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Subject Name: Probability and Statistics Subject Code: MA8391 Question Bank 2019 – 2020
MA8391 - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

(II Information Technology & II Bio Technology – IV SEMESTER)
UNIT I – PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES
PART – A
If A and B are two events such that P ( A  B )  , P ( A  B)  , P( A)  , find P A B  .
3 1 2
1.
4 4 3  
P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)
3 1 1 2
  P( B)   P( B) 
4 3 4 3
 
2 1
 A  P A B 
P( B)  P( A  B) 3 4 5
P     
 
B P ( B ) P ( B ) 2 8
3
2. Write down the axioms of probability.
n n
i) P( E)  0 ii) P(S )  1 iii) P( Ei )   P( Ei ) if Ei’s are mutually exclusive events
i 1 i 1
3. State Baye’s Theorem on Probability.

If E1, E2 …En are a set of exhaustive and mutually exclusive events associated with a random experiment
P( Ei ) P( A / Ei )
and A is any other event associated with Ei. Then P( Ei / A)  n , i=1,2,..n
 P( Ei ) P( A / Ei )
i 1
4. Let X be the random variable which denotes the number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.
Determine the probability mass function of X. (Nov/Dec 2015)
A coin is tossed three times then the sample space is S  HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH , THT , TTH , TTT 
Let X be an event getting head.
 18 for x  0
 3 for x  1

The probability mass function is P( X  x)   38
 8 for x  2
 18 for x  3
X= x 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
5.  x , 1  x  1
Test whether f ( x)   can be the probability density function of a continuous
 0, otherwise
random variable? (April / May 2015)

Since X is a continuous random variable , f ( x)  0, x and  f  x  dx  1

 1
1 1
 x2 
 f  x  dx   x dx  2 0 x dx  2  2   1 0  1
 1  0
 Yes, f(x) can be the probability density function of a continuous random variable.
6. Let X be a random variable with E(X)=1, E[X(X-1)]= 4. Find Var(X), Var(3-2X). (April/May 2008)
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No 1

E(X)=1,
E[X(X-1]) = 4  E[X2 – X] =4  E[X2] – E[X] =4  E[X2] – 1 =4  E[X2] = 5
Var  X   E  X 2    E  X   5  1  4
2
Var  2  3 X   (3) 2 Var  X   9  4  36 Var  aX  b   (a) 2 Var  X 

7. Find the value of ‘k’ for a Continuous random variable X whose probability density function is given by
f  x   kx2e x ; x  0 . ( April/May 2017)

Since X is a continuous random variable f ( x)  0 and x  0 and  f  x  dx  1
0

k x e  x dx  1
2
 k  x 2  e  x    2 x   e  x    2   e  x  

1
0
 k 0   2    1
1
 2k  1  k 
2
1
  x  1 ; 1  x  1
8. If a random variable X has the p.d.f f  x    2 . Find the mean and variance of X .
 0 ; otherwise
 1
1  x3 x 2 
1 1
Mean=  xf  x  dx   x  x  1 dx    x 2  x  dx     
1 1 1

2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 3
1
1 x x3 
 1 4
2   x f  x dx    x 3  x 2  dx            . 
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

2 1 2 4 3  1 2  4 3 4 3  2 3 3
 
1 1 3 1 2
2
Variance  2  1 =    .
3 9 9 9
9. Let M x  t  
1
such that t 1, be the mgf of r.v X. Find the mgf of Y = 2X +1.
1 t
M Y (t )  M 2 X 1 (t )  et M X (2t ) M aX b (t )  ebt M X (at )
 1  et
 et  
1  t  t 2t 1  2t
3
10. If the random variable has the moment generating function M X  t   , compute E[X2].
3t
(May/June 2016)
1
3 3  t
M X t     1  
3t  t
3 1   
3
 3

1
3 3  t
M X t     1  
3t  t
3 1   
3
 3
1  t  2  t2  2  t3 
2 3
t t t
 1          1          
3 3 3 3  1!  9  2!  9  3! 
 tr 
 
E X r  r'  coefficient of   in M X  t 
 r!
 t2 
  2
E X 2  2'  coefficient of   in M X  t   .
 2!  9
2e2 x ; x  0
11. A random variable X has density function given by f   
x  . Find m.g.f of X
0 ; x  0
  
M X  t   E  etx    e f  x  dx   e 2e dx  2 e dx
tx tx 2 x  2 t  x
 0 0

 e  2 t  x  2  0 2 2
 2   [e  e ]  [0  1]  ,t  2 .
  (2  t ) 0 2  t 2  t 2  t
x 2 e x
12. A continuous RV X has the pdf f (x)  , x  0 . Find the rth moment of X about the origin.
2
   
x 2e x 1 1
r  E[ X r ]  x   xr dx   x r  2e  x dx   x ( r 3) 1e  x dx
r
f ( x)dx
 0
2 20 20

1
x
n 1  x
 (r  3) e dx  (n)
2 0
1
 (r  2)! if n is positive int eger (n)  (n  1)!
2
13. For a Binomial distribution with mean 2 and standard deviation 2 , find the first two terms of the
distribution. (May/June 2014)
1 2 2
np  6 and npq  2  npq  2  6q  2  q   p n  6  n  9
3 3 3
x 9 x
 2 1
P  X  x   n Cx p q  9C x    
x n x
 3  3
0 9 9
 2 1 1
P  X  0   9C0       
 3  3  3
1 8
 2 1 2 1 2
P  X  1  9C1      9   8  7
 3 3 3 3 3
14. Define Binomial Distribution .What are its mean and variance? ( April/May 2017)
x n x
The Probability of ‘x’ successes in ‘n’ trials is given by P( X  x)  nCx p q , x  0,1, 2,...
Mean = np and variance = npq

