Ge 3 (Mathematics in The Modern World) : College of Teacher Education

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GE 3 (MATHEMATICS in the
MODERN WORLD)
MODULE 3
Second Semester, AY 2020 – 2021
Prepared by:
FREDA C. LICUD
|[email protected], 0938 – 090 – 8447|
Course Facilitator
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 3
Lesson Nos. Topics Time Frame Pages
1 STATISTICS (continuation)
1. Linear regression and correlation April 5 – 9, 2021 (3 hours) 3–5
2. Learning Task 6–7
2 LOGIC 8 – 17
1. Introduction to logic April 12 – 30, 2021 (9 hours)
2. Truth tables
3. Logical equivalence and forms of
conditional propositions
4. Arguments
5. Learning Task 18 – 20
Final Examination May 1 – 3, 2021 (1 hour) 21 – 23
*May 4 – 7, 2021 – retrieval of final modules.
GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
LEARNING MODULES IN MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (GE 3)
LESSON 1: STATISTICS
Learning Outcomes:
a. use the methods of linear regression and correlations to predict the value of a variable given certain
conditions; and
b. advocate the use of statistical data in making important decisions.
Key Concepts:
LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION
THE LEAST-SQUARE REGRESSION LINE

The least-square regression line for a set of bivariate data is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares
of the vertical deviations from each data point to the line.
Bivariate data refers to data involving two variables.
The Formula for the Least-Squares Line
The equation of the least-squares line for the n ordered pairs ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) . ( x 3 , y 3 ) ,… ( x n , x n) is

n ∑ x y−( ∑ x)( ∑ y)
^y =ax+ b, where a= 2 2 and b= ý−a x́ .
n ∑ x −( ∑ x )
Example:
Age (X) Cholesterol (Y) XY X2 Y2
18 190 3420 324 36100
26 194 5044 676 37636
20 192 3840 400 36864
45 320 14400 2025 102400
48 295 14160 2304 87025
57 285 16245 3249 81225
36 286 10296 1296 81796
42 278 11676 1764 77284
29 220 6380 841 48400
𝚺X=321 𝚺Y=2260 𝚺XY = 85461 𝚺X=12879 𝚺 Y2=588730
Find value of a.
n ∑ x y−( ∑ x)( ∑ y) 9(85461)−(321)(2260)

a= 2 2
= = 3.39
n ∑ x −( ∑ x ) 9(12879)−(321)2
Find values of x́ , and ý .
x́=
∑ x = 321 =35.67
n 9
ý=
∑ y = 2260 =251.11
n 9
Find the y-intercept, b.
b=251.11−( 3.39 )( 35.67 )=130.19
So, the regression equation is,

^y =ax+ b
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^y =3.39 x +130.19

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CORRELATION ANALYSIS
This is another technique used to measure the strength of relationships between two variables. The
degree of relationship between two variables can be measured using the Pearson Product – Moment
Correlation Coefficient (Pxy) which characterizes the interdependence of X and Y. The coefficient P xy is a
parameter which can be estimated from sample data using the formula:
r xy =∑ XY −¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Here, the estimate r is a unitless quantity and it is always some number between -1 and +1 inclusive. If r =
+1, then there is a perfect linear positive relationship, that is, all the points lie on a straight line. If r = -1, then
a perfect negative relationship exists. If r is close to 0, this means that the two variables under study are
independent or the relationship is nonlinear.
A nonparametric (distribution – free) alternative to the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation

Coefficient (Pxy), is the Spearman Rank – Order Coefficient (r s). This measure of association requires that
the two variables be at least an ordinal scale so that the paired items can be ranked in two ordered series.
6 ∑ d i2
rs = 1 -
[ 3
N −N ] where di – difference between each of the pair of ranked data
N – number of paired observations.

Type equation here .
0.00 to ± 0.20 slight correlation; almost negligible relationship

± 0.21 to ± 0.40 low correlation; small relationship
± 0.41 to ± 0.70 moderate correlation; substantial relationship
± 0.71 to ± 0.90 high correlation; marked relationship
± 0.91 to ± 1.00 very high correlation; very dependable relationship
Example: Consider the intelligence test scores and mathematics grades of freshmen in a certain university.
The data is given below:
STUDEN Intelligence Math XY X2 Y2 Ranke Ranke di di2

