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NADAR SARSWATHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, THENI.
Course/Branch : B.E/Common
Year / Semester :I/II Format
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Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Unit No : 01 Unit Name : Matrices Date 14-11-2017
LECTURE NOTES
1.MATRICES
Simple method to find Characteristics Equations:

Case:1: when A is 2X2 matrix
– Sum of the diagonal elements

– |A|
Case:2: when A is 3X3 matrix
– Sum of the diagonal elements

– Sum of the minors of diagonal elements
|A|
Properties of eigen values:
1. The eigen values of are same
2. The Sum of the eigen values of A= Sum of the diagonal elements
3. The product of the eigen values of A = |A|
4. If are the eigen values of KA
5. are the eigen values of .where P is the positive
integer
6. are the eigen values of .
Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 1

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Cayley Hamilton theorem

Every Square matrix satisfies its own characteristics equation.
is the characteristics equation.
of A then
.
Method of finding inverse of a matrix

is the characteristics equation of A then
.
Post multiplying equation (I) by

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To reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal

transformation
Let be given Quadradic form
1. Find the matrix “A” of the Quadradic form
2. Find the eigen values of A. Let it be
3. Find the eigen vectors corresponding to
4. Check the Vectors for orthogonal

Find , ,
5. Find the modal matrix of P whose columns are normalized eigen vectors
of A
(i.e)
6. Then X=PY where is the required orthogonal

transformation
7. Then
= is the required canonical form.

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Nature of Quadratic form

1.Rank = No of non-zero eigen values
2.Index = No of positive eigen values
3.Signature = No of positive eigen values - No negative eigen values
4. If all the eigen values of A are positive , then the nature is positive definite
5.If atleast one eigen value of A
is zero and the remaining eigen values are all positive, then the nature is positive
semi definite
6. If all the eigen values of A are negative , then the nature is negative definite
7. If atleast one eigen value of A
is zero and the remaining eigen values are all negative, then the nature is
negative semi definite
8.If all other cases (i.e) eigen values of A are positive and negative then the
nature is indefinite

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Problem:1
Reduce the Quadratic form .
Find also rank index signature and nature of the quadratic form.
Solu:
Let .
( )
The characteristic equation is
Eigen values are 1,4,4.

Case1:

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( ) ( )=( )
( )=( )
Case2:
( ) ( )=( )
All the euations are same

Z=0, x = y = 1

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( )
Case3:
( ) ( )=( )
( )
( ) and ( )
are orthogonal
are orthogonal

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( )
Check:
√ √ √
√ √ √
(√ √ )
√ √ √
√ √
(√ √ √ )
√ √ √ √ √ √
√ √
( ) √ √ √
(√ √ √ ) (√ √ )

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( )
is the canonical form
Rank = 3
Index = 3
Signature = 3-0=3
Nature = positive definite.
Problem:2
Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find the inverse of
( ) and also verify the theorem.
Solu:
The characteristic equation is

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LECTURE NOTES
Replace by
Multiply by
( )
( )
( )
To verify the theorem:
( ),

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( )
( )
( )
Hence verified.

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Unit No : 02 Unit Name : VECTOR CALCULUS Date 14-11-2017
LECTURE NOTES
2.VECTOR CALCULUS
Scalar point function:
Let R be a region of space at each point of which
a scalar is given then is called a scalar point function.
Vector point function:

Let R be a region of space at each point of which
a vector ⃗ ⃗ is given then ⃗ is called a vector point function.
Gradient of a Scalar function:
Grad ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Note:
Directional derivative:
The directional derivative of a scalar point in
the direction of ⃗ at any point P is given
⃗⃗
⃗⃗
Maximum Directional derivative:

The Maximum Directional derivative is | or |grad

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Unit normal vector:

Unit normal vector to the surface is given by
Angle between the Surfaces:

The angle between the surfaces at a point is the angle between
the normal to the surfaces at the point.
Orthogonal Surfaces:
Two Surfaces and form orthogonal families if
.
Divergence of a vector function:

The Divergence of a vector ⃗ is
⃗= +
Solenoidal Vector:
A vector ⃗ is called Solenoidal Vector if ⃗

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(i.e) ⃗ = 0.
Curl of a vector function:

If rotation of ⃗ is defined as curl ⃗ ⃗
Irrotational vector:
If ⃗ is a vector such that ⃗ at all the points in a given region.
Then it is said eo be irrational vector in that region.
Workdone by a force:
Workdone by the force ⃗ ∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Conservative Force Field:

⃗ is a conservative field. If ∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is independent of the path joining A
and B.
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ = .
Integral theorems:
The following theorems called integral theorems
(i). Green’s theorem
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(ii). Stoke’s theorem

(iii).Gauss divergence theorem
Green’s theorem in a plane:

If C is a simple closed curve enclosing a region R. in
the xy-plane and P(X,Y) , Q(X,Y) and its first order partial
derivative are continuous in R then
∫ ∬ ( )
Stoke’s theorem:
If ⃗ is any continuous differentiable vector function and S is a surface
enclosed by a curve C, then
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . where ⃗⃗ in the unit normal vector
at any point of S.
Gauss divergence theorem:
A vector function ⃗ taken over a closed surface S enclosing a volume V is
equal to the volume integral of the divergence of ⃗ taken throughtout the
volume V.
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∭ . ⃗

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Problem:1
Verify Gauss divergence theorem for
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
Taken over the rectangular parallelopiped

.
Solu: By Gauss divergence theorem
= ∭ . ⃗
Give ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
RHS = ∭ . ⃗
( ) ( ) ( )
. ⃗ + +
∭ . ⃗ = ∫ ∫ ∫
= ∫ ∫ ( )
= ∫ ∫ ( )
= ∫ ( )

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= ∫ ( )
= 2( )
=2( )
( )
LHS
To find ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Surface ⃗⃗ Equation of ⃗ ⃗⃗
the surface
⃗ X=a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ X=0
⃗ Y=b
⃗ Y=0
⃗⃗ Z=c
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Z=0

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∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

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LHS =RHS
Hence Gauss divergence theorem verified.
Problem:2
Verify stoke’s theorem for ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ taken round the

rectangle bounded by .
Solu:
By stoke’s theorem
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗ ( )
⃗ ⃗⃗
∬ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ ∫
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

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∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ∫
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫
∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
LHS = RHS
Hence Stoke’s theorem verified.

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Unit No : 03 Unit Name : Analytic Functions Date 14-11-2017
LECTURE NOTES
3. Analytic Functions:
A single valued function of a complex variable
z is said to be analytic at a point If it has a unique derivative at
Cauchy-Riemann Equations :
Sufficient condition for to be analytic
If the four partial derivatives , , , should exists and
continuous.
and . Then only is analytic.
Harmonic functions:
Any function of x and y which possesses continuous first and second order
partial derivatives and satisfies Laplace’s equation is called harmonic function
if u is harmonic
+ = 0.
if V is harmonic
+ =0

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Properties of Analytic functions;

1. Both real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic
(or) satisfies laplace equation.
2. If is an analytic function then the

and where and are constants are
orthogonal to each other.
3. An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
4. If and f( ̅) are analytic function of z. then is constant.
Construction of an analytic function:(Milne’s thomsan method)

If is an analytic function
(i). When the real part u is given
Then ∫
(ii). When the imaginary part V is given
Then ∫

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Conformal mapping:
A mapping is said to be conformal at .If preserves the
angle between any two curves through in z plane both in magnitude and
direction.
Critical point :
A point z at which is called critical point of the
transformation
Fixed point:
Fixed point (or) invariant point of a mapping are points that are
mapped onto themselves.
Note: Put W=Z in and solve for Z.
The transformation: (Translation)
Let where k is a complex constant.
Where
Therefore any point ( in the Z-plane is mapped onto the point

in the W-plane.
The transformation: (magnification and rotation)

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LECTURE NOTES
Consider
Where k,z,w are complex numbers.
Thus any region in z-plane is mapped to a region with a rotation and

magnification in the w-plane.
The Transfromation (Inversion and Reflection)
Given
i.e
Equating real and imaginary parts

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Then +
Bilinear Transformation:
The transformation where a,b,c,d are complex constants
and ad-bc is called the bilinear transformation.

Cross ratio:
are four complex numbers, then
is called the cross ratio of four points .
Bilinear transformation that maps the points of z-plane
into the points of w-plane is given by

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Properties of bilinear transformation:

1. The bilinear transformation always transforms circles into circles with
Lines as limiting cases.
2. The bilinear transformation preserves cross ratio of cross ratio of four

points
Problem:1
Find the analytic function of . Find the

corresponding analytic function .
Solu:
Given
By Milne’s method
Put x=z, y=0.