15. One percent of jobs arriving at a computer system need to wait until weekends for scheduling, owing to
core-size limitations. Find the probability that among a sample of 200 jobs there are no jobs that have
to wait until weekends.
X be the Random variable denoting the no. of jobs that have to wait
p = 1%= 0.01, n = 200,  = np = (200)(0.01) =2,
e   x
By Poisson distribution, P( X  x)  , x  0,1, 2,.....
x!
e2 20
Probability that there are no jobs that have to wait until weekends = P( X  0)   e2  0.1353
0!
16. A quality control inspector rejects 40% of a certain product. Find the probability that the first
acceptable product is the third one inspected.
Probability of rejection = q = 0.4
Probability of acceptance = p = 0.6
P(X  x)  q x 1p, x  1,2,3,....
P(X=3) = q3-1p= (.4)2(.6) = 0.096
17. If the probability that a target is destroyed on any one shot is 0.5, find the probability that it would be
destroyed on 6th attempt. (Nov / Dec 2013)
Given that, the probability that a target is destroyed on any one shot is 0.5
p  0.5  q  1  p  1  0.5  0.5
By Geometric Distribution, P(X  x)  q x 1p, x  1,2,3,.... ; P(X  6)  (0.5)61 (0.5)  (0.5)6  0.0156
4
18. If X is a Uniformly distributed R.V with mean 1 and variance , find P(X<0).
3
ab
Mean =  1  a  b  2 --------------(1)
2
b  a 4
2
variance =   b  a  4 ---------------(2)
12 3
(1) + (2) 2b = 6  b = 3
(1) – (2) 2a = -2  a = -1
 1 1
 , a xb  , 1  x  3
f ( x)   b  a  f ( x)   4

0 , otherwise 
0 , otherwise
0 0
1 1 0 1
P(X  0)  f (x)dx   dx   x 1  .
1 1
4 4 4
19. Suppose the length of life of an appliance has an exponential distribution with mean 10 years. What is
the probability that the average life time of a random sample of the appliances is atleast 10.5?
Mean of the exponential distribution = E(X) = 1/10 = 1/
x
1 1 
 , f (x)  ex , x  0  f (x)  e 10 , x  0
10 10
  x
1 10
P(X  10.5)  f (x)dx  e dx  e 1.05  0.3499
10.5 10.5
10

20. If X is a normal variate with mean  30 and S.D = 5. Find P  26  X  40

X follows N(30, 5)   30 &   5
X 
Let Z  be the standard normal variate

 26  30 40  30 
P  26  X  40  P  Z  P  0.8  Z  2  P 0.8  Z  0  P 0  Z  2
 5 5 
 P 0  Z  0.8  0  Z  2  0.2881  0.4772  0.7653 .
PART – B
1. i) A random variable X has the following probability function:
X : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 2
P X : 0 K 2 K 2 K 3K K 2 K 7 K K
Find (i) K (ii) Evaluate P  X  6 , P  X  6 and P  0  X  5 (iii) Determine the distribution
1
function of X (iv) P 1.5  X  4.5 X  2 (v) E  3 X  4 , Var(3 X  4) (vi) If P  X  C   , find
2
the minimum value of C . (April/May 2015)
Solution:
(i) We know that  P( X  x )  1
i
i
7
  P  X  x   1,
x 0
 K  2K  2K  3K  K 2  2K 2  7K 2  K  1
1
 10K2+9K−1=0  K  or K  1 ( here K  1 is impossible, since P( X  x)  0 )
10
1
K 
10
 The probability mass function is
X x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P( X  x) 0 1 2 2 3 1 2 17
10 10 10 10 100 100 100
1 2 2 3 1 81
(ii) P  X  6  P  X  0  P  X  1  ...  P  X  5      
10 10 10 10 100 100
81 19
P  X  6  1  P  X  6  1  
100 100
P  0  X  5  P  X  1  P  X  2  P  X  3  P  X  4  K  2 K  2 K  3K
8 4
 8K  
10 5
(iii) The distribution of X is given by FX  x  defined by FX  x   P  X  x 

P( X  x)
X x FX  x   P  X  x 
0 0 0 ,x 1
1 1 1
1 0+ = , 1 x  2
10 10 10
2 1 2 3
2 0+ + = , 2 x3
10 10 10 10
2 1 2 2 5
3 0+ + + = ,3  x  4
10 10 10 10 10
3 1 2 2 3 8 4
4 0+ + + + =  ,4  x  5
10 10 10 10 10 10 5
1 1 2 2 3 1 81
5 0+ + + + + = , 5 x6
100 10 10 10 10 100 100
2 1 2 2 3 1 2 83
6 0+ + + + + + = , 6 x7
100 10 10 10 10 100 100 100
17 1 2 2 3 1 2 17 100
7 0+ + + + + + + =  1, x  7
100 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100
P( X  2,3,4  X  3,4,5,6,7) P( X  3,4)

(iv) P(1.5  X  4.5 / X  2)  
P( X  3,4,5,6,7) P( X  3,4,5,6,7)
P( X  3)  P( X  4)

