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    History of Biotechnology

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    Sanjiban Chakraborty
    The document provides a chronological history of major developments in biotechnology from 1902 to 2001, beginning with early experiments in plant tissue culture and ending with the successful sequencing of the human genome. Some of the key events include the discovery of plant growth hormones like kinetin in 1955, the development of restriction enzymes in 1968, the first recombinant DNA molecule produced in 1972, the invention of PCR in 1983, and the completion of sequencing the C. elegans and human genomes in 1998 and 2001 respectively. The history shows the progression from basic plant tissue culture techniques to modern genetic engineering and genome sequencing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    History of Biotechnology

    Uploaded by

    Sanjiban Chakraborty
    33 views4 pages
    The document provides a chronological history of major developments in biotechnology from 1902 to 2001, beginning with early experiments in plant tissue culture and ending with the successful sequencing of the human genome. Some of the key events include the discovery of plant growth hormones like kinetin in 1955, the development of restriction enzymes in 1968, the first recombinant DNA molecule produced in 1972, the invention of PCR in 1983, and the completion of sequencing the C. elegans and human genomes in 1998 and 2001 respectively. The history shows the progression from basic plant tissue culture techniques to modern genetic engineering and genome sequencing.

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    The document provides a chronological history of major developments in biotechnology from 1902 to 2001, beginning with early experiments in plant tissue culture and ending with the successful sequencing of the human genome. Some of the key events include the discovery of plant growth hormones like kinetin in 1955, the development of restriction enzymes in 1968, the first recombinant DNA molecule produced in 1972, the invention of PCR in 1983, and the completion of sequencing the C. elegans and human genomes in 1998 and 2001 respectively. The history shows the progression from basic plant tissue culture techniques to modern genetic engineering and genome sequencing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views4 pages

    History of Biotechnology

    Uploaded by

    Sanjiban Chakraborty
    The document provides a chronological history of major developments in biotechnology from 1902 to 2001, beginning with early experiments in plant tissue culture and ending with the successful sequencing of the human genome. Some of the key events include the discovery of plant growth hormones like kinetin in 1955, the development of restriction enzymes in 1968, the first recombinant DNA molecule produced in 1972, the invention of PCR in 1983, and the completion of sequencing the C. elegans and human genomes in 1998 and 2001 respectively. The history shows the progression from basic plant tissue culture techniques to modern genetic engineering and genome sequencing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    History of Biotechnology 

