Engdata Module 1

ENGDATA – MODULE 1
STATISTICS
- is concerned with scientific methods for collecting,
organizing, summarizing, presenting, and analyzing data as
well as with drawing valid conclusions and making
reasonable decisions based on such analysis.
- is the field of study concerned with the collection, analysis,
and interpretation of uncertain data.
- The methods of statistics allow scientists and engineers to
design valid experiments and to draw reliable conclusions
from the data they produce
- The ﬁeld of statistics deals with the collection, presentation,
analysis, and use of data to make decisions, solve problems,
and design products and processes.
- Statistical techniques can be a powerful aid in designing
new products and systems, improving existing designs, and
designing, developing, and improving production processes.
POPULATION – consists of the totality or the entire collection of objects

or outcomes about which information is sought
SAMPLE – a subset of a population, containing the objects or outcomes

that are observe
VARIABLE - is a symbol, such as X, - Discrete variable and

Y, H, x,or B, that can assume any of a continuous variable
prescribed set of values, called the - Qualitative variable and
domain of the variable. If the variable quantitative variable
can assume only one value, it is called - Dependent variable and
a constant. independent variable
TYPES OF DATA (Measurement Scales)

 NOMINAL - are used to name or label a series of values.
 ORDINAL - provide good information about the order of
values.
 INTERVAL - give the order of values and the difference
between each one.
 RATIO - give the order, the interval values and the ability to
calculate ratios since true zero can be defined.
CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics are simply numerical or graphical summaries of
data, including charts, graphs, and simple summary statistics such as
means and standard deviations, used to describe characteristics of a
population sample.
Inferential statistics are statistical techniques (e.g., chi-square test, the t-

test, the one-way ANOVA) that allow conclusions to be drawn about the
relationships found among different variables in a population sample.
IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS
 Economy
 Business
 Astronomy
 Psychology
 Engineering
 Mathematics
 Science
STATISTICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

 TEXTUAL
 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION - a pictorial presentation of the
relationship between variables.
i. A histogram or frequency histogram, consists of a set
of rectangles having (a) bases on a horizontal axis, with
centers at the class marks and lengths equal to the class
interval sizes, and (b) areas proportional to the class
frequencies.
ii. A frequency polygon is a line graph of the class
frequencies plotted against class marks. It can be
obtained by connecting the midpoints of the tops of the
rectangles in the histogram.
iii. Cumulative Frequency Polygon
iv. Stem and leaf plot presents a graphical display of the
data using the actual numerical values of each data
point.
v. A pie chart is a circular graph that shows how the
measurements are distributed among the categories.
vi. A bar chart/bar graph shows how the measurements
are distributed among the categories, with the height of
the bar measuring how often a particular category was
observed.
vii. A bar chart in which the bars are ordered from largest
to smallest is called a Pareto chart.
viii. Time series plot is a graph with a line chart where the
time intervals are marked on the horizontal axis and the
projections on the vertical axis.
ix. Dotplot is the simplest graph of quantitative data and
can simply plot the measurements as points on the
horizontal axis.
x. Each dot on the scatter plot represents one observation
from a data set.
xi. Box-and-Whisker Plot or Box Plot, this plot encloses
the interquartile range of the data in a box that has the
median displayed within.
FREQUENCY CURVES
1. Symmetrical or bell-shaped curves are characterized by the
fact that observations equidistant from the central maximum
have the same frequency.
2. Curves that have tails to the left are said to be skewed to the
left.
3. Curves that have tails to the right are said to be skewed to the
right.
4. Curves that have approximately equal frequencies across their
values are said to be uniformly distributed.
5. In a J-shaped or reverse J-shaped frequency curve the
maximum occurs at one end or the other.
6. A U-shaped frequency distribution curve has maxima at both
ends and a minimum in between.
7. A bimodal frequency curve has two maxima.
8. A multimodal frequency curve has more than two maxima.
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
It is a tabular arrangement of
data by classes together with the
corresponding class frequencies.
General Rules for Forming

Frequency Distributions:
1. Determine the largest
and smallest numbers in the raw data and thus find the range
(the difference between the largest and smallest numbers).
2. Divide the range into a convenient number of class intervals
having the same size.
3. Determine the number of observations falling into each class
interval; that is, find the class frequencies.

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ENGDATA – MODULE 1

POPULATION – consists of the totality or the entire collection of objects

SAMPLE – a subset of a population, containing the objects or outcomes

VARIABLE - is a symbol, such as X, - Discrete variable and

TYPES OF DATA (Measurement Scales)

Inferential statistics are statistical techniques (e.g., chi-square test, the t-

STATISTICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

General Rules for Forming

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