Q1. Discuss Teaching as profession. Which teaching is called effective teaching?

Explain

Answer

The social and economic changes around the globalization give rise to the teaching profession and it can
be described as “a professional occupational group of education sector possessing social, cultural,
economic, scientific and technological dimensions”.

Teaching Profession is based upon a specialization on a certain field, teaching skills, didactics
and some certain personal characteristics that the profession requires. There is a close relation between
the fact that individuals who select teaching profession possess the knowledge of subject matter,
teaching skills and suitable personality traits and whether the mission which is attributed to this
profession is successfully fulfilled. Teaching as a profession is all about motivating and inspiring students
and to make them realize the importance of education and for that they develop different techniques to
build and exceed student’s potential. The greatest teachers of all time have devoted their life in inspiring
and empowering their students to achieve great things and be a good human being. Teaching is a noble
profession which comes with so much responsibility and duty towards students. Teachers do not only
teach and impart knowledge but provide a solid ground to the students to become a successful person
and be practical in their life and take important steps based on their prior knowledge. They keep
working to boost the confidence of students and direct them in the right direction. There were many
teachers who dedicated all their life in empowering their students and making them a better and
successful human being in their life.

Effective Teaching

Teachers are one of the key elements in any school, college and university level and effective
teaching is one of the key propellers for improvement and betterment of any institution. The other four
ways to deliver teaching effectively:

1. Assessment for learning

2. From exclusion to inclusion

3. School self-evaluation for school improvement

4. Successful Leadership

Assessment for learning

The first priority is to promote learning and then the students are assessed by the teacher in the form of
written examination, orals to find out the level of learning of every student individually. Assessment
definitely is a key of initiating improvement among students

From exclusion to inclusion

Special focus is given upon the students with special educational needs. The area helps the special
students to get settled with other classmates and helps in the implementations of different elements for
inclusive education and for schools and school leaders.

School self-evaluation for school improvement

Successful leadership

School leaders are under considerable pressure to demonstrate the contribution of their work to school
improvement, which has resulted in the creation of a wide range of literature which addresses
leadership in the context of school improvement. This review pays particular attention to issues
including transformational leadership, instructional/pedagogical leadership and distributed leadership.

Teacher effectiveness in delivering effective teaching

Teacher effectiveness is generally referred to in terms of a focus on student outcomes and the teacher
behaviors and classroom processes that promote better student outcomes. For effective teaching
teacher must have certain abilities to deliver what is expected from them, they should be

• Clear about instructional goals

•familiar and have knowledgeable about curriculum content and the strategies for teaching it

•can communicate to their students what is expected of them, and why

• make expert use of existing instructional materials in order to devote more time to practices that
enrich and clarify the content

• Have knowledgeable about their students, adapting instruction to their needs and anticipating
misconceptions in their existing knowledge

• can teach students meta-cognitive strategies and give them opportunities to master them

•should address higher- as well as lower-level cognitive objectives

• monitor students’ understanding by offering regular appropriate feedback

• integrate their instruction with that in other subject areas

• accept responsibility for student outcomes

Therefore in order to achieve good teaching, good subject knowledge is a prerequisite. Also, the skilful
use of well-chosen questions to engage and challenge learners, and to consolidate understanding, is an
important feature, as is the effective use of assessment for learning. It goes on to identify a number of
characteristics of good schools, suggesting they

: • establish consistency in teaching and learning across the organization

• engender a culture of professional debate and developmental lesson observation

• Rigorously monitor and evaluate what they are doing

• prioritize the teaching of literacy, especially in a child’s early years

Teacher effectiveness is generally referred to in terms of the focus on student outcomes and the
teacher behaviors and classroom processes that promote better student outcomes as outlined in the
TER definition “The impact on students’ performance of various classroom process factors like teaching
methods, teacher expectations, classroom organization, and use of classroom resources”. However,
some authors view teacher effectiveness in a broader sense. They adopt criteria that seek to encompass
the duties that are seen to be part of the wider role of teachers in the 21st century “Covers the
consistency of teacher effects in terms of time stability, subject consistency, differentiation in the
requirements of the stakeholders (e.g. students, colleagues, parents) and working environments (e.g.
school type, community) for instructional and no instructional roles”, because the role of a teacher is
rarely restricted to instruction only. In many countries a teacher’s work has extended beyond the
instructional or pedagogical role in the classroom. He/she may be facilitating his/her colleagues’
teaching, engaging in broader leadership roles in the school, enhancing the quality of his/her teaching
through his/ her own reflection or engaging in professional development programs.

What effective teaching looks like in schools?

• Good subject knowledge

• Good questioning skills

• An emphasis upon instruction

• A balance of grouping strategies

• Clear objectives

• Good time management

Appropriate range of teacher assessment techniques

• Well-established classroom routines

• Effective planning

• Good classroom organization

• Effective use of other adults in the classroom

Analyses of students’ progress or learning gains measured in achievement tests can be used to produce
value-added indicators of teacher effectiveness. However, these can provide only a partial source of
evidence if the achievement tests do not reflect the wider goals and outcomes of education. Knowledge
of subject matter, teaching skills and personality traits which are essential for the education to reach its
goals define artistic and scientific the features of teaching profession. A teacher should take up the role
of a scientist while acting like an artist and while designing the learning environment with the
characteristics of a scientist he should add beauty, elegancy, understanding, tolerance and affection to
this environment with the features of an artist. Teachers have a great responsibility for possessing and
improving the knowledge and skills of the profession and deciding about how to do what. Therefore, the
field of teacher training should be a field in which important knowledge and learning-teaching practices
can be applied directly, questions are continuously asked and analyses and experiments are carried out.
Q2. What is Professionalism? Describe characteristics of professionalism?

ANSWER

Professionalism

Professionalism is the conduct, behaviour and attitude of someone in a work, institute or business
environment. A person doesn’t have to work in a specific profession to demonstrate the important
qualities and characteristics of a professional. Professionalism leads to workplace success, a strong
professional reputation and a high level of work ethic and excellence. Whereas

Teacher professionalism is defined as the knowledge, skills, and practices that teachers must have in
order to be effective educators. Professionalism is a powerful quality. It allows us to fulfill our role to the
best of our ability. It helps us to impress and inspire others. And it gives us a deep sense of satisfaction
and self-worth and moreover professionalism is something that everyone can aspire to from day one of
their career. As the saying goes, "Professionalism is not the job you do, it's how you do the job."

Professionalism involves consistently achieving high standards, both visibly and "behind the scenes" and
whatever is the role or profession.

Some sectors, workplaces or roles have particular "rules" of professionalism. These may be explicit, such
as an agreed dress code, or a policy for using social media. Other rules and expectations may not be
written down, but they can be just as important – such as what is regarded as professional behavior at
meetings, or even how people personalize their desks.

It pays to be observant, and to ask for clarification if necessary. "Fitting in" is a big part of
professionalism, as it's a way to show respect, attention to detail, and a commitment to upholding
agreed practices and values.

However, "being true to yourself" is just as important. True professionals don't follow rules mindlessly,
and they know when and how to challenge norms. They're also flexible, and they find their own ways to
do things – while still maintaining high standards.

Characteristics of Professionalism

1. Competence

As a professional, get the job done – and done well. All the abilities match the requirements of assigned
role, and often produce results that exceed expectations.

But never plow on simply for the sake of appearances. Instead, the professionalism allows to manage
your own and others' expectations, and to ask for support when necessary.

2. Knowledge

Professionalism involves developing detailed, up-to-date knowledge, which is often highly specialized .
At every stage of your career you can strive to master your role – and keep adding to what you know.

It's also important to put your knowledge into action. Being professional means feeling confident to
show what you know – not for self-promotion, but to help yourself and others to succeed.
3. Conscientiousness

Professionalism involves being reliable, setting your own high standards, and showing that you care
about every aspect of your job. It's about being industrious and organized, and holding yourself
accountable for your thoughts, words and actions.

But don't confuse conscientiousness with working longer hours than everyone else, or obsessing about
details. True professionals plan and prioritize their work to keep it under control, and they don't let
perfectionism hold them back .

4. Integrity

Integrity is what keeps professional people true to their word. It also stops them compromising their
values, even if that means taking a harder road.

Integrity is bound up with being honest – to yourself, and to the people you meet. Your beliefs and
behaviors are aligned, and everyone can see that you're genuine.

5. Respect

Professionalism means being a role model for politeness and good manners – to everyone, not just
those you need to impress.

What's more, you show that you truly respect other people by taking their needs into account, and by
helping to uphold their rights.

6. Emotional Intelligence

To be a true professional you need to stay professional even under pressure. This takes strategies for
managing your emotions, plus a clear awareness of other people's feelings. In short, emotional
intelligence is essential .

Sometimes, professionalism means keeping your emotions in check. But at other times it's important to
express your feelings, in order to have meaningful conversations or to stand up for what you believe in.

7. Appropriateness

A big part of being professional is knowing what's appropriate in different situations. It avoids
awkwardness or upset, boosts your credibility, and helps you to feel secure in your role.

Appropriateness relates to outward appearances, such as dress, personal grooming and body language.

But it also covers the way you speak and write, the topics you choose to discuss, and how you behave
with others.

8. Confidence

Well-founded confidence reassures and motivates other people, boosting your ability to influence and
lead . It also pushes you to take on new challenges, because you don't fear damaging your professional
reputation if things go wrong.
Professionalism makes you confident about what you’re doing now, but always eager to do it better and
achieve more.

How to Exhibit Professionalism

Professionalism can be improved in each of these eight areas.

Improve Your Competence

Carry out a Personal SWOT Analysis to identify your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Then set SMART goals to plan your improvement.

Increase Your Knowledge

Don't let your knowledge and skills get outdated. Make a commitment to build expertise and to stay up-
to-date with your industry. As well as carrying out research, consider on-the-job training to maintain and
develop detailed and relevant knowledge. Use all the networking you do to stay well-informed about
your industry as a whole. And see our Bite-Sized Training session, Building Expert Power , for ways to
strengthen and apply your knowledge at every stage of your career.

Be Conscientious

Conscientiousness requires organization, so make regular use of To-Do Lists and Action Programs . You
can also learn to be more conscientious by improving your concentration , to complete work more
efficiently and accurately. Resolve to honor your commitments and to learn from your mistakes, in order
to develop strong personal accountability .

Role-Model Integrity

Start by defining your own values , then spot any gaps between them and the way you actually behave.
Our guide to authenticity explains why this is a lifelong process, involving self-knowledge, willingness to
reassess your priorities, and the ability to change your behavior.

Ensure that you're clear about the laws that apply to your work, as well as any policies that your
organization has in place to support ethical practices. These might include guidelines for fair
procurement processes, or rules about accepting gifts from clients.

Whenever possible, explain your decisions and choices carefully. And do everything you can to make it
easy for others to act with integrity, too.

Promote Mutual Respect

Make it a habit to be polite and kind to everyone you come into contact with. Notice what respectful
behavior looks like in any given situation.

Sometimes you might need to develop your cultural understanding – and perhaps do some specific
research before an overseas trip or an international meeting online.

You should also learn about any differences among your own people, so that you know how to help
everyone feel safe, included and respected. A professional approach like this can help to create a culture
of mutual respect .
Develop Your Emotional Intelligence

Start by increasing your awareness of your own emotions .

Then work on your ability to sense other people's emotions and needs. Active Listening is crucial here.
You can also practice seeing things from other people's point of view, so that you empathize with them,
and see how best to support them.

Always Behave Appropriately

This takes "Cultural Intelligence ," driven by a commitment to respect cultural norms and thrive within
different settings – which might be countries, organizations, or even different teams within one
company.

It also requires understanding. Avoid making assumptions, do your research, be observant, and ask for
advice if necessary. After that, it's about consistently making the effort to get your appearance,
communication and behavior spot-on.

Boost Your Confidence

If you put the advice from this article into action, you can be confident that your professionalism will
shine through.

However, if confidence is one of your weaknesses, use techniques for boosting self-confidence. Many
professionals also have to manage Impostor Syndrome, so you may need to keep reminding yourself
that you really are worthy of your role.

Professionalism When Working From Home

When you're working from home, many professional behaviors are as important as ever. You'll likely
need to be punctual with virtual meetings, for example. And you'll still have to handle information
securely.

But other "rules" may need to change, such as dress codes, working hours, and tolerance of unexpected
interruptions! More than ever, clarity around expectations – for everyone – is key.
Q3. What are the problems faced by beginning teaches in the profession of teaching? Write in
detail.

The Challenges Faced By a Teacher

Teaching, a noble profession is a daunting and challenging task. In the present era, with the advent of
new methodologies in teaching and the way digital and smart learning has made inroads into the field of
education, the role of teachers has also greatly evolved over a period of time. Today, a teacher is faced
with the arduous task of keeping him/herself abreast with the latest inventions and strides in the field of
medicine, education, science, art and etc. Upgrading their skills and knowledge from time to time is thus
necessary and is an utmost priority today.

A teacher is also an educator. They have the opportunity of making a huge impact on the students, but
with this opportunity come many challenges. The greatest of the challenges faced by a teacher are:

1) Knowing their students well.

2) Understanding the different learning abilities and capacities of the students.

3) Motivating and encouraging them when the students underperform and have to deal with parental
and peer pressure.

4) Building an effective communication channel between the Management-Parents- Students.

Knowing their students well:

It is imperative for a teacher to form a healthy bond with the students. Every effort should be made by a
teacher to know their students well. The interaction should extend well beyond the Classrooms. A
teacher should be a friend first and should shoulder the responsibility of grooming the Students with
warmth and a cheerful disposition. Students should feel free to broach any subject and express all
doubts whatsoever and a teacher should be approachable and accessible. A broad mind and a friendly
attitude on the part of a teacher will make all the difference when it comes to knowing the Students
well.

Understanding the different learning abilities and capacities of students:

The biggest challenge for any teacher lies in understanding the different learning abilities of the
students. Students differ in their grasping, memory, concentration, ability to learn and write and show
varied interests in various subjects. A student who is good at Mathematics may find grasping the
concepts of Biology difficult. So also a student may be good at sports and other co-curricular activities
but does not show the same attention and interest when it comes to Academics. Some students are
exceptionally brilliant and hard-working, while others are slow learners, who struggle to understand
what is being taught in the class. How does a teacher handle different students?

A good teacher will always focus on the slow- learners takes them into his domain and nurtures them
with care and concentration. Comparing and criticizing the students on the basis of grades and marks
scored should never be encouraged by a teacher. Talking individually to the students, designing modules
as per their requirements and assigning tasks to them based on their interests and then assessing their
progress is vital here and will contribute to an overall personality growth of the students.
When the Students underperform

Today, the students not only have to cope with academic and peer pressure but also have to deal with
unrealistic parental expectations. This is leading to unprecedented stress in the Students. The biggest
challenge for any teacher will be, as to how he motivates, guides and encourages the students when
they underperform, lose their focus and are distracted due to various circumstances. Lending a
shoulder, a word of comfort and support, instilling confidence and a positive attitude towards the
students in their tough times is bound to bring a sea change in the lives of the Students.

Being a bridge between the Management-Parent- Student

The Parent-Teacher equation has changed today. Parents are more involved in the schooling and
academics of their wards and PT meetings are well attended. The biggest challenge for a teacher lies in
assessing the progress of the students and effectively conveying the same to the parents. A teacher
should identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Students and be able to discuss the same with the
parents, thus creating an open atmosphere for the parents. Being harsh/rude to the parents and the
students can prove detrimental to both the teacher as well as to the institution. Teachers should be
accountable to the management as well and need to cooperate with the changing rules and regulations
and play a key role in cementing a healthy bond between Management-Parent- Student.