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Put x=z, y=0.

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Problem:2
Find the image of the circle | | under the transformation
.
Solu:
Given .
.
.
Equating real and imaginary parts
; ;
;
Given | |
| |
=4
Hence the = 4 is mapped into the circle
= 4 in w-plane.

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Problem:3
Find the image of the circle | | by the transformation W .
Solu:
Given W .
.
.
Given | |
Substitute X and y values
| | is mapped to a circle in w-plane with center at

the origin and radius 5C.

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Problem:4
Find the Bilinear transformation mapping the points
Z = 1, i, -1 into the points W = 2, i, -2 respectively.
Solu:
By using

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Course/Branch : Format
Year / Semester : I/02 NAC/TLP-07a.5
MA8251/Common to all / No.
Subject Code : MA8251 Subject Name : ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - II Rev.
02
No.
Unit No : 04 Unit Name : COMPLEX INTEGRATION Date 14-11-2017
LECTURE NOTES
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Introduction
Complex integration is an intuitive extension of real integration. Since a complex number

represents a point on a plane while a real number is a number on the real line, the analog of a
single real integral in the complex domain is always a path integral. For some special functions
and domains, the integration is path independent, but this should not be taken to be the case in
general. Given the sensitivity of the path taken for a given integral and its result,
parameterization is often the most convenient way to evaluate such integrals. Complex variable
techniques have been used in a wide variety of areas of engineering. This has been particularly
true in areas such as electromagnetic field theory, fluid dynamics, aerodynamics and elasticity.
Cauchy's Theorem
Definitions
Connected Region
A connected region is one which any two points in it can be connected by a curve which
lies entirely within the region.
Simply connected region
A curve which does not cross itself is called a simple closed curve. A region in which every
closed curve in it encloses points of the region only is called a simply connected region.
Contour integral
An integral along a simple closed curve is called a contour integral.
Cauchy's Integral Theorem

If a function f(z) is analytic and its derivative f0(z) is continuous at all points inside and on a
simple closed curve c, then ∮ ( )
V.RUPASANKARI Page 1 of 23
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Cauchy's Integral formula
If f(z) is analytic inside and on a closed curve c of a simply connected region R and if a is
any point with in c, then
( )
( ) ∫
the integration around c being taken in the positive direction.
Cauchy's integral formula for derivative

If a function f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve c and a is any point lying in
it, then
( )
( ) ∫
Worked out examples

1. Evaluate ∫ where c is a circle | |
Solution:
Let f(z) =
Z = 2 lies outside c.
f(z) is analytic inside c
f’(z) is continuous inside c
Hence by Cauchy’s theorem ∫ ( )

Solution:
Given ∫ = lies outside c.
f(z) is analytic inside c
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No.
LECTURE NOTES
f’(z) is continuous inside c

Hence by Cauchy’s theorem ∫ ( )
∫
( )
( )
Taylor’s and Laurent’t Series Expansion
Taylor’s Series
A function f(z), analytic inside a circle C with centre at a, can be expanded in the series
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Laurent’s Series:
Let C1; C2 be two concentric circles of radii R1 and R2 where R2 < R1:
Let f(z) be analytic on C1 and C2 and in the annular region R between them. Then, for any point
in R, ( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
Where
( )
∫
( )
( )
∫
( )
where the integrals being taken anticlockwise.
Problems:
1. Expand ez in a Taylor’s series about z = 0.
Solution:
Function Value at z =
0
f (z) = ez f(z) = 1
f‘(z) = ez f’(z) = 1
f‘’(z) = ez f’’(z) = 1
f‘’’(z) = ez f’’’(z) = 1
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
…
Taylor’s series about z = 0 is
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2. Expand at z = 1 in a Taylor’s series.
Solution:
Function Value at z = 1
f (z) = ez f(z) = 1
f‘(z) = ez f’(z) = 1
f‘’(z) = ez f’’(z) = 1
f‘’’(z) = ez f’’’(z) = 1
…
Taylor’s series about z = 1 is

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
2. Expand ( ) ( )
as a Laurent’s series in powers of z and state the respective
region stability
Solution:
Given ( )
( – )
f(z) is not analytic at z = 0 and z = 1. But it is analytic in the region
1) | | (deleted disc)
2) | | > 1
Case (i)
For all z in | |
( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
Case (ii)
For all z in | | > 1 we have
( )
[ ]
[ ]
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Singularities
Definitions
Zeros of an analytic function:

If a function f(z) analytic in a region R is zero at a point z = z 0 in R then z0 is called a
zero of f(z).
Simple Zero:
If f(z0) = 0 and f0(z0) = 0 then z = z0 is called a simple zero of f(z) or a zero of the first
order.
Zero of order n:
An analytic function f(z) is said to have a zero of order n if f(z) can be expressed as
f(z) = (z-z0)n (z) where f(z) is analytic and f0(z0) = 0
Singular Points:
A point z = z0 at which a function f(z) fails to be analytic is called a singular point.
Entire function
A function f(z) which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane is called an entire function.
Meromorphic function
A function f(z) which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except at finite number of
poles is called a meromorphic function.
Types of Singularities
Isolated Singularity
A point z = z0 is said to be isolated singularity of f(z) if
1. f(z) is not analytic at z = z0.

2. There exist a neighbourhood of z = z0 containing no other singularity
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No.
LECTURE NOTES
Removable singularity:
If the principal part of f(z) in Laurent series expansion of f(z) about the point z 0 is zero then
the point z = z0 is called removable singularity.
Pole:
If we can find a positive integer n such that lim z→a(z- a)nf(z) = 0 then z = a is called a pole
of order n for f(z).
Essential singularity:
If the principal part of f(z) in Laurent series expansion of f(z) about the point z 0 contains in
finite number of non-zero terms then the point z = z0 is called essential singularity
Problems:
1. Find the zeros of

Solution:
The zeros of f(z) are given by f(z) = 0
That is z3 – 1 = 0.
Therefore, z = 1, ω, ω2.
( )
2. Find the zeros of .
Solution:
The zeros of f(z) are given by f(z) = 0
That is
( )
f(z)=
( )
Now, ≠0
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
3. What is the nature of the singularity z = 0 of the function
Solution:
( )
Given f(z) = the function f(z) is not defined at z = 0.
By L’Hospital rule
The function f(z) is not defined at z = 0
Since the limit exist and is finite, the singularity at z = 0 is a removable singularity.
4. Find the nature of singularity at z = 0 of ( )
Solution:
Given that ( ) the function is not defined at z = 0.
Since the limit exist and is finite, the singularity at z = 0 is a removable singularity.
Residues
Definitions:
If z = z0 is isolated singular point of f(z), we can’t find the Laurent’s series of f(z) about z = z0.
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( ) ∑ ( ) ∑
( )
The coefficient of in the above expression is called the residue of f(z) at z = z0.
Problems
1. Calculate the residue of ( )

Solution:
Given ( )
Here z = 0 is a pole of order 3.
–
Res at (z = 0) = * +
[ ]
[ ]
2. Find the residue of ( ) ( )

at its pole.
Solution:
Given
( )
( )
Here z = 1 is a pole of order 2.
( ) [( ) ]
( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Cauchy Residue Theorem

If f(z) be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve c, except for a finite
number of isolated singularities z1; z2; z3 then
∫ ( ) [ ]
Problems
1. Let ( ) where c is | |
Solution:
Here z = 0 is the only singular point which lies inside c.
( )
( ) [ ]
The residue at z = 0 is
By Cauchy residue theorem,
∫ ( ) ( )
∫( )
2. Evaluate ∫ | |
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Solution:
The singular points are obtained by
( )
( )
[( ) ]
( )
( )
( )
( )
[( ) ]
[( ) ]
By Cauchy residue theorem, ∫ ( ) ( )
∫( ) ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Evaluation of real definite integrals on contour integrals.

Contour Integration:
The complex integration along the curve used in evaluating the definite integral is called
contour integration. Here we are going to see under three types. They are
1. Type I – Integrals of the form
∫ ( ( ) ( ))
( )
2. Type II – Integrals of the form ∫ ( )
3. Type III – Integrals of the form ∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
Type I
Problems
1. Evaluate ∫
Solution:
Let
[ ] [ ]
∫ ∫ | | ∫
[ ]
√
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
∫ ∫
( )( )
| ( ) | ( )
(( )( ))
2. Using contour integration evaluate ∫
Solution:
[ ] [ ]
Now,
∫ ∫ | |
[ ]
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
is simple pole and lies inside c and
∫ ∫
( )( )
[ ( ) ] ( )
( )( )
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Problems on Type II:
1. Evaluate ∫ ( )( )
using contour integration.
Solution:
Let us consider ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )( )
Where c consists of the semi circle | | [-R, R]

Now, ∫ ( ) =∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
The poles of f(z) are obtained by ( )( )
Where z = 2i, I are simples lie inside and z = -I, -2i pole lie outside
[ ( ) ] ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
where c consist of the semi circle : jzj = R and the bounding di-ameter [ R; R]. where z = i; 2i
are simple poles lie inside and z = I; 2i are simple poles lie outside.
[ ( ) ] ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
( )(( ) )
Hence by Cauchy’s Residue theorem,
∫ ( ) [ ]
[ ]
( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
,
The semicircle becomes very large and the real and imaginary parts of any point on the semi-
circle becomes very large so that
| |
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
2. Show that ∫ ( )
Solution:
Consider ∫ ( ) ∫( )
where c is the upper half of the semicircle with the bounding
diameter [R;R]
By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
∫ ( ) =∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
The poles of f(z) are obtained by ( )
i.e., z = i, -i, where z = i is a pole of order 3 which lies inside and z = -i the semicircle becomes
very large and the real and imaginary parts of any point lying on the semicircle becomes very
large so that, a pole of order 3 which lies outside
[ ( ) ] [( ) ( )]
[( ) ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
When the semi-circle becomes very large and the real and imaginary parts of any point
lying on the semi-circle becomes very large that | |
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
∫
( )
Type III:
Problems
( )
1. Evaluate ∫
Solution:
( ) ( )
WKT, ∫ = ∫
( )
To find ∫
Consider,
( )
∫ ( ) ∫
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle with the bounding diameter [ ].
By Cauchy’s residue theorem,
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
The poles of f(z) are obtained by ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
i.e., z = i, -i.
where z = i is a simple pole which lies inside and z = -i is a simple pole which lies outside
[ ( ) ] ( )
( )
( )( )
Hence by Cauchy’s Residue theorem,
∫ ( ) [ ]
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
∫( )
∫ ( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
∫
2. Show that ∫
Solution:
WKT
∫ ∫
To find ∫ consider
( )
∫( ) ∫
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle with the bounding diameter [-R, R]
i.e., ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
The poles of f(z) are obtained by z = 0
Z = 0 is a simple pole lies on the real axis inside
[( ) ] ( )( )
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
=1
Hence, by Residue Theorem,
∫ ( ) ( ) ( )
And therefore, ∫
Applications:
Blasius Theorem.
The following figure shows a cross-section of a cylinder (not necessarily cir-cular), whose
boundary is C,placed in a steady non-viscous flow of an ideal fluid; the flow takes place in
planes parallel to the xy plane. The cylinder is out of the plane of the paper. The flow of the
fluid exerts forces and turning moments upon the cylinder. Let X, Y be the components, in
the x and y directions respectively, of the force on the cylinder and let M be the
anticlockwise moment (on the cylinder) about the origin.
( )
so that ( )
Blasius Theorem
02
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( ) ( )
Now, ∫( ) ∫( )
Hence,
X = Y = 0.
Also, ( ) (( ))
The only term to contribute to M is .
Again using the Key Point above this leads to 4 a2U2i and this has zero real part. Hence M = 0,
also. The implication is that no net force or moment acts on the cylinder. This is not so in
practice. The discrepancy arises from neglecting the viscosity of the fluid.
Subject Code : MA8251 Subject Name : ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - II Rev. 02
No.
Unit No : 05 Unit Name : LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Date 14-11-2017
LECTURE NOTES
LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION
 Laplace transformation – Conditions and existence
 Transforms of elementary functions – Basic properties
 Transforms of derivatives, Derivatives and Integrals of Transforms, Integrals of
transforms
 Transforms of the unit step functions and impulse function
 Transforms of periodic functions
 Inverse Laplace Transforms
 Convolution Theorem
 Initial and Final Value Theorem
 Solution of linear ODE of second order with constant coefficients
Laplace Transform
Definitions:
Transformation:
A “Transformation” is an operation which converts a mathematical expression to a different