P( X  3)  P( X  4)  P( X  5)  P( X  6)  P( X  7)
2 K  3K 5K 5 5
   
2 K  3K  K  2 K  7 K  K 6 K  10 K
2 2 2 2
6  10 K 7
(v) To find E  3 X  4 , Var(3 X  4)
E 3X  4  3E( X )  E(4)  3E( X )  4      (1)
Var (3 X  4)  32Var ( X )  Var (4)  9Var ( X )  0  9Var ( X )
Var(3X  4)  9Var( X )          (2)
E ( X )   xP( X  x)
 0  P( X  0)  1 P( X  1)  2  P( X  2)  3  P( X  3)  4  P( X  4)
 5  P( X  5)  6  P( X  6)  7  P( X  7)
 0  1 K  2  2K  3  2K  4  3K  5  K 2  6  2K 2  7  (7 K 2  K )
30 66 366
 K  4K  6K  12K  5K 2  12K 2  49K 2  7K  30 K  66 K 2   
10 100 100
E ( X 2 )   x 2 P( X  x)
 0  P( X  0)  12  P( X  1)  22  P( X  2)  32  P( X  3)  4 2  P( X  4)
 52  P( X  5)  62  P( X  6)  7 2  P( X  7)
 0  12  K  22  2K  32  2K  42  3K  52  K 2  62  2K 2  72  (7 K 2  K )
 K  8K  18K  48K  25K 2  72K 2  343K 2  49K
124 440 1240  440 1680 168 84
 124 K  440 K 2      
10 100 100 100 10 5

3  366 1098  400 698

(1) E 3X  4   4   69.8
100 100 100
(2)  Var (3 X  4)  9Var ( X )  9  E ( X )   E ( X )    9 16.8  13.3956  30.6396
2 2
1
(vi) To find the minimum value of C if P  X  C  
2
P( X  x)
X x P( X  x)
1
0 0 0<
2
1 1 1 1
1 0+ = <
10 10 10 2
2 1 2 3 1
2 0+ + = <
10 10 10 10 2
2 1 2 2 5 1
3 0+ + + = =
10 10 10 10 10 2
3 1 2 2 3 8 4 1
4 0+ + + + =  >
10 10 10 10 10 10 5 2
1 1 2 2 3 1 81 1
5 0+ + + + + = >
100 10 10 10 10 100 100 2
2 1 2 2 3 1 2 83 1
6 0+ + + + + + = >
100 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 2
17 1 2 2 3 1 2 17 100 1
7 0+ + + + + + + =  1>
100 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 2
the minimum value of C is 4
ii) Trains arrive at a station at 15 minutes interval starting at 4 a.m. If a passenger arrive at a
station at a time that is uniformly distributed between 9.00 a.m. and 9.30 a.m., find the
probability that he has to wait for the train for (i) less than 6 minutes (ii) more than 10 minutes.
(May/June 2014)
Solution:
Let X denotes number of minutes past 9.00 a.m. that the passenger arrives at the stop till 9.30a.m.
1
X ~U[0,30]  f ( x)  , 0  x  30
30
(i )P  that he has to wait for the train for less than 6 minutes 
 P  (9  x  15)  (24  x  30) 
 30 dx  30  x    x    1230  0.4
15 30 15 30
1 1 1
  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   dx 
15 30
9 24
9 24 9
30 24
(ii)P  that he has to wait for the train for more than 10 minutes 
 P  (0  x  5)  (15  x  20) 
 30 dx  30  x    x    1030  0.3333
5 20 5 20
1 1 1
  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  
5 20
dx  0 15
0 15 0
30 15

iii) Find the moment generating function of a poisson distribution. Hence find mean and variance.
(APR / MAY’ 19)
Solution:
 e  x
 ; x  0,1, 2,...;   0
P  X  x    x!
0, otherwise

M.G.F= M X (t )  E (e tX )
 e t 
x
   x 
tx  e  
 e tx
f (x)    x! 
e  e 
 x!
x 1 x 1   x 1
=

 e
 e 1 
t

 
 e t 2



1! 2! 
 
 
 e ee
t
M x (t)  e  
 e t 1
d
 dt

Mean = E(X)=   M X (t)   e
 d  et 1  
t 0  dt 

 
t 0 
  
  e t e     
 e t 1
 t 0
Variance = Var ( X )  E ( X 2 )  E ( X ) 2
d  '

Where E ( X 2 ) =  dt 
M X (t) 


   
t 0  dt 
e e  
 d  t  et 1  

 
t 0
 
  
e t . e t e et 1  e et 1 .e t 
 t 0
 (  1)
Variance = Var (X)  E(X2 )   E(X)   (  1)   2   .
2
2. i) A continuous random variable X has the p.d.f f  x   kx3e x , x  0. Find the rth order moment of X
about the origin. Hence find m.g.f, mean and variance of X. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Solution:
 
 3  e x  2 e
x
  e x  
 e x
Since  kx e dx  1  k  x 
3 x
  (3x )    (6 x)    (6)    1
0   1   1   1   10
1
k  x3e x  3x2e x  6xe x  6  1  k (0)  (6)  1  6 k  1  k  .

0 6
   
1 1
E ( X )  r   x r f  x dx   x r x3e x dx   x r 3e x dx
r
n   e x x n 1dx , n  0
0
60 60 0

1  x  r 311 1  r  3 !
6 0
here n  r  4 
e x dx   ( r  4)  n  (n  1)!
6 6
4! 24
Putting r  1 , E ( X )  1   4
6 6