T Test Scores Grade d dY
X Y X
1 65 85 65x85=5525 652 852 5 6.5 -1.5 (-1.5)2

=4225 =7225 =2.25
2 50 74 3700 2500 5476 11.5 11.5 0 0
3 55 76 4180 3025 5776 8.5 9.5 -1 1
4 65 90 5850 4225 8100 5 4 1 1
5 55 85 4675 3025 7225 8.5 6.5 2 4
6 70 87 6090 4900 7569 2 5 -3 9
7 65 94 6110 4225 8836 5 2 3 9
8 70 98 6860 4900 9604 2 1 1 1
9 55 81 4455 3025 6561 8.5 8 0.5 0.25
10 70 91 6370 4900 8281 2 3 -1 1
11 50 76 3800 2500 5776 11.5 9.5 2 4
12 55 74 4070 3025 5476 8.5 11.5 -3 9
725 1011 61685 44475 85905 41.5
1. Compute the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient r.

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r xy =∑ XY −¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
(725)(1011)
61685−
12
r xy =
(1011 )2 (725)2
√( 85905−
12 )(
44475−
12 )
603.75
r xy =
√ (728.25 )( 672.9166667 )
r xy =0.86
There is a significant positive relationship between Intelligence Test Scores and Math performance of
freshmen. The significant value of r xy =0.86 indicates a marked relationship between the two variables.
2. Compute the Spearman Rank – Order Coefficient r s.
6 ∑ d i2
rs = 1 -
[ 3
N −N ]
6(41.5)
rs = 1 -
[ 123−12 ]
rs = 0.85
The significant value of rs = 0.85 indicates a marked relationship between the two variables.
LEARNING TASK 1
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Answer Sheet
Course Instructor: Freda C. Licud
Name: __________________________ Schedule: _______________

Course and year: ___________________ Score: _________________
Consider the data on heart weight and body weight of rabbits that were gathered in a certain center:
Heart Weight (in 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01
0.009 0.009 0.015
kilograms) 1 2 3 8 4 8 6 4
Body Weight (in
4.1 2.5 2.6 5.7 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.3 3.9 4.0 3.9
kilograms)
Calculate the coefficients of rxy and rs.
1. PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (25 points).
Heart Weight Body Weight

Rabbit XY X2 Y2
(kgs.): X (kgs.): Y
1 0.011 4.1
2 0.012 2.5
3 0.009 2.6
4 0.013 5.7
5 0.018 2.7
6 0.014 2.8
7 0.009 2.4
8 0.008 2.3
9 0.016 3.9
10 0.014 4.0
11 0.015 3.9
∑X= ∑Y= ∑XY= ∑X2= ∑Y2=
Solution (9 points) Final Answer (1 point)

r xy =∑ XY −¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Interpretation (5 points):
2. SPEARMAN RANK-ORDER COEFFICIENT (25 points).
Body Ranked Ranked

Heart Weight
Rabbit Weight Heart Weight Body Weight di di2
(kgs.): X
(kgs.): Y (kgs.): X (kgs.): Y
1 0.011 4.1
2 0.012 2.5
3 0.009 2.6
4 0.013 5.7
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5 0.018 2.7
6 0.014 2.8
7 0.009 2.4
8 0.008 2.3
9 0.016 3.9
10 0.014 4.0
11 0.015 3.9
∑di2 =
Solution (9 points) Final Answer (1 point)
6 ∑ di ²
r s=1−
[ N 3−N ]
Interpretation (5 points):

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LESSON 2: LOGIC
Learning Outcomes:
a. acquire and develop a solid understanding of the basic concepts of logic; and
b. construct a truth table.
Key Concepts:
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
A. WHAT IS LOGIC?
 Logic is derived from the Greek word logos, which is sometimes translated as “sentence”,
“reason”, “rule”, or “ratio”.
 It was introduced by Zeno, a Greek philosopher, through his use of the term “logike” , which
means “discourses of thinking” or “treatises of thought.”
 Logic is formally defined as a science and an art of correct thinking (Corazon Cruz, 1995:5).
 Logic as an art means that a student can develop his skills on reasoning.
 Logic as a science means that there are rules to follow and principles to learn to develop correct
reasoning.
 Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish good (correct) from bad
(incorrect) reasoning.
 It is concerned with what is true, how to know whether something is true, and how to make
logical arguments.
 One of the first mathematicians to make a serious study of symbolic logic was Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz (1646–1716). Leibniz tried to advance the study of logic from a merely philosophical
subject to a formal mathematical subject.
 Leibniz never completely achieved his goal; however, several mathematicians, such as Augustus
De Morgan (1806–1871) and George Boole (1815–1864), contributed to the advancement of
symbolic logic as a mathematical discipline.
 Boole published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848. In 1854, he published the more
extensive work, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. Concerning this document, the
mathematician Bertrand Russell stated, “Pure mathematics was discovered by Boole in a work
which is called The Laws of Thought.”
B. PROPOSITIONS
Terms:
Propositions. A statement using a declarative sentence, and always either true or false but not both.
Its truth or falsity may be unknown.
Simple Proposition. A proposition that conveys one thought that cannot be broken down into other
propositions. It contains only one proposition.
Compound Proposition. A proposition that contains at least two propositions connected by one or
more of the logical connectives.
Logical Connectors. Word/s that connects/s simple proposition to create compound propositions.
Example: and, or, not, if…then, and if and only if.
Examples:
a. Which of the following is a proposition? Which is not a proposition?
1. Kings College of the Philippines is a learning institution. Proposition (T)

