but I haven’t ____________ an appointment.
6. I’m ____________ a course in photography.
7. The last time I ____________ an exam was ten years ago.
8. There’s something wrong with the car. The engine is ____________ a strange
noise.
9. It was a bad mistake. It was the worst mistake I’ve ever ____________ .
10. Let’s ____________ a list of all the things we have to ____________ today.
81
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Idiomatic Expressions
14 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
Quite often we use certain groups of words to express ourselves in a certain way. These
groups of words have a different, figurative meaning than that of individual words they
make it up. They are known as idiomatic expressions, and embellish the language.
Some examples are given below

all and sundry: I don’t want all and sundry knowing about our problems.
alpha and omega: He could not speak as he did not know alpha and omega of
the subject.
apple of discord: The property dispute was the apple of discord between the
brothers.
as a matter of fact: As a matter of fact, I’ve only lived here for the last three years.
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at sixes and sevens: We’ve been at sixes and sevens in the office this week.
at one’s finger tips: He has all the latest statistics at his fingertips.
bone of contention: money is a common bone of contention in many partnerships.
be a party to: I cannot be a party to a fraudulent scheme.
bear a grudge against: Ever since I got promoted, my colleague has borne a grudge
against me.
beat about the bush: Don’t beat about the bush; get to the point.
blow hot and cold: He’s been blowing hot and cold about the trip to Brazil.
blow one’s own trumpet: She always blows her own trumpet about her achievements.
bring to book: Two students were brought to book by the Principal for their
unruly behaviour.
bring them around: She tried to bring them around to accepting a settlement.
bring to a standstill: The striking workers brought the construction work to a

standstill.
burn one’s fingers: She’d invested extensively in stocks and got her fingers burned
when the market collapsed.
burn the midnight oil: During examinations many students burn the midnight oil.
build castles in the air: He started building castles in the air as soon as he heard that
he had won a lottery.
by leaps and bounds: The company is growing by leaps and bounds this year.
catch red handed: The thief was caught red handed while stealing in a house.
every now and then: We still get together for lunch every now and then.
fair and square: We won the match fair and square.
83
far and wide: People come from far and wide to see the house.
fight tooth and nail. We fought tooth and nail to get the route of the new road
changed.
get off scot free: The accused got off scot free because of the lawyer’s arguments.
get rid of: The horses swished their tails to get rid of the flies hovering
around them.
give one’s word: He gave his word that he would marry her and she had no
cause to doubt him.
go astray: The letter must have gone astray in the post.
hand in hand: I saw them walking hand in hand through town the other day.
hand in glove: It was rumoured at the time that some of the gangs were
working hand in glove with the police.
hang in the balance: The game hung in the balance until the last minute.
heart and soul: They love those children heart and soul.
in a nut shell: Well, to put in a nutshell, we’re lost.
in black and white: I had to believe it because it was there in black and white.
in full swing: Their practice sessions are going on in full swing before the
match.
in the midst of: The country is in the midst of an economic crisis.
in the twinkling of an eye: Microprocessors do the calculations in the twinkling of an eye.
keep aloof from: The new boy keeps aloof from others and does not mix with
them.
keep in the dark: My friend kept me in the dark about his plan.
84
keep one’s promise: One must keep one’s promise without fail.
leave no stone unturned: He left no stone unturned in search of his natural mother.
make a mountain of a You’re making a mountain of a molehill simply because you

mole hill: could not answer just one question.
make both ends meet: He earns enough money to make both ends meet.
move heaven and earth: He’ll move heaven and earth to get it done on time.
nip in the bud: Many serious illnesses can be nipped in the bud if they are
detected early enough.
null and void: The change in the law made the previous agreement null and
void.
nook and corner: Every nook and corner of the house was stuffed with souvenirs
of their trips abroad.
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of one’s own accord: She came of her own accord even though no one had asked
her to.
on the verge of: Her husband’s violent and abusive behaviour drove her to the
verge of despair.
on the pretext of: I called her on the pretext of needing more information.
over and over again: I read the article over and over again till it made sense.
part and parcel: Being recognised in the street is part and parcel of being a
celebrity.
put on paper: All agreements must be put on paper.
rain cats and dogs: Don’t forget to take your umbrella as it’s raining cats and dogs
out there.
stand in one’s way: You know I won’t stand in your way if you want to apply for
a job abroad.
swim with the tide: I thought I’d just swim with the tide and leave when everyone
does.
take a bird’s eye view: Climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower if you want a bird’s eye
view of Paris.
take up arms: The rebels took up arms against the enemy’s army.
to the best of one’s ability: Just do the job to the best of your ability.
to the letter: I followed the instructions to the letter and it still went wrong.
to the point: Her comments on my work were very apt and to the point.
to turn a deaf ear: They’ve always tended to turn a deaf ear to unreasonable
requests.
86
turn a new leaf: Apparently, he’s turned over a new leaf and he’s not smoking
any more.
under lock and key: Her jewellery is kept securely under lock and key at the bank.
yeoman’s service: Some social workers provide yeoman’s service during the times
of natural disasters.
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Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.
Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.
Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers

87
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Phonetic Alphabet
15 PHONETIC ALPHABET
The Military Alphabet, officially the Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, consists of 26 code
words. None of the 26 code words sound alike, so there is no doubt what is said when spelling
this while engaged in telephonic communication. It also used in aviation communication.
These are given below, along with their pronunciation.
Letter Code word Pronunciation
A Alpha AL FAH
B Bravo BRAH VOH
C Charlie CHAR LEE (or) SHAR LEE
D Delta DELL TAH
E Echo ECK OH
F Foxtrot FOKS TROT
G Golf GOLF
H Hotel HOH TELL
I India IN DEE AH
J Juliet JEW LEE ETT
K Kilo KEY LOW
L Lima LEE MAH
M Mike MIKE
88
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Phonetic Alphabet
Letter Code word Pronunciation
N November NO VEM BER
O Oscar OSS CAH
P Papa PA PAH
Q Quebec KEH BECK
R Romeo ROW ME OH
S Sierra SEE AIR RAH
T Tango TANG GO
U Uniform YOU NEE FORM (or) OO NEE FORM
V Victor VIK TAH
W Whiskey WISS KEY
X X-ray ECKS RAY
Y Yankee YANG KEY
Z Zulu ZOO LOO
89
LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD WITH GRAMMAR Answer Key
ANSWER KEY
Chapter – 3
Ex.-1
1.cat (s); pigeons (p) 2. girl (s); apples (p) 3. nails (p); door (s) 4. cars (p); bridge (s)
5.letters (p); postman (s) 6. boys (p); stairs (p); room (s)
Ex.-2
mice – feet – teeth – men – women – children – halves – knives – leaves – thieves – wives –
sheep – ways – buses – dishes – furniture – watches – babies – boxes – days – shelves –
potatoes – tomatoes – boys
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90
Ex.-3
1.people > person 2.childs > children 3.sheeps > sheep 4.scissor > scissors
5.tooths > teeth 6.womans > women 7.foots > feet
Chapter – 4
Ex.-1
1. x 2. a 3. x 4. the 5. a 6. a 7. x 8. the 9. x 10. the; the
Ex.-2
1. a 2. a 3. The 4. the 5. an 6. an 7. a
8. the 9. an 10. A 11. a 12. the 13. the
Ex.-3
1. an 2. an 3. a 4. a 5. the 6. the
7. the 8. The 9. the 10. the 11. a 12. The
13. The 14. the 15. The 16. the
Chapter – 5
Ex.-1
1. She 2. They 3. He; it 4. My 5. He 6.him
7. we 8. you; us 9. We; our 10. us 11. them 12. it
91
Ex.-2
1. your 2. Her 3. Their 4. His 5. Her 6. your
7. His 8. Her
Ex.-3
1. He 2. He 3. They 4. He 5. he 6. He
7. I 8. I 9. it 10. you 11. he 12. I
Ex.-4
1. who broke 2. who live 3. which I presented 4.which is outside
5. which grinds
Ex.-5
1. which 2.who 3.who 4.which 5.who 6.which
Ex.-6
1. who 2. who 3. where 4. where 5. who
Ex.-7
2. The bus which goes to Trafalgar Square isn’t running today.
3. My friend who hasn’t come to work today is not well.
4. The eggs which I bought last week are bad.
5. I’d like to talk to the student who designed this machine.
92
Ex.-8
1. that 2. this 3. this 4. that 5. This 6. that
Ex.-9
1. these 2. those 3. those 4. these 5. Those 6. these
Ex.-10
1. this 2. that 3. These 4. these 5. that
Chapter – 6
Ex.-1
1. is 2. are 3. is 4. are 5. am 6. are
7. am 8. is 9. is 10. is
Ex.-2
1. are; am 2. are; am 3. are; are 4. is; is
Ex.-3
3. has 4. leaves 5. does 6. watches 7. lives 8. works
Ex.-4
1. know 2. does 3. pray 4. writes 5. rains
93
Ex.-5
1. live 2. am 3. is 4. live 5. is 6. works
7. reads 8. writes 9. work 10. have 11. drive 12. walk
13. plays 14. go 15. go 16. cook
Ex.-6
1. Do; do 2. Does; does 3. Does; doesn’t 4. Do; do 5. Does; doesn’t
Ex.-7
1. does; go 2. goes 3. Does; go 4. Do; go 5. Do; go 6. does
7. Do 8. do 9. Does 10. do
94
Ex.-8
1. We don’t go to work on Sundays. 2. We aren’t policemen.
3. I don’t have an expensive car. 4. They don’t like listening to music in the evenings.
5. She doesn’t like playing tennis.
Ex.-9
1. I drink milk. 2. We are worried. 3. We work on Fridays.
4. They have a new television. 5. We like swimming.
6. She likes going out in the evenings.
Ex.-10
1. coming 2. playing 3. learning 4. doing 5. having
6. getting 7. hitting 8. passing 9. planning 10. using