5! 120
r  2 , E ( X )  2    20
2
6 6
 
2
 Mean = E ( X )  1  4 ; Variance = E ( X 2 )   E ( X )   2  1
2
2  20   4  20  16  4
2
To find M.G.F

M X (t)  E(e )  e
tX tx
f (x)dx


1 3 x
M X (t)  e
tx
x e dx

6
 
1 3 tx  x 1
 
60
x e dx   x 3e(1 t)x dx
60

1  e(1 t)x  2 e
 (1 t)x   e(1 t)x   e(1 t)x 
 
  x 3    3x      
 6x     (1  t)4
3
 6  
 (1  t)   (1  t)  (1  t) 
2
6      0

1 e(1t)x e(1t)x e(1t)x e(1t)x 
 x3  3x 2  6x  6 
6 (1  t) (1  t)2 (1  t)3 (1  t)4  0
1  6  
 (0)   4 
6   (1  t)  
1
 M X (t) 
(1  t) 4
ii) a) A machine manufacturing bolts is known to produce 5% defective. In a random sample of 15
bolts, what is the probability that there are (1). Exactly 3 defective bolts, and (2). Not more than
3 defective bolts? (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
Given n  15, p  0.05, q  0.95
By Binomial Distribution, P( X  x)  nCx p x q n-x
 15Cx (0.05) x (0.95)15 x
(1) P(Exactly 3 defective bolts)=P(X  3)  15C3 (0.05)3 (0.95)153  0.0307
(2) P(Not more than 3 defective bolts)  P(X  3)  P(X  0)  P( X  1)  P( X  2)  P( X  3)
 15C0 (0.05) 0 (0.95)150  15C1 (0.05)1 (0.95)151  15C2 (0.05) 2 (0.95)15 2  15C3 (0.05)3 (0.95)153
 0.994
b) Six coins are tossed 6400 times. Using the Poisson distribution, what is the approximate
probability of getting six heads 10 times?
Solution:
6 6
Probability of getting six heads in one toss of six coins is p      np  6400    =100
1 1
2 2

e 100 (100)10
Let X be the number of times getting 6 heads P( X  10)   1.025  1030
10!
3. i) 1
A random variable X has the probability mass function f (x) = , x= 1,2,3,...
2x
Find its (i) M.G.F (ii) Mean (iii) Variance.
Solution:
M.G.F= M X (t )  E (e tX )
x

1   et


=  e f ( x)  e x  
tx tx

x 1 x 1 2 x 1  2 
2 3 4
et  et   et   et 
=           ...
2  2   2   2 
et   et   et   et  
2 3
= 1           ...
2 2 2 2 

1
et  et 
= 1  
2  2
et
M.G.F= M X (t )  …………….. (1)
2  et
d   d  et    (2  et )et  et (et ) 
Mean = E(X)=   MX (t)        2
 dt t 0  dt  2  et  t 0  (2  et )2  t 0
Variance = Var ( X )  E ( X 2 )  E ( X ) 2
d   d  2et    (2  et )2 et  et 2(2  et )(e t ) 
Where E ( X 2 ) =  M'X (t)           6
 dt  
t 0   dt 
 (2  e t 2
) 
 
t 0 
 (2  e t 4
)  t 0
Variance = Var ( X )  E ( X 2 )  E ( X )  = 6 - 4 =2
2
ii) A component has an exponential time to failure distribution with mean of 10,000 hours.
(i) The component has already been in operation for its mean life. What is the
Probability that it will fail by 15,000 hours?
(ii) At 15,000 hours the component is still in operation. What is the probability
that it will operate for another 5000 hours? (Nov/Dec 2015)
Solution:
Let X be the random variable denoting the time to failure of the component following exponential
1 1
distribution with Mean  10000 hours.  10, 000   
 10, 000
 1 
x
 e 10,000 , x  0
The p.d.f. of X is f  x   10, 000

 0 , otherwise
(i) Probability that the component will fail by 15,000 hours given that it has already been in
operation for its mean life  P  X  15,000 / X  10,000

P 10,000  X  15,000
        (1)
P  X  10,000
15,000 x
1 
P 10,000  X  15,000   10000 e 10000
dx
10,000
15000
  x  15000
1  e 10000    10000
x

     e 
10000  1   10000
 10000 10000
  15000  10000   3 
  e 10000  e 10000    e 2  e 1   e 1  e 1.5    (2)
   

  x  


x
 10000   
x

P  X  10,000  
1 1 e
e 10000 dx   1    e 10000 
10,000
10000 10000    10000
 10000 10000
  e   e 1   e 1        (3)
Sub (2) & (3) in (1)
e1  e1.5 0.3679  0.2231
(1)  P  X  15,000 / X  10,000    0.3936 .
e1 0.3679
(ii) Probability that the component will operate for another 5000 hours given that
it is in operation 15,000 hours  P  X  20,000/ X  15,000
 P  X  5000 [By memoryless property]
  x
1 
  f  x  dx   10000 e 10000
dx
5000 5000

  x  
1  e 10000    10000
x

  1    e   e0.5  0.6065
10000     5000
 10000  5000
iii) An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a life, before burn-out, that is normally
distributed with mean equal to 800 hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours. Find the
probability that a bulb burns between 778 and 834 hours. (April/May 2018)
Solution:
x   x  800
Given X N (  ,  ) where   800,   40, z  
 40
The standard normal z values corresponding to x1  778, x2  834 are
778  800 834  800
z1   0.55 and z2   0.85
40 40
P(778  X  834)  P(0.55  Z  0.85)
 P(0  Z  0.55)  P(0  Z  0.85)

 P(0  Z  0.55)  P(0  Z  0.85)

 0.2088  0.3023  0.5111
Hence the probability that a bulb burns between 778 and 834 hours is 0.5111
4. i)  ax, 0  x 1
 a, 1 x  2

If the density function of a continuous random variable X is given by f ( x)  
 3a  ax, 2 x3

0, elsewhere
(i) Find the value of a (ii) Find the c.d.f of X (iii) Find P(X  1.5 ).
Solution:
 
(i) Since  f  x dx  1  f ( x)dx  1
 
0 1 2 3 
 

f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  1
0 1 2 3
1 2 3
 ax dx   a dx   (3a  ax)dx  1
0 1 2
1 3
 x2   x2  1
a    a  x 1  a 3x    1  a 
2
 2 0  2 2 2
(ii) CDF
If 0  x  1
x
x
x  x2 
x
x2
F ( x)   f ( x) dx   dx    
 0
2  4 0 4
If 1  x  2
1
 x2   x 
x x1 x
x 1 x 1
F ( x)   f ( x) dx   dx   dx        
 0
2 1
2  4  0  2 1 2 4
If 2  x  3
3 x
x 1 2 x
x 1
F ( x)  

f ( x) dx   dx   dx      dx
0
2 1
2 2
2 2
1 x
 x 2   x   3x x 2  3x x 2 5
2
          
 4  0  2 1  2 4  2 2 4 4
 0, x0
 2
 x , 0  x 1
 2

 x 1
FX  x     , 1 x  2
 2 4
 3x x 2 5
   , 2 x3
 2 4 4

1, x3

(iii )P  X  1.5   F (1.5) [ F ( x)  P ( X  x)]

1.5 1
   0.5
2 4
ii) A given lot of product contains 2% defective products. Each product is tested before delivery. The
probability that the product is good given that is actually good is 0.95 and the probability that
the product is defective given that it is actually defective is 0.94. If a tested product is defective,
what is the probability that it is actually defective? (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
Let A be an event that defective products and let B be an event that product is good.
Let D be an event that defective product is tested after delivery.
P  A  0.02, P  B   0.98, P  D / B   0.95, P  D / A   0.94, P  D / B   0.05
P  D / A  P(A)
P  A / D 
P  D / A  P(A)  P  D / B  P(B)

 0.94  0.02  
0.0188
 0.27729
 0.94  0.02    0.05 0.98 0.0678
5. i) The average percentage of marks of candidates in an examination is 42 with a standard deviation
of 10. If the minimum mark for pass is 50% and 1000 candidates appear for the examination,
how many candidates can be expected to get the pass mark? If it is required, that double the
number of the candidates should pass, what should be the minimum mark for pass?
(Nov/Dec 2015)
Solution:
Let X denote the marks of the candidates, then X N  42,102 
X  42
Let z  , P  X  50  P  z  0.8  0.5  P 0  z  0.8  0.5  0.2881  0.2119
10
If 1000 students write the test, 1000P  X  50  212 students would pass the examination.
If double that number should pass, then the no of passes should be 424.
We have to find z1 , such that P  z  z1   0.424
 P 0  z  z1   0.5  0.424  0.076
50  x1
From tables, z1= 0.19 , z1   x1  50  10 z1  50  1.9  48.1
10
The pass mark should be 48 nearly.
ii) Derive the MGF, mean and variance of Geometric distribution and also state and prove the
special property of it. ( May/June 16)
Solution:
P( X  x)  pq x 1 , x  1, 2,3,
Moment Generating Function
 
M X  t   E (etX )   etx p( x)   etx q x 1 p  p[et  e 2t q  e3t q 2  ]
x 1 x 1
pet
 pet [1  qet   qet  2  ]  pet [1  qet ]1 
1  qet

Mean and Variance

 d  pet   
pet
  M (0)   
' '
      1
1
 dt  1  qet
X
     

  t 0   1  qe
t

2

  t 0
p
 d 2  pet    
  M (0)   2 
' "
   
d pet   1  q
2 X
 dt  1  qet
      dt 

  t 0   1  qe
t

2

  t 0
p2
1
Mean  1' 
p
2
1 q  1 
  q
2
Variance      2     2
'
2
'
1
p  p p
Memoryless property of geometric distribution.
Statement:
If X is a random variable with geometric distribution, then X lacks memory, in the sense that
P  X  s  t / X  s  P  X  t  s, t  0 .
Proof:
The p.m.f of the geometric random variable X is P( X  x)  q x 1 p , x  1,2,3,....
P  X  s  t  X  s P  X  s  t 
P  X  s  t / X  s        (1)
P  X  s P  X  s

P X  t  q t 1 t 2
x 1
p  q p  q p  q p  ....  qt p 1  q  q 2  q3  ....
t
x t 1
 q p(1  q)1  qt p( p)1  q t

t
Hence P  X  s  t   qst and P  X  s  qs

q s t
(1)  P  X  s  t / X  s   s
 q t  P[ X  t ]  P  X  s  t / X  s  P  X  t 
q
iii) Find mean, variance and MGF of exponential distribution. Also prove the lack of memory
property of the Exponential distribution. (APR / MAY’ 19)
Solution:
e x , x  0
We know that f  x   
0, otherwise
 
M X  t   E  etx    etx f  x  dx   e x etx dx
0 0

   e x  t  dx
0

 e  x   t   
  
     t  0   t

d     1
Mean  1   M X  t     2

 dt t 0     t   t 0 
 d2     2  2
2   2 M X  t    

3
 2
 dt  t 0     t   t 0 
 
2
2 1 1
Variance  2  1  2  2  2 .
  
MEMORYLESS PROPERTY
Statement: If X is exponentially distributed with parameters  , then for any two positive integers
‘s’ and ‘t’, P  X  s  t / X  s  P  X  t  s, t  0
Proof:
e x , x  0
The p.d.f of X is f  x   
0 , Otherwise


 P  X  k    e  x dx  e  x   ek
k
k
P  x  s  t  x  s
 P  X  s  t / x  s 
P  x  s
P  X  s  t  e   s t 
    s  e  t  P  X  t 
P  X  s e
6. i) Let X be a Uniformly distributed R.V over [-5, 5]. Determine (May/June2016)
1 P  X  2  2 P  X  2  3 Cumulative distribution function of X
(4)Var ( X ).
Solution:
The R.V X ~ U[-5,5].
The p.d.f
1
 for  5  x  5
f ( x)  10
 0 otherwise
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 P  X  2    f ( x)dx   dx   dx   x 5
2
5 5
10 10 5 10
1 7
  2  5 
10 10
 2  P  X  2   1  P  X  2   1  P  2  X  2 
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4
 P  2  X  2    f ( x)dx   dx   dx   x 2   2  2 
2
2 2
10 10 2 10 10 10

 3 Cumulative distribution function of X

If x  5
x x
F ( x)  

f ( x)dx   0 dx  0

If  5  x  5
x5
x x
1 1
 f ( x)dx   10 dx  10  x 
x
F ( x)  5

5 5
10
If x  5
55
5 x 5
1 1
F ( x)   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   10 dx  0  10  x
5
5
 1
5 5 5
10
 0 for x  5
x5

F ( x)   for  5  x  5
 10

 1 for x  5
b  a 
2
(4) Var ( X ) 
12
 5  (5) 
2
100 25
   .
12 12 3
ii) x 1
 3  1 
Let P  X  x      , x  1, 2,3, be the probability mass function of the R.V. X.
 4  4 
Compute 1 P  X  4  2 P  X  4 / X  2 3 E  X  (4)Var ( X ). (May/June2016)
Solution:
1 P  X  4   P  X  5  P  X  6   P  X  7  
  x 1
 3  1 
  P( X  x)     
X 5 X 5  4  4 
 3   1   1   1  
4 5 6
            
 4   4   4   4  
 3  1 
4
  1   1 2 
    1        
 4  4    4   4  
4 1 4 1 4
 3  1   1  3  1   3  1
    1         
 4  4   4   4  4   4  4

 2 P  X  4 / X  2  P( X  2)
 P  X  3  P  X  4   P  X  5  
  x 1
 3  1 
  P( X  x)     
X 3 X 3  4  4 
 3   1   1   1  
2 3 4
            
 4   4   4   4  
 3  1    1   1  
2 2
    1        
 4  4    4   4  
2 1 2 1 2
 3  1   1   3  1   3  1
    1           
 4  4   4   4  4   4   4
1 1 4
 3 E  X    3 
p   3
 
4
1
  1 16 4
(4) Var ( X )  2   2    .
q 4
p 3 4 9 9
 
4
iii) There are two boxes B1 and B2. B1 contains two red balls and one green ball. B2 contains one red
ball and two green balls.
(1) A ball is drawn from one of the boxes randomly. It is found to be red. What is the
probability that it is from B1?
(2) Two balls are drawn randomly from one of the boxes without replacement. One is red and
the other is green. What is the probability that they came from B1?
(3) A ball is drawn from one of the boxes is green. What is the prob. that it came from B2?
(4) A ball is drawn from one of the boxes is white what is the prob. that it came from B2?
Solution:
1 1
Let B1 & B2 be the events that the boxes B1 & B2 respectively are selected. P ( B1 )  ; P ( B2 ) 
2 2
2 1
1) Let A be the event that a red ball is selected. P ( A / B1 )  ; P ( A / B2 ) 
3 3
P( B1 ) P( A / B1 )
P( ball is from B1 , given it is red)  P( B1 / A) 
P( B1 ) P( A / B1 )  P( B2 ) P( A / B2 )
1 2

2 3 2
 
1 2 1 1 3
    
 2 3  2 3
2) Let C be the event that a red ball and a green ball are selected.
2C1  1C1 2 1C1  2C1 2
P(C / B1 )   ; P(C / B2 )  
3C 2 3 3C 2 3

P( B1 was chosen given a red ball and a green ball were selected )  P ( B1 / C )
P ( B1 ) P (C / B1 )

P ( B1 ) P (C / B1 )  P ( B2 ) P (C / B2 )
1 2

2 3 1
 
 1 2  1 2 3
 2 3 2 3
   
1 2
3) Let D be the event that a green ball is selected. P( D / B1 )  ; P( D / B2 ) 
3 3
P( B2 ) P( D / B2 )
P( ball is from B1 , given it is green)  P ( B2 / D ) 
P( B1 ) P( D / B1 )  P( B2 ) P( D / B2 )
1 2

2 3 2
 
1 1 1 2 3
    
 2 3  2 3
4) Let E be the event that a white ball is selected.
The given two boxes does not contained a white ball, hence the probability is 0
iv) Four boxes A, B, C, D contain fuses. The boxes contain 5000,3000,2000 and 1000 fuses
respectively. The percentages of fuses in boxes which are defective are 3%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%
respectively. One fuse is selected at random arbitrarily from one of the boxes. It is found to be
defective fuse. Find the probability that it has come from box D. (APR / MAY’ 19)
Solution:
Let E1, E2, E3, E4, be the event that boxes A,B,C,D respectively are selected.
1
P(E1 )  P(E 2 )  P(E 3 )  P(E 4 ) 
4
Let D be the event that defective fuse is selected.
Given P(D / E1 )  0.03, P(D / E 2 )  0.02, P(D / E 3 )  0.01, P(D / E 4 )  0.005,
By Bayes theorem,
P( E4 ) P( D / E4 )
P( E4 / D) 
P( E1 ) P( D / E1 )  P( E2 ) P( D / E2 )  P( E3 ) P( D / E3 )  P( E4 ) P( D / E4 )
1
  .005 
 4 
0.005
 0.07692
1 1 1 1
  .03    .02     .01    .005 
0.065
4 4 4 4
UNIT – II TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES
PART – A
1
 , 0  x  2, 0  y  3
1. Given the joint probability density function of X and Y as f ( x, y )   6 , determine

 0, otherwise
the marginal density functions.