2. Tomorrow is Wednesday. Not Proposition (not true to all)
3. Welcome to the Philippines! Not Proposition (exclamatory sentence)
4. The number four is even and less than seven. Proposition (T)
5. How old are you? Not Proposition (interrogative sentence)
6. This sentence is false. Not Proposition (not specific)
7. 7+8 – 4 = 10 Proposition (F)
8. Odd numbers are divisible by one. Proposition (T)
9. f ( x )=
√ x is a rational function Proposition (F)
2 x−3
10. He is the UP president. Not Proposition (not specific)

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b. Identify whether each statement is a simple or compound proposition.
1. Two heads are better than one. Simple
2. The number two is prime and even. Compound
3. She either passes or fails the examination. Compound
4. Red is the favorite color of Pres. Corazon Aquino. Simple
5. If the number is even, then it is divisible by two. Compound
6. He neither loves nor hates the teacher. Compound
7. The sum of two numbers is an even number. Simple
8. Malolos is the capital of Bulacan. Simple
9. You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the poem. Compound
10. Bullying is not good. Simple
C. LOGICAL OPERATORS
Terms
 Negation/contradiction/denial. The negation of a statement is often formed by the insertion of a

“not” in the original statement. The symbol for “not” is “¬”.
The negation of the proposition P is denoted by “¬ P ” and defined by the truth table:
P ¬P
T F
F T
Examples:
State the negation of the following propositions.
1. Kings College of the Philippines is a learning institution.

2. The number four is even and less than seven.
3. 7+8 – 4 = 10
4. Odd numbers are divisible by one.
5. f ( x )=
√x is a rational function.
2 x−3
Solution:
1. Kings College of the Philippines is not a learning institution.

2. The number four is odd and greater than seven.
3. 7+8 – 4 ≠ 10
4. Odd numbers are not divisible by one.
5. It is not true that f ( x )=

√x is a rational function.
2 x−3
 Conjunction. The conjunction of two statements is formed by placing the word “and” between them.
The symbol for “and” is “⋀”.
The conjunction of the propositions P and Q is denoted by “P˄Q”, and defined by the truth table:
P Q P˄Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Examples: Symbolize the following propositions using variables.
1. Roses are pink, and leaves are green. (R, L)

2. She has green card, and she is a Filipino. (G, F)
3. Robin can swim, and Tom plays the violin. (R, T)

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Solution:
1. R ˄ L
2. G ˄ F
3. R ˄ T
 Disjunction/alteration. The disjunction of two statements is formed by inserting the word “or”
between them. The symbol for “or” is “⋁”
Example:
Statements:
He is a student. (P)
He is a teacher. (Q)
Disjunction: He is a student or a teacher. (P ٧ Q)

Either he is a student or a teacher. (P ٧ Q)
The disjunction of the propositions P and Q is denoted by “P ˅Q”, and defined by the truth table:
P Q P˅Q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Examples:
Symbolize the following propositions using variables.
1. Sandra has a meeting or John is playing. (S, J)

2. Annie lived in New York or Rio moved in Los Angeles. (A, R)
3. She is working or sleeping. (W, S)
Solution:
1. S ˅ J
2. A ˅ R
3. W ˅ S
 Conditional/Implication. This refers to two simple propositions that are connected using the words
“if …then”. The component statement that follows the “if” is called the antecedent or premise, and the
component statement that follows the “then” is the consequent or conclusion. The symbol for “if…then”
is “→”.
Example:
Statements:
It is not raining. (P)
I will go to the basketball game. (Q)
Conditional: If it is not raining, then I will go to the basketball game. (P → Q)
The conditional of the propositions P and Q is denoted by “P→Q”, and defined by the truth table:
P Q P→Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
“P→Q” maybe read as:
 P implies Q - Q if P

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 P only if Q - Q whenever P
Examples:
1. If it has an acute angle, then it forms a triangle.