11. swimming 12. making 13. winning 14. thinking 15. eating
Ex.-11
2. is cooking 3. are standing 4. is swimming 5. are staying
6. is having 7. are building 8. am going
Ex.-12
1. are coming 2. am riding 3. is singing 4. are having
5. is baking 6. is sitting
95
Ex.-13
1. am going 2. am wearing 3. don’t wear 4. don’t like
5. is shining 6. are wearing 7. am having 8. rains
Ex.-14
1. is getting married 2. are going to hold 3. are going to build
4. is going to be 5. are you doing 6. are you seeing
Ex.-15
2. He lived in Toronto. 3. Did you live in Nairobi? 4. Did she live in
Dubai?
5. I didn’t live in Hongkong. 6. He didn’t live in Manila.
Ex.-16
2. opened 3. started; finished 4. wanted 5. happened
6. rained 7. enjoyed; stayed 8. died
Ex.-17
1. got 2. paid 3. went 4. saw 5. visited 6. thought
7. put 8. know 9. spoke 10. played 11. boought 12. copied
96
Ex.-18
2. lost her car keys 3. met her friends 4. bought two newspapers
5. went to the cinema 6. ate an orange 7. had a shower in the morning
8. came to see us
Ex.-19
1. was 2. wanted 3. requested 4. said 5. sat 6. went
7. found 8. fixed 9. came 10. rushed 11. asked
12. shouted 13. answered 14. changed 15. married 16. lived
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Ex.-20
1. They did not (didn’t) drive their cars very fast. / Did they drive their cars very
fast?
2. She did not (didn’t) speak English very well. / Did she speak English very well?
3. The ship did not (didn’t) sink in the ocean. / Did the ship sink in the ocean?
4. You did not (didn’t) meet her last Sunday. / Did you meet her last Sunday?
5. It did not (didn’t) cost us much. / Did it cost us much?
6. He did not (didn’t) post the letters yesterday. / Did he post the letters yesterday?
Ex.-21
1 .has; written 2. has; driven 3. has; made 4. has; finished
5. have; paid 6. have; travelled
Ex.-22
1. Have; haven’t 2. Have; have 3. Have; haven’t 4. Has; hasn’t
5. Has; has
Ex.-23
Finished time Unfinished time
yesterday today
two hours ago this week
last Friday this month
5.30 this morning this year
98
Ex.-24
1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. for 6. since
7. for 8. for 9. since 10. since 11. for 12. since
Ex.-25
1. for 2. since 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for
Ex.-26
(Note: could choose like this – any figures)
1. ten years 2. 2016 3. many (10) years 4. 1990
5. childhood 6. several (40) years
Ex.-27
1. have lived 2. have been 3. have 4. been 5. have learned
6. have given 7. have 8. tried 9. have 10. been
11. have had 12. have played 13. have told
Ex.-28
1. Michael will miss the train. 2. The bird will fly away.
3. The children will be tired after the game. 4. The two boys and Sarah will have their
tea.
5. The weather will be fine.
99
Ex.-29
1. will 2. must 3. can 4. could 5. should 6. could
Ex.-30
1. can 2. may 3. needs 4. must 5. should 6. should
7. may 8. must 9. must 10. would
Ex.-31
1. will 2. would 3. can 4. may 5. may 6. must
7. must 8. May 9. May 10. will 11. May 12. can
13. must 14. can 15. could
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100
Ex.-32
1. shall 2. will 3. would 4. would 5. dare 6. mustn’t
7. used 8. shall
Chapter – 7
Ex.-1
1. for 2. at 3. for 4. for 5. in 6. to
7. to 8. of 9. at 10. of
Ex.-2
1. of 2. for 3. on 4. about 5. of 6. from
7. with
Ex.-3
1. in/across; on 2. on 3. into 4. for 5. for 6. to
7. in 8. in 9. at; in 10. of 11. at 12. during
13. to 14. in; on 15. in 16. in; at 17. to; at
18. during 19. to 20. on
101
Chapter – 8
Ex.-1
old - friendly - small - narrow - short - hairy - young
Ex.-2
1. heavy 2. happy 3. bad 4. beautiful 5. twelve
6. much 7. many 8. safe 9. good 10. fast 11. careless
12. quiet
Ex.-3
1. much 2. many 3. much 4. much 5. many 6. much
7. many 8. much 9. much 10. many 11. much 12. much
13. many 14. many
Ex.-4
1. some 2. any 3. any 4. some 5. any 6. some
7. any 8. any 9. any 10. some 11. any 12. some; any
13. any 14. some 15. some 16. any 17. any