but equivalent form
Laplace transformation:
Let a function f(t) be continuous and defined for positive values of „t‟. The Laplace
Transformation of f(t) associates a function s defined by equation
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
Here, F(s) is said to be the Laplace transform of f(t) and it is written as L[f(t)] or L[f]. Thus,
F(s) = L[f(t)]
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Exponential order:
A function f(t) is said to be of exponential order if
( )
Laplace Transform – sufficient conditions for existence
 F(t) should be continuous or piecewise continuous in the given closed interval [a, b]
where a>0
 F(t) should be of exponential order
Example
1. L[tan t] does not exist since tan t is not piecewise continuous i.e., tan t has infinite
number of infinite
Problems:
Given ( )
By the definition of exponential order,
( )
* +
* +
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Here t2 is of exponential order.
2. Show that the function given is not of exponential order ( )
Solution:
Given
( )
By the definition of exponential order,
Definition function of class A
A function which is sectionally continuous over any finite interval and is of

exponential order is known as a function of class A
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Transforms of elementary functions – Basic properties

Important Results
S.No. Laplace transform pair Conditions
1 where s>0
[ ]
2 where n = 0, 1, 2,…
[ ]
3 where n is not a
[ ]
integer
4 where s > a or s – a > 0
[ ]
5 where s + a > 0
[ ]
6 [ ] where s > 0
7 [ ] where s > 0
8 [ ] where
| |
9 [ ] where
10 Linearity property
[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( )]
Problems
3. Find [ ]
Solution:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]=
No.
LECTURE NOTES
4. Find * +
√
Solution:
Given * + * +
√
( )
√
√
√
Hence, * +
√ √
First Shifting Theorem
If [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( )
If [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( )
Second Shifting Theorem
If [ ( )] ( )and
G (t) = f(t - a), t > a
0, t < a
Then [ ( )] ( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Problems on First and Second Shifting Theorem
1. Find [ ]
Solution:
[ ] [ [ ]] ( )
[ ]
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
2. Find [ ]
Solution:
[ ] [ [ ]] ( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
Transforms of derivatives and Integrals of Functions
Properties:
 [ ( )] [ ( )] ( )
 [ ( )] [ ( )] ( ) ( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Transform of integrals:
If [ ( )] ( ) then
*∫ ( ) + [ ( )]
Derivatives of transform
 If [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( )
 If [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( )
( )
1. Find [ ]
Solution:
We know that
[ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]
* +
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
[ ]
( )
2. Show that ∫
Solution:
Given ∫ [ [ ]]
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
( )( ) ( )
* ( ( )
)+
* ( )+
( )
* ( )+ * ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
Therefore ∫
Problems based on Integral of Transform
1. Find * +
Solution:
Given * + * +
= * +
No.
LECTURE NOTES
= * + [ * + * +]
* ( ) ( )+ ( * + ( ))
Therefore, * + * ( ) ( )+
Transforms of Unit Step Function and Impulse Function:
Problems based on unit step function or Heaviside‟s Unit step function
1. Define the unit step function

Solution:
The Unit step function, also called Heaviside‟s unit function is defined as
U (t – a) = {
This is the unit step function at t = a. It can also be denoted by H(t – a).
2. Give the L.T of the unit step function
Solution:
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
* +
[ ]
[ ( )] [ ]
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Transform of Periodic Functions
Definition: (Periodic)
A function f(x) is said to be “periodic” if and only if f(x + p) = f(x) is true for some
value of p and every value of x. The smallest positive value of p for which this equation is
true for every value of x will be called the period of the function.
The Laplace Transformation of a periodic function f(t) with period p given by

∫ ( )
Problems:
1. Find the Laplace Transform of the Half-sine wave rectifier function
f(t) = {
Solution:
We know that
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
[ ] (∫ )
[ ] ( [ ])
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
[ ]
( )( )
Inverse Laplace Transform
a. If L[f(t)] = F(s), then