2. You are entitled to a 20% discount if you are a senior citizen.
3. If the president leaves the country, then he is in New Jersey.
Solution:
1. A → T
2. S → D
3. P → N
 Biconditional. This refers to a conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and
consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second statement. The conjunction used is
“if and only if” and the symbol is “↔”.
Example:
Statements:
A polygon is heptagon: (P)
A polygon has exactly 7 sides. (Q)
Biconditional: A polygon is heptagon if and only if it has exactly 7 sides. (P ↔ Q)
The biconditional of the propositions P and Q is denoted by “P↔Q”, and defined by the truth table:
P Q P↔Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
“P↔Q” may be reas as:
 P if and only if Q
 P is a sufficient and a necessary condition for Q
Examples:
1. Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if two angles opposite them are congruent. (S, A)
2. Luz is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high student. (L, S)
3. A number is positive if and only if it is greater than zero. (P, Z)
Solution:
1. S ↔ A
2. L↔ S
3. P↔ Z
II. TRUTH TABLES
Terms:
 Truth value. If a proposition P is true, then its truth value is true (T). Otherwise, its truth value is
false (F).
 Truth table. An array on which all possible truth values of compound statements are displayed,
through the display of all possible combinations of the truth values of their simple components. It may
be used to test the validity of many deductive arguments.
 A truth table involving n propositions has 2n rows. Example, propositions represented by x , y , z has 8
rows truth table since 23is 8 , as shown below:

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x y z
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
 Tautology. A propositional form that is always true.

 Contradiction. A propositional form that is always false.
 Contingency. A propositional form that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction.
Summary of Truth Table for the Logical Operators
P Q ¬Q ¬P P˄Q P˅Q P→ P↔
Q Q
T T F F T T T T
T F T F F T F F
F T F T F T T F
F F T T F F T T
Examples: Let P, Q and R be propositions. Construct the truth table of the following. Identify if it is a
tautology, contradiction or contingency.
1. P ˄¬ P
2. P →(P˅ Q)
3. ( P →Q ) ˄¬Q
4. ( P ˄Q)→ R
Solution:
1. P ˄¬ P ; 21=2
P ¬P P ˄¬ P
T F F
F T F
CONTRADICTION
2. P → ( P ˅Q ) ; 22=4
P Q P˅Q P → ( P ˅Q )
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
TAUTOLOGY
3. ( P →Q ) ˄¬Q ; 22=4

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P Q P→Q ¬Q ( P →Q ) ˄¬Q
T T T F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
CONTINGENCY
3
4. ( P ˄Q ) → R ; 2 =8
P Q R P ˄Q ( P ˄Q ) → R
T T T T T
T T F T F
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F T F F T
F F T F T
F F F F T
CONTINGENCY
III. LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE AND FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS
A. LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE. Two propositions P and Q are logically equivalent, denoted by P ≡Q , if they
have the same truth values for all possible truth values of their simple components.
Examples: Show that the following propositions are equivalent.
1. ¬ ( P ˅Q ) ∧¬ P ˄¬Q
Solution: Prepare a truth table for each proposition.
For ¬ ( P ˅Q ) :
P Q P˅Q ¬ ( P ˅Q )
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
For ¬ P ˄¬ Q:
P Q ¬P ¬Q ¬ P ˄¬ Q
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Because ¬ ( P ˅Q ) ∧¬ P ˄¬Q have exactly the same truth values, FFFT, then they are equivalent.
This example also illustrates De Morgan’s Law.
2. P ˅ ( Q ˄ R )∧ ( P ˅Q ) ˄(P ˅ R)