Politeness, Patience, Perseverance and Assertiveness are all hallmarks of a great teacher. Teachers
should rise up to these challenges, take them in their stride to make a difference and bring about a
change in the society as a whole.

Struggling with Classroom Management

The biggest challenge that surfaces for new teachers is classroom management. A 2004 Public Agenda
survey found that 85 percent of teachers believed "new teachers are particularly unprepared for dealing
with behavior problems in their classrooms. A separate survey of 500 teachers found that teachers with
three years or fewer on the job were more than twice as likely as teachers with more experience (19
percent versus 7 percent) to say that student behavior was a problem in their classrooms.

When interviewed, many beginning teachers say their pre-service programs did little to prepare them
for the realities of classrooms, including dealing with unruly students. "A bigger bag of classroom
management tricks would have been helpful," one first-year teacher confessed. New teachers
universally report feeling particularly overwhelmed by the most difficult students Often, classroom
management difficulties can prompt new teachers to jettison many of the research-based instructional
practices they learned in college (such as cooperative learning and project-based learning) in favor of a
steady diet of lectures and textbooks

Burdened by Curricular Freedom

Another concern that new teachers commonly raise is a lack of guidance and resources for lesson and
unit planning. In a recent survey 41 percent of the new teacher said their schools or districts provided
them with few or no instructional resources, such as lesson plans. When classroom materials were
provided, they were seldom useful; just 15 percent of the respondents reported that materials were of
sufficient quality for them to freely use.
Although such curricular freedom may be welcomed by veteran teachers, it appears to be a burden for
new teachers, who have not yet developed a robust repertoire of lesson ideas or knowledge of what will
work in their classrooms. Case studies have observed novice teachers struggling "just trying to come up
with enough curriculum" and spending 10 to 12 hours a day juggling lesson planning; grading: and the
myriad demands of paperwork, committees, and extracurricular assignments.

It's worth noting that many schools that have successfully raised low-income students' achievement
have taken a distinctly different approach. Rather than letting new teachers sink or swim with lesson
planning, they provide binders full of model lesson plans and teaching resources developed by veteran
teachers.

Sinking in Unsupportive Environments

The sink-or-swim nature of many first-year teachers' experiences frequently surfaces as another
significant challenge. New teachers often report difficult interactions with colleagues, ranging from
"benign neglect" of administrators to lack of cooperation or even hostility from veteran teachers.

One first-year teacher, for example, said a colleague flatly refused to share his lesson plans, which was
"unfortunate my first year, sinking down and getting no help". Another teacher reported that a veteran
member of her department came into her classes, propped his feet up on her desk, and disrupted her
teaching by throwing out historical facts. "It was so degrading," she said.

More than anything else, novice teachers often appear to yearn for, yet seldom receive, meaningful
feedback on their teaching from experienced colleagues and administrators. Regrettably, teacher
mentors, ostensibly assigned to provide this support, were sometimes part of the problem, dispensing
little guidance, if not bad advice. In the words of one new teacher, "Some of the teachers who are
mentors shouldn't be. They're not nurturing people; they've just been here the longest, and they want
[the mentor position]".

How Schools Can Scaffold Success

New teachers bring energy and enthusiasm to their classrooms, but also a specific set of needs. Whereas
experienced teachers might bristle at receiving classroom management tips, model lesson plans, and
constructive feedback on instruction, new teachers appear to long for such supports. School
administrators should recognize that, like students, new teachers need scaffold assistance. This support
should go beyond merely assigning them a mentor, a practice that only reduces five-year attrition rates
by one percentage point, from 40 to 39 percent.

If, however, school administrators provide mentoring and guidance, schedule common planning periods
to plan lessons with colleagues, and reduce new teachers' workloads by providing an aide in the
classroom or fewer preparations, they can cut the attrition rate of their beginning teachers by more than
half—down to 18 percent. This early investment in time and resources may result in long-term gains by
shortening new teachers' often-perilous journeys from novice to experienced professional.