Ex.-5
1. a few 2. a little 3. a little 4. a few 5. a few 6. a little
7. a little 8. a few 9. a few 10. a little 11. a few 12. a little
13. a few 14. a little
102
Chapter – 9
Ex.-1
1. badly 2. well 3. Possibly 4. nearly 5. really 6. mainly
7. seriously 8. happily 9. straight 10. exactly
Ex.-2
1. angry; carelessly 2. good; loud 3. bad; beautifully 4. quiet
5. well; carefully 6. loudly; dangerously
Ex.-3
1. yet 2. already 3. yet 4. already 5. yet 6. already
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Ex. -4
1. He often comes late to the class. 2. He came here two months ago.
3. He often comes to our house. 4. Though he worked very hard, he failed.
5. I have always wanted to meet him.
Ex.-5
1. Only John helped, nobody else. 2. John helped only and did nothing else.
3. John helped me only, nobody else. 4. John helped only to buy the house, no other
help.
5. John helped to buy the house, nothing else.
Ex.-6
1. adjective 2. adverb 3. adverb 4. adjective 5. adjective
6. adverb 7. adverb 8. adjective 9. adjective 10. adverb
Chapter – 10
Ex.-1
2. The front tyre was flat, so I changed the wheel.
3. The lorry came out of a side road, so the driver of the car braked.
4. The driver was injured, so I phoned for an ambulance.
5. Sarah was worried about Fareed, so she started to look for him.
6. The car suddenly stopped, so Fareed checked the engine.
104
Ex.-2
2 .I think I’ll phone Fatima this evening, or perhaps I’ll wait until I see her.
3. I’ll probably go to university this year, or perhaps I’ll study at a college.
4. I may go to Tunis next year, or I may decide to stay at home.
5. I may become a teacher, or I may decide to join a bank.
Ex.-3
1. but 2. so 3. and 4. or
Ex.-4
(Make your own sentences.)
105
Ex.-5
1. Celina not only passed her examinations but she also got the best grades for her
school.
2. Elena and Yana not only went to Dubai for their holidays but they also did a lot
of shopping.
3. The farmer not only looked after the farm but he also kept the chicken house
clean.
4. David is both strong and tall.
5. Ahmed bin Majid was not only a great sailor but he was also a great fighter.
OR
Ahmed bin Majid was both a great sailor and a great fighter.
6. He could spend the money either on an expensive car or he could start building his house.
Ex.-6
1. although 2. unless 3. However 4. because 5. otherwise
6. while 7. Moreover 8. whereas
Ex.-7
1. when 2. so 3. when 4. and 5. but 6. while
7. before 8. while 9. when 10. because
Chapter – 11
Ex.-1
1. asked 2. boasted 3. announced 4. exclaimed
5. shouted 6. suggested 7. repeated 8. ordered
106
Ex.-2
1. c 2. h 3. g 4. e 5. f 6. a
7. d 8. b
Ex.-3
1. e 2. l 3. a 4. i 5. j 6. k
7. c 8. g 9. b 10. f 11. h 12. d
Ex.-4
1. g 2. e 3. d 4. c 5. f 6. a 7. b
Chapter – 12
Ex.-1
1. careless/careful 2. manageable 3. happiness/happily
4. toothache 5. disastrous 6. joyous/joyful 7. painless/painful
8. kindness 9. bravery 10. successful 11. beautiful
12. useful/useless
Ex.-2
teacher - painter - dentist - musician - journalist - actor - translator - artist - researcher -
fighter - trainer - inventor - singer - farmer - recorder
107
Ex.-3
1. careful 2. education 3. dangerous 4. improvement
5. hottest 6. population
Ex.-4
1. manager 2. musician 3. journalist 4. director
5. actor 6. translator 7. artist 8. teacher
Ex.-5
1. incorrect 2. incapable 3. imperfect 4. untie
5. disagree 6. unhappy 7. irregular
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Ex.-6
1. delicious; enjoyable / interesting 2. beautiful/glorious/lovely; glorious/lovely/
wonderful
3. pretty/beautiful; handsome 4. interesting; comfortable
5. pretty/lovely; attractive 6. enjoyable/restful; interesting/restful
7. wonderful/lovely; thoughtful
Chapter – 13
Ex.-1
2. do 3. make 4. made 5. did 6. do 7. done
8. make 9. making 10. do
Ex.-2
2. do 3. do 4. done 5. made 6. doing 7. did
8. making 9. made 10. make; do
109