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Solution:
Prepare a truth table for each proposition.
For P ˅ ( Q ˄ R ) :
P Q R Q˄R P ˅(Q ˄ R)
T T T T T
T T F F T
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T T T
F T F F F
F F T F F
F F F F F
For ( P ˅Q ) ˄(P ˅ R):
P Q R P ˅Q P˅R P ˅(Q ˄ R)
T T T T T T
T T F T T T
T F T T T T
T F F T T T
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T F T F
F F F F F F
Because P ˅ ( Q ˄ R )∧ ( P ˅Q ) ˄(P ˅ R)have exactly the same truth values, then they are equivalent. This
example also illustrates Distributive Rule of Replacement.
B. FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS
A conditional statement has two parts: a hypothesis or antecedent, denoted by P, and a conclusion or
consequent, denoted by Q.
Given proposition P and Q, there are three propositions that we can derive from the conditional statement,
P →Q , namely:
a. Converse
If the antecedent and the consequent component of the conditional statement P →Q are
interchanged, a new conditional statement Q → P is formed.
b. Inverse
If the antecedent and the consequent component of the conditional statement P →Q are negated, a
new conditional statement ¬ P → ¬Q is formed.
c. Contrapositive
If the antecedent and the consequent component of the conditional statement P → are negated and
interchanged, a new conditional statement ¬Q → ¬ P is formed.
Truth Table for the Forms/Variants of the Conditional Statement
Convers Inverse Contrapositive

e

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P Q P →Q Q→P ¬ P → ¬Q ¬Q → ¬ P
T T T T T T
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F F T T T T
Examples: Write the conditional, converse, inverse and the contrapositive of the following statements:
1. Even numbers are divisible by 2.
Conditional: If a number x is even, then x is divisible by 2.

Converse: If a number x is divisible by 2, then x is even.
Inverse: If a number x is odd, then x is not divisible by 2.
Contrapositive: If a number x is not divisible by 2, then x is an odd number.
2. Two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
Conditional: If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
Converse: If two angles are supplementary, then they form a linear pair.
Inverse: If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not supplementary.
Contrapositive: If two angles are not supplementary, then they do not form a linear pair.
3. If there are no corrupt people, then there are no poor people.

Conditional: If there are no corrupt people, then there are no poor people.
Converse: If there are no poor people, then there are no corrupt people.
Inverse: If there are corrupt people, then there are poor people.
Contrapositive: If there are poor people, then there are corrupt people.
4. If it is not logical, then it is not a math subject.
Conditional: If it is not logical, then it is not a math subject.

Converse: If it is not math subject, then it is not logical.
Inverse: If it is logical, then it is a math subject.
Contrapositive: If it is math subject, then it is logical.
IV. ARGUMENTS
Terms:
 Argument. A collection of propositions P1 , P2 , … , P n , Q where it is claimed that Q follows from

P1 , P2 , … , P n.
The propositions P1 , P2 , … , P n are the premises of the argument, and Q is the conclusion.
Arguments can be written propositional form: ( P1 ˄ P2 ˄ … ˄ Pn )→ Q
Arguments can be written in standard form:
P1
P2
.
.
.
Pn
¿¿ ∴ Q
 Categorical Syllogism. A Categorical Syllogism is a verbal expression of an inference. It is “an oral or

written discourse showing the agreement or disagreement between two terms on the basis of their
respective relation to a third term” (McCall, Raymund).
A categorical syllogism is composed of two propositions called premises and one proposition called
the conclusion.
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Examples:
1. All integers are rational numbers.

½ is a rational number.
Therefore, ½ is an integer.
2. My program won’t compile or it produces a division by zero error.

My program does not produce a division by zero error.
Therefore, my program will not compile.
3. If one loves algebra, then he loves mathematics.

Aener loves algebra.
Therefore, Aener loves mathematics.
4. If I am relaxed, I am comfortable.
If I am comfortable, I’m happy.
Therefore, If I am not happy, I am not relaxed.
5. You can work out here if you are a member.

You work out here.
Therefore, you are a member.
VALIDITY OF ARGUMENTS and CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISYMS
 An argument is said to be valid if the premises are all true, the conclusion is also true, given a
conclusion Q and premises P1 , P2 , … , P n.
 For valid argument, the conditional form: ( P1 ˄ P2 ˄ … ˄ Pn )→ Q is a tautology.
 An argument that is not valid is said to be invalid argument or fallacy.
 We can show validity of arguments with the use of the Rules of Inference.
Examples:
a. Write the following arguments in propositional form and standard form.
1. All integers are rational numbers.

½ is a rational number.
Therefore, ½ is an integer.
Solution: The premises of this argument are:

P1 : All integers are rational numbers.
P2 : ½ is a rational number.
The conclusion is;

Q : ½ is an integer.
 propositional form
( P ¿ ¿ 1 ˄ P2)→Q ¿
 standard form
P1
P2
∴Q
2. If one loves algebra, then he loves mathematics.

Amber loves algebra.
Therefore, Amber loves mathematics.