 3
 y
3
1 1
The marginal function of X is f X ( x)  

f ( x, y )dy   dy     , 0  x  2
0
6  6 0 2
 2
x
2
1 1
The marginal function of Y is fY ( y)  

f ( x, y )dx   dx     , 0  y  3
0
6  6 0 3
2. Find the value of k, if the joint density function of (X , Y) is given by
k (1  x)(1  y ) , 0  x  4,1  y  5
f ( x, y )  
 0 , otherwise
Given the joint pdf of (X , Y) is f(x , y) = k (1 – x) (1 – y), 0 < x < 4, 1 < y < 5
  5 4
  f ( x, y )dxdy  1    k (1  x)(1  y )dxdy  1
  1 0
4
5
 x2 x2 
 k   x   yx  y  dy  1
1 
2 2 0
5
5
 y2  1
 k  (4  4 y )dy  1  k  4 y  4   1  k (30  2)  1  32k  1  k 
1  2 1 32
3. The joint probability density function of bivariate random variable
4 xy , 0  x  1, 0  y  1
(X , Y) is given by f ( x, y )   . Find P (X + Y<1 )
 0 , elsewhere
4 xy , 0  x  1, 0  y  1
Given the joint pdf of (X , Y) is f ( x, y )   .
 0 , elsewhere
1 1 x 1 x
1
 y2 
 P( X  Y  1)    4 xydydx  4 x   dx
0 0 0  2 0
1 1
 2 x(1  x)2 dx  2 x(1  2 x  x 2 )dx
0 0
1
1
 x2 x3 x 4  1 2 1 1
 2 ( x  2 x  x )dx  2   2    2     
2 3
0 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 6
8 xy , 0  x  1, 0  y  x
4. If f ( x, y )   is the joint probability density
 0 , elsewhere
function of X and Y, find f(y/x).
x
x  y2 
f X ( x)   f ( x, y )dy   8 xydy  8 x   4 x3 , 0  x  1
y y 0  2 
0
f ( x, y ) 8 xy 2 y
f ( y / x)  ,  3  2 , 0  y  x, 0  x  1
f X ( x) 4x x

5. The regression equations of X on Y and Yon X are respectively 5x – y = 22 and 64x – 45y = 24. Find the
mean values of X and Y.
Regression lines pass through the mean values of X and Y. Solving the two equations we get the
mean values.
Let 5x – y = 22 --------------(1)
64x – 45y = 24 --------------(2)
Multiply equation (1) by 45 and subtract equation ( 2)
225x – 45y = 990
– 64x + 45y = – 24
__________________
161x = 966  x = 6
Substitute in equation 1
5 ( 6 ) – y = 22  y = 8.  mean value of X = 6 and mean value of Y = 8
1
 ,0  y  x  1
6. The joint p.d.f. of R.V. (X,Y) is given as f ( x , y )   x . Find the marginal p.d.f. of Y.
 0 , elsewhere
 1
1
 f ( x, y)dx   dx  log x  y  log1  log y   log y, 0  y  1
1
The marginal pdf of Y is fY ( y) 
 y
x
7. The following table gives the joint probability distribution of X and Y, find the marginal distribution
function of X and Y.
X
1 2 3
Y
1 0.1 0.1 0.2
2 0.2 0.3 0.1
X
1 2 3 p(y)
Y
1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4
2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6
p(x) 0.3 0.4 0.3 1
The marginal distribution of X is The marginal distribution of Y is
X 1 2 3
Y 1 2
p(x) 0.3 0.4 0.3
p(y) 0.4 0.6
8. Let X and Y be two independent R.Vs with Var(X) = 9 and Var(Y) = 3. Find Var(4X – 2Y + 6)
Var(4X – 2Y + 6) = 16 Var(X) + 4 Var(Y) = 16(9) + 4(3) = 156
9. The joint pdf of a two dimensional random variable (X,Y) is given by f ( x , y )  kxe  y , 0  x  2, y  0.
Find the value of k.
Given that f(x,y) is pdf of (X,Y)
f(x,y) ≥ 0 , for all x ,y

   2  2
2
 x2  
  f ( x, y )dxdy  1    kxe dxdy  1 k  xdx .  e dy  1  k   . e  y   1
y y
 2 0
0
  0 0 0 0
1
 k (2)(1)  1  k 
2
10. If the joint cumulative distribution function of X and Y is given by F ( x, y)  (1  e x )(1  e y ), x  0, y  0 ,
find P( 1 < X < 2 , 1 < Y < 2 )
2 F 2 
The joint pdf is f ( x, y )  
xy xy

1  e x 1  e y 
x
   
1  e  x .e  y  e  x .e  y  e  ( x  y ) , x  0, y  0
2 2 2 2 2 2
P 1  X  2,1  Y  2     f ( x, y)dxdy    e  ( x  y ) dxdy    e  x .e  y dxdy
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 1   e 1 
2 2 2 2
  e x dx. e y dy   e x  .  e y   e1  e2 

2 2 2
   2    2   0.054
1 1
1 1
e e   e 
49
11. The lines of regression in a bivariate distribution are X + 9Y = 7 and Y + 4X = . Find the coefficient of
3
correlation.
49
x + 9y – 7 = 0 ----------- (1) y + 4x –
= 0 ----------- (2)
3
Let (1) be the regression line of Y on X and let (2) be the regression line of X on Y.
1 7 1
y x   b1  
9 9 9
1 49 1
x   y  b2  
4 12 4
1 1 1 1
 r   b1b2   .    1
9 4 36 6
Since both regression coefficients are negative, correlation coefficient is negative.
12. If Y = -2X + 3, find Cov (X , Y).
Cov(X,Y) = E(XY) – E(X) E(Y) = E(X(-2X + 3)) – E(X){E(-2X + 3)}
= [E(-2X2 + 3X) - E(X)]{-2E(X) + 3}
= -2E(X2) + 3 E(X) + 2 (E(X))2 - 3E(X) = 2(E(X))2 – 2 E(X2) = -2 var(X)
13. Let X and Y be two random variables having joint density function.
3  1 1
f ( x, y )  ( x 2  y 2 ), 0  x  1, 0  y  1. Determine P X  , Y  
2  2 2
1 1 1
 1
 1 2 1
32 y3 
P  X  , Y      f ( x, y)dydx     x 2  y 2  dydx    x 2 y   dx
2
1 3
 2 2  x  1
y x 0 y  1
2 20 3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
3   1  1  1 
2
3  x2 7  3  x3 7 x  2 2
   x 2 1    1   dx      dx    
2 0   2  3  8  2 0  2 24  2  6 24  0
3 1 1 7 1  3  8  1
  .  .   
2  6 8 24 2  2  48  4