[ ( )] ( ) s called the inverse Laplace transform operator.
b. If ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) respectively then
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
Problems on inverse Laplace Transform
1. Find * +
Solution:
[ ] * +
2. Find * +
Solution:
[ ] [ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
[ ]
( )
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
Inverse Laplace Transforms of derivatives of F(s)
If [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( )
[ ( )]
Problems:
1. Find *( )
+
Solution:
Let ( ) *( )
+
∫ ( ) ∫ [ ]
( )
( ) ∫ [ ]
( )
Put
2s ds = dt
No.
LECTURE NOTES
∫ [ ]
( )
( )
Inverse Laplace Transform of Integrals:
*∫ ( ) + ( ) [ ( )]
Or [ ( )] [∫ ( ) ]
Problems:
1.Find [ ( )] [∫ ( ) ]
[ ( )] *∫ ( ) +
*( ) +
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Problems based on partial fractions method
1. Find *( )( )
+
Solution:
Consider
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
Put s = -1, we get
( )
Equating the coefficients of on both sides, we get
B = -A
Put s = 2, we get
Put s = 0, we get
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
* +
( )( )
[ ] [ ]
* [ ]+
( ) ( )
* + [ ] [ ]
( )( )
[ ]
Therefore, *( )( )
+
Second Shifting property:
[ ( )] ( ) ( )
Problems based on second shifting property:
1. Find * +
Solution:
Consider
[ ]
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
[ ] ( )
Change of scale property
If [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] * +
( ) [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ]
Problems based on change of scale property
1. If [ ( )] ( ) * ( )+
Solution:
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
We know that
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
( )
[ ( )] ∫ ( )
∫ ( )
[ ]
Convolution Theorem
If f(t) and g(t) are functions defined for
Then [ ( ) ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
No.
LECTURE NOTES
Problems on Convolution:
Theorem 1. Define convolution
The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is defined as
( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
Note: Convolution Integral or Falting Integral
1. Using convolution theorem find *( )(

+
)
Solution:
We know that [ ( ) ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
* + * + * +
Here,
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
( )
∫
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
∫
( )
* +
( )
( )
* +
( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
2. Using convolution theorem find

[ ]
( )
Solution:
We know that
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
[ ]
( )
Initial and final value theorems
Initial value theorem
If [ ( )] ( ) ( ) ( )
Final value theorem
If [ ( )] ( ) ( ) ( )
Problem based on initial and final value theorem
1. If [ ( )] ( )
( ) ( )
Solution:
We know that
( ) ( )
( )
( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
( )
We know that
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2. Verify the initial and final value theorem for the function
( ) ( )
Solution:
Initial value theorem states that
( ) ( )
[ ( )] ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
No.
LECTURE NOTES
( )
* +
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
R.H.S=2
Therefore, L.H.S=R.H.S
Initial Value theorem verified
Final value theorem states that
( ) ( )
[ ( )]
( )
* +
( )
Final value theorem verified
Problems based on solution of linear ODE of second order with constant coefficients
No.
LECTURE NOTES
1. Using L.T solve ( ) ( )

Solution:
Taking L.T on both sides
[ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ]
[ ( )] ( ) ( ) [ [ ( )] [ ]] [ ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
( ) [ ( )]
( )( ) [ ( )]
[ ( )]
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
[ ( )]
No.
LECTURE NOTES
[ ( )]
( ) [ ] [ ] [ ]

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Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Simple method to find Characteristics Equations:

– Sum of the diagonal elements

– Sum of the diagonal elements

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 1

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Cayley Hamilton theorem

Method of finding inverse of a matrix

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 2

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

To reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal

Let be given Quadradic form

1. Find the matrix “A” of the Quadradic form

2. Find the eigen values of A. Let it be

3. Find the eigen vectors corresponding to

4. Check the Vectors for orthogonal

6. Then X=PY where is the required orthogonal

= is the required canonical form.

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Nature of Quadratic form

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 4

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

The characteristic equation is

Eigen values are 1,4,4.

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 5

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

All the euations are same

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 6

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 7

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 8

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

is the canonical form

( ) and also verify the theorem.

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 9

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

To verify the theorem:

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 10

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 11

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Vector point function:

Gradient of a Scalar function:

Grad ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Maximum Directional derivative:

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 1

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Unit normal vector:

Angle between the Surfaces:

Divergence of a vector function:

Prepared By: R.Karunyah Page 2

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

Curl of a vector function:

Workdone by the force ⃗ ∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Conservative Force Field:

Subject Code :MA8251 Subject Name :ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II Rev. No. 02

(ii). Stoke’s theorem