Timber-Concrete Composite Floor Technology: Research, Design and Implementation

Timber-Concrete
Composite Floor
Technology
Research, Design and Implementation
Presented by: Dr. Peggi Clouston, Peng, MASc, PhD

Associate Professor
[email protected]
Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by a third party and is not funded by
WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board.
Course Description
Timber-concrete composite floor technology is catching on in North America as a high-performance
solution for long spans in commercial and industrial buildings. Comprised of timber beams or panels
that are joined to a concrete slab by shear connectors, the resulting composite floor can be stiffer
and stronger than non-composite alternatives. This presentation will provide an overview of the
evolution of shear connectors for these floor systems, discuss best practices and design guidelines
for some of the more prevalent connectors, and present a case study of the new Design Building at
the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, which features what is currently North America’s largest
application of this technology.
Learning Objectives
1. Define timber-concrete composite floor systems and highlight their use in modern mass timber
buildings.
2. Review the structural design principles and processes associated with timber-concrete composite
floor systems.
3. Demonstrate a variety of available composite floor shear connectors and discuss design methods.
4. Highlight the use of timber-concrete composite floors in the University of Massachusetts Design
Building, including research done to aid its implementation.
Thompson Community Center, Richmond, British Columbia
Photo courtesy: Henriquez Partners Architects
Design Building, UMass, Amherst
87,500 ft2 (8,200 m2), 4 stories || Project cost: $52M || Construction time: Aug. 2015 – October 2016
Architect: Leers Weinzapfel Assoc. ||Engineer: Equilibrium / SGH || Contractor: Suffolk Construction Photo credit: A. Schreyer
Photo credit: A. Schreyer
Design Studios

Wood Mechanics Lab
Photo credit: P. Clouston

Go UMass!
• The Design Building is one of the most technologically advanced CLT structures in the US
• The wood offsets as much carbon from the atmosphere as taking 500 cars off the road for a year

CLT-Concrete Composite Flooring

Timber-Concrete Composite … an old idea
Slab-to-beam connection Used since 1930s in US timber bridges

Traditional Composite Timber Bridge Deck
Today’s State-of-the-Art Technology
Photo source: L. Bathon

Nelson shear studs
Composite construction:
standard practice for
steel-concrete structures
Commercially Available Shear Connectors for Wood
HBV connectors by TiComTec©
VB connectors by SFS Intec©

Advantages
• Improved durability
• More rigid diaphragm
• Enhanced damping Compared to timber alone
• Improved sound insulation

• Improved fire resistance
• Composite action
Compared to
Higher strength unconnected
Higher stiffness timber concrete
floors
Composite Action
Connector Rigidity
NONE PARTIAL FULL
Partial Composite Action
Slip Modulus Shear force, Q

K= Q/δ
v The level of structural efficiency depends on the type of shear connector

Types of Shear Connectors
2)
2)
Dowels Shear key + anchors
3)
3)
Nail plates Glued-in plates

4)
4)
Load-Slip Evaluation (Push-Out Test)
F F
δ
Load-Slip Comparison
80
70
60
Force (kN)
50
Force (kN)
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8
Dr. Peggi L. Clouston, P.Eng.
Slip (mm)
10
Slip (mm)
Connector Design Philosophy
140
Failure line 120
100
Load (kN)
80
60
40
20
0
Steel failure 0.0 1.0 2.0
Displacement (mm)
3.0 4.0
Clouston P, Quaglia C. 2013. “Experimental Evaluation of
Epoxy based W ood-Concrete Composite Floor Systems for Mill
Building Renovations.” Inte rnational Journal of the
Constructed Environment, Vol. 3, pp.63-74
Clouston P, Schreyer A. 2012. “Expe rimental Evaluation of
Connector Systems for Wood Concrete Composite Floor
systems in Mill Building Renovations.” International Journal of
the Constructed Environment, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp.131-144.
Clouston P, Schreyer A. 2011 “Truss plates for use as shea r
connectors in laminated veneer lumbe r -concrete composite
systems.” Structures Congress, Las Vegas
Clouston P, Schreyer A. 2008. “Design and Use of Wood-
Concrete Composites”. ASCE Practice Pe riodical on Structural
Design and Construction, 13(4), pp. 167-175
Clouston P, Bathon L, Schreyer A. 2005. “Shear and Bending
Performance of a Novel Wood-Concrete Composite System”.
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. 131(9), pp.1404-1412
Clouston P, Civjan S, Bathon L. 2004. “Expe rimental Behavior
of a Continuous Metal Connector for a Wood-Concre te
Composite System”. Forest Products Journal. 54(6) pp. 76-84
Design of Timber-Concrete Systems
Ø Design for ultimate and serviceability limit state
Rigid systems
• Assume no slip between concrete and timber
• Transformed section method
Semi-rigid systems
• Acknowledge slip between concrete and timber
• Gamma method: Eurocode 5, Part 2
Rigid Systems
• Transformed sections sc = stop (Ec / Et)
bc bc (Ec / Et) stop
Ec
Neutral Axis
Et
bt bt sbottom st = sbottom
Transformed section
(entirely timber)
• sc < allowable compressive strength of concrete

• st < allowable tensile strength of timber
Semi-Rigid Systems
• Axial and bending stresses combine

sc sb,c
= +
e s st sb,t
⎛ Ei Ai ai KM ⎞ 0.5 Ei hi M
σ i = f ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
σ b,i =
⎝ EI ef ⎠ EI ef
ü Ultimate limit state: check maximum stresses for both timber and
concrete, shear stress in wood, connector
ü Serviceability: check short-term and long-term creep
Reference Documents for Design
• Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN). (2004a). “Design of timber
structures—Bridges.” Eurocode 5: Part 2, Brussels, Belgium.
• Worked examples:
v Ceccotti, A. (2002). “Composite concrete-timber structures.” Progress in
Structural Engineering and Materials, 4(3), 264–275.
v Fragiacomo (2006). “Long-term behaviour of timber-concrete composite
beams. II: numerical analysis and simpliﬁed evaluation.” ASCE Journal of
Structural Engineering 2006. 132(1), 23–33.
v Clouston and Schreyer (2008). “Design and use of wood–concrete
composites.” ASCE Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction,
13(4), 167-175.
The Design Building is the largest installation of TCCs in North America
Photo curtesy: L. Bathon
Slotted-in steel plates with
tight fitting dowels
Thanks!
Contact: Dr. Peggi Clouston, PEng, MASc, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Conservation
[email protected]
QUESTIONS?
This concludes The American Institute

of Architects Continuing Education
Systems Course
Peggi Clouston, PEng, MASc, PhD

University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
[email protected]

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Timber-Concrete

Research, Design and Implementation

Presented by: Dr. Peggi Clouston, Peng, MASc, PhD

Photo credit: A. Schreyer

Photo credit: P. Clouston

Photo credit: A. Schreyer

Photo credit: A. Schreyer

Photo credit: A. Schreyer

Slab-to-beam connection Used since 1930s in US timber bridges

Photo source: L. Bathon

HBV connectors by TiComTec©

VB connectors by SFS Intec©

• Improved sound insulation

Slip Modulus Shear force, Q

v The level of structural efficiency depends on the type of shear connector

Nail plates Glued-in plates

Failure line 120

• sc < allowable compressive strength of concrete

• Axial and bending stresses combine

Contact: Dr. Peggi Clouston, PEng, MASc, PhD

This concludes The American Institute

Peggi Clouston, PEng, MASc, PhD

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