    Agristudy 

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    ● 1902 Haberlandt:​ First attempt of plant tissue culture (Father of Plant Tissue culture)
    ● 1904 Hannig:​ First attempt to culture embryo of selected crucifers
    ● 1922 Knudson : Asymbioticgermination of orchid seeds in vitro
    ● 1922 Robbins : In vitro culture of root tips1925 Laibach: Use of embryo culture technique
    in interspecificcrosses of linseed ( linum)
    ● 1934 Gautheret: In vitro culture of the cambial tissue of a few trees and shrubs, although
    failed to sustain cell division.
    ● 1934 White : Successful culture of tomato roots
    ● 1939 Gautheret, Nobecourtand White : Successful establishment of continuously
    growing callus cultures
    ● 1940 Gautheret: In vitro culture of cambial tissues of Ulmusto study adventitious shoot
    formation
    ● 1941 Van Overbeek: Use of coconut milk containing a cell division factorfor the first time
    to culture Daturaembryos
    ● 1941 Braun : In vitro culture of crown gal tissues
    ● 1944 Skoog: In vitro adventitious shoot formation in tobacco
    ● 1946 Ball : Raising of whole plants of Lupinusand Tropaeolumby shoot tip culture
    ● 1950 Ball : Regeneration of organsfromcallus tissue of Sequoia sempervirens
    ● 1952 Morel and Martin : Use of meristemculture to obtain virus-free Dahlias
    ● 1952 Morel and Martin : First application of micrografting
    ● 1953 Tulecke: Production of haploid callus of the gymnosperm Ginkgo bilobafrom pollen
    ● 1954 Muir et al : First plant regenerated from a single cell
    ● 1955 Miller et al : Discovery of kinetin, a cell division hormone
    ● 1956 A, Kornberg et al : In vitro synthesis of DNA
    ● 1957 Skoogand Miller : Discovery of the regulation of organ formation by
    changing the ratio of auxin: cytokinin
    ● 1958 Maheshwariand​ Rangaswamy: Regeneration of somatic embryos in vitro from the
    nucellusof Citrus ovules
    ● 1959 Reinertand Steward : Regeneration of embryos from callus clumps and
    cellsuspensions of carrot (Daucuscarota)
    ● 1959 Gautheret: Publication of first handbook on “Plant Tissue Culture”
    ● 1960 Kanta: First successful test tube fertilization in papaverrhoeas
    ● 1960 E. Cocking : Enzymatic degradation of cell walls to obtain large number of
    protoplasts
    ● 1960 Bergmann : Filtration of cell suspensions and isolation of single cells by plating
    ● 1962 Murashiqeand Skoog: Development of Murashigeand Skoognutrition medium
    ● 1964 Guhaand Maheshwari:​ Production of first haploid plants from pollen grains of
    Datura(Anther culture)
    ● 1968 H.G. Khorana​ : Awarded Nobel prize for deciphering of genetic code
    ● H.G. Khorana et al. : Deduced the structure of a gene for yeast alanyltRNA
    ● 1968 Meselsonand Yuan : Coined the term “Restriction endonuclease” to describe a
    class of enzymes involved in cleaving DNA
    ● 1970 Carlson : Selection of biochemical mutants in vitro by the use of tissue culture
    derived variation
    ● 1970 Power et al. : First achievement of protoplast fusion
    ● 1970 H. Temin and D. Baltimore : Discovered the presence of reverse transcriptase (a
    RNA directed DNA polymerase which has the ability to synthesize cDNAusing mRNA as
    a template
    ● 1970 Smith : Discovery of first restriction endonucleasefrom HaemophillusinfluenzaeRd.
    It was later purified and named Hind 11
    ● 1971 Nathans : Preparation of first restriction map using Hind II enzyme to cut circular
    DNA or SV 40 into 11 specific fragments
    ● 1971 Takebe et al, : Regeneration of first plants from protoplasts
    ● 1972 Carlson et al, : First report of interspecifichybridization through protoplast fusion in
    two species of Nicotiana
    ● 1972 Berg et al, : First recombinant DNA molecule produced using restriction enzymes
    ● 1974 Reinhard: Biotransformation in plant tissue cultures
    ● 1974 Zaenenet al. ; Larebekeet al. : Discovered the fact that the Ti plasmid was the
    tumor inducing principle of Agrobacterium
    ● 1976 Seibert : Shoot initiation from cryo-preserved shoot apices of carnation
    ● 1976 Power et al.: Inter -specific hybridization by protoplast fusion or Petunia hydridaand
    P. parodii
    ● 1977 Maxamand Gilbert : A method of gene sequencing based on degradation of DNA
    chain
    ● 1977 Sharp and Roberts : Discovery of split genes
    ● 1978 Melchers et al. : Somatic hybridization of tomato and potato resulting in pomato
    ● 1979 Martonet al.: Co-cultivation procedure developed for transformation of plant
    protoplasts with Agrobacterium
    ● 1980 Alfermannet al : Use of immobilized whole cells for biotransformation of
    digitoxininto digoxin
    ● 1980 Eli Lilly and Co. : Commercial production of human insulin through genetic
    engineering in bacterial cells
    ● 1981 Larkin and Scowcroft : ​Introduction of the term somaclonalvariation
    ● 1982 Krenset al . : Incorporation of naked DNA by protoplast resulting in the
    transformation wit h isolated DNA
    ● 1982 Zimmermann : Fusion of protoplasts using electric stimuli
    ● 1983 KaryB. Mullis : Conceived the idea of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a chemical
    DNA amplification process
    ● 1983 Pelletier et al. : Intergenericcytoplasmichybridization in Raddishand Grape
    ● 1984 De Block et al.; Horschet al. : Transformation of tobacco with Agrobacterium;
    transgenic plants developed
    ● 1984 Alec Jeffreys: Development of the genetic fingerprinting technique for identifying
    individuals by analyzing polymorphism at DNA sequence level
    ● 1986 Powell-Abel et al. :TMV virus-resistant tobacco and tomato transgenic plants
    developed using cDNAof coat protein gene of TMV
    ● 1987 Sanford et al.; Klein et al. : Development of biolisticgene transfer method for plant
    transformation
    ● 1987 Barton et al. : Isolation of Bt gene for bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis)
    ● 1990: Formal launch of the Human Genome Project
    ● 1990 Williams et al.; Welsh and McClelland : Development of the Random Amplified
    Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique
    ● 1991 Fodor : Development of DNA microarray system using light directed chemical
    synthesis system
    ● 1995 Fleischmann et al.: Reporting by the institute for Genomic Research of the
    complete DNA sequence of Haemophilusinfluenzae
    ● 1995 Voset al. : Development of DNA fingerprinting by Amplified Fragment Length
    Polymorphism (AFLP) technique
    ● 1997 Blattneret al. : Sequencing of E. coli genome
    ● 1998 C. eleganssequencing consortium : Sequencing of the genome of a
    multicullularorganism (Caenorhabditiselegans)
    ● 2001 Human Genome Project​ Consortium and Venter et al. : Sequencing of human
    genome successfully completed

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