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﻿

LEARN ENGLISH: AHEAD

1 The English Alphabet 8

11 Synonyms and Antonyms 73

12 Suffix and Prefix 76

13 Expressions with ‘Do’ and ‘Make’ 79

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

He can be contacted through e-mail: [email protected]

1 THE ENGLISH ALPHABET

A syllable is part of a word which contains a vowel.

1.2 MAKING WORDS FROM LETTERS AND SYLLABLES

1.2.1 ONE-LETTER WORDS

There are some words which have one letter only:

1.2.2 TWO-LETTER WORDS

1.2.3 THREE-LETTER WORDS

1.2.4 LONGER WORDS

1.2.5 FORMING WORDS

2.1 VOWELS AND SOUNDS

IPA Symbol Example

IPA Symbol Example

IPA Symbol Example

Consonant letters and their sounds

Letters Sounds Examples

As a vowel, Y has the vowel sounds: [ i], [ ai]

[ ai] by, try, cry, type

© Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.

Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities.

Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers

The –s / es ending of nouns and verbs

After the voiced consonant or vowel: [ z]

After the letters: s, z, ch, tch, ge, dge, sh: [ iz]

tapes (teips) ribs (ribz) pieces (′pi: siz)

streets (stri:ts) legs (legz) roses (′rouziz)

chiefs (chi: fs) cows (kauz) coaches (′kouchiz)

writes (raits) reads (ri:dz) boxes (′boksiz)

myths (miϴs) goes (gouz) bridges (′brijiz)

parks (pa: rks) saves (seivz) washes (′wa: shiz)

The –ed ending of words

After a voiced consonant or vowel: [ d]

After the letters: t, d: [ id]

stopped [stopt] saved [seivd] wanted [′wontid]

liked [laikt] called [co: ld] counted [′kauntid]

washed [wosht] seized [si: zd] needed [ni: did]

Letters Sounds Examples

[ ks] accent, access, accident

[ch] chain, check, much, church, kitchen

[g] guest, guard, guitar

gh [f] cough, rough, enough

[-] though, weigh, daughter

ph [f] phone, phrase, biography

[s] science, scissors, scene

[ sk] school, scheme, schedule

[ϴ] thank, think, author

[ w] what, why, where

[ ks] + exhale, exhume

With silent letters Sounds Examples

by, pt [ t] doubt, debt, receipt

kn, gn, pn [ n] know, knife, sign, foreign, pneumonia

mb, lm [ m] lamb, comb, calm, salmon

13 Expressions with ‘Do’ and ‘Make’ 79

5.1 FORMS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND