CE8395 Strength of Materials For Mechanical Engineers

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Vel Tech High Tech Dr.RR Dr.SR Engineering College
Avadi – 600 062
A Course Material
on
Strength of Materials
Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechanical Engineering Department 1 Strength of Materials

I

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
CONTENT
S.No Particulars Page
1 Unit – I 5
2 Unit – II 42
3 Unit – III 117
4 Unit – IV 155
5 Unit – V 214

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UNIT-1
PART-A
1. A rod of diameter 30mm and length 400mm was found to elongate 0.35mm when it was
subjected to a load of 65KN. compute the modulus of elasticity of the material of this rod.
(EVEN 2011)
Sol: Elongation ∂L = PL/AE

E=PL/A∂L
= 65x10³x400
π/4 x(30)²x0.35
= 105.092 N/mm²
2. What is strain energy and write its unit in S.I. System? (EVEN 2011)
When an elastic material is deformed due to application of external force, internal
resistance is developed in the material of the body. Due to deformation, some work is done by
the internal resistance developed in the body, which is stored in the form of energy. This energy
is known as strain energy. It is expressed in N-m.
3. State Hooke‟s law. (EVEN 2010, EVEN 2013)

It states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional
to the strain.
Stress α strain
α e
E = / e Unit is N/mm²
Where, E – Young‘s Modulus,
– Stress,
e - Strain.
4. Define Bulk modulus. (EVEN 2010)
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of direct stress to the
corresponding volumetric strain is constant. This ratio is known as Bulk Modulus.
Bulk Modulus = Direct stress/ Volumetric strain
5. Define Poison‟s Ratio. (EVEN 2009)
When a body is stressed within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is constant for a given material.
Poisson‘s ratio, or 1/m = Lateral strain/Longitudinal strain.

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6. What is Thermal stress? (EVEN 2009)

When a material is free to expand or contract due to change in temperature, no stress and
strain will be developed in the material. But when the material is rigidly fixed at both the ends,
the change in length is prevented. Due to change in temperature, stress will be developed in the
material. Such stress is known as thermal stress.
7. The strain induced in an MS bar of rectangular section having width equal to twice the
depth is 2.5x10^-5. The bar is subjected to a tensile load of 4KN. Find the section
dimensions of the bar Take E=0.2x10^6 N/mm². (ODD 2008)
Given: e= 2.5x10^-5, P=4x10^3 N, E=0.2x10^6 N/mm²
To find: Breadth b, Depth d
Sol: Stress, = E x e = 0.2x10^6 x 2.5x10^-5
= 5 N/mm²
A = P/ = 4x10^3/5
= 800 mm²
Area, A = b x d [b = 2d]
= 2d x d
800 = 2d²
d = 20mm; b=2d=2 x 20 = 40 mm.
Result: 1. Breadth b = 40mm 2. Depth d= 20mm
8. Define Proof Resilience and Modulus of Resilience. (ODD 2008, EVEN 2013)
The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material within its elastic limit is
known as proof resilience.
It is the Proof resilience of the material per unit volume.
Modulus of resilience = Proof resilience
Volume of the body
9. The Young‟s modulus and the shear modulus of material are 120Gpa and 45Gpa
respectively. What is its Bulk modulus? (EVEN 2008)
Given:
Young‘s Modulus E = 120 G Pa = 120x10^9 Pa =120x10^9 N/m² = 120x10³
N/mm²

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Shear Modulus, G = 45Gpa = 45 x 10³ N/mm²

Solution: Young‘s Modulus, E = 9KG
3K + G
120x10³ = 9 x K x 45 x 10³
3 K + 45 x 10³
120x10³ [3 K + 45 x 10³] = 9 x K x 45 x 10³
3 K + 45 x 10³ = 3.375 K
45 x 10³ = 0.375 K
Bulk Modulus, K = 120 x 10³ N/mm²
10. Calculate the instantaneous stress produced in a bar of cross sectional area 1000 mm²
and 3m Long by the sudden application of a tensile load of unknown magnitude, if the
instantaneous Extension is 1.5 mm. Also find the corresponding load. Take E = 200 G pa.
(EVEN 2008)
Given: A = 1000 mm²; L = 3 m = 3000 mm; ∂L = 1.5 mm; E = 200GPa = 200 x 10³ N/mm²
Solution: ∂L = xL / E
1.5 = x 3000 / 200 x 10³
= 100 N/mm²
= 2P / A
P= xA/ 2
= 100 x 1000
2
P = 50 x 10³ N
11. Give the relation between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity. (EVEN 2007)
E = 2G [1 + 1/m]
Where, E – Young‘s Modulus, N/mm²,
G – Modulus of rigidity, N/mm²,

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1/m – Poisson‘s ratio.

12. Write the concept used for finding stresses in compound bars. (EVEN 2007)
(i) Elongation or contraction in each bar is equal. So, the strains induced in those bars are
also equal.
Change in length of bar (1) = Change in length of bar (2)
P1 L1 = P2 L2
A1 E1 A2 E2
(ii) The sum of loads carried by individual materials of a composite member is equal to the
Total load applied on the member.
Total load, P = Load carried by bar (1) + Load carried by bar (2)
P = P1 + P2
13. Estimate the load carried by a bar if the axial stress is 10 N/mm² and the diameter of
bar is 10 mm. (ODD 2006)
Given: Stress, = 10 N/mm²; Diameter D = 10 mm
Solution: Stress = Load / Area
= Load / π/4 x (D) ²
10 = Load / π/4 x (10) ² Load, P = 785.39 N
14. What is the strain energy stored when a bar of 6 mm diameter 1 m length is subjected
to an axial Load of 4 KN, E = 200 KN/mm². (ODD 2006)
Given: Diameter D = 6 mm; Area, A = π/4 x (D) ² = π/4 x (6) ² = 28.274 mm²;
Load, P = 4 KN = 4 x 10³ N; Length, L = 1 m = 1000 mm;
Young‘s Modulus E = 200 KN/mm² = 200 x 10³ N/mm²
Solution:
Volume of the bar, V = A x L
= 28.274 x 1000
V = 28274 mm³
Stress, = Load / Area = P/A = 4 x 10³ / 28.274
= 141.472 N/mm²

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Strain energy stored, U = ²/2E x V = (141.472)²/2x200x10³ x 28274
U = 1414.7 N-mm
15. A circular rod 2 m long and 15 mm diameter is subjected to an axial tensile load of 30
KN. Find the elongation of the rod if the modulus of elasticity of the material of the rod is
120 KN/mm².(EVEN 2006)
Given:
L = 2 m = 2000 mm; D = 15 mm; Load P = 30 KN = 30 x 10³ N;
Modulus of Elasticity E = 120 KN/mm² = 120 x 10³ N/mm²
To find: (a) Stress (b) Strain (c) Elongation.
Solution:
Stress = Load / Area = P/A = 30 x 10³/ π/4 x (D) ² = 30 x 10³/ π/4 x (15) ²
Stress = 169.85 N/mm²
Strain e = 0.001415
Young‘s modulus, E = stress/strain = /e;

e = /E = 169.85/120 x 10³ = 0.00141
Strain e = Change in length / Original length
e = ∂L/L; ∂L = e x L = 0.001415 x 2000 = 2.83 mm
∂L = 2.83
16. Define Strain energy and write its unit. (EVEN 2006)
When an elastic material is deformed due to application of external force, internal
resistance is developed in the material of the body. Due to deformation, some work is done by
the internal resistance developed in the body, which is stored in the form of energy. This energy
is known as strain energy. It is expressed in N-m.
17. Define Factor of safety. (ODD 98)
It is defined as the ratio of ultimate tensile stress to the permissible stress (working
Stress).
Factor of Safety = Ultimate stress / Permissible stress
18. Define Modulus of Rigidity. (EVEN 2003)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of shearing stress to the
corresponding shearing strain is constant. This ratio is known as Modulus of rigidity.
Modulus of rigidity Or Shear modulus, G = Shearing stress / Shearing strain.
19. Define Bulk modulus. (ODD2000)
When a body is subjected to a uniform direct stress in all the three mutually
Perpendicular directions, the ratio of the direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is
found to be a constant is called as the bulk modulus of the material and is denoted by K.
20. What do you understand by a compound bar? (ODD 2004)
A composite member is composed of two or more different materials which are joined
together so that the system is elongated or compressed as a single unit.
21. What are the types of elastic constants? (EVEN 2000)
There are three types of elastic constant.
1. Modulus of Elasticity or Young‘s Modulus, E
2. Bulk Modulus, K
3. Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity, G.
22. Define strain energy density. (EVEN 2004, 2003)
Strain energy density is defined as the maximum strain energy that can be stored in a
material within the elastic limit per unit volume. It is also known modulus of resilience.
23. What is stability? (ODD 2003)
The stability may be defined as an ability of a material to withstand high load without
major deformation.
24. Give the relation for change in length of a bar hanging freely under its own weight.
(EVEN 2005)
Change in length, ∂L = PL/AE
Where, P – Axial load.
L – Length of the bar.
E – Young‘s Modulus of the bar.
A – Area of the bar.
25. A brass rod 2 m long is fixed at both its ends. If the thermal stress is not to exceed 76.5
N/mm², calculate the temperature through which the rod should be heated. Take the values
of α and E as 17 x 10^-6/K and 90Gpa respectively. (EVEN 2005)

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Solution: Thermal stress, =αTE

76.5 = 17 x 10^-6 x T x 90 x 10³ T = 50 K
26. Determine the Poisson‟s ratio and bulk modulus of a material for which young‟s
modulus is 1.2 x 10^5 N/mm² and modulus of rigidity is 4.8 x 10^4 N/mm². (ODD 2004)
Solution: Young‘s modulus, E = 2G (1+1/m)
1.2 x 10^5 = 2 x 4.8 x 10^4 (1+1/m)
Poisson‟s ratio, 1/m = 0.25
27. Give the relationship between Bulk modulus and Young‟s modulus. (EVEN‟96, ODD
97)
E = 3K (1+2/m)
Where, E – Young‘s modulus,
K – Bulk modulus,
1/m – Poisson‘s ratio.
28. Define shear stress and shear strain (ODD2010)
The two equal and opposite forces act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of a body
tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced in that section is
called shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
29. State the principle of superposition. (ODD2010)
The total deformation is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformation of the individual
sections. This principle of finding out the resultant deformation is known as principle of
superposition
The change in length of such member is given by,
∂L = P1 L1 + P2 L2 + P3 L3 + …………
AE
30. State Volumetric strain. (EVEN 2002)
Volumetric strain is defined as the ratio of change in volume to the original volume of the
body.
Volumetric strain ev = Change in volume
Original volume
ev = ∂v/v

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31. Define tensile stress and tensile strain.

The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pulls, as a result
of which there is an increase in length, is known as tensile stress. The ratio of increase in length
to the original length is known as tensile strain.
32. Define compressive stress and compressive strain.
The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pushes, as a
result of which there is a decrease in length, is known as compressive stress. The ratio of
increase in length to the original length is known as compressive strain.
33. Define stress and strain. (ODD 97)

Stress:
The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is
known as stress.
Strain:
The ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension when subjected to an
external load is termed as strain and is denoted by e. It has no unit.
34. Define modulus of rigidity (EVEN2003)
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain when the stress is within the
elastic limit is known as modulus of rigidity or shear modulus and is denoted by C or G or N.
35. Give example for gradually applied load and suddenly applied load.
Example for gradually applied load:
When we lower a body with the help of a crane, the body first touches the platform on
which it is to be placed. On further releasing the chain, the platform goes on loading till it is fully
loaded by the body. This is the case of gradually applied load.
Example for suddenly applied load:
When we lower a body with the help of a crane, the body is first of all, just above the
platform on which it is to be placed. If the chain breaks at once at this moment the whole load of
the body begins to act on the platform. This is the case of suddenly applied load.
36. What is resilience?
The strain energy stored by the body within elastic limit, when loaded externally is called
resilience.

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37. Distinguish between suddenly applied and impact load.

When the load is applied all of a sudden and not step wise is called is suddenly applied
load. The load which falls from a height or strike and body with certain momentum is called
falling or impact load.
38. Define proof resilience?
The maximum strain energy stored in a body up to elastic limit is known as proof
resilience.
39. Define modulus of elasticity. (EVEN 98)
The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding strain is known
as modulus of elasticity or young‗s modulus and is denoted by E.
40. State principal plane. (EVEN98)
The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes. These planes carry
only normal stresses.
41. Define Elasticity. (EVEN 2012)
Elasticity is the tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed.
Solid objects will deform when forces are applied on them. If the material is elastic, the object
will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed.

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UNIT-I 16 MARK QUESTIONS

PART-B
1. A circular rod of diameter 20 mm and 500mm long is subjected to a tensile force of 45
KN. the modulus of elasticity may be taken as 200 KN/mm2 . Find stress, strain and
elongation of the bar due to the applied load. [EVEN 2011]
Given data:
Load p =45 KN = 45 x 103 N
Young‘s modulus E = 200 KN /mm2
Length of the rod, l = 500 mm
Diameter of the rod = 20 mm
Data asked:
Stress, strain, elongation CIRCULAR ROD
Solution:
Cross sectional area; A = πd2 /4 =π x 202 /4 = 314.159 mm2
Stress =load / area =45x103 /314.5 = 143. 24 N/mm2
Strain, e = stress / young‘s modulus =143.24/200x103 = 0.0007162
Elongation δl=Pl/AE = (45x103 x 500) / (314.159 x 200x103) = 0.358 mm
Result:
Stress = 143.24 N/mm2

Strain = 0.0007162
Elongation δl = 0.358 mm
2. A hollow steel rod of tube is to be
used to carry an axial compressive load

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of 140 KN. The yield stress for steel is 250 N/mm2 . A factor of safety of 1.75 is to be used in
the design. The following three classes of the tubes of external diameter 101.6 mm are
available. Which section do you recommended from 3.65 mm, 4.05mm and 4.85 mm?
Given data:
Yield stress = 250 N/mm2
Factor of safety = 1.75
External diameter of the tube = 101.6 mm
Load P = 140 KN = 140x10 N HOLLOW STEEL ROD
Data asked:
Which section do you recommended from the following given thickness 3.65 mm, 4.05mm,
4.85mm
Solution:
Working stress or permissible stress = yield stress/FOS = 250/1.75 = 142.85 N/mm2
Cross sectional area A = load / working stress = 140x10 /142.85 = 980 mm2
Also area of the hollow tube = π/4(D2 -d2 ) = 980
π/4 (101.6 – d2 ) = 980 or d2 = 9074.78
d = 95.26 mm, thickness t = (D – d)/2 = (101.6 – 95.2)/2 =3.169 mm
Hence light section, t = 3.65 mm is enough.
Result:
Thickness t = 3.65 mm is enough
3. The safe stress for a hollow steel column which carries an axial load of 2.1x10 KN is 125
MN/m2 . If the external diameter of the column is 30 cm. determine the internal diameter.
[ODD-2007]

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Given data:
Axial load P = 2.1 x 10 KN
Stress = 125 MN/m2 = 125 N/mm2
External diameter of the column=30 cm = 300mm
Data asked:
Internal diameter of the column d
Solution:
Area A = load/stress =2.1x106 /125 =16800 mm2 HOLLOW STEEL COLUMN
But area of the hollow A = (π/4) (D2 – d2 ) = 16800
= (π/4) (300 2 - d2 ) = 16800
d2 = 68598.73;
d=262mm
Result:
Internal diameter of the column d = 262 mm
4. Define the elastic constants and write the relationship between them Modulus of
elasticity, modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus are the three elastic constants. [ODD-2007]
Modulus of elasticity: it is defined as the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit and is
usually denoted by letter „E ‗
Modulus of elasticity E = stress/strain = /e, N/mm2
Modulus of rigidity: it is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain within the
elastic limit and is denoted by the letter „G‟ or „N‟
Modulus of rigidity G = shear stress/ shear strain = / Ф
Bulk modulus:

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It is defined as the ratio of identical pressure ‗P‘ acting in three mutually perpendicular directions
to corresponding volumetric strain is denoted by letter ‗K‘
Bulk modulus K = pressure ‗p‘ acting in three mutually perpendicular direction/volumetric

strain=p/ev
Relationship between the three elastic constants:
Wkt the relationship between elastic constant and rigidity modulus E = 2G (1+1/m) ------- (1)
The relationship between elastic constant and bulk modulus K = 3K (1- 2/m) --------------- (2)
From the equation (1) we get 1/m = (E/2G)-1 substituting it in equation (2)
We get, E = 3K (1- 2((E/2G)-1))
= 3K (1-(E/G) +2)
= 3K (3-(E/G)) = 9K-(3KE/G)
E (1+3K/G) = 9K , E ((E+3K)/G) = 9K
E = 9GK/ (G+3K)
5. A bar of 20 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load of 37.7 KN

is applied, the extension measured over a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.12 mm and
contraction in diameter is 0.0036 mm. find the poison‟s ratio and elastic constants E, G and
K. (EVEN 2002)
Given data:
Load P = 37.7 KN = 37.7x103 N
Length l = 200mm
Extension δl =0.12mm
And contraction in diameter δd = 0.0036 mm

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Data asked:
Poison‘s ratio and the value of three elastic constants

BAR
Solution:
Area A = (π/4) d2 = (π/4) x202 = 314.5 mm2
Linear strain, e = δl/l = 0.12/200 = 0.0006
Lateral strain el = δd/d = 0.0036/20 =0.0018
Wkt, δl = Pl/AE or we can change it as E = Pl/A δl = (37.77x10 3 x200) / (314.5x0.12)
=200004.71 N/mm2
E = 2G [1+ (1/m)] or G = E/2[1+ (1/m)] = 200004.71/2(1+0.3)
Rigidity modulus G = 76924.89 N/mm2
Also we know that E = 3K (1 – (2/m)) or K = E /(1 – (2/m))
K = 200004.71/3(1- 2x0.3) = 166670.59 N/mm2
Result:
Young‘s modulus E = 200004.71 N/mm2
Rigidity modulus G = 76924.89 N/mm2
Bulk modulus K = 166674.59 N/mm2
6.A circular rod of 100 mm diameter and 500mm long is subjected to a tensile force of 1000
KN .Determine the modulus of rigidity , bulk modulus and change in volume if poison‟s
ratio = 0.3 and young‟s modulus E = 2x105 N/mm2 (EVEN 2005)
Given data:
Diameter of rod d = 100 mm
Length of the rod l = 500 mm

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Tensile force P = 1000 KN = 1000 x 103 N
Poisson‘s ratio 1/m = 0.3
Young‘s modulus E = 2x105 N/mm2
Data asked:
Modulus of rigidity,
bulk modulus and
change in volume
Solution: CIRCULAR ROD
Wkt E = 2G [1+ (1/m)] = 3K (1 – (2/m))
Rigidity modulus G = E/2[1+ (1/m)] = 2x10 5 /2(1+0.3) = 0.7692x10 5 N/mm2
Bulk Modulus K = 2x105 /3(1- 2x0.3) = 1.6667x105 N/mm2
Longitudinal stress = P/A =1000x103 / (π/4) x 1002 =127.32 N/mm2
Linear strain ex = stress/young‘s modulus =127.32/2x10 5 = 63.66x10 -5
Lateral strain ey = - (1/m) ex and ez = - (1/m) ex
wkt volumetric strain ev = ex + ey + ez = ex (1 – (2/m))
Volumetric strain ev = 63.66x10-5 (1 – 2x0.3) = 25.46x10-5
Also wkt volumetric strain ev = δV/V
Therefore change in volume, δV = ev x V =25.66x10-5 x (π/4) x d2 x l
= 25.66x10-5 x (π/4) x1002 x500 = 1000 mm3
Result:
Modulus of rigidity G = 0.7692x105 N/mm2
Bulk modulus K = 1.6667x1055 N/mm2 and

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Change in volume δV = 1000 mm3
7. An axial pull of 35000N is applied on a bar consists of three lengths as shown in fig . the
young‟s modulus E = 2.1x`105 N/mm2 .determine (1) stresses in each section (2) total
extension of the bar [ODD-2007 & 2012]
Given data:
Axial pull P = 3500 N
Young‘s modulus E = 2.1x105 N/mm2
Data asked:
Stresses in each section
and total extensions of the bar
Solution:
Tensile stresses section 1
= load/area at section 1
= P/A = 35000/ (π/4) x202 STEPPED BAR
= 111.46 N/mm2
Tensile stresses in section 2
= P/A = 35000/ (π/4) x302
= 49.53 N/mm2
Tensile stress in section 3
= 35000/ (π/4) x502
= 17.83 N/mm2

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Total extension of the bar δl
= (P/E) [l1 /A1 +l2 /A2 +l3 /A3 ]
= (35000/2.1x105 ) [(200/314) + (250/706.5) + (220/1962.5)]
δl = 0.1838 mm
Result:
Tensile stress in section1 = 111.46 N/mm2
Total extension δl = 0.1838 mm
8. The load „p‟is applied on the bars as shown in fig. find the safe load „p‟ of the stresses in
the brass and steel are not to exceed 60 N/mm2 and 120 N/mm2 respectively. E –for the
steel = 200N/mm2 and E- for brass = 100 KN/mm2 .the copper rods are 40mm x 40 mm in
section and the steel rod is 50mm x 50mm in section length of the steel is 250mm and
copper rod is 150mm [ODD-2009]
Given data:
Stress in brass c= 60 N/mm2
Stress in steel s = 120 N/mm2
E –for steel Es = 200KN/mm2 =200x103 N/mm2
E –for brass Ec = 100KN/mm2 = 100x103 N/mm2
Cross section of the copper rod = 40mmx40mm
Cross section of the steel rod = 50mmx50mm
Length of the copper rod lc = 150mm

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Length of the steel rod ls = 250mm COMPOSITE BAR
Asked:
Find the safe load ‗P‘
Solution:
Area of the copper component Ac = 2(40x40) = 3200mm2
Area of the steel component As = 50x50 = 2500 mm2
Decrease in length of copper = decrease in length of steel
δls =δlc , eclc = esls or (es /ec) = (lc/ls)= 150/250=0.6
( s/ c) = (es/ec)(Es/Ec) = 0.6x(200x103 /100x103 ) = 1.2
s=1.2 c
Where Pc-reaches 60 N/mm2 Ps- will reach 1.2x60 N/mm2 which is less than the permissible
value.
Where P= c Ac + s As = (60x3200) + (72x2500) = 372000 N = 372 KN
Result:
The load is applied on the bar ‗P‘ = 372 KN
9. A steel rod of 25mm diameter is placed inside a copper tube of 30mm internal diameter
and 5mm thickness and the ends are rigidly fixed. The assembly is subjected to a
compressive load of 250KN. Determine the stresses induced in the steel rod and copper
tube. Take the modulus of elasticity of the steel and the copper as 200 GPa and 80 GPa
respectively. [ODD-2006]
Given data:
Diameter of the steel rod = 20mm
Inside diameter of the copper tube d = 30mm

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Outside diameter of the copper tube D = 40mm
(ie calculated from the given thickness t = 5 mm)
Asked:
Stresses induced in the steel rod and copper tube STEEL ROD
Solution:
Area of the steel rod As = (π/4) d2 = (π/4) x252 = 490.6mm2
Area of the copper tube Ac = (π/4) (D2 – d2 ) = (π/4) (402 – 302 ) = 549.5 mm2
From the static equilibrium condition
Ps + Pc = P ----------- (1)
Where Ps –load on steel and Pc—load on copper
Wkt, δls = δlc or (Ps l/AsEs) = (Pc l/AcEc)
Both sides length are same since we can eliminate both side ‗l ‘
(Ps/AsEs) = (Pc//AcEc) or Ps = Pc [(AsEs)/ (AcEc)]
Ps = Pc [(490.6x200x103 )/ (549.5x80x103 )] = 2.23Pc
Ps = 2.23Pc substitute this on equation (1) we get
2.23Pc + Pc = 250x103
3.23Pc = 250x103 or Pc = 77.39KN
The remaining value from ‗P‘ is P s i.e., Ps = P – Pc = 250x103 – 77.29 = 172.61KN
Stress in steel rod s = load on steel /area of steel rod = P s /As = 172.61x103 /490.6= 351 N/mm2
Stress in copper tube c = load on copper tube/area of copper tube= P s/As
=77.39x103 /549.5=140.8 N/mm2