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Solution: The premises of this argument are:
P1 : If one loves algebra, then he loves mathematics.

P2 : Amber loves algebra.
The conclusion is:
Q : Amber loves mathematics.

 propositional form
( P ¿ ¿ 1 ˄ P2)→Q ¿
 standard form
P1
P2
∴Q
b. Use truth table to determine whether the symbolic form of the argument is a tautology and whether it is
valid or a fallacy.
1. If I am relaxed, I am comfortable.
If I am comfortable, I’m happy.
Therefore, If I am not happy, I am not relaxed.
Solution:
 Write the categorical syllogism in symbolic form.
Let P: I’m relaxed

Q: I’m comfortable
R: I’m happy
Symbolic form:
P→ Q
Q→ R
∴ ¬ R →¬ P
Propositional form:
[ ( P → Q ) ˄(Q → R)]→(¬ R → ¬ P)
 Construct a truth table for the argument.
P Q R ( P →Q ) (Q → R) [ ( P → Q ) ˄(Q → R)]
T T T T T T
T T F T F F
T F T F T F
T F F F T F
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T T

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F F F T T T
¬R ¬P (¬ R → ¬ P) [ ( P → Q ) ˄(Q → R)]→(¬ R → ¬ P)
F F T T
T F F T
F F T T
T F F T
F T T T
T T T T
F T T T
T T T T
The argument is a tautology, therefore it is a valid argument.
P →Q
2. ¬ P
Q
Solution: Construct a truth table for the argument.
P Q P →Q ¬P ( P →Q ) ˄¬ P [ ( P →Q ) ˄¬ P ] →Q
T T T F F T
T F F F F T
F T T T T T
F F T T T F
Because the last row has a false conclusion and the premises are both true, the argument is invalid.
References:
Aufmann, R., Lockwood, J., Nation, R., Clegg, D., Epp, S.,Abad, E. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern
World. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines: REX Book Store, Inc.
Lubrica, M.B. (2005). Probability and Statistics. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Dañas, J.M., and DAÑAS, C.L. (2015). Introduction to Elementary Statistics. Mindshapers Co., Inc
LEARNING TASK 2

P a g e 19 | 26
Answer Sheet
Course Instructor: Freda C. Licud
Name: __________________________ Schedule: _______________

Course and year: ___________________ Score: _________________
INSTRUCTION: Answer what is being asked. If the space is not enough in your solutions, then you
may use another long bond paper.
A. INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
1. Identify each proposition as a conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional, or biconditional. (10 points)
a. John is absent or James is present, and it is examination today.

____________
b. Either Ray passed the medical exam, or Roy passed the medical exam and Ron failed.
____________
c. It is false that if I go to Palawan, then I have seen Tarsier.
____________
d. If my colleague pays the tour package and I pay the rental, then the manager pays the bill._________
e. If it is not logical, then it is not a math subject.
____________
2. Write the negation of each statement. (10 points)
a. Mathematics is a subject. ___________________________________________________________

b. King’s College of the Philippines was not selected as one of the top 20 Universities in Northern Luzon
as ranked by Webometrics.
______________________________________________________________
c. The fire engine is red. ___________________________________________________________
d. The Keppel Philippines Marine Subic Shipyard is the smallest shipyard in the Philippines.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Consider the following statements and write each of the following symbolic statements in words. (10
points)
p : The game will be played in UP.

q : The game will be shown on GMA.
r: The game will not be shown on ABS-CBN.
s: The “Blu Girls” are favored to win.
p ٨ q ______________________________________________________________________________
r ⋁ s ______________________________________________________________________________
s → p ______________________________________________________________________________
r ↔ s ______________________________________________________________________________
4. Consider the following simple statements. (15 points)
p: Today is Holiday.
q: It is not raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the volleyball game.
Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.
a. Today is Holiday and it is raining. ________________

b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie. ________________
c. I am going to the volleyball game or I am going to a movie. ________________
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game. ________________
e. Today is not Holiday and I am going to a movie. ________________
f. I am going to the volleyball game and I am not going to a movie. ________________
g. I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining. ________________
h. If today is Holiday, then I am not going to a movie. ________________

P a g e 20 | 26
B. TRUTH TABLES
1. If A, B, and C are true statements and X, Y, and Z are false statements, determine the truth value of the
following: ( 7 items: 15 points)
a.¬ A˅B b. ( A ˄ X ) ˅( B ˄Y ) c. Z → ¬(X ˄ A) d. ( A ˄¬ B) →(¬ X ˅Y )
2. Construct a truth table for each proposition. State whether the following propositions are tautologies or
not. (5 items: 30 points)
a.[ ( P →Q ) ˄ ( ¬ P ) ] →¬ Q
P Q ¬ P ¬Q ( P →Q ) [ ( P →Q ) ˄ ( ¬ P ) ] [ ( P →Q ) ˄ ( ¬ P ) ] →¬ Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
b. P → ( P →Q )
P Q ( P →Q ) P → ( P →Q )
T T
T F
F T
F F
c. [(P ˅Q)˄(R → P)]→ [ P ↔ R ]

P Q R ( P ˅Q) ( R → P) ( P ˅Q)˄( R → P) P ↔ R [(P ˅Q)˄( R → P)]→ [ P ↔ R ]
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
d. ¬ ( P ˅Q ) ↔ (¬ P˅ Q )
P Q ¬ P ( P ˅Q ) ¬ ( P ˅Q ) ( ¬ P ˅Q ) ¬ ( P ˅Q ) ↔ (¬ P˅ Q )
T T
T F
F T
F F

P a g e 21 | 26
C. LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE AND FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS. Show the following
logical equivalence.
( P ↔Q ) ≡ ( P →Q ) ˄(Q→ P)
P Q ( P ↔Q ) ( P →Q ) (Q → P) ( P →Q ) ˄(Q→ P)
T T ≡
T F
F T
F F
( P →Q ) ≡ ( ¬ P ˅Q )
P Q ( P ↔Q ) ¬ P ( ¬ P ˅Q )
T T
≡
T F
F T
F F
( P ˄Q ) ˄ R ≡ P ˄(Q˄ R)
P Q R ( P ˄Q ) ( P ˄Q ) ˄ R (Q ˄ R) P ˄( Q˄ R)
T T T
T T F
T F T ≡
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
¿ ≡ [ ( P → R ) ˄(Q → R) ]
P Q R ( P ˅Q) ( P ˅Q)→ R ¿ ( P → R) (Q → R) ( P → R ) ˄(Q→ R)

T T T
T T F
T F T ≡
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F

P a g e 22 | 26
(Source: AUFMANN, R., et.al(2018).Mathematics in the Modern World.Page __)
GE 3 (MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD)

FINAL EXAMINATION
NAME: __________________________________________ SCORE: _________
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answers before
the number.
X Y XY X2 Y2
1 2 5 10 4 25
2 3 7 21 9 ?
3 4 8 32 16 64
4 6 11 ? 36 121
5 8 18 144 64 ?
6 10 21 189 ? 441
∑X = ∑Y = ∑XY = ∑X2 = ∑Y2 =
REFER TO THE TABLE ABOVE TO ANSWER ITEMS NUMBER 1 – 10.
1. What should replace the question mark (?)?
a. 17 c. 61
b. 60 d. 66
2. What should replace the question mark?
a. 10 c. 100
b. 20 d. 210
3. What should replace the question mark (?)?
a. 14 c. 49
b. 21 d. 50
4. What should replace the question mark?
a. 8 c. 324
b. 18 d. 9,216
5. What does 𝛴 represents?

P a g e 23 | 26
a. sammation c. summation
b. sigma d. zigma
6. What is the value of n?
a. 5 c. 10
b. 6 d. 16
7. What is ∑X?
a. 32 c. 70
b. 33 d. 71
8. What is ∑Y?
a. 32 c. 70
b. 33 d. 72
9. What is ∑XY?
a. 460 c. 2,310
b. 462 d. 2,305
10. What is ∑X2?
a. 229 c. 1,024
b. 230 d. 1,089
11. What is ∑Y2?
a. 140 c. 1,024
b. 490 d. 1,089
12. What is (∑X)2?
a. 33 c. 1,089
b. 229 d. 1,090
13. What is (∑Y)2?
a. 70 c. 1,024
b. 140 d. 4,900
14. What is the conditional statement of the statement below?

“If an integer is odd, then its square is odd.”
a. If an integer is not odd, then its square is not odd.
b. If an integer is odd, then its square is odd.
c. If its square is not odd, then an integer is not odd.
d. If its square is odd, then it is an integer is odd.
15. What is the converse statement of the statement below?
16. What is the inverse statement of the statement below?
17. What is the contrapositive statement of the statement below?