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Result:
The stress on the steel rod c= 351 N/mm2
The stress on the copper rod c= 140.8 N/mm2
10. Find the total strain energy stored in a steel bar of diameter 50 mm and length 300mm
when it is subjected to an axial load of 150 KN. Take the modulus of elasticity of steel as
200x10 3MPa [ODD-2006]
Given data:
Diameter of the steel rod d = 50mm
Length of the steel rod l = 300mm
Axial load on the steel rod P = 150 KN= 150x10 3 N STEEL BAR
Modulus of elasticity of steel E = 200x103 MPa =200x103 N/mm2
Asked:
Total strain energy stored
Solution:
Total strain energy stored = ( 2 /2E) xAl
Stress in the bar =load /Area= 150x10 3 / (π/4) d2 = 150x103 /(π/4)x502 =76.43 N/mm2
(76.43)2
Total strain energy stored = x (π/4) x50 2 x300 =8598 N mm
2x200x103
Result:
Total strain energy stored = 8598 N mm
11. Two vertical rods one of steel rod and other of copper rod are each rigidly fixed at the
top and 600mm apart. Diameters and length of the rods are 25mm and 5 m respectively. A
cross bar fixed to the radio at the lower end carries a load of 7 KN such that the cross bar
remains horizontal even after loading. Find the steps in each rod and the portion of the

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load on the cross bar. Assume the modulus of elasticity for steel and copper as 200 KN/mm2
and 100 KN/mm2 respectively. [EVEN-2011]
Given data:
Diameter of the rods dc = ds = 25 mm
Length of the rods ls = lc = 5m =5000mm
Load P= 7KN =7x103 N
Es =200x103 and Ec = 100x103 N/mm2
Data asked:
The stresses in each rod and the position of the

load on the cross bar
Solution:
Wkt, change in length of steel = change in

length of copper ie, δls = δlc COMPOSITE BAR
(Ps ls /AsEs) = (Pc lc /AcEc) here ls = lc also As = Ac
Since the cross bar remains horizontal the extension of the steel and copper rods are equal. Also
these rods have the same original length.
i.e., (Ps /Es) = (Pc /Ec) or Ps = (Es/Ec) Ps= (200x103 /100x10 3) Pc
Ps = 2Pc also wkt , P s + Pc = P
Therefore 2Pc + Pc = P or 3Pc = 7000N ie, Pc = 2333.33N
Also Ps = 7000 – 2333.33 Ps = 4666.66N
Stress in the copper rod c = load on copper rod/area of copper rod = 2333.33/490.5=4.75
N/mm2
Stress in the steel rod s =load on steel rod/area of steel rod=4666.6/490.6=9.51 N/mm2
Now taking the moment about the copper rod and equating the same, we get

VTHT AVADI III SEM
7000 x = Ps x 600
x = (4666.6x600)/7000 = 399.99mm
Result:
Stress in copper rod c= 4.75 N/mm2
Stress in steel rod s = 9.51 N/mm2
The position of the load on the cross bar ‗x‘ = 399.99 mm
12. A bar of copper section 8 mm x 8 mm is subjected to an axial pull of 7000N. The lateral
dimensions of the bar are found to be changed to 7.9985mm x7.9985mm. If the modulus of
rigidity of the material is 0.8x105 N/mm2 . Determine the Poisson‟s ratio and modulus of
elasticity [EVEN-2012]
Given data:
SQUARE BAR
After pulling the dimension changed from 8mmx8mm to 7.9985mmx7.9985mm
The bar is square in cross section
Therefore the contraction in lateral side = 8mm - 7.9985mm = 1.5x10 -3 mm
Asked:
Poison‘s ratio and modulus of elasticity
Solution:
Wkt stress = load /area of cross section= 7000/ (8x8) =109.37 N/mm2

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The value of the rigidity modulus are given since we can use the relation
E = 2N (1+ (1/m)) =2 x 0.8x105 (1+ (1/m)) or E =1.6x105 +(1.6x105 x(1/m))----(1)
Also wkt, 1/m = el /e=el / ( /E) = E(el / )
But el = δx/x = 1.5x10-3 /8 = 1.875x10-4
1/m =E x 1.875x10-4 /109.375 or .E = (1/m)x109.37/1.875x10-4 = 583333.3(1/m) --- (2)
Equating the equations (1) and (2) we get
583333.3(1/m) = 1.6x105 +1.6x105 (1/m)
583333.3(1/m) – 1.6x105 (1/m) = 1.6x105
1/m = 0.3779
Substituting this value in equation (2) we get
E = 583333.3x0. 3779
E = 220472.4 N/mm2
Result:
The poison‘s ratio 1/m = 0.3779
The modulus of elasticity E = 220472.4 N/mm2
13. A steel tube of 30 mm external diameter and 20 mm internal diameter encloses a copper
rod of 15mm diameter to which it is rigidly joined at each end. If at a temperature of 10 0 C
there is no longitudinal stress. Calculate the stress in the rod and tube when the
temperature is raised to 2000 C. Take E- for steel and copper as 2.1x105 N/mm2 and 1x105
N/mm2 respectively. The value of coefficient of linear expansion for steel and copper is
given as 11x10-6 per 0 C and 18x10-6 per 0 C respectively. [EVEN-2012]

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Given data:
Diameter of the copper rod dc = 15mm
Internal diameter of the steel tube d = 20mm
External diameter of the steel tube D = 30mm
E - for steel tube
Es = 2.1x105 N/mm2 and
E- for copper
Ec = 1x105 N/mm2
Coefficient of linear expansion for steel
αs = 11 x10-6 per0 C
Coefficient of linear expansion for copper
αc = 18 x10-6 per0 C STEEL TUBE
Asked:
The stresses in the rod and tube
Solution:
Area of the copper rod Ac = (π /4) x152 = 56.25π mm2
Area of the steel tube As = (π/4) x (D2 – d2 ) = (π/4) x (302 – 202 ) = 125π mm2
As the value of ‗α‘ for copper is more than that of steel, hence the copper rod would more
expand more than the steel tube if it were free. Since the two are joined together the copper will
be prevented from expanding its full amount and will be put in compression the steel being put in
tension
For equilibrium of the system, compressive load on copper= tensile load on steel
i.e, c= s (As/Ac) = sx (125π/56.25π) = 2.22 s

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Wkt, the copper rod and steel tube will actually expand by the same amount
Now actual expansion of the steel = free expansion of steel + expansion due to tensile stress
Actual expansion of steel = αsTl + ( s /Es) l
Actual expansion of the copper= free expansion of copper – contraction due to compressive
stress
Actual expansion of the copper = αcTl – ( s/Es) l
But, actual expansion of steel = actual expansion of copper
αsTl + ( s /Es)l = αTl – ( c/Ec)l or αsT + ( s /Es) = αcT – ( c/Ec)
(11x10-6 x190) + ( s /2.1x105 ) = (18x10-6 x190) – (2.22 s /1x105 )
( s /2.1x105 ) + (2.22 s /1x10

5
) = (18x10-6 x190) – (11x10-6 x190)
(0.476 s +2.22 s) 10-5 = 5x10-6 x190
2.696 s = (7x10-6 x190)/10-5 or s = 49.33 N/mm2
Therefore, c= 2.22 s = 2.22x49.35 =109.5 N/mm2
Result:
The stress in copper rod c = 109.5 N/mm2
The stress in steel tube s = 49.35N/mm2
14. A bar ABCD of steel is 600mm long and the two ends AB and CD are respectively
30mm and 40mm in diameter and each is 150mm in length the middle portion BC being
25mm in diameter. Determine the final length of the bar, when subjected to an axial
compressive load of 120 KN, where young‟s modulus E = 2.1x 10 5 N/mm2 [EVEN-2007]
Given data:
Axial compressive load,
P = 120KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Modulus of elasticity
E = 2.1x105 N/mm2
Asked:
Determine the final length of the bar
Solution:
The total contraction by the axial compressive load STEPPED BAR
= (P/E) [(l1 /A1 ) + (l2 /A2 ) + (l3 /A3 )]
Contraction
δl = (120x103 /2.1x105 ) [(150/ (π/4)302 )) + (150/ (π/4)402 ) + (300/ (π/4)252 )]
= 0.538968 mm
The final length of the bar
= original length – contraction
= 600 – 0.58968 = 599.46 mm
Result:
The final length of the bar l = 599.46 mm
15.A load of 2MN is applied on a short concrete column 50mm x 50mm. the column is
reinforced with fair steel are of 10mm diameter one in each corner. Find the stresses in the
concrete and the steel bars. Take E- for steel as 2.1x105 N/mm2 and for concrete as
1.4x104 N/mm2 (ODD 2007)
Given data:
Total load applied P = 2MN= 2x106 N/mm2
Diameter of the steel bar = 10mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Size of the concrete column = 500mmx500mm
E-for steel Es =2.1x105 N/ mm2
E-for concrete Econ =1.4x105 N/mm2 SHORT CONCRETE COLUMN
Asked:
Find the stresses in the concrete and steel bar
Solution:
Area of the concrete column Ac = 500x500 = 250000mm2
Area of the steel bar As = (π/4)102 =314.15mm2
Area of the concrete = area of column – area of steel bar = 250000 – 314.15
= 249685.8mm2
Strain in steel = strain in concrete
( s/Es) = ( c/Ec)
Or s = (Es/Ec) c = (2.1x105 /1.4x104 ) c = 15 c
Ps + Pcon = P or sAs + con Acon =P
15 cx314.15 + con x249685.8 = 2x106
254398 c= 2x106
Therefore c= (2x106 /254398) = 7.86 N/mm2
Also s = 15 c=15x7.86 = 117.8 N/mm2
Result:
The stress in concrete con =7.86 N/mm2
The stress in steel s = 117.8 N/mm2

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16.A short bar of length 100mm tapers uniformly from a diameter 40mm to a diameter
30mm and carries an axial compressive load of 200KN. Find the change in length of the bar
[ODD-2009]
Given data:
Taper pin one end diameter = 40mm
And another end diameter = 30mm
Length l = 100mm
Assume young‘s modulus E = 2x105 N/mm2
Asked:
Change in length of the bar
Solution: TAPER BAR
The change in length of the circular taper rod δl = 4Pl/πEd 1 d2
i.e. δl = (4x200x103 x100)/(πx2x105 x40x30)=0.10615mm
Result:
The change in length of the circular taper rod δl = 0.10615mm
17.calculate the value of the stress and strain in portion AC and CB of the steel bar shown
in fig. A close fit exits at both of rigid support at room temperature and the temperature is
raised by 750 C. Take E-200GPa and α = 12x10-6 /0 C for steel area of cross sections of AC is
400mm2 and of BC is 800mm2 . [AMIE ODD 2002]
Given data:
Rise in temperature t = 750 C
Young‘s modulus E = 200GPa
= 200x109 /106

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= 200x103 N/mm2
Area of the section AAC = 400 mm2
Area of the section ABC = 800 mm2
Asked:
The value of the stresses in portion AC and BC STEPPED BAR
Solution:
Elongation in portion AC
δAC = lACαT =300x12x10-6 x75=270x10-3 mm
Strain in portion AC
= δlAC/lAC=270x10-3 /300 = 900x10-6
Compressive stress in AC
= E x strain in portion AC
=200x103 x900x10-6 =180 N/mm2
Strain in portion
CB=δlCB/lCB=300x12x10-6 x75/300=900x10-6
Compressive stress in portion CB =200x103 x900x10-6 = 180 N/mm2
Result:
The stress in portion AC AC = 180 N/mm2
The stress in portion BC BC = 180 N/mm2
18.calculte the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of the cylindrical bar of diameter 25
mm and length 1.6 m. if longitudinal strain in a bar during tensile stress is four times the
lateral strain. Determine the change in volume when the bar is subjected to a hydrostatic
pressure of 100 N/mm2 . Take E = 1x105 N/mm2 [ODD-98]

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Given data:
Diameter d=25 mm
Length l = 1.6m =1600mm
Direct stress or hydrostatic pressure =100 N/mm2
Asked:
The modulus of rigidity, bulk modulus and volumetric strain
Solution: CYLINDRICAL BAR
Longitudinal strain or linear strain = 4x lateral strain
Or lateral strain /linear strain =1/m = 1/4= 0.25
wkt, young‘s modulus
E = 2G[1+(1/m)]
Or rigidity modulus
G =E/2(1+ (1/m))
= 1x105 /2(1+0.25)
= 0.4x105 N/mm2
Also wkt, young‘s modulus E= 3K (1 – (2/m))
Or bulk modulus K = E/3(1 – 2x0.25) = 1x105 /3(1 – 2x0.25) = 0.66x105N/mm2
Bulk modulus K = direct stress/volumetric strain= /δV
Or volumetric strain δV/V=direct stress/bulk modulus = /K
Therefore, change in volume δV = ( /K) V= (100/0.66x10 5 )(π/4)x252 x1600=1178 mm3
Result:
The modulus of rigidity G = 0.4x105 N/mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Bulk modulus K= 0.66x105 N/mm2
Change in volume δV = 1178 mm3
19.A steel plate 300mm long 60mm wide and 30mm deep is acted upon by the forces shown
in fig. determine the change in volume. Take E = 200 KN/mm2 and Poisson‟s ratio = 0.3
(EVEN 2003)
Given data:
Length l = 300mm
Width b = 60mm
Thickness t= 30mm
Load in x-direction
= 50KN
=50x103 N [+ve since tensile load]
Load in y-direction
= -80KN STEEL PLATE
= -80x103 N [-ve since compressive load]
Load in z-direction
= 75KN
= 75x103 [+ve since tensile load]
Young‘s modulus
E = 2x105 N/mm2
Poisson‘s ratio (1/m) = 0.3
Data asked:
Change in volume δV

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Solution:
Stress in x-direction x = load in x-direction /cross sectional area in x-direction
= (50x103 )/ (60x30) = 27.77N/mm2
Stress in y-direction y= load in y-direction /cross sectional area in y-direction
= (-80x103 )/ (300x60) = -8.88N/mm2
Stress in z-direction z= load in z-direction /cross sectional area in z-direction
= (75x103 )/ (300x60) = 4.16N/mm2
Wkt direct strain δV/V = 1/E ( x + y + z) [1-2/m]
Or change in volume δV = 1/E ( x) + y + z) [1-2/m] V
= (1/2x105 ) (27.77 – 8.88 + 4.16)x[1 – 2x0.3] 300x60x30
= 24.89 mm3
Result:
The change in volume δV = 24.89mm3
20. A reinforced concrete column 500   in section is reinforced with 4 steel bars of 25 diameter one
in each corner,the colummn is carrying a load of 1000kN.Find the stresses in the concrete and steel bars
Take E= 210  ^ 3N/mm^2 and 14  10^3N/mm.(MAY-13)
Given:
area of the column=500  500
=0.25 10^6mm^2
diameter of the steel d s=25mm,for steel bar
Es=210 10^3N/mm^2,Ec=14 10^3N/mm^2
To Find:
1.stresses in concrete and steel bars,c,s

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Solution:
1: area of steel bar

As= (d ) ^ 2
2

As= (25) ^ 2
2
As=490.87mm^2
for four steel bars As=4  490.87
=1963.48mm^2
2: area of concrete,
Ac=area of column -area of steel
Ac=0.25  10^6-1963.48
Ac=2.48  10^5mm^2
3:load(P):
P=1000KN
total load=load on steel+load on concrete
P=Ps+Pc  1
by using formula
PsLs PcLc

AsEs AcEc
Ls=Lc
hence L is neglected,

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Ps Pc

(1963.48  210  10 ^ 3) (2.48  10 ^ 5  14  10 ^ 3)
Ps=0.118Pc  2
sub 2in 1
P=0.118Pc+Pc
1000  10^3=1.118Pc
Pc=8.94  10^5 N/mm^2
Ps=0.118Pc
Ps=0.118  8.94  10^5
Ps=1.05  10^5 N/mm^2
stress on steel bar

Ps
s=
As
1.05  10 ^ 5
s=
1963.48
s=53.47 N/mm^2
Pc
stress on concrete c=
Ac
8.94  10 ^ 5
c=
2.48  10 ^ 5
c=3.60 N/mm^2
Result:
1.)c=3.60 N/mm^2
2.)s=53.47 N/mm^2
21. a solid circular bar of diameter 20 mm when subjected to an axial tensile load of 40KN,
the reduction in diameter of the rod was observed as 6.4 x 10 3 mm. The bulk modulus of the
material of the bar is 67Gpa. Determine the following:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
(i)Young‟s Modulus (ii) Poisson‟s ratio (iii) Modulus of rigidity (iv) Change in length per
metre (v) Change in volume of the bar per metre length.(EVEN-2013)
Given:
D = 20mm
P = 40 KN
δd = 6.4 x 103 mm
K = 67Gpa = 67 x 103 N/mm2
To Find:
(i)Young‘s Modulus (ii) Poisson‘s ratio (iii) Modulus of rigidity (iv) Change in length per metre
(v) Change in volume of the bar per metre length.
Solution:
(i)Poisson's ratio (μ)
lateralstrain
Poisson 's ratio 
linear strain
1 et
  (1)
m el
d 6.4  103
et    3.2  104
d 20
sub (e t ) value in equation (1)
1 3.2  104

m el
el  3.2  104 m
Tensile stress  P P
E   (  )
Tensile strain or linear strain e l Ae l A
40  103 127.3
E 
π π
 202  el  202  3.2  4 m
4 4
mE  3.9  105  (2)
2
E  3K(1  )
m

VTHT AVADI III SEM
m2
E  3K( )
m
mE  3k(m  2)
3.9  105  3  67  103 (m  2)
3.9  105
(m  2) 
3  67  103
3.9  105
m 2
3  67  103
m  1.94  2
m  3.94
1
 0.25
m

VTHT AVADI III SEM
(ii) Young's Modulus  E 

sub m valuein equation (2)
mE  3.9  105
0.25E  3.9  105
3.9  105
E  1560  103 N  1.5  106 N
0.25 mm 2 mm 2
(iii) Modulus of Rigidity

1
E  2G(1  )
m
1.5  106  2G(1  0.25)
1.5  106
G  600x103 N mm 2  6  105 N mm 2
2(1  0.25)
(iv)Change in length per metre
P
E A
l
l
Pl 40  103  1000
l    0.0816mm
AE π  (20)2  1560  103
4
(V) Change in volume  v 

v l d
 2
v l d
v 0.0816 6.4  103
  2
v 1000 20
v
 5.584  104
v
π π
v   d 2  1000  (20) 2  1000  314159.26 mm 3
4 4
v  314159.26  5.584  104
v  175.33 mm 3

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Result:
(i)Poisson'sratio(μ) = 0.25
(ii) Young's Modulus  E =1.5 106 N
mm2
(iii)Modulusof Rigidity = 6 105 N mm2
(iv)Changein lengthper metre  0.0816mm
(V) Changein volume  v  =175.33mm3
UNIT – II BEAM DEFLECTION

PART-A:
1. What are the different types of loads?
1. Point load 2.Uniformly distributed load (udl) 3.Uniformly varying load (uvl).
2. What are the different types of beams? (EVEN 2009)
1. Cantilever beam 2.Simply supported beam 3. Fixed Beam 4.Over hanging beam
5.Contionuous beam.
3. Define Shear force and bending moment.(EVEN 2013)
Shear is total load acting at a point (upward load – downward load). Bending moment at a point
is product of load and distance (anticlockwise moment – clockwise moment).
4. What are the assumptions in the theory of simple bending? (EVEN 2010)
1. Beam is straight.
2. Each layer expand and contract independently.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
3. Load acts normal to the axis of the beam.
4. Beam material is homogeneous.
5. Young‘s modulus is same for tension and compression
5. Define point of contra flexure. (EVEN 2010,2013)
It is a point where the bending moment changes its sign from +ve to –ve or –ve to +ve. At that
point bending moment is Zero.
6. Define flexural rigidity.
It is the product of moment of inertia and young‘s modulus (EI).
7. Define section modulus. (EVEN 2011)
It is the ratio of moment of inertia over the neutral axis (Z=I/y). It is denoted by ―Z‖. It is also
known as strength of the section.
8. Where will be the maximum bending moment in simply supported beam?
Bending moment is maximum where shear fore is zero.
9. Where will be the maximum bending stress in the beam?
The bending stress is the maximum at the ends of the section. And Zero at neutral axis.
10. Where will be the maximum Shear stress in a beam?
The maximum shear stress is the maximum at neutral axis and zero at the ends.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
11. What is the value of bending moment corresponding to a point having a zero shear
force? (EVEN 2010)
The value of bending moment is maximum when the shear force changes its sign or zero. In a
beam, that point is considered as maximum bending moment.
12. Define the term point of contra flexure? (EVEN 2010& 2013)
The point where the BM changes its sign or zero is called the point of contra flexure.
13. What are SF and BM diagrams?
SF diagram shows the variation of forces along the length of the beam. BM diagram shows the
variation of bending moment along the length of the beam.
14. Write the relation between SF and BM?
The rate of charge of BM is equal to the SF at the section,
DM/dx = -F
15. In SSB, how do you locate the point of maximum bending moment?
The BM is maximum when the SF changes its sign or zero. Write the SF equation at that point
and equating it to zero we can find out the distance ―x‖ from one end. Then find the maximum
BM at that point by taking moment of all forces left or right from that point.
16. Define beam.
Beam is the structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to external
loads acting transversely i.e., perpendicular to the centre line of the lateral dimensions.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
17. Define shear force and bending moment at a section?(ODD 2012)
Shear force: SF at any cross section is the algebraic sum of all the forces acting either sides of a
beam.
Bending moment: BM at a cross section is the algebraic sum of the moment of all the forces
which are placed either side from that point.
18. State the theory of simple bending?
If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due to shear, and
then it is called simple bending.
19. Is bending stress a direct stress or shear stress?
Direct stress
20. What are the assumptions made in the theory of bending? (EVEN 2007)
i) The material is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic. It obeys hooks law.
ii) The value of young‘s modulus is the sane in tension as well as in compression.
iii) The radius of curvature of the beam is very large compared to the cross section
dimensions of the beam.
iv) The resultant force on a transverse section of the beam is zero.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
21. Write down the bending moment equation. (EVEN 2009)
M bE
The bending equation is = = =
I y R
M – Bending moment, I – Moment inertia of the section, b– Bending stress at that section
y- Distance from the neutral axis, E- young‘s modulus of the material, R-radius of curvature of
the beam
22. A rectangular beam 150 mm wide and 200 mm deep is subjected to a shear force of 40
KN. Determine the average shear stress and maximum shear stress. (EVEN 2008)
F 40 x 103
Average shear stress qave = = = 1.33 N/mm2
Bd150 x 200
Maximum shear stress q max= 1.5 qave
= 1.5 x 1.33
= 2 N/mm2
23. A rectangular beam 150 mm wide and 250 mm deep is subjected to a Maximum shear
force of 30 KN. What is the shear stress to distance of 25 mm above the neutral axis ?
(EVEN 2008)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
y=25 mm
[ ]
= 1.152 N/mm2
24. The section modulus with respect to xx- axis of rectangleof width b and depth d is
And in case of circle the section modulus is (ODD 2007)
bd2 πd3
6 , 32
25 . Write down relations for maximum shear force and bending moment in case of a
Cantilever beam subjected to uniformly distributed load running over entire span. (EVEN
2007)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Maximum shear force = w l
w l2
Maximum bending moment = 2
26.A cantilever beam of 3 m long carries a load of 20 KN at its free end. Calculate the shear
force and bending moment at a section 2 m from the free end. (EVEN 2006)
X 20 KN
Shear force is 20 KN
Bending moment is 20 x 2 = 40 KN-m
2m
3m
27. Draw the shear force diagram for a cantilever beam of span 4 m and carrying a point
Load of 50 KN at Point (ODD 2006)
50 KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2m 2m
50
50 kn
SFD
28. Mention and sketch any two types of supports for the beams. (EVEN 2011)
1. Hinged or pinned support
2. Roller support
3. Fixed support
29. A simply supported beam is subjected to u.d.l of w per unit length throughout its length
write the value maximum bending moment.
Maximum bending moment=WL2/ 8
30.Define clear span and effective span.
The horizontal distance between the supporting walls is called the clear span of the beam. The
horizontal distance between the lines of action of end –reaction is called effective span.
31.What is moment of resistance?

VTHT AVADI III SEM
The couple produced in a flexural member due to internal forces is called as moment of
resistance.
32.State the theory of simple bending?
If a length of a beam is subjected to a constant bending moment and no share force (i.e. zero
shear force) then the stresses will be set up in that length of the beam due to B.M. only and that
length of the beam is said to be in pure bending or simple bending. The stresses set up in that
length of beam are known as bending stress.
33.Define neutral axis of a cross section. (ODD 2012)
The line of intersection of the neutral surface on a cross-section is called the neutral axis of a
cross-section. There is no stress at the axis.
34. What will be the shape of bending moment and shear force diagrams for different types
of load.
35. What is meant by shear flow? (EVEN-2013)
The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear flow

VTHT AVADI III SEM
UNIT-II 16 MARKS QUESTION:
1. A cantilever beam of length 3 m carries the point loads as shown in fig. draw the shear
force and at bending moment diagram for the
cantilever beam.[EVEN 2006)
GIVEN DATA:
LB =1.5m; WB =300N
LC=2.5m; WC =400N
LD =3m; WD =500N
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at D = 500N

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SF at C = 500+400 =900N
SFat B =500+400+300 =1200N
SF at A =1200N
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at D=0
BM at C = -500x0.5=250Nm
BM at B=-500x1.5-400x1=-1150Nm
BM at A=-500x3-400x2.5-300x1.5=-2950Nm
RESULT:
SFD and BMD are shown in fig respectively.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for a cantilever beam to a point load
of 10 KN at mid span. Take span equal to 4m.
GIVEN DATA:
LB =4m;
LC=2 m;
WC =10KN
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at B = 0
SF at C =10KN
SF at A =10KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at B =0
BM at C =0
BM at A =-10x2=-20KNm
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
3.A cantilever beam of length 2m carries a point load of 1KN at its free end , and another
load of 2KN at a distance of 1m from the free end .draw the SF and BM diagram for the
cantilever .[ODD 2003]
GIVEN DATA:
LC =2m; WC =1KN
LB =1m; WB =2KN
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at C =+1KN
SF at B =+3KN
SF at A =+3KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BENDING MOMENT:
Taking moment from right side of the beam section considered.
BM at C
=-WCx0 =0
BM at B
=-WCx(LC-LB)xWBx0
=-1x1-2x0
=-1KN/m
BM at A
=-WCxLC-WBxLB
=-1x2-2x1
=-4KN/m
RESULT:
4.A cantilever of length 2m carries a UDL of3KN/m.Draw the SF and BM diagrams.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
[APRIL 1995]
GIVEN DATA:
L =2m;
w =3KN/m
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
For UDL
SF =3KN/mxlength
SF at B =3x0 =0
SF at A =3KN/mx2m =6KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BENDING MOMENT:
For UDL
BM =Forcexdistance
BM at B
=-3x02 /2
=0
BM atA
=-3x22 /2
=-6KN/m
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
5.A cantilever of length 4m carries a UDL of 3KN/m run over the whole length and two
point loadsof 4KN and 2.5KN are place 1m and 2m respectively from the fixed end. Draw
the shear force and BM diagrams. [ODD 2001]
GIVEN DATA:
As shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at D =0
SF at C
=2.5KN+3KN/mx2m
=8.5KN
SF at B
=+4KN+2.5KN+3KN/mx3m
=+15.5KN
SF at A

VTHT AVADI III SEM
= 4KN+2.5KN+3KN/mx4
=+18.5KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at D =0
BM at C
=-2.5x0-3x2x1
=-6KN-m
Similarly,
BM at B
=-4x0-2.5x1-3x3x1.5
=-16KN/m
BM at A
=-4x1-2.5x2-3x4x2
=-33KN/m
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
6. A Cantilever beam of length 5m is loaded as shown in fig. Draw the SF and BM

diagrams.
GIVEN DATA:
As Shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at D
=3KN
SF at C
=3+2
=+5KN
SF at B
=3KN+2KN+3KN/mx1.5m
=+9.5KN
SF at A =+11.5KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at D =0
BM at C
=-3KNx2m
=-6KN/m
BM at B
=-3x3.5m-2x1.5m-3KN/mx1.5mx0.75
=-10.5-3-3.375
=-16.875KN/m
BM at A
=-3x5-2x3-3x1.5x(0.75+1.5)-2x1.5
=-15-6-10.125-3
=-34.125KN/m.
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
7.a beam freely supported over an effective span of 5 m carries point loads 3KN, 4.5KN
and 7KN at 1, 2.5 and 3.5m respectively from the left hand support. Construct the SF and
BM diagrams.
GIVEN DATA:
As shown in fig
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
To find RA and RE,
Taking moment about A,
REx5 =3x1+4.5x2.5+7x3.5
=38.75/5
=7.75KN
We know that,
RA+RE =3+4.5+7 =14.5KN
7.75+RA =14.5
RA =+6.75KN
SHEAR FORCE:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SF at E =-RE =-7.75KN
SF at D =-7.75+7 =-0.75KN
SF at C =-7.75+7+4.5 =3.75KN
SF at B =-7.75+7+4.5+3 =6.75KN
SF at A =6.75KN =RA
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at E =0
BM at D =+REx1.5m =7.75x1.5 =11.625KN/m
BM at C =7.75x2.5-7 =12.375KN/m
BM at B =7.75x4x-17.5-6.75 =+6.75KN/m
BM at A =0
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
8. A beam of 8m span simply supported at its end carries loads of 2KN and 5KN at a
distance of 3m and 6m respectively from right support. In addition, the beam carries a
UDL of 4KN/m for its entire length. Draw the SF and BM diagrams. [EVEN 95]
GIVEN DATA:
As shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
RDx8m
=2KNx5m+5KNx2m+4KN/mx8mx8/2
RD =148/8 =18.5KN
RA+RD =2KN+5KN+4KN/mx8m
18.5+RA =39
RA =20.5KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at D =-RD =-18.5KN
SF at C =-RD+4KN/mx3m+2KN =-4.5KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SF at B =-RD+4KN/mx6m
SF at A =+RA =20.5KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at D =0
BM at C =RDx3m-4KN/mx3mx1.5
=18.5x3-18 =37.5KN/m
BM at B =RDx6m-2KNx3m-4KN/mx6mx3
=18.5x6-6-72 =33KN/m
BM at A =0
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
RA-5KN-4KN/mxXm =0
20.5-5-4X =0
X =3.875m
Maximum BM
=RDx4.125-2x1.125-4KN/mx4.125x4.125/2
=40.03KN/m
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
9. A simply a supported beam of length 5m carries a uniformly varying load of 800N/m run
at one end of zero at the other end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the beam. Also
calculated the position and magnitude of maximum bending moment. [ODD 2000]
GIVEN DATA:
As shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD.
Find maximum BM and its position.
SOLUTION:
RBx5 =0.5x5x800x0.7x5 =1333.33N
RA+RB =0.5x5x800 =2000N
RA =2000-RB =2000-1333.33 =666.67N
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at B =- RB =-1333.33N
SF at A = RA =666.67N

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at A =0
BM at B =0
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
SFX =-1333.33+0.5x800xx xx/5 =0
X =4.08m from end B.
The maximum BM,
Mmax =1333.33x-0.5x(800xx /5)xxx0.7xx
Substituting the x value in the above equation
Mmax
=1333.33x4.08-0.5x(800x4.08/5)x4.08x0.7x4.08
Mmax =1817.73N/m
RESULT:
SFD and BMD are shown in fig respectively
10. Analyse the beam as shown in fig. and draw the SFD and BMD. [ODD 97]

VTHT AVADI III SEM
GIVEN DATA:
As shown fig.
TO FIND:
I.Maximum BM
ii. Draw SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
REx7 =3x2x(1+5)+5x4+0.5x3x4x0.3x3
RE=62/7
=8.857KN
RA+RE =0.5x3x4+5+3x2
RA =17-8.857
=8.143KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at E =-RE =-8.857KN
SF at D =-8.857+3X2=-2.857KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SF at C =-2.857+5 =+2.143KN
SF at B =2.143KN
SF at A =RA =8.143KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at E =0
BM at D =REX2-3X2X1
=8.857X2-6 =11.714KN/m
BM at C = 8.857X3-12 =14.57KN/m
BM at B =8.857X4-18-5 =12.428 KN/m
BM at A =0
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
11.A beam 12m long is supported at two points 2mfrom each end , so that there are two
equal overhanging portions. It carries concentrated loads of 4KN, 3KN and 5KN at 1m, 8m
and 12m respectively from the left end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams. What are the
values of maximum BM and maximum SF? [EVEN 2012)
GIVEN DATA:
As shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
i. SFD and BMD

ii. Maximum BM & SF
SOLUTION:
Taking moment about C,
RE=8 =5x10m+3x6mx-4x1m =64
RE =8KN
RE=RC =4+3+5 =12
RC =4KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at F =5KN
SF at E =5-8 =-3KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SF at D =-3+3 =0
SF at C =0-4 =-4KN
SF at B =-4+4 =0
SF at A =0
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at F =0
BM at E=-5X2 =-10KN/m
BM at D =-5X4+8X2 =-4KN/m
BM at C =-5X10+8X8-3X6 =-4KN/m
BM at B =-5X11+8X9-3X7+4X1 =0
BM at A =0
RESULT:
12. A horizontal beam AD, 10m long carries a

UDL of 12KN/m length run together with a
concentrated load 30KN at the left end A . The
beam is supported at a point B which is 2.5m

VTHT AVADI III SEM
from A and C which is in the right hand half of the beam and 3m from D. Plot the SF and
BM diagrams.[EVEN 2011]
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
Taking moment about B,
RCx4.5m =12KN/mx7.5x7.5/2-30KN =225KN/m
RC =50KN
RA+RC =12KN/mx10+30KN =150KN
RA =100KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at D =0
SF at C =12KN/mx3m-50KN =-14KN
SF at B =-14KN+12KN/mx4.5m-100KN
=-60KN
SF at A =-30KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BENDING MO MENT:
BM at D =0
BM at C =-12KN/Mx3x1.5 =-54KN/m
BM at B =-12KN/Mx7.5x3.75+50x4.5
=-112.5KN/m
BM at A =0
Maximum BM
12KN/mX x-RC =0
X =50/12 =4.166m
Maximum BM
=-12x4.166x4.166/2+50x (4.166-3)
=-45.83KN/m
RESULT:
13.A beam AB of length 7m is simply supported at two supports which are 5m apart with
an overhang of 2m on the right side of the beam as shown in fig. The beam carries a UVL
of 6KN/m over the entire length of SSB and a concentrated load of 4KN at the right end of
the beam. Draw SFD and BMD. Locate maximum BM. [ODD 98]

VTHT AVADI III SEM
GIVEN DATA:
As shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
RBx5 =0.5x5x6x0.3x5+4x7 =53
RB =10.6KN
RA+RB =0.5x5x6+4 =19KN
RA =19-10.6 =8.4KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at C =4KN
SF at B =4-10.6 =-6.6KN
SF at A =RA =8.4KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM at C =0
BM at B =-4x2 =-8KN/m

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BM at A =0
Maximum BM
SFX =4-RB(x-2)+0.5x(x)x1.2(x-2) =0
4-10.6x +21.2-0.6(x-2)2 =0
x2 +13.66x-38 =0
By using quadratic formula,
x =2.37m or -16.02m
Maximum BM,
Mmax =-4xx+RB(x-2)-0.5x(x-2)x1.2x(x-2)x0.3x(x-2)
=-9.48+3.922-0.02
Mmax =-5.658KN/m
RESULT:
14.A beam of length 10 m is simply supported at its ends carries two concentrated load of 5
KN each at a distance 3 m and 7 m from the left support and also uniformly distributed
load of 1 KN/m between the point loads draw SFD and BMD and calculate the maximum
bending moment.(EVEN 2011)
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
Taking moment about A
RD=5*7+1*4*(4/2+3) +5*3
RD*10=70
RD=7
W.K.T
RA+RD=5+1*4+5
RA=7 KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SFat D= -RD = -7KN
SF at C (without point load) = - RD = -7
SF at C (with point load) = - RD = -7 +5 = -2 KN
SF at B (without point load) = RA= 7
SF at B (without point load) = RA -5 = 7- 5 = 2KN
SF at A =RA =7 KN
BENDING MOMENT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
BMD at D=0
BM at C= RD*3 = 7*3 = 21 KN-m
BM at B = RA*3 =7*3 =21 KN-m
BM at A =0
The maximum bending moment is situating at a distance of x from the point A, where the shear
forces change its sign.
X =3+2 =5m
MAX BENDING MOMENT:
Max binding moment= RD * 5 *2 – (1*2)*2/2
= 7* 5- 5*2 -2 =23 KN-m
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
15. Draw the S.F and B.M diagram for beam shown in fig. (ODD 2006).
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
TAKING MOMENT ABOUT “A”
RB * 8 = 2000*10+4000*5 -1600*3

VTHT AVADI III SEM
RB * 8 = 35200
RB =4400 N
RA +RB =1600+4000+2000
RA+ 4400 =7600
RA = 3200 N
SHEAR FORCE:
SF at E =2000 N
SF AT B =2000 -4400 =-2400 N
SF AT D = -2400+4000 =1600 N
SF AT A = 1600-3200 = -1600 N
SF AT C = 1600 – 1600 =0
BENDING MOMENT:
BM AT E =0
BM AT C =0
BM AT B = -2000 *2= -4000 N-m
BM AT D = -2000 *5 + 4400 *3 =3200 N-m.
BM AT A = (-200 *10) + (4400*8)-(4000*5)= -4800 N-m.
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
16. For the SSB loaded as shown in fig. draw the shear force diagram and bending moment
diagram obtain maximum bending moment.. (EVEN 2010).
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
TAKING MOMENT ABOUT “B”
RB *7 = 20 *5.5 +(15 * 3) (3/2+1)
RB = 31.8 KN
RA + RB =15 *3 +20
RA +31.8 = 65
RA = 33.2 KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF AT B = -31.8 KN
SF AT E =-31.8 +20 = -11.8
SF AT D = -11.8

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SF AT C = -11.8 + 15* 3 =33.2 KN
SF AT A =33.2 KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM AT A =0
BM AT B =0
BM AT C =33.2 *1 =33.2 KN
BM AT D =33.2 *4 – (15 * 32 /2) = 65.3 KN- m
BM AT E = 33.2 * 5.5 – (15* 3)*3 =47.7 KN-m
TO FIND MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT:
Maximum bending moment occur at a point where
shear force is zero. Form the SFD it can be seen that
SF takes zero value in the region is
SFX = 33.2 – (15 *(x-1)) =0
33.2 -15X +15 =0
X =3.21
BM AT 3.21 m
MAX = 33.2 *3.21 – 15(3.21- 1)2/2
= 69.94 KN-m
Maximum bending moment = 69.94 kN-m

VTHT AVADI III SEM
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
17. For the beam shown in fig draw the SFD and BMD.(EVEN 2008).
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
TAKING MOMENT ABOUT A:
RB *5 = (4 *5 * 5/2)+ (2*6)+(7*4)+(5*1)
RB =19 KN
RA +RB = 5+4+7+2+4*5
RA =15 KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SHEAR FORCE:
SF AT C = 2 KN
SF AT B = 2 – 19 = -17KN
SF AT D = -17 *4 = -13 KN
SF AT E = -6 +(4*3) = 6 KN =6+ 5 =11 KN
SF AT A = 15 KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM AT C = 0
BM AT A =0
BM AT B = -2*1 =-2 KN-m
BM AT D = -2 +19 = 17+(-4*1) =13 KN-m
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
18. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of the beam loaded as shown in fig.
(ODD 2008)
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
RA =5 KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
RB =70 KN
SHEAR FORCE:
FC =25 KN
FB=35 KN
FB =-35KN
FA =5 KN
BENDING MOMENT:
MC =0
MB= -60 KN-m
MA =0
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
19. A simply supported beam of 4 m span is

carrying load as shown in fig. the SFD and BMD
draw.(EVEN 2010)
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
TAKING MOMENT ABOUT “A”
RB* 4 = 4 * 1.5 + 2 *1 *(1/2 +1.5)
RB =2.5 KN
RA +RB =4+2 *1
RA =6-2.5 =3.5 KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF AT B = -2.5 KN
SF AT C =-2.5 KN
SF AT D = -2.5 +(2*1) = -0.5 KN (WITHOUT POINT LOAD)
= -0.5 +4 = 3.5 KN
SF AT A = 3.5 KN
BENDING MOMENT:
BM AT A =0
BM AT D = 0
BM AT C = RB *1.5 =3.75 KN-m
BM AT D = RB *2.5 -2 * 1 * ½
= 6.25 -1 = 5.25 KN- m
RESULT:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
20. A cantilever 3.6 m long carrier load

of 30, 70, 40 and 60 KN at distance of a
0.6, 1.5, and 2.4m respectively from the
free end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams
for the cantilever. (EVEN 2012).
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SHEAR FORCE:
SFat E =30 KN

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SFat D = 30+70 =100 KN
SFat C = 100 +40 =140 KN
SF at B = 140+60 =200 KN
Join all the values by straight horizontal liner.
BENDING MOMENT:
BM AT E =0
BM AT D
= -30 *0.6
= -18 KN-m
BM AT C
= -30*1.5 -70 *0.9
= -108 KN-m
BM AT B
= -30 * 2.4 -70 *1.8 -40 *0.9
= -234 KN-m
BM AT A
= -30 *6 -70 *5.4 -40 *4.5 -60 *3.6

VTHT AVADI III SEM
= -954 KN-m
Join the values by straight inclined lines as.
RESULT:
21. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram

for the beam show in fig.(ODD 2011)
GIVEN DATA:
AS shown in fig.
TO DRAW:
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION:
TAKING MOMENT ABOUT A
RC *8 = ½ * 2.5 *5 *[(1/3 *2.5) +8] + 10 * 8 *8/2 + 20*6
RC *8 =495.2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
RC =61.9 KN
RA + RC =1/2 *2.5 *5 +10 *8 +20 = 106.25 KN
RA =106.25 -61.9 = 44.35 KN
SHEAR FORCE:
SF AT D =0
SF AT C (without reaction Rc)
= ½ *2.5 *5 = 6.25 KN
SF AT C (with reaction)
= 6.25 – 61.9 = -55.65 KN
SF AT B (without point load)
= -55.65 +10 *2 = -35.65 KN
SF AT B (with point load)
= -35.65 +20 = -15.65 KN
SF AT A = RA = 44.35 KN
Join the values CD by parabolic curve and
all other valves by inclined straight lines.
BENDING MOMENT:
BM AT D = 0
BM AT C

VTHT AVADI III SEM
= -1/2 *2.5 *5 *1/3 *2.5
= -5.208 KN-m
BM AT B
= -1/2 *2.5 *5 *[(1/3*2.5)+2] +61*2 * (-10*2*2/2)
= 36.09KN-m
Join all the valves AB and C by parabolic curves and CD by cubic curves.
RESULT:
22. The cross section of the beam is shown. This beam is of cantilever type and carries a
UDL of 16 kN/m. if the span of the beam is 2.5 m; determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses in the beam. (EVEN 2007, 2008,
2009).
GIVEN:
UDL = 165 KN/m
L =2.5 m
TO FIND:
The maximum tensile stresses =?

VTHT AVADI III SEM
The maximum compressive stresses =?
SOLUTION:
AREA OF SECTION (1), a1 =50*10 =500 mm2
AREA OF SECTION (2), a2 =15 *35 = 525 mm2
Y1 for section (1) form bottom most layer
Y1 = 35 + 10/2 = 40 mm
Y2 for section (2) form bottom most layer
Y2 =35 /2 = 17.5 mm
For unsymmetrical section, the centre of gravity of the section is placed y mm form the bottom
face. The y may be calculated by6 using the following formula.
Y=
=28.47 mm
Moment of inertia of rectangle (1) about an axis through its C.G and parallel to x-x axis .
Ig1 =bd3 /12
= 50* 103 /12
= 4166.667 mm4

VTHT AVADI III SEM
From parallel axis theorem moment of inertia of the rectangle (1) from x- x axis.
I1 =Ig1 +a1 h1 2
Where,
L1 = distance between C.G of the section (1) form reference line and the y.
= y1 – y
= 40-28.47
=11.53 mm
I1 = 4166.667 +500 *11.53 2
= 70637.11 mm4
Similarly for section (2)
I2 =IG2 +a2 h2 2
I2 = 15 *352 /12 + 525 (28.47 -17.5)2
= 116772.72 mm4
Now moment of inertia of whole section about x axis
IXX = I1 +I2
= 70637.11+116772.72
=187409.83 mm4
M= 16 * 2.5 /2 =50 KN-m
W.K.T,

VTHT AVADI III SEM
M/I=
The maximum compressive bending stress is on the top most layer of the beam.
The distance from y to top layer is
= 45 -28.47
=16.53 mm
b = M/I *y
= 50 * 16.53/187409.83
= 4.4 *103 KN/m2
The maximum tensile stress is on the bottom most layer of the beam.
b = M/I *y
=50*28.47/187409.83
= 7.59*103 KN/m2
RESULT:
b= 4.4 *103 KN/m2
b= 7.59*103 KN/m2
23. a timber beam of rectangular section is to support a load of 20 KN uniformly

distributed over a span of 36 m, when the beam is simply supported. If the depth of the
section is to be twice the breadth and the stress in the timber is not exceed 7 n /mm3 modify
the cross section of the beam if it carries a concentrated 30 KN placed at the mid span with
the same ration of breadth to depth.(EVEN 2006) (ODD 2006)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
GIVEN:
Load, w= 20 KN =20000 N
Length l =3.6m
b =7 N/mm2
WP = 30 KN =30000 N
D= 2 b
TO FIND:
Case (1) uniformly distributed load, 20KN
(1) B, (2) D
Case(2). Point load 30 KN
(1). B (2) D
Solution :
case1.
Carried a uniformly distributed load
Maximum bending moment (BM)=wl2 /8
=20000*(3.6)2 /8
BM=3.24 *1010 N-mm
Moment of inertia,
I=bd3 /12
=b(2b) 3 /12
I=8 b4 /12

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Z=1/y= 8b3 /12
Moment of resistance,
m= b*z
=7* 8b3 /12
M= 56*b3 /12
Equating the moment of resistance to maximum bending movement
3.24*1010 =56*b3 /12
B=1907.711 mm
D= 2b =2* 1907.11 =3815.42 mm
Case2.
Beam carries a point load at the center
Maximum bending movement BM= wl/4
= 30000*3.6/4 =27000 n-m
= 27000*103 N-mm
Equating the movement of resistance to max bending movement
56 *b3 /12 = 27000000
B=179.52 mm
D=2b= 359.04 mm
RESULT:
(i) B=1907.711 mm D=3815.42 mm

(ii) B=179.52 mm
D=2b= 359.04 mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
24. A beam of rectangular cross section 50 mm wide and 150 deep is used. As cantilever 6m
long and subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 2 KN/m over the entire length.
Determine the bending stress at 50mm from the top fibre, at the mid span of the beam.
Also, calculate the maximum bending stress. (ODD 2008)
GIVEN:
Cross section 50 mm wide and 150 deep
Long= 6m
Uniformly distributed load of 2 KN/m
TO FIND:
Maximum bending stress, =?
SOLUTION:
B=50mm
D=150mm
L=600mm
W=2000N/mm
I=14.06*106 mm4
Maximum bending moment

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Mmax =wl2 /2
=2*(3000)2 /2
=9*106 N-mm
Maximum bending stress, = b/YMAX
b= (36*106 )* 75/14.06*106
=192.02 N/mm2
Bending moment at mid span M/I= mid/ymid
=9*106 *(25)/14.06*106
=16N/mm2
RESULT:
Maximum bending stress=192.02 n/mm2
25. A simply supported timber beam of span 6m carries a UDL of 12 KN/m over the entire
span and a point load of a KNat 2.5 m from the left support. If the bending stress in the
timber is not to exceed 8 N/mm2 design a suitable section for the beam. The depth of beam
equals twice the breadth. (ODD 2001)
GIVEN:
L=6 m
UDL, w1 =12 KN/m
Bending stress =8 N/mm2
D=2b
TO FIND:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
B=D=?
SOLUTION:
RC *6 = 12 * 6 *6/2 +9 *2.5
RC =39.75 KN
RA + RC =12 *6+9 =81 KN
RA =81 – 39.75 =41.25 KN
S.F CALCULATION:
SF AT C = -RC = -39.75 KN
SF AT B (without point load)
= -RC+12 *3.5= 2.25 KN
SF AT A = RA= 41.25 KN
From SFD, the SF changes its sign at a distance of x –m form c.
Therefore, the maximum BM liesat that point.
Maximum BM calculation
The SF equation at that point is,
SFX= -RC +12 *x=0
X=39.75/12 =3.3125 m form end c.
Therefore maximum BM,
MMAX =RC *x -12*x*x/2
=39.75 * 3.3125 -12 *(3.3125)2 /2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
MMAX= 65.83*106 N-mm
Y=D/2=B
I=bd3/12
=8b4 /12
By using the relation
M/I= b/Y
65.83*106 /8/12*B4 =8/b
B3 =12.3*106
B=231.12 mm
D=2b=462.24mm
RESULT:
B=231.12 mm
D=2b=462.24mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
26. Calculate the maximum bending stress and shear stress in a cantilever beam of span 6m
which carries a uniformly distributed load of 5 KN/m over a distance of 4m form the free
end. The cross section of the beam is a rectangle of breadth 100mm and depth 150mm.
(EVEN 95)
GIVEN:
L=6m
W=5KN/n
B=100mm
D=150mm
TO FIND:
Maximum bending stress and shear stress
SOLUTION:
For the given cantilever beam, the maximum BM is acting at fixed, end.
Therefore the maximum BM,
Mmax =5 *4 * 4/2 =40 KN-m
=40*106 N-mm
Y=d/2 =150/2 =75 mm
I=bd3 /12
=100*(150)3 /12
=28.125*106 mm4
By using the relation

VTHT AVADI III SEM
M/I= b/Y
40*106 /28.125*106 = b/75
b= 106.67 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress,
Q max =3/2 * F/bd
F=5*4=20 KN at A
Qmax = 3 * 20000/2* (100*150)
=2 N /mm2
RESULT:
Qmax =2 N /mm2
27. A simply supported beam of span 6 m is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 2

KN/m over the entire span. Calculate the magnitude of shear force and bending moment at
every section, 2 m from the left support. Also draw shear force and bending moment
diagrams. (EVEN 2013)
Given:
Span l = 6 m
Load w = 2 KN/m
To Find:Shear force and bending moment at every section, 2m from left support.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Solution:
Taking moment about ‗A‘
RB × 6 = 2 × 2 ×
RB× 6 =12
RB = = 6 KN
RA +RB= 2 × 6
RA +RB= 12
RA = 12 - RB = 12 – 6 = 6 KN
Shear Force Calculation:
Shear at RB= -6 KN
Shear at RD = -6 + 2 × 2 = - 2 KN
Shear at RC = -6 + 2 × 4 = 2 KN
Shear Forces at RA = 6 KN
Bending Moment Calculation:
B.M at B = 0
B.M at D = RB× 2 – 2 × 2 × = 12 – 4 = 8 KN-m
B.M at C = RB× 4 – 2 × 4 × = 24 -16 = 8 KN-m
B.M at A = 0
Maximum Bending Moment

VTHT AVADI III SEM
B.M (max)=
(OR)
B.M (max)at
= 18 – 9 = 9 KN- m
RESULT:
28. State the assumption made in the theory of simple bending equation and drives the
simple bending equation (EVEN-2013)
There exists a define relationship among applied moment, bending stresses and bending
deformation (radius of curvature). This relationship can be derived in two steps:
(i) Relationship between bending stresses and radius of curvature.
(ii) Relationship between applied bending moment and radius of curvature.
(i) Relationship between bending stresses and radius of curvature: Consider an elemental
lengthABof the beam as shown in Fig .Let EFbe the neutral layer and CDthe bottom
most layer. If GHis a layer at distance y from neutral layer EF, initially AB = EF = GH =
CD.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Let after bending A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H take positions A′, B′, C′, D′, E′, F′, G′ and H′
respectively as shown in Fig. 10.2(b). Let R be the radius of curvature and be the angle
subtendedby C′A′ and D′B′ at centre of radius of curvature. Then,
EF = E′F′, since EF is neutral axis
= R ... (i)
Strain in GH =Final length – Initial length
Initial length
G ' H ' GH

GH
But GH  EF(The initial length)
 R
G ' H '  (R  y)
(R  y)
Strain in layer GH   R
R
y

R
Since strain in GH is due to tensile forces, strain in GH = f/E ...(iii)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Wheref is tensile stress and E is modulus of elasticity.
From eqns. (ii) and (iii), we get
f y
 
E R
f E

y R
(ii) Relationship between bending moment and radius of curvature:Consider an elemental

areaδaat distance y from neutral axis as shown in Fig.
From eqn., stress on this element is

VTHT AVADI III SEM
E
f y
R
Forceonthiselement
E
 ya
R
Moment of resis tan ce of this elemenl force about neutral axis
E
 yay
R
E
 y 2 a
R
Total moment resisted by the sec tion M 'is given by
E
M '   y 2 a
R
E
  y 2 a
R
From the defination of inertia about centroidal axis, we
know
I   y 2 a
E
M'  I
R
From equilibrium condition, M  where M is applied moment
E
M I
R
M E

I R
M f E
 
I y R

VTHT AVADI III SEM
UNIT – III TORSION
PART-A
2. Write down the simple torsion formula with the meaning of each symbol for circular cross
section.(EVEN 2011, 2010, 2009)
T Cθ τ
= =
J L R
Where,
T – Torque N-mm
J – Polar moment of inertia mm4
– Shear stress N/mm2
R – Radius mm
C – Modulus of rigidity N/mm2
 - Angle of twist radian
l- Length mm
2.Define stiffness of spring and mention its unit in SI system.(EVEN 2011, 2010, ODD 2006)
The stiffness of the spring is defined as the load required producing unit deflection.
C d4
Stiffness, K = N/mm
64 R3 n
3. Compare closed and open coiled helical springs. (EVEN 2009, 2013)
Closed coiled helical springs Open coiled helical springs
1. Adjacent coils are very close to each other. 1. Large gap between adjacent coils
2. Only tensile load can carry. 2. Tensile and compressive loads can carry.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
3. Helix angle is negligible 3. Helix angle considerable.
4. What is the maximum shear stress produced in a bolt of diameter 20mm when it is
tightened by a spanner which exerts a force of 50 N with a radius of action of 150 mm?
(ODD 2008)
Solution: Torque, T = 50 x 150 = 7500 N-mm
16 T 16 x 7500
Shear stress, = = = 4.775 N/mm2
π D3 π x (20)3
5. A close coiled helical spring of 10 mm in diameter having 10 complete turns, with mean
diameter 120 mm is subjected to an axial load of 200 N. Determine the maximum shear
stress and stiffness of the spring. Take G = 9 x 10 4 N/mm2 . (ODD 2008)
Given: d = 10 mm; n = 10; D = 120 mm → R = 60 mm; W = 200 N
8WD 8 x 200 x 120
Solution: Shear stress, = = = 61.12 N/mm2
π d3 π x (10)3
6. Define polar modulus of a section. What is the polar modulus value for a hollow circular
section of 100 mm external diameter and 40 mm internal diameter? (EVEN 2008)
It is the ration between polar moment of inertia and the maximum radius of a circular
section.
π π
Zp = (D4 – d4 ) = x (1004 - 404 ) = 9561300 mm3

32 32

VTHT AVADI III SEM
7. A close coiled helical spring is to carry an axial load of 500 N. Its mean coil diameter is
to be 10 times its wire diameter. Calculate this diameter if the maximum shear stress in the
material is to be 80MPa.(EVEN 2008)
Given: W = 500 N; D = 10d; = 80MPa = 80 N/mm2
Solution: 8WD 8 x 200 x 10d
Solution: Shear stress, = =
π d3 π d3
12.732
80 = d2
d = 12.62 mm
D = 10d = 10 x 12.62 = 126.2 mm
8. Express the strength of a solid shaft.(ODD 2007)
Strength of a solid shaft is given by
π
Torque, T= x x D3
16
9.Give the expression for finding deflection of a closed coiled helical spring.(ODD 2007)
64 W R3 n
Deflection, δ =
C d4
10.What do you mean by torsional rigidity of a shaft? Also, give the expression for finding
power transmitted by a shaft.(EVEN 2008)
The product of modulus of rigidity (C) and polar moment of inertia (J) of a shaft is
known as torsional rigidity or stiffness of a shaft.
2πNT

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Power, P =
60000 T → Torque in N-m., N → Speed in rpm, P → Power in KW

11.How will you find maximum shear stress induced in the wire of a close -coiled helical
spring carrying an axial load?(EVEN 2007)
16 W R
Maximum shear stress, = π d3
12.Find the minimum diameter of shaft required to transmit a torque of 29820 Nm if the
maximum shear stress is not to exceed 45 N/mm2 (ODD 2007)
Given: T = 29820 N-m; = 45 N/mm²
Solution: π
Torque, T= x x D3
16
29820 x 106 = x 45 x D3
16
D = 150 mm
13.Find the torque which a shaft of 50 mm diameter can transmit safely, if the allowable
shear stress is 75 N/mm2 (EVEN 2006)
Given: Shear Stress, = 75 N/mm²; Diameter D = 50 mm
Solution: π
Torque, T= x x D3
16
: π
Torque, T= x 75 x (50)3
16

VTHT AVADI III SEM
T = 1839843.75 N-m
14. Differentiate open coiled helical spring from the close coiled helical spring and state the
type of stress induced in each spring due to an axial load.(EVEN 2006, 2013)
Closed coiled helical springs Open coiled helical springs
1. Adjacent coils are very close to each other. 1. Large gap between adjacent coils
2. Only tensile load can carry. 2. Tensile and compressive loads can carry.
3. Helix angle is negligible 3. Helix angle considerable.
4. The pitch between two adjacent turns is small. 4. The pitch between two adjacent turns is high.
15.What are the assumptions made in torsion equation? (EVEN 2004)

1. The material of the shaft is homogenous, perfectly elastic and obeys Hooke‘s law.
2. Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft.
3. The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality
4. The shaft circular in section remains circular after loading.
5. Strain and deformations are small.
16. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular
shaft?(EVEN 99)
1. The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
2. For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft will be less
compared to solid shaft.
17. What is the power transmitted by circular shaft subjected to an torque of 700 KN-m at
110 rpm(ODD 2003)
2πNT 2 x π x 110 x 700
Power, P = = = 8063.42 KW
60 600
18. Calculate the maximum torque that a shaft of 125 mm diameter can transmit, if the
maximum angle of twist is 1º in a length of 1.5 m. Take C = 70 x 10 3 N/mm².(EVEN 2005)
Given data:
Diameter, D = 125 mm; Angle of twist, θ = 1º x π/180 = 0.017 rad; Length, l = 1.5 m =
1500 mm
Modulus of rigidity, C = 70 x 103 N/mm².

VTHT AVADI III SEM
To Find: Maximum torque, Tmax

Solution: Torsional equation
T Cθ τ
= =
J L R
π/32 [D4 ]
T= x 70 x 103 x 0.017
15000
Tmax = 19.01 x 106 N-mm
19. A helical spring is made of 4 mm steel wire with a mean radius of 25 mm and number
of turns of coil 15. What will be deflection of the spring under a load of 6 N. Take C = 80 x
103 N/mm².(EVEN2010)
Given: d = 4 mm; R = 25 mm; n = 15; W = 6 N; C = 80 x 103 N/mm².
Solution: Axial deformation,
64 W R3 n 64 x 6 x 253 x 15
Deflection, δ = = = 4.39 mm.

C d4 80 x 103 x 44
20. Give shear stress and deflection relation for close coiled helical spring.(EVEN 2004)
64 W R3 n
Deflection, δ =
C d4
16 W R
Shear stress, = π d3
4 π R2 n
δ = Cd x

VTHT AVADI III SEM
21. What are the uses of closed coiled helical spring?(EVEN 2000)
Railway wagons, cycle seating, pistols, brakes etc.
22. What is meant by spring constant or spring index? (EVEN 2010)
Spring constant is the ratio of mean diameter of the spring to the diameter of the wire.
23. What is meant by spring? (ODD 2011)
Spring is a device which is used to absorb energy by taking very large change in its form
without permanent deformation and then release the same when it is required.
24. Classify the spring.(EVEN 2011)
(i) Torsion spring (ii) Bending spring.
25. Define Torsion.
It is the angle of twist due to the load.
26. Define torsional rigidity. (EVEN 2012)
It is a product of modulus of rigidity and polar moment of inertia (GIp).
27. How does the shear stress vary across a solid shaft?
The stress is zero at the centre (neutral axis) and maximum at the perimeter.
28. For same weight, which shaft will carry more torque, a solid one or a hollow one? Why?
Hollow shaft will carry more torque because polar inertia will be more for hollow shaft to
solid shaft for the weight and length.
29. What are the types of spring? (EVEN 2012)
Springs are following types.
1. Semi elliptical Leaf spring.
2. Quarter elliptical Leaf spring.
3. Closed coil helical spring
4. Open coil helical spring
30. What are leaf springs?
Several plates are fastened together one over the other to form a layer of plates, such
arrangements are known as leaf springs.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
31. What is the difference between closed coil and open coil spring? (EVEN 2013)
Closed Coil Open coil
o
Angle of helix is less than 10 Angle of helix greater than 20o
It is used for tensile load It is used for both tensile and compressive load
Eg: Brake, accelerator Eg: Shock absorber, ballpoint pen
32. Define Wahl‟s factor.
The effect of direct shear and change in coil curvature a stress factor is defined, which is known
as Wahl's factor‘s = Wahl‘s factor, if we take into account the Wahl's factor then the formula for
the shear stress becomes

33. What are the conditions to design a circular shaft?
1. The stress should be within the limit of the torque.
2. Angle of twist should be within the torque.
34. Define torsional energy or torsional resilience.
It is the strain energy stored due to angular twist. It is the product of Average torque and
twist.
35.Define polar modulus.
Polar modulus is defined as the ratio of the polar moment of inertia to the radius of
the shaft. It is also called torsional section modulus and is denoted by Zp.
36.Define torsional rigidity.(EVEN 2013)

Let a twisting moment T produce a twist of ∅ radian in a length l then
The Product of modulus of rigidity G &polar moment inertia J is called torsional rigidity or
stiffness of shaft.
Where G—modulus of rigidity of the material

VTHT AVADI III SEM
37. Define stiffness of a spring? In what unit it is measured?
Stiffness of a spring is defined as load per unit deflection. It is denoted by K and unit is N/mm.
38.Write the equation for strain energy stored in a shaft due to torsion.
39.What is a spring? State various types of spring.
Springs are elastic members which distort under load and regain their original shape when load
isremoved.
Types of springs:
1. Helical springs
a. Closed-coiled spring b. open-coiled helical spring
2. Leaf spring
a. full-elliptic b.semi elliptic ,c. cantilever

VTHT AVADI III SEM
3. Torsion spring
40. Compute the torsional rigidity of a 100mm diameter, 4m length shaft

C=80KN/mm2.(EVEN 2013)
Given:
Diameter (d) = 100mm
Length (l) = 4m=4000mm
Modulus of rigidity (C) = 80KN/mm2 = 80x103 N/mm2
To Find:
Torsional rigidity (CJ)
Solution:
Torsional rigidity = modulus of rigidity(C) x polar moment of inertia (J)
Polar moment of inertia: J = d4 mm4 = × (100)4 = 9817477.042 mm4
Torsional rigidity = C×J = 80×103 × 9817477.042= 7.85×1011 N/mm2.
Result: Torsional rigidity (CJ) = 7.85×1011 N/mm2.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
16 MARK QUESTIONS
PART-B
1. A solid shaft has totransmit 75 KW at 200 r.p.m. taking allowable shear stress as 70
N/mm2 , find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the maximum torque transmitted at each
revolution exceeds the mean by 30%.[ODD-2008]
Given data:
Power transmitted P  75KW  75  103W
R.P.M of the shaft N=200 rpm
Shear stress   70 N / mm2
Maximum torque Tmax  Tmean  30 0 0 Tmean

 Tmean  0.3Tmean  1.3Tmean
Data asked:
Suitable diameter of the shaft

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Solution:
2NTmean
Power transmitte d P 
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2N
75  103  60000
Tmean   3580980 Nmm
2  200
Tmax  1.3  3580980  4655274 Nmm

Wkt Maximum torque transmitted by the solid shaft Tmax  d 3
16
1
 T 16  3
or Diameter of the shaft d   max 
   
1
 4655274 16  3
d   69.57mm  70mm
   70 
Result:
The diameter of the solid shaft d = 70 mm
2. A hollow steel shaft of outside diameter 75 mm is transmitted a power of 300 KW at 2000

rpm. Find the thickness of the shaft if the maximum shear stress is not to exceed 40 N/mm2 .
[ODD-2009]
Given data:
Out diameter of the shaft do = 75 mm
Power transmitted P = 300 KW
Speed of the shaft N= 2000 rpm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Maximum shear stress = 40 N/mm2
Data asked:
Thickness of the shaft.
Solution:
2NTmean
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2N
300  103  60000
Tmean   1433121Nmm
2  2000

VTHT AVADI III SEM

Wkt Maximum torque transmitted by the solid shaft Tmax  d o 3 1  k 4 
16
di
where k
do
 
or 1  k     T16d
4
 3
 o 
 1433121 16 
 3 
 0.53198 or
   40  75 
 k 4  1  0.53198 or
1
k   0.46802  4  0.8271
di
ie  0.8271
do
di  0.8271 d o
di  0.8271 75  62 mm
d o  di 75  62 13
wkt thickness t     6.5 mm
2 2 2
Result:
Thickness of the hollow shaft t =6.5 mm
3. A shaft is required to transmit 75 KW power at 100 r.p.m and the maximum twisting
moment is 30% greater than the mean. Find the diameter of the steel shaft if the maximum
stress is 70 N/mm2 . Also determine the angle of twist in a length of 3m of the shaft. Assume
the modulus of rigidity for the steel as 90 KN/mm2 . [EVEN-2011]
Given data:
power transmitte d P  75KW  75  103W

speed N  100 rpm
maximum stress   70 N / mm2
length of the shaft   3m  3000mm
modulus of rigidity G  90 KN / mm2  90  103 N / mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Data asked:
The angle of twist
Solution:
2NTmean
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2N
75  103  60000
Tmean   1790490 Nmm
2  100

Tmax  1.3  1790490  2327627 Nmm

Wkt Maximum torque transmitte d by the solid shaft Tmax  d 3
16
1
 T  16  3
   
1
 2327627  16  3
 d    50.65mm  51mm
   70 
 G
Also wkt  or
r 
 
Angle of twist   
r G
70 3000
Angle of twist     0.0915 radian
25.5 90  103
180
  0.0915   50

Result:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
The angle of twist   50
4. A solid circular shaft transmits 75KW power at 200 rpm. Calculate the shaft diameter, if
the twist in the shaft is not to exceed 1 0 in 2 m length of shaft and shear stress is limited to
50 N/mm2 . Take modulus of rigidity C= 1x105 N/mm2 [EVEN-2012]
Given data:
power transmitte d P  75 KW  75  103W

speed N  200 rpm
maximum shear stress   50 N / mm2
modulus of rigidity C  1  105 N / mm2

Angle of twist   10  1   0.01744 radian
180
Data asked: The shaft diameter d
Solution:
2 NTmean
Power transmitted P
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2 N
75 103  60000
Tmean   3580980 Nmm
2  200
1 Diameter of the when max imun shear stress   50 N / mm 2


16
1
 T 16  3
   
1
 2327627 16  3
d   62mm
   50 

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2 Diameter of the shaft when twist should be exceed more than 10
T C 
U sin g the relation  where J  Polar moment of inertia J  d4
J  32
T 
Or Polar moment of inertia J
C 
 4 T 
ie d 
32 C 
1
 T   32  4
or d   
 C   
1
 2327627  2000 32  4
Diameter d      72.21 mm  73 mm
 1  10  0.01744  
5
The suitable diameter of the shaft must be bigger value among the above two diameter values
 Diameter of the shaft d  73 mm
Result:
The diameter of the shaft d= 73 mm
5. What must be the length of a 5 mm diameter aluminium wire so that it can be twisted
through one complete revolution without exceeding a shearing stress of 42 MN/m2 ? Take
C=27GNm2 [EVEN-2012]
Given data:
106
maximum shear stress   42MN / m2  42  6
 42 N / mm 2
10
109
modulus of rigidity C  27GN / m2  27  6
 27 103 N / mm2
10
Angle of twist for one complete revolution   3600  2 radian

Diameter of the shaft d  5 mm
Data asked:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Length of the shaft 
Solution:
T C
wkt the relation 
J 
J
or Length   C 
T

where torque T  d 3
16

T  42  53  1030.3 Nmm
16
 
Polar moment inertia J d4   54  61.32 mm4
32 32
J
 Length   C 
T
61.32
  27  103  2   10092.9 mm  10.1 m
1030.3
Result:
Length of the shaft   10.1 m
6. A hollow shaft with diameter ratio 3/8 is required to transmit 500 KW at 100 rpm, the
maximum torque being 20% greater than the mean. The maximum shear stress is not to
exceed 60 N/mm2 and the twist in length of 3 m is not to exceed 1.4 0 . Calculate the
minimum diameters required for the shaft. C=84 KN/mm2 . [ODD-2009]
Given data:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

speed N  100 rpm

Angle of twist   1.40  1.4   0.02442 radian
180
Maximum torque Tmax  1.2Tmean
di 3
Diameter ratio K    0.375
do 8
Data asked:
The minimum diameters required
Solution:
2NTmean
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2N
500  103  60000
Tmean   47770700 Nmm
2  100
Maximum torque transmitted Tmax  1.2Tmean

 Tmax  1.2  47770700  57324840 Nmm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
1 Diameter of the when max imun shear stress   60 N / mm2


Wkt Maximum torque transmitted by the solid shaft Tmax  d o 3 1  k 4 
16
1
 T 16  3
or Outside diameter of the shaft do   max


    1  k 4  
 
1
 57295778.4  16  3
d0     170.58mm  171 mm
   60  1  0.3754  
 
 Inside diameter of the shaft di  k  do  0.375 171  63.9mm  64mm
2 Diameter of the shaft when twist should be exceed more than 1.40
T C 
U sin g the relation
J


where J  Polar moment of inertia J 
32
4

do 1  k 4 
T 
C 
 T 
ie
32
4

do 1  k 4   C 
1
 T  32 4
d o    
or

 C   1  k
4
 
1
 57295778.4  3000 32 4
Outside diameter d o      171.8 mm  172 mm
 84  10  0.02442  1  0.375
3 4
  
Inside diamter of the shaft di  k  do  0.375  172  64.5 mm  65mm
Result:
The outside diameter of the shaft do = 172 mm
The inside diameter of the shaft di = 65 mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
7. Determine the diameter of the solid shaft which transmits 90KW at 160 rpm. Also
determine the length of the shaft if the twist must not exceed 1 0 over the entire length. The
maximum shear stress is limited to 60 N/mm2 . Take the value of modulus of rigidity=8x104
N/mm2 [EVEN-2011]
Given data:
speed N  160 rpm

Angle of twist   1o  1   0.01745 radian
180
Data asked:
Diameter of the shaft and length of the shaft
Solution:
(i)Diameter of the shaft d
2NTmean
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2N
90  103  60000
Tmean   5371480 Nmm
2  160

Wkt Maximum torque transmitte d by the solid shaft Tmax  d 3
16
1
 T  16  3
   
1
 5371480  16  3
 d    76.8mm
   60 
(ii)Length of the shaft:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
 C
U sin g the relation 
R 
R
or Length   C 

38.4
  8  104  0.01745   893.6 mm
60
Result:
The diameter of the shaft d= 76.8 mm
Length of the shaft l =893.6 mm
8. A closed coiled helical spring is to carry a load of 500 N. its mean coil diameter is to be 10
times that of the wire diameter. Calculate this diameter if the maximum shear stress in the
material of the spring is to be 80 MN/m2 . [EVEN-2012]
Given data:
Load on spring W  500 N

mean coil diameter D  10d , where d  wire diameter
shear stress   80MN / m2  80 N / mm2
Data asked:
The diameters of mean coil and wire
Solution:

VTHT AVADI III SEM

U sin g the relation WR  d 3
16
16WR
or d3 

16  500  5d
d3 
  80
 16  500  5 
or d2     159.15
   80 
Or wire diameter d= 12.6mm
Mean coil diameter D = 10d = 10x12.6=126mm
Result:
Wire diameter d = 12.6 mm
Mean coil diameter D = 126 mm
9. Thestiffness of a close coiled helical spring is 15N/mm of compression under a maximum

load of 60 N; the maximum shearing stress produced in the wire of the spring is 125
N/mm2 . The solid length of the spring (when the coils are touching) is given as 5 cm find
(i) Diameter of wire

(ii) mean diameter of the coils and
(iii) Number of coils required, take modulus of rigidity is 4.5x10 4 N/mm2 .
[EVEN-2011}
Given data:
Stiffness of the helical spring = 15 N/mm
Maximum load W= 60 N
Shearing stress = 125 N/mm2
The solid length of the spring = 5cm=50 mm
Data asked:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Diameter of wire, mean diameter of the coils and Number of coils required.
Solution:
The solid length of the spring L = 5 cm=50 mm (when the coils are touching)
 50
i.e., number of coils n   1
d d
Wkt,

WR  d 3
16
 1
or R d 3 
16 W
 1
 mean coil radius R  125  d 3   0.409d 3 2
16 60
Cd 4
Also wkt, Stiffness s 3
64 R3n
Subtitute equation 1and 2  on 3, we get

4.5  104 d 4
1.5 

64  0.409d 3 
50
d
3
4.5  10 d  d
4 4
1.5 
64  0.0684d 9  50
4.5  104
or d4   137
64  0.0684  50  1.5
 Diameter of wire d  137.06 4  3.42mm
1
mean diameter of the coil 

D  2 R  2 0.409d 3 
D  2  0.409  3.423  32.72 mm
50 50
Number of coils n   14.61 say 15.
d 3.42
Result:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
The diameter of the wire d= 3.42 mm
Mean diameter of the coil D= 32.72 mm
The number of coils n = 15
10. A helical spring in which the mean diameter of the coils is 12 times the wire
diameter, is to be designed to absorb300 J energy with an extension of 150 mm. the
maximum shear stress is not to exceed 140 N/mm2 . Determine the mean diameter of the
spring, diameter of the wire which forms the spring and the number of turns. Assume
the modulus of rigidity of the material of the spring as 80 KN/mm2 .[ODD-2009]
Given data:
Mean diameter of the coil D = 12 d, where d-wire diameter
Energy absorbed E = 300 J
Extension = 150mm
Shear stress = 140 N/mm2
Modulus of rigidity G = 80 KN/mm2
Data asked:
Mean diameter of the spring, diameter of the wire and number of turns
Solution:
1
Energy absorbed  W   300 *103
2
Wkt,
300 103  2 300 103  2
or Load W    4000 N
 150

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Result:

U sin g the relation WR  d 3
16
16WR
or d 3 

16  4000 12d
d3 
 140
 16  4000 12 
or d 2     1747
  140 
diameter of the wire d  41.7m
mean diameter of coil D  12  41.7  500.4mm
16WR 3n  C d 4
 or n 
Cd 4 16WR 3
150  80 103  41.7 4
Number of coils n   36.35  37
16  4000  250.23
Result:
diameter of the wire d  41.7m

mean diameter of coil D  12  41.7  500.4mm
11. A hollow circular shaft 20mm thick transmits 300 KW at 200 rpm. Determine the inner
diameter of the shaft if the shear strain is not to exceed 8.6x10 -4 . Take C=80GN/m2 , trial
and error method can be used. [ODD-2010]
Given data:

speed N  200 rpm
Shear strain  8.6  10 4
maximum shear stress   shear strain  shear modulus
 8.6  10 4  80  103  68.8 N / mm2
Solution:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2NTmean
60000
P  60000
or Torque Tmean 
2N
300  103  60000
Tmean   14331210 Nmm
2  200
Shear stress is given, hollow shaft
   d 4  
Torque T  d o (1  k )  do 1   i  
3 4 3
16 16   do  
 
   d  40  4 
Torque T  d o 1   o
3
 
16   do  

    d  40  4 
14.32 10   68.8  d o 1   o
6 3
 
16   do  

By trial and error method , assu min g d o  100mm
Torque T  11.7  106  14.32  106  Actual value 
but assu min g d o  108mm
Torque T  14.3  106  Actual torque value , so that the outside diameter d o  108mm
Also the inside diameter di  d o  40  108  40  68mm
Result:
The inside diameter di  68mm
12. A solid shaft is subjected to a torque of 100 N-m.Find the necessary shaft diameter if
the allowable shear stress is 100 N/mm2 and the allowable twist is 30 per 10 diameter length
of the shaft. Take C = 1x105 N/mm2 [ODD-2008]
Given data:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Torque transmitte d T  100 Nm  100  103 N


Angle of twist   30  3   0.05233
180
Length   10d
Data asked :
Diameter of the shaft d
Solution:
1 Diameter of the when max imun shear stress   60 N / mm 2


16
1
 T 16  3
or Outside diameter of the shaft d   max 
   
1
 100 103 16  3
d    17.38mm  18 mm
  100 
2 Diameter of the shaft when twist should be exceed more than 30
T C 
U sin g the relation  where J  Polar moment of inertia J  d4
J  32
T 
C 
 T 
ie d4 
32 C 
1
 T   32  4
or d   
 C   
1
 100  103  10d 32  3
Diameter d      12.48 mm  13 mm
 1  10  0.05233  
5

VTHT AVADI III SEM
 Diameter of the shaft d  18 mm
Result:
The diameter of the shaft d= 18 mm
13. A hollow shaft having an inside diameter 60% of its outer diameter is to replace a solid
shaft transmitting the same power at the same speed. Calculate the percentage saving in
material, if the material to be used is also same. [EVEN-2010]
Data given:
For hollow shaft
Inside diameter di = 0.6 do [Outside diameter]
Let the solid shaft diameter be d
Both solid and hollow shafts transmit the same power at same speed
Data asked:
Percentage saving in material
Solution:
d 3
Polar modulus of the solid shaft Zsolid 
16

VTHT AVADI III SEM
d o 3
Z hollow 
16
1  k 
4
d 3
Polar modulus of the hollow shaft   o 1  0.64
16
 
d o 3
 0.8704
16
Since both the shafts should have the same polar modulus,
Z hollow  Z solid
d o 3 d 3
0.8704  or
16 16
3
 do  1
    1.1489
 d  0.8704
do
 1.047
d
 A  Ahollow 
Percetage savings in material   solid   100
 Asolid 
 A 
 1  hollow   100
 Asolid 

VTHT AVADI III SEM
  2
 
do  di 
2 

Percetage savings in material  1  4   100
 2
 d 
 4 
 d 1 k 
2
 1  o 2
 2

  100
 d 
 d  2


 1   o  1  k 2   100
  d  
  
 1  1.047 2  1  0.62  100  29.84 o
o
Result:
The percentage savings in material= 29.84%
14. Derive the derivation of shear stress produced in a circular shaft subjected to
torsion. [EVEN-2012]
Consider a shaft of length l, radius R fixed at one end and subjected to a torque T at the
other end is shown in fig.
CIRCULAR SHAFT

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Let `0‘ be the centre of the circular section, `B‘ a point on surface and AB be the line on the
shaft parallel to the axis of the shaft.
When the shaft is subjected to torque ` T‘, B is moved to B‘.
  DOD' and is also called angle of twist
Now distortion at the outer surface due to torque T=DD‘ from fig.
 Shear strain at outer surface  Distortion per unit length

Distortion at the surface DD'
 
Length of the shaft 
DD'
  tan    [ is very small sin ce tan   
CD
DD'
 Shear strain at outer surface   1

Shear stress at the outer surface  

Wkt , Modulus of rigidity C   
shear strain at the outer surface R R
C 
or 
 R

VTHT AVADI III SEM
15. The expression for the maximum torque transmitted by the circular solid shaft.
The maximum torque transmitted by the circular solid shaft, is obtained from the
maximum shear stress induced at the outer surface of the solid shaft. Consider a shaft
subjected to a torque T as shown in (EVEN 2012)
Let - be the maximum shear stress induced at the outer surface
R-be the radius of the shaft
q-be the shear stress at a radius ‗r‘ from the centre.
CIRCULAR SOLID SHAFT.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Consider an elementary circular ring of thickness ‗dr‘ at a distance ‗r‘ from the centre as shown
in fig
dA = 2πr dr
 q
Here 
R r
r
Sear stress at the radius r , q 
R
 Turning force on elementary ring  shear stress acting on ring  Area of ring
 q  dA
r
   2rdr
R

  2r 2 dr
R
Turning moment due to the turning force on ring
dT=Turning force on ring x Distance of ring from the axis

dT   2r 2 dr  r
R

  2r 3 dr
R
R R 
The total turning moment T   dT    2r 3 dr
0 0 R
R
 R  r4 
  2  r dr   2  
3
R 0 R  4 0
 R4 
  2      R3
R 4 2
 d  
3
T       d 3
2 2 16

VTHT AVADI III SEM

The total turning moment or Torque T  d 3
16
3
16.) A hollow shaft with diameter ratio is required to transmit 450kw at 120rpm.The shearing
5
stress in the shaft must not exceed 60 N/mm^2 and twist in length of 2.5m is not to exceed 1.
Calculate minimum external diameter of the shaft.take c=80 kN/mm^2.(MAY-13)
Given:
d 3
 = 0.6 = d= 0.6D; c=80  10^3 N/mm^2;
D 5
    mm^2
P=450kw = 450  10^3 w

N=120 rpm
L=2.5m  2.5  1000 = 2500mm

=1 = 1 = 0.01744
180
TO FIND:
a.) minimum external diameter of shaft
2NT
a.) P=
60
2
450  10^3= T
60
450  10 ^ 3  60
=T
2  120
T=35.82  10^3 Nm
T=35.82  10^6 Nmm
b.) Torque,
 D^4d ^4
T=    ]
16 D
 D ^ 4  (0.6d ) ^ 4
35.82  10^6=  60  [ ]
16 D
D ^ 4  0.1296d ^ 4
35.82  10^6=11.775  ]
D

VTHT AVADI III SEM
c.) Angle of twist():

T c.
 ,T=35.82  10^6 Nmm
j l

j= [ D ^ 4  d ^ 4]
32
c=80  10^3 N/mm^2;; =0.01744; l=2500mm
35.82  10 ^ 6 80  10 ^ 3  0.01744

 2500
[ D ^ 4  d ^ 4]
32

[ D ^ 4  d ^ 4]  64.18 10 ^ 6
32
D^4  d^4= 654.06  10^6
D^4[1-0.1296]=654.06  10^6
[0.8704]D^4=654.06  10^6
D^4=751.44  10^6
D=165.56 mm
d=99.34 mm
D^4
35.82  10^6=11.775  [1-0.1296]
D
35.82  10^6=11.775  D^3[0.8704]
D^3=3497473.462
D=151.75 mm - ext diameter

d=0.6  151.75
d=91.05 mm -int diameter
Result: External diameter of shaft D=165.56 mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
17.Derive a relation for deflection of a closed coiled helical spring subjected to an axial
downward load w.(May-13)
In closed coil helical spring an axial pull or thrust produces only torsion.The type of stresses
that are produced in this type of spring are
a.) Direct shear stress
b.) Torsional shear stress
c.) Bending shear stress
In a closed coil helical spring,direct shear and bending stress are negligible,when subjected to axial pull w.
Direct shear stress and torsional shear stress are neglected when subjected to a couple at one end.
Consider a spring of mean coil radius 'R'

wire diamter,d
number of coils ,n
total length of wire,l
  axial deflection of spring at the free end under load w;
  angle of rotation of the free axial couple M;
consider a closed coil helical spring subjected to an axial load of W at one end,
The twisting moment exerted on the wire,
T= axial force  mean radius of spring
T=W  R;
From torsion equation,
T c.

j l
Angle of twist for the whole length of spring;
Tl
=
cj
w.k.t

T=W.R,l=2Rn;j= d^4
32

VTHT AVADI III SEM
WR  2Rn
=
c.
d ^4
32
64WR ^ 2.n
= radians
cd ^ 4
thus the free end will twist htrough an angle ,consequently the free end will have an axial moment R.
If  is axial movement or deflection,
64WR ^ 2.n
=R=R 
cd ^ 4
64WR ^ 3.n
= ;;(or)
cd ^ 4
8WR ^ 3.n
=
cd ^ 4
he stiffness K of the spring is al load reqiured to produce unit deflection

W
K=

W
K=
64WR ^ 3.n
( )
cd ^ 4
therefore, relation for a closely coiled helical spring subjected to axial load W,
8WR ^ 3.n
=
cd ^ 4

VTHT AVADI III SEM
UNIT-4
PART-A
1. A cantilever beam of spring 2 m is carrying a point load of 20 KN at its free end.
Calculate the slope at the free end. Assume EI=12×103 KN-m2 . (EVEN 2006)
Slope at the free end,

øB=WL2 /2EI
=20× (2)2 /2×12×103
Ø B=0.0033 rad
2. Calculate the maximum deflection of a simply supported beam carrying a point load of
100 KN at midspan. Span =6m, EI=20000 KN/m2 . (ODD 2006)
Maximum deflection,
Ymax=WL3 /48 EI
Ymax=100× (6)3 /48×20000
=0.0225m
3. What is the maximum deflection in a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly

distributed load over the entire span? (EVEN 2007)
The maximum deflection in beam,

Yc=5WL4 /384 EI

VTHT AVADI III SEM
4.In a simply supported beam of 3m span carrying uniformly distributed load throughout
the length, the slope at the supports is 1 0 , what is the maximum deflection in the
beam?(EVEN 2008)
Slope, Ø A=WL3 /24EI= 10
ØA=WL3 /24EI= π/180
Maximum deflection, y max = 5 WL4 /384 EI
= WL4 5/25 EI 16
= π/180 * 5×3/16
ymax = 0.0164m
5.State the expression for slope and deflection at the free of a cantilever beam of length „L‟
subjected to a uniformly distributed load of „w‟ per unit length.(ODD 2008)
Slope at B,
ØB=WL3/6EI
Maximum deflection, y B =WL3 /8EI
CANTILEVER BEAM
6. What is the relation between slope, deflection and radius of curvature of a beam? (EVEN
2010)
1/R =d2 y/dx2
R= radius of curvature
Slope,= dy/dx
Y = Deflection.
7. Where the slope and deflection will be maximum for the cantilever with point load at its
free end?

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Both slope and deflection will be maximum at the free end.

8. What is the slope at the support for a SSB of constant EI and span L carrying central
concentrated load?
Slope at the support,

øa=øb=WL2 /16EI
9. State the two theorems in the moment area method.(EVEN 2010)
Mohr‟s theorem 1:
The change of slope between any two points is equal to the net area of the BM diagram
between these points divided by EI.
Mohr‟s theorem 2:
The total deflection between any two points is equal to the moment of the area of the
BM diagram between these two points about the last point divided by EI.
10. Name any method which employs BMD for the calculation of slope and de flection.
Moment area method
11. Calculate the effective of a long column, whose actual length is 4 m, when,
a) Both ends are fixed.

b) One end is fixed while the other end is free.(MAY /JUNE 2006)
a) When both ends are fixed,
Effective length, L=4/2= 2m
b) When one end is fixed and the other end is free.

Effective length, L=2×4= 8m.
12.Find the critical load of an Euler‟s column having 4m length, 50mm×100mm cross
section and hinged at both the ends E=200KN/mm2 .(ODD 2006)
Young‘s modulus, E=200KN/mm2

P=π2 EI/L2
P=128.51 KN.
13. What is crippling load? Give the effective length of columns when both ends hinged and
when both ends fixed? (EVEN 2007)
The load at which the column just buckles is known as buckling load or critical load or
crippling load.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Column with both ends are hinged:
Effective length, L=l(actual length)
Column with both ends are fixed:
Effective length, L=l/2
14. State any two assumptions made in Euler‟s column theory. (EVEN 2008)
1. The cross section of the column is uniform throughout its length,
2. The length of the column is very long as compared to its cross sectional dimensions.
15. State Rankine‟s formula foe crippling load.
Crippling load,
p= cA/ (1+a(L/K) 2
16. State the limitations of Euler‟s formula.(EVEN 2012)
Crippling stress= π2 E/ (L/k) 2
For example, column with both ends hinged, L=1.
Crippling stress=π2 E/ (L/k) 2
L/k- slenderness ratio.
If the slenderness ratio is small, the crippling stress will be high. We know that for the column
material, crippling stress cannot be more than the crushing stress. It is thus obvious, that the
Euler‘s formula gives a valve of crippling stress greater than the crushing stress when the
slenderness ratio is less than a certain limit.
17. Define column.
A structural member which is subjected to axial compressive load is known as column (or) strut.
In column, the member of structure is vertical and both of its ends are rigidly fixed.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Example:A vertical pillar between roof and floor.
18. What are the assumptions of double integration method?(EVEN 2009)
1. The equation is based on the bending moment.
2. The effect of shear force is very small and thus neglected.
3. Beams are uniform
4. Inertia is uniform.
5. Material is homogenous.
19.Define Slope Theorem & Deflection Theorem.
Slope Theorem:It is the ratio of area of bending moment diagram over the flexural rigidity is
called Mohr first theorem, to find the slope (A/EI).
Deflection Theorem:It is the product of slope and centroidal distance from a point, to find the
deflection (Ax/EI).
20. What is a conjugate beam?
It is hypothetical beam; the load is derived from the bending moment diagram of the actual beam
to find the slope and deflection. It is useful for varying I section along the span. The reaction at
the support from the BM diagram load will give the slope.
21. What are the assumptions of Euler? (EVEN 2010)
1. Column is straight.
2. Load is axial.
3. Self weight is neglected.
4. Column material is homogeneous.
5. Column fails due to buckling.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
6. EI(flexural rigidity) is uniform
22.What are the different types of ends and their equivalent length in the column?(EVEN
2011)
1. Both ends hinged. (Le=L)
2. Both ends fixed. (Le=L/2)
3. One end hinged other end fixed. (Le=1.414L (root 2*L))
4. One end fixed other end free. (Le=2L)
23. Define: Column and strut.

A column is a long vertical slender bar or vertical member, subjected to an axial
Compressive load and fixed rigidly at both ends.
A strut is a slender bar or a member in any position other than vertical, subjected to a
Compressive load and fixed rigidly or hinged or pin jointed at one or both the ends.
24. What are the types of column failure?

1. Crushing failure: The column will reach a stage, when it will be subjected to the ultimate
crushing stress, beyond this the column will fail by crushing .the load corresponding to the
crushing stress is called crushing load. This type of failure occurs in short column.
2. Buckling failure: This kind of failure is due to lateral deflection of the column. The load at
which the column just buckles is called buckling load or crippling load or critical load. This type
of failure occurs in long column.
25. What is slenderness ratio (buckling factor)? What is its relevance in column?(EVEN
2013)
It is the ratio of effective length of column to the least radius of gyration of the cross sectional
ends of the column.
Slenderness ratio = l eff / r
l eff = effective length of column
r = least radius of gyration
Slenderness ratio is used to differentiate the type of column. Strength of the column depends
upon the slenderness ratio, it is increased the compressive strength of the column decrease as the
tendency to buckle is increased.
26. What are the factors affect the strength column?

1. Slenderness ratio

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Strength of the column depends upon the slenderness ratio, it is increased the
Compressive strength of the column decrease as the tendency to buckle is increased.
2. End conditions: Strength of the column depends upon the end conditions also.
27. Differentiate short and long column (EVEN 2011)
Short column Long column

1. It is subjected to direct compressive stresses it is subjected to buckling stress only
only.
2. Failure occurs purely due to crushing only. Failure occurs purely due to bucking only.
3. Slenderness ratio is less than 80 Slenderness ratio is more than 120.
4. Its length to least lateral dimension is less It‘s length to least lateral dimension is more
Than 30. (L / D › 30) than 8. (L / D ‹ 8)
28.What is meant by Double-Integration method? (EVEN 2013)

Double-integration method is a method of finding deflection and slope of a bent beam. In this
method the differential equation of curvature of bent beam,
Is integrated once to get slope and twice to get deflection. Here the constants of integration C 1
and C2 are evaluated from known boundary conditions.
29.Write the maximum value of deflection for a cantilever beam of length of length L,
constant EI and carrying concentrated load W at the end.
Maximum deflection at the end of a cantilever due to the load =WL3 /3El
30.Write the maximum value of deflection for a simply supported beam of a length L,
constant EI and carrying a central concentrated load W.(EVEN 2012)
Maximum deflection at a mid span of simply supported beam due to a central load
WL3/48𝐸𝐼
31. Write the value of fixed end moment for a fixed beam of span L and constant EI
carrying central concentrated load W.
Fixed end moment due to central concentrated load W = 𝑊𝐿/8

VTHT AVADI III SEM
32.What are the different methods used for finding deflection and slope of beams? (EVEN
2011)
(i) Double integration method

(ii) Mecaulay‘s method
(iii) Strain energy method
(iv) Moment area method
(v) Unit load method
33.Write the differential equation of deflection of a bent beam.
34.What is meant by elastic curve?
The deflected shape of a beam under load is called elastic curve of the beam, within elastic limit.
35.When Mecaulay‟smethod is preferred?
This method is preferred for determining the deflections of a beam subjected to several
concentrated loads or a discontinuous load.
36.What are the boundary conditions for a simply supported end?
The boundary conditions for a simply supported end beam are:

(i) Deflection at the support is zero.
(ii) Slop exists at all points except at the point where deflection is maximum.
(iii) Bending moment is zero at the support
37.What are the boundary conditions for a fixed end?
Both deflection and slope at the fixed support are zero.
38.Define the term slope.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Slope at any point on the bent beam is the angle through which the tangent at that point makes
with the horizontal.
39.What is meant by deflection of beams?

When a flexural member is subjected to transverse loads, the longitudinal axis of the beam
deviates from its original position because of the bending of the beam. This deviation at any
cross section is called as deflection.
40. What are the values of slop and deflection for a cantilever beam of length „l‟ subjected
to load „W‟ at free end?
41.How the differential equation is written for the beams of varying cross section?
If a beam is of varying cross-section and varies uniformly according to some law, the expression
EId2y/dx2= Mxcan be arranged in the formd2y/dx2=Mx/Elxin which Mx and Lx are functions of
x.
42.When do you prefer Moment Area Method?
Even though the moment area method can be used for problems on slopes and deflections, it is
convenient to use this method for the following types of problems (with varying cross-section)
(i) Cantilever beams
(ii) Simply supported beams carrying symmetrical loading
(iii) Beams fixed at both ends.
43. What is the value of maximum deflection for a fixed beam of span „l‟, carrying
concentrated load W at midspan?
Maximum deflection under the load =𝑊𝑙3/192𝐸𝑙
44. What is the value of maximum deflection for a fixed beam of span „l‟, carrying
uniformly distributed load W per meter run?
Maximum deflection at mid span =𝑊𝑙4/384𝐸𝑙

VTHT AVADI III SEM
45.What is the slope at the support for a simply supported beam of constant EI and span L
carrying central concentrated load?
Slope at the support due to central concentrated load, w =𝑊𝑙2/16𝐸𝑙
46. Write the support moment for a fixed beam of constant EI and span L carrying
uniformly distributed load W per unit length over the entire length
Support moment due to u.d.l=𝑊𝑙2/12
47.A cantilever beam of constant EI and span L carries a u.d.l of W unit length throughout
Its length, what is the slope at the free end?
Slope at the free end =𝑊𝑙2/6𝐸𝑙
48.Write the deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam of constant EI and span L
carrying u.d.l of W/meter length.
Maximum deflection at the free end of a cantilever due to u.d.l of W/m = 𝑊𝑙3/8𝐸𝑙
49.What is meant by determinate beams?
The beams whose external reacts can be determined with the help of equations of static
equilibrium alone are called determinate beams.
50. What is meant by indeterminate beams?

The beams whose support reactions cannot be obtained with the help of static equations of
Equilibrium alone is called indeterminate beams.
51. Give examples for determinate and indeterminate beams

Determinate beams: cantilever and simply supported beams
Indeterminate beams: fixed end beams, continuous beams and propped cantilever beams.
52.What are the units of slope and deflection?
Slope = radians
Deflections = mm
53.What are the values of slope and deflection for a simply supported beam of length l

VTHT AVADI III SEM
subjected to moment at both the ends.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED
54.There are two beams one simply supported and other fixed beam carry concentrated
load W at the mid span. Their spans are equal. Compare deflections.
55. Write the crippling load and effective length for column for different end condition.
56.Define crippling load?
The load at which the column just buckles is called ―buckling load‖ this is also known
as critical load or crippling load.
57.What is effective length of column?(ODD 2012)
The effective length of a given with given end condition is the length of an equivalent
column of the same material and section with hinged ends having the value of the crippling load

VTHT AVADI III SEM
to that of the given column.
58.Write radius of gyration for a solid circular cross section at diameter d?
59.What is a beam column?
It is a member which is subjected with axial thrust and lateral loads.
60. Write the equation for Euler‟s critical stress.
61.Define core or kern of the section.
Core: The middle portion of a section
Kern: it is an area within which the line of action of the force p must cut the cross section if the
stress is not to become tensile. Rectangular section kern is b/6 and circular section kern is d/4
16 MARKS:
PART-B
1. A beam is simply supported as its ends over a span of 10 m and carries two concentrated
loads of 100 KN at a distance of 2 m and 5 m respectively from the left support. Calculate
a) slope at the left support: b) slope and deflection under the 100 KN load. Assume
EI=36×104 KN-m2 . (EVEN 2006)
100 60 X
Given: kN kN
A C D B
EI= 36×104 KN-m2 2
m 5
To find:
m x
X
a) Slope at the left support. 10
R m R

VTHT AVADI III SEM
b) Slope and deflection under 100 KN load.SIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM
Solution:
Macaulay‟s method:
Let RA and RB be the reaction at the left and right supports,
Taking moments about A,
RB× 10 = (60×5) + (100×2)
Wkt,
RA + RB = 100KN + 60KN
RA + 50KN = 160KN
RA=110KN
Taking bending moment at x:
EI d2 y/dx2 = RA× x -100(x-2) -60(x-5)
EI d2 y/dx2 = 110× x -100(x-2) -60(x-5)
Integrating we get,
EI dy/dx = (110 × x2 )/2 + c1 -100(x-2)2 /2 -60(x-5)2 /2
EI dy/dx = (55 × x2 ) + c1 -50(x-2)2 -30(x-5)2 1
Integrating again, we get
EIy = 55 (x3 /3) + c1 x + c2 -50(x-2)3 /3 -30(x-5)3 /3 2
At x= 0, deflection, y= 0
Substituting x= 0, y= 0 values in eqn 2 up to first dotted line.

C2 =0
At x= 0, deflection, y= 0
Substituting x= 10, y= 0 values in eqn 2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
0= 55/3(10)3 + c1 (10) + c2 – 50(10-2)3 /3 – 30(10-5)3 /3
= 18.33 ×103 + c1 (10) + 0-8533.33-1250=C1 = -855
Sub c1,c2 and EI values in eqn (1),
Slope equation
36× 104 dy/dx = 55x2 + (-855) -50(x-2)2 -30(x-5)2

3
a) Slope at the left support:
Slope at the left support, i.e., at A, x= 0
Substituting x= 0 is eqn 3 up to first dotted line
36 × 104 dy/dx = 55 (10)2 – 855
dy/dx = -855/ (36 × 104 )
slope at A1 øA = dy/dx = -2.375 × 10-3 rad
b) Slope at 100 KN load:
Sub x= 2m in eqn 3 up to second dotted line
36 × 104 (dy/dx) = 55(2)2 – 855 – 50 (2.2)2
36 × 104 (dy/dx) = -635
dy/dx = -1.76 × 10-3 rad
slope at 100 KN, øc = dy/dx = -1.76 × 10-3 rad.
c) Deflection at 100 KN:
Wkt, deflection equation,
EIy = 55(x3 /3) + c1 x + c2 -50(x-2)3 /3 -30(x-5)3 /3
Substituting EI, c1 and c2 values
36× 104 y = 55(x3 /3) + (-855x) + 0 -50(x-2)3 /3 -30(x-5)3 /3 3
Deflection at 100KN, sub x=2 in eqn 3 up to second dotted line.
36 × 104 y = 55(2)3 /3 – 855(2) – 50(2-2)3 /3
36 × 104 y = -1563.33 KN-mm
Y = -1563.33/ (36 × 104 )
Y= -4.34 mm
Deflection at 100KN, yc = -4.34 mm
Result:
Deflection at 100KN, yc = -4.34 mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2. A horizontal beam AB is simply supported at A and B 6 m apart. The beam is subjected

to a clockwise couple of 300 KN-m at a distance of 4 m from the left end A. if E=2×10 8
mm4 . Determine, using Macaulay‟s method. (ODD 2006)
a) The deflection at a point where couple is acting.

b) The maximum deflection
Given:
300 KN-m
E= 2 × 105 N/mm2
A C B
I = 2 × 108 N/mm2
To find: 4m 2m
Deflection at c=?
6m
Maximum deflection =?
Solution:SIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM
RB× 6 = 300
RB = 50KN
But
RA + RB = 0
RA = -RB = -50 KN
BM eqn between AC,
Mx = EI ( d2 y/dx2 )
= 50 x – 120 1
Integrating eqn (1) with respect to x

EI (dy/dx) = 50(x2 /2) + c1 -120x 2
Integrating eqn (2), w.r.t. ‘x‘

EIy = 25(x3 /3) + c1 x + c2 -120 (x2 /2)
EIy = 25(x3 /3) + c1 x + c2 -60 (x2 ) 3
Applying the following boundary conditions,

a) When x= 0 , y= 0 and
b) When x= 6m , y= 0
Applying the first boundary condition in eqn (3)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
0 = c2
Now equation (3) reduces to
EIy = 25(x3 /3) + c1 x – 60 x2 4

Applying the secondary boundary condition eqn 4,
0 = 25 × (6)3 /3 + c1 (6) -60(6)2
6 c1 = 60 (6)2 – (25/3) × (6)3
C1 = 60
The equation (4) becomes,
EI y = 25(x3 /3) + 60x – 60x2 5

The deflection at c when x= 2m
EI y = 25(2000)2 /3 + 60(2000) – 60(2000)2
Deflection, y = 6.643 × 1010 / (2 × 10 5 × 2 × 108 )
= 0.00166 mm
The slope becomes zero where the maximum deflection occurs
Therefore, dy/dx = 0
Applying this condition in eqn (2)
0 = 25x2 + 60 -120x (c1 = 0)
25x2 -120x + 60 = 0
X = 120 +(√120 – 4× 25 × 60)/(2 × 25)
= 0.567 m (or) 4.233 m
At x= 0.567 m, then the deflection y= 0.000037 mm <yc
At x= 4.233 m, the deflection y= 0.016 mm >yc
Therefore, the maximum deflection occurs at a distance of 4.233 m from B,
Ymax = 0.016 mm
Result:
Ymax = 0.016 mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
3.A beam AB of length 8 m is simply supported at its ends and carries two point loads of 50
KN and 40 KN at a distance of 2 m and 5 m respectively from left support A. determine,
deflection under each load, maximum deflection occurs. Take E=2×10 5 N/mm2 and
I=85×106 mm4 . (EVEN 2007)
Given:
E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
I = 85 × 106 N/mm4 50 40
To find:
A C D B
2m
Ymax=?
5m
Solution: 8m
Reactions at supports,
Taking moment about ASIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM
RB× 8 = (50 × 2) + (40 × 5)
RB = 37.5 KN
RA + RB = 50 + 40
RA = 52.5 KN
Macaulay‘s method:
Mx = EI (d2 y/dx2 ) = 52.5x -50(x-2) -40(x-5)
Integrating,
EI (dy/dx) = 52.5(x2 )/2 + c1 -50(x-2)2 /2 -40(x-5)2 /2
1
Again integrating,
EI y = 52.5(x3 )/6 + c1 x + c2 -50(x-2)3 /6 -40(x-5)3 /6 2
Applying the boundary conditions,
At x= 0, y= 0
C2 = 0

VTHT AVADI III SEM
At x= 8, y= 0
0= 52.5(8)3 /6 + c1 (8) + 0 – 50(8-2)3 /6 – 40(8-5)3 /6
0 = 4480 + 8 c1 – 1800 – 180
0 = 2500 + 8c1
C1 = -312.5
Sub c1 value in slope equation
dy/dx = 1/(EI) [52.5 x3 /6 -312.5 – 50 (x-2)3 /6 - 40 (x- 5)3 ] 3
sub c1 ,c2 value in deflection equation
y= 1/(EI) [52.5 x3 /6 -312.5x – 50 (x-2)3 /6 - 40 (x- 5)3 /6] 4
deflection,
at c, x = 2m
sub x= 2 in eqn (4)
yc = -2.205mm
at D , x = 6
yD= 4.008mm
maximum deflection:
put dy/dx = 0 in eqn (3)
x = 1.32m from A
sub x= 1.32m in eqn (4)
sub x= 1.32 m in eqn (4)
ymax = -3.7mm
Result:
ymax = -3.7mm
4. A beam is loaded as shown in fig. determine the deflection under the load points. Take
E=200 Gpa and I=160×106 mm4 . (ODD 2007)
Given:
E=200 Gpa 10 kN 15 kN
I=160×106 mm4
A B
ToFInd: C D
Maximum deflection, ymax = ? 3m 6m 4m
Solution:
Taking moment about ASIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM

VTHT AVADI III SEM
RB× 13 = (10 × 3) + (15 × 9)

RB = (10 × 3) + (15 × 9)/ 13
RB = 12.67 KN
RA + RB = (10 + 15)
RA = 25 – 12.69
RA = 12.30 KN.
Macaulay‘s method
Mx = EI (d2 y /dx2 ) = 12.30x | -10(x-3) | -15(x-9)
Integrating,
EI dy/dx = 12.3x2 /2 + c1 | -10(x-3)2 /2 | -15(x-9)2 /2 1
Again integrating
EIy = 12.3 x3 /6 + c1 x + c2 | -10(x-3)3 /6 |-15(x-9)3 /6
2
Applying boundary conditions
At x= 0, y= 0
At x= 13, y= 0
0 = 12.3 (13)3 /6 + c1 × 13 + 0 – 10(13.3)3 /6 – 15(13-9)3 /6
C1 = -20
Sub c1 value in slope equation,
dy/dx = (1/EI) [12.3x2 /2 – 205 – 10(x-1)2 /2 – 15(x-9)2 /2] 3
sub c1, c2 values in deflection equation
y = (1/EI) [12.3x3 /6 -205x- 10(x-1)3 /6 -15 (x-9)3 /6] 4
deflection,
at c, x= 3
sub x= 3 in eqn (4)
yc = (1/(2 × 105 × 160 × 106 ))
[12.3 × 33 /6 - 205 × 3 – 10 (3-1)3 /6 – 15 (3-9)3 /6]
= (1/(2 × 105 × 160 ×10 6 )) [53.35 – 615 – 13.33 + 540]
Yc = (1/(2 × 105 × 160 × 106 )) [34.98]
Yc = =1.09mm
At D, x= 10 in equation,
YD = (1/ (2 × 105 × 160 × 106 /6) [12.3 × 10)3 /6 - 2.5 × 10 – 10 ×(9)3 /6 – 12(10 – 9)3 /6]
YD = -3.8 mm
Maximum deflection, put dy/dx = 0 in eqn (3)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
0 = (1/EI) [12.3x3 /2 – 205 – 10(x-1)2 /2 – 15(x-9)2 /2]
X= 2.12m from A Sub x= 2.12m in eqn (4)
Ymax = 2.49m
Maximum deflection, ymax = 2.49m
Result:
Maximum deflection, ymax = 2.49m
5. In the beam shown in fig. determine the slope at the left end C and the at 1 m from left
end. Take EI=0.65 MNm2 . (EVEN 2008)
Given:
EI=0.65 MNm2
To Find:
Determine the slope = ?
Solution:OVERHANGING BEAM
MB) = (3 ×20) + (1.2 × 20) + (30 × 1.2 × 1.8)
RA × 2.4 = 0
RA = 62KN
RB = 14KN
Add UDL of 30KN/m above and below DB.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
OVERHANGING BEAM
EI (d2 y/dx2 ) = -20x |+62(x- 0.6) – (30/2) (x-0.6)2 |-20(x-1.8) + 30 (x-1.8)2 /2
EI dy/dx = -20x2 /2 + c1 |+62(x-0.6)2 /2 -15(x-0.60)3 /3 | -20 (x- 1.8)2 /2 + 15(x-1.8)3 /3
EIy = -10x3 /3 +c1x +c2 | +31(x- 0.6)3 /3 - 5(x-0.6)4 /4 |-10 (x- 1.8)3 /3 + 5(x-1.8)4 /4
At x= 0.6m, y= 0 and at x= 3m, y=0
Sub c1= -3.72, c2= 2.952
EI (dy/dx) at c(x-0) = -3.72
(dy/dx)C = (-3.72/(0.65 × 103 )) = -0.00572
EIy at 1m = -10/3 × 13 -3.72 (1) + 2.952 + 31/3 + 0.43 – (5/4) × 0.44
= -3.472
Y at 1m = (-3. 472/(0.65 × 103 )) = -0.00534m
Result:Y at 1m= -0.00534m
6. A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in fig. is 200mm wide and 400 mm deep.
Find the slopes at the supports. Deflections under and location and magnitude of the
maximum deflection. Take E=2×104 N/mm2 . (ODD 2008)
Given:
E=2×104 N/mm2 10 kN 20 kN
A B
C D
Mechanical Engineering Department 1175
m 1m Strength of2 Materials
m
VTHT AVADI III SEM
To Find:
Ymax =?
Solution:
Taking moment about A,SIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM
RB × 4 = (10 × 1) + (20 × 2)
RB = 50/4
RB = 12.5 KN
RA + RB = 10 + 20
RA = 30 – 12.5
RA = 17.5 KN
Moment of inertia,
I = bd3 /12
= 200 × (400)3 /12
I = 1.07 × 109 mm4
Macaulay‘s method:
Mx = EI (d2 y/dx2 ) = 17.5x | -10(x-1) | -20(x-2)
Integrating,
EI (dy/dx) = 17.5 x2 /2 + c1 | -10 (x-2)2 /2 | -20(x-2)2 /2
EI (dy/dx) = 17.5 x2 /2 + c1 | -5(x-2)2 |-10(x-2)2

1
Again integrating,
EIy = 17.5x3 /6 + c1x + c2 |-5(x-1)3 /3 |-10(x-2)3 /3 2

Applying the boundary conditions

VTHT AVADI III SEM
At x= 0, y=0 ,c2=0
At x=4,y=0,c1= -25.75
Sub c1 value in sloping equation
(1) = dy/dx = (1/EI) [17.5x2 /2 -28.75 – 5(x-1)2 -10(x-2)2

3
Sub c1 ,c2 value in deflection equation,
(2) =y= (1/EI) [17.5x3 /6 -28.75x – 5(x-1)3 /3 -10(x-2)3 /3] 4

Slop at supports,
At A, x= 0
Sub x= 0 in equation (3)
dy/dx=øA= - 0.0013 rad
At B, x= 4m
Sub x= 4 in equation (3),
dy/dx =øB = 0.0012 rad
deflection,
At c, x= 1m
Sub x=1 in eqn (4)
Yc = -1.05 × 10-6 m
Yc = -1.05mm
At D, x= 3m
Sub x= 3 in equation (4)
YD = -1.13 × 10-6 m
YD = -1.13mm
Maximum deflection,

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Put dy/dx = 0 in eqn (3)
X = 1.95 mm from A
Sub x= 1.95 m from eqn (4),
Ymax = -1.68mm
Result:
Ymax = -1.68mm
7.A simply supported beam AB of span 4 m, carrying a load of 100 KN at its mid span C
has half cross sectional moment of inertias 24×10 6 mm4 over the left half of the span and
48×106 mm4 over the right half. Find the slope at two supports and the deflection under the
load. Take E=200Gpa. (EVEN 2010)
Given:
100 kN
Span AB(L) = 4m I 2I
A B
Load (w) = 100KN
2 2
Moment of inertia of (IAC) = 24 × 106 mm4
=24 × 10-6 mm4 SIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM
Moment of inertia of (IBC) = 48 × 106 mm4
= 48 × 10-6 mm4
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200Gpa
= 200 × 106 KN/m2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM
To Find:
Yc = ?
Solution:
Slope at the two supports,
Wkt, the bending moment will be zero at A and B and increase by a straight line low to
(wl/4) = (100 × 4)/4 = 100 KN –m
Now draw the conjugate beam. Taking moments about A,
RA × A = (1/EI) (0.5 × 100 × 2 × (4/3)) + (1/2EI) (0.5 × 100 × 2 × (8/3))
= (400/3EI) + (400/3EI) = (800/3EI)
RA = (800/3EI × 4) = (200/3EI)
RA = (1/EI) (0.5 × 100 × 2) + (1/EI) (0.5 × 100 × 2) - (200/3EI)
= (100/EI) + (50/EI) – (200/3EI)
RA= (250/3EI)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Wkt, shear force at A,
FA = +RA = + (250/3EI)
Slope at A,
IA = (250/3EI) = (250/ (3 × (200 × 106 ) × (24 × 10-6 ))
= 0.017 rad
Similarly, shear force at B,
FB = -RB = (200/3EI)
Slope at B,
IB = - FB = - (-200/3EI)
= (200/EI)
= (200/ ((3 × (200 × 106 ) × (24× 10-6 )
IB = 0.014 rad
Deflection under the load,
Wkt, bending moment at c
Conjugate beam,
Mc = (250/3EI) × 2 – (1/EI) × (0.2 × 1000 × 2 × (2/3))
= (500/3EI) - (200/3EI)
= (300/ 3EI)
= (100/EI)
Deflection at c,
Yc = Mc= (100/ ((200 × 106) × (24 × 10-3 )
Yc = 0.0208 m (or) 20.8mm.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Result:
Yc = 0.0208 m
8) A hollow cylindrical column of 150 mm external diameter and 20 mm thick, 6 m long is

hinged at one end fixed at the other end. Find the ratio of Euler and Rankine‟s critical
load. Take E=8×104 N/mm2 . Fc=550 N/mm2 and Rankine‟s constant as 1/1600.(ODD 2008).
Given:
Φ
External diameter, D=150mm D
Wall thickness, t = 20 mm
Internal diameter, d = D -2t
=150 - 40 l d l
= 110 mm
Length, L= 6m = 6000mmHOLLOW CYLINDRICAL COLUMN
Young‘s modulus, E = 80 KN/mm2 = 80 × 103 N/mm2
Rankine‘s constant, a =1/1600
Crushing stress , c = 567 N/mm2
To find:
a) Euler‘s formula
b) Rankine‘s formula
Solution:
Case (i):
Crippling load by using Euler‘s formula area of the column,
A =π/4 (D2 – d2 )
=π/4 (1502 – 1102 )
A = 8168.14 m2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Moment of inertia,
I =π/64 (D4 – d4 )
=π/64 (1504 – 1104 )
I = 17.66 × 106 mm4
Least radius of gyration,
K = √I/A
= √17.66 × 106 /8168.14
K =46.49 mm
Wkt, for both ends are hinged,
Effective length,
L=l
Crippling load,
pE = π2 EI/L2
= π2 × 80 ×103 ×17.66 × 106 / (6000)2
PE = 387.33 × 103 N
Case (ii):
Crippling load by using Rankine‘s formula
Crippling load, PR = c× A/ (1 + a (1/K) 2
= 567 × 8168.14/ (1 + (1/1600) (6000/46.49)2
PR = 405.89 × 103 N
Crippling load by Euler‘s formula/crippling load by Rankine‘s formula = (P E/PR)
= 387. 33 × 103 /(405.89 × 103 )= 0.954

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Result:
(i) PE = 387 * 103 N

(ii) PR = 405.89 * 103 N
(iii) PE/PR = 0.954
9. For the cantilever beam shown. Find the deflection and slope at the free end. EI=10000
KN/m2 . (ODD 2009)
Given:
2 kN 2 kN
EI=10000 KN/m2
To find: 2 EI EI
1m C
Slope =? A 1m B
Deflection =?
2 kN 2 kN
Solution:
A1 = (0.5 × 1 × (2/EI)) = (1/EI) 2 EI EI
1m C
X1 = (2/3) × 1 = (2/3) m A 1m B
A2 = (1/EI) × 1 = (1/EI)
2 1
M/EI
X2 = 1.5m 1/EI
3
A3 = (0.5 × 1 × (2/EI)) = (1/EI) 2/EI

3/EI
X3 = 1 + (2/3) × 1 = (5/3)m
Slope at c = A1 + A2 + A3CANTILEVER BEAM
=(1/EI) + (1/EI) + (1/EI)
= (3/EI)
Deflection at c
= A1 X1 + A2 X2 + A3 X3

VTHT AVADI III SEM
= (1/EI) × (2/3) + (1/EI) × 1.5 + (1/EI) × (5/3)=(11.50/3EI)
Slope = (3/10000) = 3 × 10-4 radians
Deflection = (11.5/30000) = 3.83 × 10-4 m
Result:
Slope = (3/10000) = 3 × 10-4 radians
Deflection = (11.5/30000) = 3.83 × 10-4 m
10. The external and internal diameters of a hollow cast iron column are 50 mm and 40 mm
respectively. If the length of this column is 3 m and both of its ends are fixed, determine the
crippling load using Euler formula taking E=100 GPA. Also determine the Rankin load for
the column assuming fc= 550 Mpa and α=1/1600. (EVEN 2009)
Given:
D= 50mm
d= 40mm
l= 3m = 3000mm
E = 100 Gpa = 100 × 103 N/mm2
α = a = 1/1600
To find:
crippling load
(i) Rankine‘s formula
(ii) Euler‘s formula
Solution:
Crippling load when both ends are fixed,
P = 4π2 EI/l2
I = moment of inertia
= (π/64) (D4 – d4 )
= (π/64) (504 – 404 )

VTHT AVADI III SEM
I = 181.13 × 103 mm4
P = (4 × 3.14 × 3.14 ×100 ×103 × 181.13 × 103 )/(3000)2
P = 79.45 × 103 N
Wkt, crippling load by using Rankine‘s formula,
P= c A/(1 + a(L/K)2 )
A = π/4 (D2 – d2 )
= π/4 (502 – 402 )
A = 706.858 mm4
K = √I/A
= (181.13 × 103 /706.85)1/2
K = 16 mm
P = (550 × 706.85)/(1 + (1/1600) ((3000/2)/16)2 for (L =l/2)
P = 59.87 × 103 N
Result:
P = 79.45 × 103 N Euler‘sLoad
P = 59.87 × 103 N Rankine‘sLoad
11. A) Write the expressions for Euler‟s critical load of long columns for different end
conditions.
1. Column with both ends are hinged

Critical load, P = π2 EI/ (L) 2
2. Column with one end is fixed and the other end is free
Critical load, P =π2 EI/ (4L) 2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
3. Both ends of the column are fixed

Critical load, p = 4π2 EI/ (L) 2
4. Column with one end is fixed and the other end is hinged
Critical load, P = 2π2 EI/ (L) 2
B) A hollow cylindrical column of 150 mm external diameter and 15 mm thick, 3 m long is
hinged at one end fixed at the other end. Find the ratio of Euler and Rankine‟s critical
load. Take E=8×104 N/mm2 . Fc=550 N/mm2 and Rankine‟s constant as 1/1600.(ODD 2008).
Given:
External diameter, D =150mm

=150 - 15×2
= 120 mm
Length, L= 3m = 3000mm
Young‘s modulus,E = 80 KN/mm2 = 80 × 103 N/mm2
Crushing stress, c = 550 N/mm2
To find:
The ratio of Euler‘s&Rankine‘s critical load =?
Solution:
Case (i):
A =π/4 (D2 – d2 )
=π/4 (1502 – 1202 )
A = 6.36 ×103 mm2
Moment of inertia,

VTHT AVADI III SEM
I =π/64 (D4 – d4 )
=π/64 (1504 – 1204 )
I = 14.67 × 106 mm4
K = √I/A
= √14.67 × 106 /6.36 × 103
K =48.02 mm
Effective length,
L = l/√2
= 3000/ (√2)
L = 2121.32mm
Crippling load, Euler formula,
pE = 2π2 EI/L2
=2× π2 × 80 ×103 ×14.67 × 106 / (3000)2
PE = 2.57× 106 N
Case (ii):
Crippling load,
PR = c× A/ (1 + a (L/K) 2
= 550 × 6.36 × 103 / (1 + (1/1600) (2121.332/48.02)2
PR = 1.57 × 106 N

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Crippling load by Euler‘s formula/crippling load by Rankine‘s formula = (PE/PR)
= 2.57× 106 / (1.57 × 106 )
= 1.63
Result:
Crippling load by Euler‘s formula/crippling load by Rankine‘s formula = (P E/PR)= 1.63
12. Find Euler‟s crippling load for a hollow cast iron column of 20 mm external diameter,
25 m thick and 6 m long hinged at both ends. Compare the load with crushing load
calculated from Rankine‟s formula. Fc=550 N/mm2. Rankine‟s constant=1/1600, E=1.2×105
N/mm2 . (EVEN 2009).
Given:

=200 – (25+25)= 150 mm
Length,= 6m = 6000mm
Young‘s modulus, E = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2
To find:
Crippling load
a) Euler‘s formula (PE)
b) Rankine‘s formula (PR)
Solution:
Case (i):
A =π/4 (D2 – d2 )

VTHT AVADI III SEM
=π/4 (2002 – 1502 )
A = 13.74 ×103 mm2
Moment of inertia,
I =π/64 (D4 – d4 )
=π/64 (2004 – 1504 )
I = 53.68 × 106 mm4
K = √I/A
= √53.68 × 106 /13.74 × 103
K =62.51 mm
PE = π2 EI/L2
= π2 × 1.2×105 ×53.68 × 106 /(6000)2
PE = 1.76× 106 N
Case (ii):
Crippling load,
PR = c× A/ (1 + a (L/K) 2
= 550 × 13.74 × 103 /(1 + (1/1600)(6000/62.51)2
PR = 1.118 × 106 N
Result:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
PE = 1.76× 106 N
PR = 1.118 × 106 N
13. A 1.2m long column has a circular cross- section of 45 mm diameter. One of the ends of
the column is fixed in direction and position and the other end is free. Taking factor of
safety as 3, calculate the safe load using. (MAY/ JUNE 2012).
a) Rankin‟s formula, take yield stress=560 N/mm2 and Rankin‟s constant a=1/1600.
b) Euler‟s formula, elastic modulus= 1.2× 10 5 N/mm2.
Given:

Length, l= 1.2m = 1200mm
Young‘s modulus, E = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2
FOS = 3
To find:
Calculate the safe load using:
a) Euler‘s formula
b) Rankine‘s formula
Solution:
Case (i):
A =π/4 (D2 )
Euler‘s formula young‘s modulus for cast iron 1.2 x 10 5 N/mm2
=π/4 (452 )

VTHT AVADI III SEM
A = 1590.43mm2
Moment of inertia,
I =π/64 (D4 )
=π/64 (454 )
I = 20.12 × 104 mm4
K = √I/A
= √20.12 × 104 /1590.43
K =11.25 mm
Wkt, for one end fixed and other end is free,
Effective length,
L = 2l
= 2×1200
L = 2400mm
pE = π2 EI/4L2
= π2 × 1.2 ×105 ×20.12 × 104 /4 × (1200)2
PE = 0.41× 105 N
Safe load= crippling load/ factor load
= 0.41 × 105 /3
Safe load = 13.7 × 103 N
Case (i):

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Crippling load,
PR = c× A/ (1 + a (L/K) 2
= 560 × 1590.43/(1 + (1/1600)(2400/11.25)2
PR = 0.30 × 1066 N
Wkt,
Safe load = crippling load/ factor of safety
Safe load = (0.30 × 105 )/5
Safe load = 10.06× 103 N
(ii) case 2 :
Crippling load by using Euler‘s formula
Crippling load,
P = π2 EI/4l2
= π2 x 1.2x105 x 20.12 x104 / 4 x (1200)2
Safe Load = crippling load / factor of safety
= 0.41 x 105 /3
Safe Load = 13.7 x 103 N
Result:
Safe load by using Rankine‘s formula: = 10.06× 10 3 N
Safe load load by using Euler‘s formula = 13.7 x 10 3 N
14. An I section joint 400mm×200mm×20mm and 6m long is used as a strut with both ends
fixed. What is Euler‟s crippling load for the column? Take E=200 GPA. (ODD 2007)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Given:
Outer depth, d2 = 400mm
Thickness = 20mm
Inner width, d1 = 400-20-20
= 360mm
200 mm
Outer width, b2 = 200mm y
Inner width, b1 = 200 – 20
= 180mm
x x 400
Length, L =6m = 6000mm mm
20 mm
Young‘s modulus, E= 200Gpa = 2 x10 N/mm 5 2
To find: y
Crippling load=?I SECTION
Solution:
Moment of inertia about x-x axis
Ixx = (1/12) [b2 d2 3 - b1 d1 3 ]
= (1/12) [200 ×(400)3 – 180 × (360)3 ]
Ixx =0.366 × 109 mm4
Moment of inertia about y-y axis
Iyy = (1/12) × 360 × 203 + [(200)3 × 20 × 2]
Iyy = 320 × 106 mm4
Here ,Iyy <Ixx
So, least value of the moment of inertia

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Iyy = I = 320 × 106 mm4
I = 320 × 106 mm4
Wkt,
Critical load,
P = 4π2 EI/ (L)2 (both ends are fixed)
= 4 × π2 × 2 ×105 × 320 × 106 /(6000)2
P= 70.18 × 106 N
P = 70.18 MN
Result:
Critical load,P = 70.18 MN
15.A steel cantilever 6 m long carries two point loads, 15KN at the free end and 25 KN at a
distance of 2.5m from the free end.
Find:
(i) Slope at the free end

(ii) Deflection at the free end.
Take I = 1.3 × 103 mm4 and E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 (EVEN 2011)
Given data:
W1 = 15 KN
W2 = 25 KN
a= 2.5m
To find:
(i) Slope at the free end c.(Ø c)

(ii) Deflection at the free end c. (yc)
Solution:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Slope at the free end due to the load 15KN alone = W 1 L2 / (2EI)
Slope at the free end due to the load 25KN alone = W2 (L – a) 2 / (2EI)
Total slope at the free end,
Øc = W1 L2 /(2EI) + W2 (L – a)2 /(2EI)
= (15000 × (6000)2 ) + 25000 × (6000 – 2500)2 /(2 ×2 ×105 ×1.3 × 108 )
Øc = 0.01627 rad.
Double integration method:
Deflection at the free end due to the load 15KN alone = W1 L3 /(3EI)
Deflection at the free end due to the load 25KN alone
= W1 L3 / (3EI) + W2 (L – a) 3 / (3EI) + W2 (L – a) 2 / (2EI) a
= [(15000 × 60003 /3×2×105 ×1.3×108 ) + (25000 × (6000 – 2500)3 / (3×2×105 ×1.3×108 ) × 2500]
= 41.54 + 13.74 + 14.723
Yc = 70.003 mm or 70mm
Result:
Øc = 0.01627 rad.
Yc = 70.003 mm or 70mm
16. A cantilever of length 4m carries a UDL of 8KN/m length over the centre length. If the
section is rectangular of 150mm × 260mm. find the deflection and slope at the free end.
Take E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2 .(EVEN 2011)
Given data:
Length, L = 4m = 4000mm
UDL,
W = 8 KN/m

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Cross section = 150mm × 260mm
E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2
To find:
(i) Slope at the free end

(ii) Deflection at the free end
Solution:
For the given cross section,
Moment of inertia,
I =bd3 /12 = 150 × 2603 /12
I = 2.197 × 108 mm4
Double integration method:
Maximum slope will be at free end of the beam.
ØB = WL3 / (6EI)
= 8 × 40003 / (6 × 2.1 × 105 × 2.197 ×108 )
= 0.00185 rad.
Deflection at the free end will be the maximum deflection,
Deflection at the free end,
YB = WL4 / (8EL)
= 8 × 40004 / (8 × 2.1×105 ×2.197 × 108 )
= 5.548mm
Macaulay‟s method:
For the cantilever beam with UDL,

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Bending moment, Mx = -Wx2 /2
Integrating the above equation,
Slope equation,
EI dy/dx = - Wx3 /6 + c1
Integrating again, we get,
Deflection equation,
EI y = -WX2 /24 + c1X + c2
Applying the following be for cantilever
(i) When x= 4m, slope dy/dx= 0

(ii) When x= 4m, deflection y= 0.
Applying the first B.C to the slope equation,
0= - 8 × 40002 /6 + c1
C1 = 8.53×1010
Applying, the second B.C to the deflection equation,
0 = -8 × 40004 /24 + 8.53×1010 × 4000 +c2
C2 = -2.56×1014
Sub, the value of x, c1 and c2 in (1) we get slope and deflection.
At the free end, x= 0
Slope Ø B= dy/dx = c1/EI = (8.53 × 1010 )/ (2.1×105 ×2.197×108 )
ØB = 0.00185 rad.
Deflection, y = c2 / (EI) = (- 2.56×1014 )/ (2.1×105 × 2.197×108 )
Y= -5.548mm
Moment area method:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Draw the BMD for the given beam BM at B= 0
BM at A= WL2 /2 = (8×40002 )/2
MA = 6.4 × 107 N/mm
Area of BMD = (1/3) ×L× (WL2 /2)
= (1/3) × 4000× (8×40002 )/2
=8.53×1010
According to moment area method,
ØB = area of BMD EI
= 8.53×1010 / (2.1×105 × 2.197×108 )
ØB = 0.00185 rad.
X = (3/4) × L = (3/4) × 4000 = 3000mm
Deflection, yc = (AX/EI) = (8.53×1010 × 3000)/ (2.1× 105 ×2.197×108 )
Yc = 5.548mm
Conjugate beam method:
Draw the BMD and then draw the conjugate beam,
i.e, M/(EI) diagram as shown in fig.
Total load on the conjugate beam = area of the (M/EI) diagram
= (1/3) × 4000 × (-1387×10-6 )
P = -0.00185
Slope of B = shear force at B for conjugate beam
ØB = -P = 0.00185rad

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Deflection at B,
YB = BM at B for conjugate beam
= -P × (3/4) ×4000 = 0.00185 × (3/4) × 4000
YB = 5.548mm
Result:
ØB = 0.00185rad
YB = 5.548mm
17. A cantilever beam 50mm wide and 80 mm deep is 2m long. It carries a UDL over the
entire length along with a point load of 5KN at its free end. Find the slope at the free end
when the deflection is 7.5mm at the free end when the deflection is 7.5mm at the free end.
Take E = 2× 105 N/mm2 (EVEN 2012)
Given data:
Cross section = 50mm × 80mm
Length, L= 2m
Point load, W = 5KN = 5000N
Deflection, yB = 7.5mm
To find:
Slope at the free end.
Solution:
Moment of inertia,
I = bd3 /12
I = 50 × 803 /12
= 2.13 × 106 mm4

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Deflection at the free end due to UDL
= WL4 / (8EI)
Deflection at the free end due to point load,
= WL3 / (3EI)
Total deflection yB = WL4 / (8EI) + WL3 / (3EI)
7.5 = WL4 / (8EI) + (WL3 /3EI)
7.5 = WL4 / (8EI) + (5000 × 20003 )/ (3× 2×105 ×2.13×106 )
WL4 / (8EI) = -190.39 or WL3 / (EI) = -0.0952
Slope at the free end due to UDL, = WL3 / (6EI)
Total slope, Ø B = WL3 / (6EI) + WL2 / (2EI)
= (1/6) × (-0.0952) + (5000× 20002 )/ (2×2×105 ×2.13×106 )
= 0.0076 rad.
Result:
Total slope, Ø B= 0.0076 rad.
18. A horizontal beam is freely supported at its ends 8 mm apart and carries a UDL of 15
KN/m over the entire span. Find the maximum deflection. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and I = 2
× 109 mm4 .(EVEN 2009).
Given data:
L = 8m = 8000mm
W = 15KN/mm = 15 N/mm
E= 2×105 N/mm2 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
I = 2× 109 N/mm4
To find: Maximum deflection, ymax =?

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Solution:
Macaulay‘s method BM equation,
EI d2 y/dx2 = 60X – 15(X2 /2)
Integrating the above equation twice,
Slope equation, EI dy/dx = 60(x2 /2) – 15(x3 /6) +c1
=30 x2 – 15(x3 /6) + c1.
EI.y = 30(x3 /3) – 15(x4 /24) +c1x +c2
= 10x3 – 15(x4 /24) + c1x + c2
Applying the following boundary conditions
(i) When x= 0, y=0

(ii) When x= 800mm ,y= 0
Applying first B.C to the deflection equation,
0= 10(0)3 – 15(0)4 /24 + c1 (0) +c2
C2 = 0
For the second,
0 = 10 (8000)3 – 15(8000)4 /24 + c1 (8000)
C1 = 3.1936 × 1011
Maximum deflection occurs at x= 4000mm
Yc = (1/EI) [10x3 – 15(x4 /24) +c1x ]
= (1/2×105 ×2×109 ) [10(4000)3 – 15(4000)4 /24 + 3.1936 ×1011 ×4000]
Ymax = 2.79mm
Result:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Maximum deflection, ymax = 2.79mm
19. A SSB of hollow circular section of inter diameter of 220 mm and internal diameter of
150mm has a span of 6m. It is subjected to central point load of 50 KN and a UDL of
5KN/m run. Determine the maximum deflection E= 200 KN/mm2
Given data:
D = 200mm
d= 150mm
L= 6m = 6000mm
E= 200 KN/mm2 = 200×103 N/mm2
To find:
Maximum deflection, ymax =?
Solution:
Moment of inertia I = (π/64) (D4 - d4 )
= (π/64) (2004 – 1504 )
= 53689327.58 mm4
Total deflection, ymax = deflection to point load + deflection due to UDL
= WL3 /48EI + 5WL4 /384EI
= (1/200×103 ×53689327.58) [50000 × 60003 /48 + 5×5×60004 /384]
Ymax = 28.81mm
Result:
Maximum deflection Ymax= 28.81mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
20. A steel pipe 50mm internal diameter and wall thickness 2mm is simply supported on a
span of 6mm. if the deflection is limited to 1/480 of the span. Calculate the maximum UDL
that can carry. E =2×105 N/mm2 .
Given data:
d= 50mm
t= 2mm
Ymax =1/480 ×L
L= 6m = 6000mm
E= 2×105 N/mm2
To find:
Maximum UDL =?
Solution:
External diameter
D= d +2r
= 50 + (2×2) = 54mm
Moment of inertia
I = (π/64) (D4 – d4 )
= (π/64) (544 – 504)
= 110596.63 mm4
Deflection ymax = (1/480) × 6000
= 12.5mm
But, ymax = (5WL4 /384EI)
Ymax = 5 × W × (6000)4 / (384 × 2×105 × 110596.63)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
12.5 = 5 × W × (6000)4 / (384×2×105 ×110596.63)
W =16 .38 N/m
Result:
Maximum UDL W =16 .38 N/m
21. A SSB of span 6m carries UDL 5 KN/m over a length of 3m extending from left end.
Calculate deflection at midspan. E = 2× 105 N/mm, I = 6.2 × 106 mm4 .
Given data:
L= 6m = 6000mm
W= 5 KN/m = 5N/mm 5
E = 2× 105 N/mm2
C
6 4
A B
I = 6.2 × 10 mm
6m
To find: RA = 11250 RB = 3750 N
Deflection at mid span. Yc=?SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Solution:
RB × 6000 = 5× 3000× (3000/2)
RB = 3750N.
RA + RB = 5×3000
RA = 11250N
BM equation,
EI d2 y/dx2 = 3750x – 5(x-3000)2 /2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
EI dy/dx = 3750x2 /2 + c1 -5(x- 3000)3 /6
EI y = 3750 x3 /6 +c1 x + c2 – 5(x- 3000)4 /24
Applying the following boundary conditions
(i) When x= 0, y= 0
(ii) When x= 6000m, y= 0
Applying first B.C
0 = 3750(0)3 /6 + c1 (0) + c2 -5(0-3000)4 /24
C2 = 1.6875 × 10 13
For second B.C
0 = [3750 × (6000)3 /6 + c1(6000) + 1.6875 × 1013 – (5(6000) – 3000)4 /24 ]
C1 = -2.25 × 1010
Deflection at mid span x= 3000 mm
Ymax = (1/2×105 ×6.2×106 ) [3750(3000)3 /6
– 2.25×1010 ×3000+1.6875×1013 – 5(3000- 3000)4 /24
Ymax = -27.22mm
Result:
Ymax = -27.22mm
22.A 3m long cantilever of uniform rectangular cross section 150mm wide and 300mm deep
is loaded with a point load with a point load of 3KN at the free end and a UDL of 2KN/m
over the entire length. Find the maximum deflection E= 210 KN/mm2 . Use Macaulay‟s
method.
Given data: x
3 kN
W = 3KN 2kN/m
A
W= 2KN/m =2/1000 KN/m C

VTHT AVADI III SEM
=2N/mm
L=3m = 3000mm=xCANTILEVER BEAM
E = 210 KN/mm2 = 210 × 103 N/mm2
b= 150mm
d= 300mm
To find:
Maximum deflectionYmax =?
Solution:
Moment of inertia for rectangular cross section
I = bd3 /12 = 15 × 3003 /12
I = 3375 × 105 mm4
Bending moment at xx,
Mx = -Wx –wx2 /2
Slope equation,
EI dy/dx = -Wx2 /2 – wx4 /6 + c1
EI y = -Wx3 /6 -wx4 /24 + c1x + c2
At x= 3m, y and dy/dx= 0
Applying boundary conditions, from (2)
0= -3000(3000)2 /2 - 2(3000)3 /6 + c1
C1 = 2.25 × 1011 N/mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
0= -3000(3000)3 /6 – 2(3000)4 /24 + 2.25 × 1011 × 3000 +c2
C2 = -6.5475 × 1014 N/mm2
The deflection equation becomes,
EI y = -Wx3 /6 – wx4 /24 + 2.25 × 1011 x – 6.5475 × 1014
But maximum deflection occurs at the free end, when x= 0,
Ymax = (1/EI) [- 6.5475 × 1014 ]
= (1/210 × 103 × 3375 × 1010 ) [-6.5475 × 1014 ]
Ymax = 9.24 mm
Result:
Maximum deflectionYmax =9.24 mm
23. Derive the Euler‟s formula for a long column with one end fixed and the other is free.
Write the assumptions also. (EVEN-2013)
Assumptions made in the Euler‘s column theory.
1. The cross section of the column is uniform thought its length.
2. The material of the column is perfectly elastic, homogenous and obeys hooks‘ law.
3. The lengths of the column is very long as compared to its cross sectional dimensio ns.
4. The column is initially straight and the compressive load is applied axially.
5. The failure of column occurs due to buckling alone.
6. The self weight of column is negligible.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Consider a column RS of length l, and uniform cross sectional area A, carrying a critical load P
and R.
The column is fixed at one end S and the other end is free.
Due to application of critical load P, the column will deflect as shown in fig.
SR is the original position of the column and SR‘ is the deflected positions due to critical load .
Consider any section at a distance at a distance x from the fixed end S.
Let y is a deflection at this section and q is a deflection at free end R.
The moment due to crippling load at is section is given by
Moment = Load * Distance
Moment = P * (q-y)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
d2 y
Moment  EI
dx 2
d2 y
P   q -y)ΕΙ 2
dx
2
d y
EI 2  Py  pq
dx
DividingbyEI,
d 2 y Py pq
 
dx 2 EI EI
d2 y P pq
2
 y
dx EI EI
Thesolutionoftheabovedifferentialequationis
P P
y  A cos(x )  Bsin(x )  q            1
EI EI
Case(i):
At end S, x = 0, y=0 and slope dy/dx=0 substituting these values in equ 1
0= A cos 0°+Bsin 0°+q
0=A+q
A=-q
At S, x=0 and dy/dx=0
So, differentiating equation 1 with respect to x,

VTHT AVADI III SEM
P P
1     y  A cos(x )  Bsin(x )q
EI EI
dy P P P P
 A(1) sin(x )  Bcos(x ) 0
dx EI EI EI EI
P P
0  A sin(0   Bcos(0) 
EI EI
P
0  0B
EI
P
0
EI
B0
Substituting A=-q and B=0 values in equation (1)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
P
y  q cos(x )  q             2
EI
P
y  q cos(x )q
EI
case(ii) :
At R '(freeend), x  l and y  q
subthesevalue sin equ.  2 
P
q  q cos(l )q
EI
P
q  q  a cos(l )
EI
P
0  q cos(l )
EI
P
q cos(l )0
EI
P
q  0 or cos(l )0
EI
Butq  0
P
cos(l )0
EI
P  3 5
cos(l )  cos or cos or cos
EI 2 2 2
P  3 5
l  or or
EI 2 2 2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Now taking least significant value,

P 
l 
EI 2
P 

EI 2l
P 2

EI 4l2
2 EI
P 2
4l
24. A horizontal beam of length „l‟ and flexural rigidity EI carries a point load W at its
midspan.The beam is rigidly fixed at is left end and partially fixed at its right end in
such a way that the fixing moment at the rigidly fixed left end is Wl/b. If the supports
are at the same level, determine the fixing moment and slope at the right end.(EVEN-
2013)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Deflection at free end,

y B  y C  C (a)
Deflection at free end,
W(L  a) 2 W(L  a) 2
yB   a
3EI 2EI
where,
W(L  a) 2
C 
2EI
W(L  a) 2
C   B 
2EI
W(L  a)3
yC 
3EI
L
When a 
2
W(L  a) 2 W(L  a) 2
yB   a
3EI 2EI
W L W L L
 (L  )3  (L  ) 2 
3EI 2 2EI 2 2
W L 3 W L 2
 ( )  ( )
3EI 2 2EI 2
WL3 WL3
 
24EI 16EI
5WL3
yB 
48EI

VTHT AVADI III SEM
UNIT-5
PART-A
1. What are assumptions involved in the analysis of thin cylindrical shells? (EVEN
2011)
1. The material of the cylinder is Homogeneous, isotropic and obeys Hook‘s law.
2. The hoop stress distribution in thin cylinder is uniform over the cross section
from inner to outer surface since the thickness of the cylinder is thin.
3. Weight of fluid and material of the cylinder is not taken into account.
2. Define principle planes. (EVEN 2011, 2010)
The planes which have no shear stress are known as principle planes.
3. List out the modes of failure in thin cylindrical shell due to an internal pressure .
(EVEN 2010)
When these stresses exceed the permissible limit, the cylinder is likely to fail in the
followings two ways
(i) It may split up into two semi circular halves along the cylinder axis.
(ii) It may split up into two cylinders
4. What is Mohr‟s circle method? (EVEN 2009)
Another method which is frequently used to find out the normal, tangential and resultant
stresses in oblique plane is Mohr‘s circle method. It is also a graphical method.
5. What is principle stress? (EVEN 2009)
The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principle planes are known as principle
stresses.
6. Define principle planes and principal stresses. (ODD 2008, 2007, 2006, 2011, 2013)
The planes which have no shear stress are known as principle planes.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principle planes are known as principle
stresses.
7. A storage tank of internal diameter 280 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5
Mpa. Find the thickness of the tank, if the loop and longitudinal stresses are 75 Mpa and
45 Mpa respectively. (ODD 2008)
Given: Hoop stress, c= 75 MPa
Longitudinal stress, d = 45 Mpa
Diameter, d = 280 mm
Pressure, P = 2.5 MPa
Solution: Hoop stress is greater than longitudinal stress. So we can use

Pd
c= 2t
t=pd/2 c= 2.5 x 280
2 x 75
t = 4.66 mm
8. A spherical shell of 1 m internal diameter undergoes a diametrical strain of 10 -4 due

to internal pressure. What is the corresponding change in its internal volume? (EVEN
2008)
Change in volume, dV = ev x V
=3xexV
= 3 x 1 x 10-4 x π / 6 (1000)3
dV = 157.079 mm3

VTHT AVADI III SEM
9. A Thin cylinder closed at both ends is subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa. It is

internal diameter is 1 m and the wall thickness is 10 mm. What is the maximum shear
stress in the cylinder material? (EVEN 2008)
Given: P = 2 MPa = 2 x 106 Pa = 2 x 106 N/m2 = 2 N/mm2 ; d = 1 m = 1000 mm ; t = 10 mm
Pd
Solution: Hoop stress, c =
2t
= 2 x 1000
2 x 10
c= 100 N/mm2
Longitudinal stress, d= Pd
4t
= 2 x 1000
4 x 10
d = 50 N/mm2
max – min 100 - 50
Maximum shear stress, max = =
2 2
2
max= 25 N/mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
10. A boiler of 800 mm diameter is made up of 10 mm thick plates. If the boiler is

subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5 MPa, determine circumferential and longitudinal
stress. (ODD 2007)
Given : d = 800 mm; t = 10 mm; p = 2.5 MPa = 2.5 N/mm2
Pd
Solution: Circumferential stress, c = = 2.5 x 800
2t 2 x 10
c= 100 N/mm2
11. A cylindrical pipe of diameter 1.5 m and thickness 1.5 cm is subjected to an internal
fluid pressure of 1.2 N/mm2 . Determine the longitudinal stress developed in the pipe.
(EVEN 2007)
Given: diameter, d = 1.5 m = 1500 mm; thickness t = 1.5 cm = 15 mm; p = 1.2 N/mm2
Solution: Longitudinal stress, d= Pd
4t
= 1.2 x 1500
4 x 15
d = 30 N/mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
12. How will you find major principal stress and minor principal stress? Also mention how
to locate the direction of principal planes. (EVEN 2007)
(i)Position of principal planes,
2q
Tan 2θ = 1 – 2
(ii) Major Principal stress
1 + 2 1
n1 = + ( 1 – 2)
2
+ 4 q2
2 2
(iii) Minor principal stress
1 + 2 1
n2 = - ( 1 – 2)
2
+ 4 q2
2 2
13. Find the thickness of the pipe due to an internal pressure of 10 N/mm2 . If the
permissible stress is 120 N/mm2 . The diameter of pipe is 750 mm. (ODD 2006)
Given: Pressure P = 10 N/mm2 ; Stress, = 120 N/mm2 ; Diameter, d = 750 mm
Pd
Solution: Circumferential stress, c=

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2t
10 x 750
120 =
2xt
 t =31.25 mm
14. The principal stress at a point is 100 N/mm2 (tensile) and 50 N/mm2 (compressive)
Respectively. Calculate the maximum shear stress at this point.
Solution: 1 – 2 150 – (-50)
Maximum shear stress, ( t ) max = =
2 2
( t )max = 75 N/mm
2
15. A spherical shell of 1 m diameter is subjected to an internal pressure 0.5 N/mm2.

Find the thickness if the allowable stress in the material of the shell is 75 N/mm2 . (EVEN
2006)
Given: Pressure, P = 0.5 N/mm2; Diameter, d = 1 m =1000 mm; Max. Stress, = 75

N/mm2
Pd
Solution: Maximum stress, d=
4t

VTHT AVADI III SEM
0.5 x 1000
t =1.67 mm
75 =
4xt
16. In a thin cylinder will the radial stress vary over the thickness of wall? (EVEN 95)
No, In thin cylinder radial stress developed in its wall is assumed to be constant since the
wall thickness is very small as compared to the diameter of cylinder.
17. What do you understand by the term wire winding of thin cylinder? (ODD 99)
In order to increase the tensile strength of a thin cylinder to withstand high internal;
pressure without excessive increase in wall thickness, they are sometimes pre-stressed by
winding with a steel wire under tension.
18. What is the effect of riveting a thin cylindrical shell? (EVEN 99)
Riveting reduces the area offering the resistance. Due to this the circumferential and
longitudinal stresses are more. It reduces the pressure carrying capacity of the shell.
19. Differentiate between thin cylinder and thick cylinder. (EVEN 98, 2000)
Thin Cylinder Thick Cylinder
1.Ratio of wall thickness to the diameter 1. Ratio of wall thickness to the diameter
of cylinder is less than 1/20 of cylinder is more than 1/20.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2. Circumferential stress is assumed to 2. Circumferential stress various from

be constant throughout the wall inner to outer wall thickness.
thickness.
20. Distinguish between cylindrical shell and spherical shell. (EVEN ‟99)
Cylindrical shell Spherical shell
1. Circumferential stress is twice the 1. Only hoop stress presents.

longitudinal stress.
2. It withstands low pressure than 2. It withstands more pressure than

spherical shell for the same diameter cylindrical shell for the same diameter.
21. In a thin cylindrical shell if hoop strain is 0.2 x 10-3 and longitudinal strain is 0.05 x 10-3 ,
find out volumetric strain. (ODD 99)
Volumetric strain, ev = 2 ec + ea
= 2 (0.2 x 10-3 ) + 0.05 x 10-3
ev = 0.45 x 10-3
22. Write the equation for the change in diameter and length of a thin cylinder shell, when
subjected to an internal pressure. (ODD 99)
P d2 1
Change in diameter, ∂d = (1 - )
2tE 2m
Pdl
Change in length, ∂l = (1/2 – 1/m)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2tE
23. Write down the volumetric strain in a thin spherical shell subjected to internal pressure
„P‟ (EVEN 96, 97)
3pd
Volumetric stain, ev = 3 x ec = (1 – 1/m)
4tE
24. Write the expression for hoop stress and longitudinal stress in thin cylinder due to
Pressure p (ODD‟96, EVEN‟98)
, c= 𝑷𝒅/2𝒕 d =𝑷𝒅/𝟒𝒕
25. Define Thin Cylinder or Sphere.(EVEN -2012)
A Cylinder whose thickness is 20 times less than its diameter is known as thin cylinder.
26. What are the different types of stresses in cylinder?
1. Circumferential stress of Hoop stress.
2. Longitudinal Stress
27. Define Hoop Stress. (EVEN 2012, 2013)
Hoop stress is the stress induced by fluid or gas inside the cylinder perpendicular to the
length of the pipe. The thickness of the cylinder is decided based on hoop stress value because
hoop stress is two times more than the longitudinal stress.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
28. Define longitudinal stress.
Longitudinal stress is the stress induced by the fluid or gas along the length of the
Cylinder.
29. Define Oblique.
It is the angle between the resultant stress and normal stress.
30. What are the planes along which the greatest shear stresses occur? (EVEN 2001)
Greatest shear stress occurs at the planes which inclined at 45º to its normal.
31. A bar of cross sectional area 6000 mm2 is subjected to a tensile load of 50 KN applied
at each end. Determine the normal stress on a plane inclined at 30º to the direction of
loading.
Given: Area, A = 600 mm2; Load, P = 50 KN; θ = 30º;
Load 50 x 103
Solution: Stress, = = = 83.33 N/mm2
Area 600
Normal stress, n = cos2 θ = 83.33 x cos2 30º = 62.5 N/mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
32. Write the expressions for a normal stress on an inclined plane in a block which is
subjected to two mutually perpendicular normal stresses and shear stresses? (EVEN 2000)
1+ 2 1- 2
Normal stress, n= + ( ) cos 2θ + q sin 2θ
2 2
33. At a point in a strained material is subjected to a compressive stress of 100 N/mm2 and
shear stress of 60 N/mm2 . Determine graphically or otherwise the principal stresses. (ODD
2001)
Given: = -100 N/mm2 ; q = 60 N/mm2
Major Principal Stress
1
2
n1 = + + 4 q2
2 2
-100 1
n1 = + (-100) 2 + 4 x 602
2 2
n1 = 28.1 N/mm2
Minor principal stress

VTHT AVADI III SEM
2
n2 = - + 4 q2
2 2
-100 1
n2 = - (-100) 2 + 4 x 602
2 2
n2 = -128.1 N/mm2
34. What is the radius of Mohr‟s circle? (ODD ‟98, EVEN ‟96)
Radius of Mohr‘s circle is equal to the maximum shear stress
35. Give the expression for stresses on an inclined plane when it is subjected to a axial pull.
(ODD‟99)
Normal stress, n= cos2 θ
Shear stress, t= /2 sin2θ
Resultant stress, res = n

2
+ t
2
36. Write the maximum value of shear stress in thin cylinder?
Where
P-internal fluid pressure
d-diameter

VTHT AVADI III SEM
t-thickness of the cylinder.
37. For what purpose are the cylindrical and spherical shells used?
The cylindrical and spherical shells are used generally as containers for storage of liquids
and gases under pressure
38. When is the longitudinal stress in a thin cylinder is zero?
In case of cylinders with open ends, e.g. in a pipe with water flowing through it under
pressure, longitudinal stress is zero
39. What are assumptions made in the analysis of thin cylinders?

Radial stress is negligible.
Hoop stress is constant along the thickness of the shell.
Material obeys Hooke‘s law.
Material is homogeneous and isotropic
40. What is the operating pressure in a thin cylinder and thick cylinder?
For thin cylinder the operating pressure is up to 30MN/m2

For thick cylinder the operating pressure is up to 250MN/m2 or more.
41. Give two methods to compute principal stresses?
1. Analytical method 2. Graphical method

VTHT AVADI III SEM
16 MARKS QUESTION
PART-B
1.A hollow cylindrical drum 750 mm in diameter and 2.5 m long has a shell thickness of 10
mm. if the drum is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.6 N/mm2 .Determine 1. Change in
diameter 2. Change in length 3. Change in volume. Take E= 2.1x10 5 N/mm2 and poisson‟s
ratio = 0.3 [EVEN-2011]
Given datá :
Diameterof cylinder d  750mm
Thickness of cylinder t  10mm
Length of cylinder l  2.5m  2500mm
1
poison ' s ratio  0.3
m
Solution:
wkt
pd 2  1 
Change in diameter d  1  
2tE  2m 
2.6  750 2  1 
 5 
1   0.3 
2 10  2.110  2 
d  0.296mm
pdl  1 1 
Changth in length l    
2tE  2 m 
2.6  750  2500  1 
 5 
 0.3 
2 10  2.110  2 
 0.232mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
pdv  5 2 
Change in volume v    
2tE  2 m 
 2
but Volume v  d l
4

 750 2  2500  1.104 10 9 mm3
4
2.6  750 1.104 10 9  5 
 Change in volume v    2  0.3 
2 10  2.110 5
2 
v  974296.9mm3
Result:
Change in diameter δd = 0.296mm
Change in length δl = 0.232 mm
Change in volume δv =974296.9 mm3
2. A closed cylindrical drum 600 mm in diameter and 2 m long has a shell thickness of 12
mm. If it carries a fluid under a pressure of 3 N/mm 2 , calculate the longitudinal and hoop
stress in the drum wall and also determine the change in diameter, change in length and
change in volume of the drum. Take E = 200Gpa and 1/m = 0.3 [ODD-2008]

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Given datá :
Diameterof drum d  600mm
Thickness of drum t  12mmz
Length of the drum l  2m  2000mm
Pr essure of fluid p  3N / mm 2
Young ' s mod ulus E  200GPa  200  10 3 N / mm 2
1
poison' s ratio  0.3
m
To find:
Longitudinal and hoop stress, change in diameter, change in length and change in volume
Solution:
Pd 3  600
Longitudin al stress  l    37.5 N / mm 2
4t 4  12
Pd 3  600
Hoop stress  c    75 N / mm 2
2t 2  12
wkt
pd 2  1 
2tE  2m 
3  600 2  1 
 5 
1   0.3 
2 12  2 10  2 
d  0.19mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
pdl  1 1 
2tE  2 m 
3  600  2000  1 
 5 
 0.3 
2  12  2  10  2 
 0.15mm
pdv  5 2 
2tE  2 m 

but Volume v  d 2  l
4

  600 2  2000  5.655  10 8 mm 3
4
3  600  5.655  10 8  5 
 Change in volume v    2  0.3 
2  12  2  10 5
2 
v  402909.25mm 3
Result:
Longitudinal stress l = 37.5 N/mm2
Hoop stress c = 75 N/mm2
Change in volume δv =402909.25 mm3
3. A cylinder has an internal diameter of 230 mm, wall thickness 5 mm and is 1 m long. It is
found to change in internal volume by 12x10 -6 m3 when filled with a liquid at a pressure P.
Taking E = 200GPa and poisson‟s ratio = 0.25. Determine the stresses in the cylinder, the
change in its length and internal diameter. [EVEN-2008]

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Given datá :
Diameterof drum d  230mm
Thickness of drum t  5 mm
Length of drum l  1 m  1000mm
Internal volume v  12 10 6 m 3  12 10 6 10 9  12 10 3 mm3
Young ' s mod ulus E  200GPa  200 10 3 N / mm 2
1
m
To find:
Longitudinal and hoop stress, change in diameter and change in length.
Solution:
Pd 1.25  230
Longitudin al stress  l    14.375 N / mm2
4t 45
Pd 1.25  230
Hoop stress  c    28.75 N / mm2
2t 25
wkt

pd 2 1 
 2m 
2tE
1.25  230 2  1 
 5 
1   0.25 
2  5  2  10  2 
d  0.0289mm
pdl  1 1 
2tE  2 m 
1.25  230 1000  1 
   0.25 
2  5  2 10  2
5

 0.0359mm
Result:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Longitudinal stress l = 14.375 N/mm2
Hoop stress c = 28.75 N/mm2
4. A cylindrical shell of 1 m long 150 mm internal diameter having thickness of as 7 mm is

filled with fluid at atmosphere pressure. If additional 25 cc of fluid is pumped into the
cylinder, find the pressure exerted by the fluid on the cylinder shell and the resulting hoop
stress. Assume E = 2x105 N/mm2 and poisson‟s ratio=0.25 (EVEN-12)
Given datá :
Diameter of shell d  150mm
Thickness of shell t  7 mm
volume of additional fluid v  25cc  25 10 3 mm3
Young ' s mod ulus E  2 10 5 N / mm 2
1
m
Solution:
pdv  5 2 
2tE  2 m 
 2
4

 150 2 1000  1.767 10 7 mm3
4
p 150 1.767 10 7  5 
 25 10 
3
  2  0.27 
2  7  2 10 5
2 
Internal pressure p  13.47 N / mm 2
Pd 13.47 150
Hoop stress  c    144.36 N / mm2
2t 2 7

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Result:
Pressure on the cylinder shell p= 13.47 N/mm2
Hoop stress c= 144.36 N/mm2
5. A thin cylindrical shell of 3 m long, 1.2 m in diameter is subjected to an internal pressure

of 1.67 N/mm2 . If the thickness of the shell is 13 mm, find the circumferential and
longitudinal stresses. Also find the maximum shear stress and change in dimensions of the
shell. Assume E=2x10 5 N/mm2 and 1/m=0.28 [EVEN-2007]
Given datá :
Diameter of shell d  1.2m  1200mm
Thickness of shell t  13 mm
int ernal pressure p  1.67 N / mm 2
Young ' s mod ulus E  2 10 5 N / mm 2
1
m
Solution :
Pd 1.67 1200
Longitudin al stress  l    38.54 N / mm2
4t 4 13
Pd 1.67 1200
Hoop stress  c    77.08 N / mm 2
2t 2 13

VTHT AVADI III SEM
c l
77.08  38.54
Maximum shear stress  max    19.27 N / mm 2
2 2
c l 77.08 38.54
Circumferential strain ec      0.28  3.34  10  4
E mE 2  10 5
2  10 5
d
wkt ec 
d
 d  ec  d  3.314  10  4  1200  0.398mm
l c 38.54 77.08
Longitudin al strain el      0.28  8.478  10 5
E mE 2  10 5
2  10 5
Also wkt
l
Circumferential strain el 
l
 l  el  l  8.478  10  3000  0.254mm
5
Volumetric strain, ev  2ec  el  2  3.34  10 4  8.478  10 5  7.476  10 4
Change in volume v  ev  v
 2
4


1200 2  3000  3.393 10 9 mm3
4
 Change in volume v  7.476 10 4  3.393 10 9
v  2536506.3mm3
Result:
Change in volume = 2536506 mm3
6. An element has a tensile stress of 600 N/mm2 acting on two mutually perpendicular
planes and shear stress of 100N/mm2 on these planes. Find the principle stress and
maximum shear stress. [ODD-11]
Given data :
 1  600 N / mm2
 2  6000 N / mm2
q  100 N / mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
To find :
Principal stresses, Principal planes and maximum shear stress
Solution:
1   2
1
Major principal stress,  n1   1   2 2  4q 2

2 2
600  600 1
  600  6002  4  100 2  700 N / mm2
2 2
1   2 1
Minor principal stress,  n 2    1   2 2  4q 2
2 2
600  600 1
  600  6002  4 100 2  500 N / mm2
2 2
Maximum shear stress   max  1  1   2 2  4q 2

2
1
Maximum shear stress   max  600  6002  4 100 2  100 N / mm2
2
Result:
Maximum shear stress   max  100N/mm2
Major principal stress,  n1  700 N / mm2
Minor principal stress,  n 2  500 N / mm2
7. The stresses that a point in a strained material is px = 200 N/mm2 and py = -150 N/mm2
and q = 80 N/mm2 . Find the principal plane and principal stresses. Using Graphical
method and verify with analytical method. (ODD‟2012)
Given data :
 1  200 N / mm2
 2  150 N / mm2
q  80 N / mm2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
To find :
Solution:
Graphical method:
1. Draw a horizontal line and set Off OA and OB equal to p 1 and p2 on opposite side to the
scale, since both the stresses are opposite each other.
2. Bisect BA at C.
3. Draw perpendicular line AS from A which is equal to shear stress. 80 N/mm2 to the same
scale Or draw BR.
Major principal stress,  n1  OH  215 N / mm2

Minor principal stress,  n 2  OQ  165 N / mm2
Principal plane 2  SAC  24.50   12.250 or 102.280
Analytical method:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
1   2
1
Major principal stress,  n1   1   2 2  4q 2

2 2
200  150 1
  200  1502  4  80 2  217.4 N / mm2
2 2
1   2 1
2 2
200  150 1
  200   1502  4  80 2  167.47 N / mm 2
2 2
2q 2  80
Principal plane tan 2  
 1   2 200  150
2  24.56 or   12.28 0 or 102.8 0
Result:
Major principal stress,  n1  217.4 N / mm2
Minor principal stress,  n 2  167.4 N / mm2
Principal plane   12.280 or 102.280
8. A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm2 on one plane
and a tensile stress of 47 N/mm2 on a plane at right angles to the former. Each of the above
stresses is accompanies by a shear stress of 63 N/mm2 . Determine principal stresses,
principal planes and the maximum shear stress. (ODD‟2010)
Given data :
 1  110 N / mm2
 2  47 N / mm2
q  63 N / mm2
To find :
Solution:

VTHT AVADI III SEM
1   21
Major principal stress,  n1   1   2 2  4q 2
2 2
110  47 1
  110  472  4  632  148.9 N / mm2
2 2
 2 1
Minor principal stress,  n 2  1   1   2 2  4q 2
2 2
110  47 1
  110  47 2  4  632  8.06 N / mm2
2 2
2q 2  63
Principal plane tan 2   2
 1   2 110  47
2  63.43 or   31.710 or 121.710
Maximum shear stress   max  1  1   2 2  4q 2

2
1
Maximum shear stress   max  110  472  4  632
2
=70.43 N / mm2
Result:
Major principal stress,  n1  148.9 N / mm 2
Minor principal stress,  n 2  8.06 N / mm 2
Maximum shear stress   max  70.43N/mm 2
9. A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 90 N/mm2 along x-axis

and a compressive stress of 45 N/mm2 on a plane at right angles to it, together with shear
stresses of 80 N/mm2 on the same plane. Calculate (ODD‟09)
(i) The direction of principal planes
(ii) The magnitude of principal stresses
(iii) The magnitude of greatest shear stress.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
Given data :
 1  900 N / mm2
 2  45 N / mm2
q  80 N / mm2
To find :
Solution:
  2 1
Major principal stress,  n1  1   1   2 2  4q 2
2 2
90  45 1
  90   452  4  80 2  127.17 N / mm2
2 2
1   2 1
2 2
90  45 1
  90   452  4  802  82.17 N / mm2
2 2
1
Maximum shear stress   max  90   452  4  80 2
2
Maximum shear stress   max  104.67N/mm

Result:
2q 2  80
Principal plane tan 2    1.185
 1   2 90   45
2  49.84 or   24.9 0 or 114.9 0

Minor principal stress,  n 2  82.17 N / mm2

Maximum shear stress   max  104.67N/mm2
10. A certain point in a strained material, the stresses on two planes at right angles to each
other are 80MN/m2 and 60 N/m2 both tensile. They are accomplished by a shear stress of 20

VTHT AVADI III SEM
MN/m2 . Find graphically or otherwise the location of principal planes and evaluate the
principal stresses. (EVEN‟2009)
Given data :
 1  80MN / mm2  80MN / mm2
 2  60MN / mm2  60 N / mm2
q  20MN / mm 2  20 N / mm2
To find :
Solution:
 2 1
Major principal stress,  n1  1   1   2 2  4q 2
2 2
90  60 1
  80  602  4  20 2  92.36 N / mm2
2 2
 2 1
Minor principal stress,  n 2  1   1   2 2  4q 2
2 2
90  45 1
  90  602  4  20 2  47.637 N / mm2
2 2
2q 2  20
Principal plane tan 2   2
 1   2 90  60
2  63.43 or   31.7 0 or 121.7 0
Result:
Minor principal stress,  n 2  47.63N / mm2
Principal plane   31.7 0 or 127.7 0
11.) A thin clyinder is 3.5m long ,90cm in diameter and thickness of metal is 12mm and
it is subjected to an internal pressure 2.8 N/mm^2.Calculate the change in dimensions
of the clyinders,maximum intensity of shear induced.E=200Gpa,poisson's ratio is 0.3 .(May-13)

VTHT AVADI III SEM
GIVEN:
l=3.5m=3.5  1000=3500mm;
d=90cm=900mm;
t=12mm;
P=2.8N/mm^2;E=200Gpa=200  10^3 N/mm^2(or)=2  10^5 N/mm^2;
1
 0.3
m
TO FIND:
a.) calculate change in dimensions(v,L,d)
b.) maximum intensity of the shear stress
SOLUTION:
A.) Change in diameter(d)
pd ^ 2 1
d= (1  );
2tE 2m
2.8  900 ^ 2 1
d= [1  (0.3)];
2  12  200  10 ^ 3 2
d=0.401625mm.
B.)change in length(l):
pdl 1 1
l= (  )
2tE 2 m
2.8  900  3500 1

l= (  0.3)
2  12  200  10 ^ 3 2
l=0.3675mm

VTHT AVADI III SEM
C.) change in volume:
pdv 5 2
v= [  ]
2tE 2 m
2.8  900  2.225  10 ^ 9

v= [2.5  2(0.3)]
2  12  200  10 ^ 3

v= d ^ 2.l
4
v=2.225  10^9 mm^3
v=1168125  1.9
v=2.219  10^6 mm^3
pd
Longitudinal stress a=
4t
2.8  900

4  12
a  52.5 N/mm^2
pd
Hoop stress c=
2t
2.8  900
c=
2  12
c=105 N/mm^2

VTHT AVADI III SEM
RESULT:
v=2.219  10^6 mm^3
l=0.3675 mm
d=0.401625 mm
a=5.25 N/mm^2
c=105 N/mm^2
12.) The normal stress at a point on two perpendicular planes are 140 mpa(tensile),
100 mpa(compresssive).Determine the shear stress on these planes if the maximum
principle stress is limited to 150 mpa(tensile).Determine:
a.)Minimum princple stress
b.)Maximum shear stress
c.)Normal,shear,resultant shear stress on a planes which is inclined at 30 anticlockwise
to Xplane.(May-13)
GIVEN:
b=140 mpa=140 N/mm^2(tensile)
1  100 mpa=100 N/mm^2(comprressive)
=30 ;q=150 mpa=150 N/mm^2
TO FIND:
a.)Minimum principle stress
b.)Maximum shear stress and its plane
c.)normal,shear,resultant stresses and planes inclined at 30 anticlockwise to x.

VTHT AVADI III SEM
SOLUTION:
a.)NORMAL STRESS:
1   2 1   2
n=  .cos 2  qsin2
2 2
40 140
n=  (0.5)  129.9
2 2
n  114.9N/mm^2
b.)MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS:

1
t ) max = (1  2) 2  4q ^ 2
2
(t ) max  192.093 N / mm ^ 2
C.)MINIMUM PRINCIPLE STRESS:
1  2 1
n2=  (1   2) 2  4q ^ 2
2 2
n 2  172.09 N / mm ^ 2
d .)TANGENTIAL STRESS:
1  2
t= sin 2  q cos 2
2
100  140
t  sin(60)  150 cos(60)
2
t =178.92 N/mm^2
E.)RESULTANT STRESS:
res  n 2  t 2
res  114.92  178.922
res  212.6 N / mm ^ 2
  2 1
n1   (1  2)2  4q ^ 2
2 2
n1  212.03N / mm ^ 2

VTHT AVADI III SEM

CE8395 Strength of Materials For Mechanical Engineers

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VTHT AVADI III SEM

Vel Tech High Tech Dr.RR Dr.SR Engineering College

Avadi – 600 062

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department 1 Strength of Materials

Mechanical Engineering Department 2 Strength of Materials

Mechanical Engineering Department 3 Strength of Materials

S.No Particulars Page

3 Unit – III 117

Mechanical Engineering Department 4 Strength of Materials

Sol: Elongation ∂L = PL/AE

3. State Hooke‟s law. (EVEN 2010, EVEN 2013)

Mechanical Engineering Department 5 Strength of Materials

6. What is Thermal stress? (EVEN 2009)

Mechanical Engineering Department 6 Strength of Materials

Shear Modulus, G = 45Gpa = 45 x 10³ N/mm²

Mechanical Engineering Department 7 Strength of Materials

1/m – Poisson‘s ratio.

Mechanical Engineering Department 8 Strength of Materials

Strain energy stored, U = ²/2E x V = (141.472)²/2x200x10³ x 28274

Stress = 169.85 N/mm²

Young‘s modulus, E = stress/strain = /e;

Mechanical Engineering Department 9 Strength of Materials

Mechanical Engineering Department 10 Strength of Materials

Solution: Thermal stress, =αTE

Mechanical Engineering Department 11 Strength of Materials

31. Define tensile stress and tensile strain.

33. Define stress and strain. (ODD 97)

Mechanical Engineering Department 12 Strength of Materials

37. Distinguish between suddenly applied and impact load.

Mechanical Engineering Department 13 Strength of Materials

UNIT-I 16 MARK QUESTIONS

Load p =45 KN = 45 x 103 N

Young‘s modulus E = 200 KN /mm2

Length of the rod, l = 500 mm

Diameter of the rod = 20 mm

Stress, strain, elongation CIRCULAR ROD

Cross sectional area; A = πd2 /4 =π x 202 /4 = 314.159 mm2

Stress =load / area =45x103 /314.5 = 143. 24 N/mm2

Strain, e = stress / young‘s modulus =143.24/200x103 = 0.0007162

Elongation δl=Pl/AE = (45x103 x 500) / (314.159 x 200x103) = 0.358 mm

Stress = 143.24 N/mm2

Mechanical Engineering Department 14 Strength of Materials

Yield stress = 250 N/mm2

Factor of safety = 1.75

External diameter of the tube = 101.6 mm

Load P = 140 KN = 140x10 N HOLLOW STEEL ROD

Working stress or permissible stress = yield stress/FOS = 250/1.75 = 142.85 N/mm2

Also area of the hollow tube = π/4(D2 -d2 ) = 980

π/4 (101.6 – d2 ) = 980 or d2 = 9074.78

d = 95.26 mm, thickness t = (D – d)/2 = (101.6 – 95.2)/2 =3.169 mm

Hence light section, t = 3.65 mm is enough.

Thickness t = 3.65 mm is enough

Mechanical Engineering Department 15 Strength of Materials

Axial load P = 2.1 x 10 KN

Stress = 125 MN/m2 = 125 N/mm2

External diameter of the column=30 cm = 300mm

Internal diameter of the column d

Area A = load/stress =2.1x106 /125 =16800 mm2 HOLLOW STEEL COLUMN