P a g e 24 | 26
18. What is the conditional statement of the statement below?
“If you can build it, they will come.”
a. If they will come, then you can build it.
b. If they will not come, then you can not build it.
c. If you can build it, then they will come.
d. If you can not build it, then they will not come.
19. What is the converse statement of the statement below?
20. What is the inverse statement of the statement below?
21. What is the contrapositive statement of the statement below?
22. Which statement is a conjunction statement?
a. Either Ray passed the medical exam, or Roy passed the medical exam and Ron failed.
b. It is false that is I go to Palawan, then I have seen Tarsier.
c. John is absent or James is present, and it is examination today.
d. My colleague pays the tour package if and only if the manager pays the bill.
23. Which statement is a disjunction statement?
24. Which statement is a conditional statement?
25. Which statement is a biconditional statement?
B. Construct the Truth table below (20pts.)
[( A ˅ B)˄(C → A)]∨ [ A ↔ C ]
A B C ( A ˅ B) (C → A ) ( A ˅ B)˄(C → A) A ↔C [( A ˅ B)˄(C → A)]∨ [ A ↔ C ]
T T T __ __ __ __ __
T T F __ __ __ __ __
T F T __ __ __ __ __
T F F __ __ __ __ __
F T T __ __ __ __ __
F T F __ __ __ __ __
F F T __ __ __ __ __
F F F __ __ __ __ __
C. ESSAY (5 items: 15 points):

1. When do we say that a truth table is equivalent (2 pts)?
P a g e 25 | 26
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. When do we say that a proposition is tautology (2 pts)?
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. When do we say that a proposition is contradiction (2 pts)?
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss the difference between truth value and truth table (4 pts).
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the difference between logical operators and symbolic form (5 pts)?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Noted:
PETER JOSEPH A. MOULIC, MA – MATH
Program Chair., BEEd

P a g e 26 | 26

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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Second Semester, AY 2020 – 2021

Final Examination May 1 – 3, 2021 (1 hour) 21 – 23

*May 4 – 7, 2021 – retrieval of final modules.

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

LEARNING MODULES IN MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (GE 3)

LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION

THE LEAST-SQUARE REGRESSION LINE

Bivariate data refers to data involving two variables.

The Formula for the Least-Squares Line

The equation of the least-squares line for the n ordered pairs ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) . ( x 3 , y 3 ) ,… ( x n , x n) is

n ∑ x y−( ∑ x)( ∑ y) 9(85461)−(321)(2260)

Find values of x́ , and ý .

Find the y-intercept, b.

b=251.11−( 3.39 )( 35.67 )=130.19

So, the regression equation is,

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

A nonparametric (distribution – free) alternative to the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation

N – number of paired observations.

0.00 to ± 0.20 slight correlation; almost negligible relationship

STUDEN Intelligence Math XY X2 Y2 Ranke Ranke di di2

1 65 85 65x85=5525 652 852 5 6.5 -1.5 (-1.5)2

1. Compute the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient r.

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

2. Compute the Spearman Rank – Order Coefficient r s.

Name: __________________________ Schedule: _______________

1. PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (25 points).

Heart Weight Body Weight

Solution (9 points) Final Answer (1 point)

2. SPEARMAN RANK-ORDER COEFFICIENT (25 points).

Body Ranked Ranked

Solution (9 points) Final Answer (1 point)

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

a. Which of the following is a proposition? Which is not a proposition?

1. Kings College of the Philippines is a learning institution. Proposition (T)

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

 Negation/contradiction/denial. The negation of a statement is often formed by the insertion of a

State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Kings College of the Philippines is a learning institution.

1. Kings College of the Philippines is not a learning institution.

5. It is not true that f ( x )=

Examples: Symbolize the following propositions using variables.

1. Roses are pink, and leaves are green. (R, L)

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

Disjunction: He is a student or a teacher. (P ٧ Q)

Symbolize the following propositions using variables.

1. Sandra has a meeting or John is playing. (S, J)

Conditional: If it is not raining, then I will go to the basketball game. (P → Q)

“P→Q” maybe read as:

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

Symbolize the following propositions using variables.

1. If it has an acute angle, then it forms a triangle.

Biconditional: A polygon is heptagon if and only if it has exactly 7 sides. (P ↔ Q)

Symbolize the following propositions using variables.

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

 Tautology. A propositional form that is always true.

Summary of Truth Table for the Logical Operators

GE 3 (Mathematics in the Modern World)|FLICUD

III. LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE AND FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS

Name: ____________ Schedule: _

Name: ____________ Schedule: _

NAME: __________________________________ SCORE: _