14. Determine the value of the constant c if the joint density function of two discrete random variables X
and Y is given by p(x,y) = cxy, x = 1,2,3 and y = 1,2,3.
X
1 2 3 p(y)
Y
1 c 2c 3c 6c
2 2c 4c 6c 12c
3 3c 6c 9c 18c
p(x) 6c 12c 18c 36c
Since p(x,y) is the joint pdf of X and Y
p(x,y) ≥ 0 , for all x ,y
1
 p( x, y)  1  36c  1  c  36
m n
15. The joint probability mass function of X and Y is

X\Y 0 1 2
0 0.1 0.04 0.02
1 0.08 0.2 0.06
2 0.06 0.14 0.3
Check if X and Y are independent.
X\Y 0 1 2 pX(x)
0 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.16
1 0.08 0.2 0.06 0.34
2 0.06 0.14 0.3 0.5
pY(y) 0.24 0.38 0.38 1
pX(0) . pY(0) = (0.16)(0.24)  0.1 = p(0,0) X and Y are not independent.
1
16. The correlation coefficient of two random variables X and Y is  while their variances are 3 and 5.
4
Find the covariance.
1
Given rXY =  ,  2X  3,  2Y  5 rXY = Cov ( X , Y ) ,  X  0,  Y  0
4  XY
Cov(X, Y) = rXY  X  Y = 1 3 . 5 = - 0.968

4
17. If X has mean 4 and variance 9, while Y has mean –2 and variance 5 and the two are independent find
(a) E[XY] (b) E[XY2]
Given E[X] = 4, E[Y] = –2,  X2  9,  Y2  5 , X and Y are independent.
(a) E[XY] = E[X] E[Y] = 4(–2) = –8
(b) E[XY2] = E[X] E[Y2]
 Y2  E[Y 2 ]  [ E[Y ]]2  5  E[Y 2 ]  4  E[Y 2 ]  9  E[ XY 2 ]  4(9)  36
 xe  y , 0  x  2, y  0
18. Given the joint density function of X and Y as f(x , y) =  . Find the range space for
 0 , elsewhere
the transformation X + Y.

Let the auxillary random variable be V = Y. The transformation functions are u = x + y, v = y, y > 0  v >
0 and 0 < x < 2  0 < u – v < 2  v < u < v + 2
19. The joint probability mass function of the discrete random variable (X , Y) is given by the table
X
2 4
Y
1 1/10 1.5/10
3 2/10 3/10
5 1/10 1.5/10
Find the conditional probability P ( X = 2 / Y = 3)
X
2 4 PY(y)
Y
1 1/10 1.5/10 2.5/10
3 2/10 3/10 5/10
5 1/10 1.5/10 2.5/10
PX(x) 4/10 6/10 1
P( X  2 , Y  3) 2 / 10 2
P ( X = 2 / Y = 3) =  
PY (3) 5 / 10 5
20. The two lines of regression are 4x – 5y + 33 = 0 and 20x – 9y = 107. Calculate the coefficient of
correlation between X and Y.
4x – 5y + 33 = 0 ----------- (1) 20x – 9y = 107 ----------- (2)
Let (1) be the regression line of Y on x and let (2) be the regression line of X on Y.
4 33 4
y  x   b1 
5 5 5
9 107 9 4 9 9 3
x y  b2   r  b1b2  .    0.6  1
20 20 20 5 20 25 5
PART – B
1.  25e 5 y , 0  x  0.2, y  0
(i) The joint pdf of the random variables X and Y is defined as f ( x , y )   . (a)
 0 , elsewhere
Find the marginal PDFs of X and Y (b) cov (X,Y)
Solution:
The marginal PDF of X is
 

f X ( x)  

f ( x, y)dy   25e y dy  25 e y   25 e  e0   25(1)  25, 0  x  0.2
0
0
 0.2
The marginal PDF of Y is fY ( y)   f ( x, y)dx   25e
y
dx  25e y  x 0  25e y 0.2  5e y , 0  y  
0.2
 0
 0.2
0.2  x2   0.04 
E(X) =  xf X ( x)dx   x(25)dx 25    25 
   0.5
 0   0
2 2
  
E(Y) =  yfY ( y)dy   y(5e y )dx 5  ye y  e y   50  1  5
 0
 0

   0.2  0.2
y y
E(XY) =   xyf ( x, y)dxdy    xy(25e )dxdy   25 ye dy .  xdx
  0 0 0 0
 2 0.2
x   0.04 
= 25   ye y  e y  . 
    250  1.    (25)(0.02)  0.5
0
  0
2  2
Cov(x,y) = E(XY) – E(X)E(Y) = 0.5 – (0.5)(5) = –2
 k ( x  1)e  y , 0  x  1, y  0
(ii). Find the constant k such that f ( x , y )   is a joint p.d.f. of the
 0 , otherwise
continuous random variable (X,Y). Are X and Y independent R.Vs? Explain.
Solution:
To find k : Given that f(x,y) is pdf of (X,Y)
 
f(x,y) ≥ 0 , for all x ,y and  f ( x, y)dxdy  1
 
  1

 
f ( x, y )dxdy  1    k ( x  1)e  y dxdy  1
0 0
1 
 k  ( x  1)dx .  e  y dy  1
0 0
1
x  2

 k   x  .  e y   1
2 0
0
3 2
 k   (1)  1  k 
2 3
2 y
 ( x  1)e , 0  x  1, y  0
 f ( x, y)   3

 0 , otherwise
The marginal PDF of X is
 
2 2  2 2 2
f X ( x)  

f ( x, y)dy   ( x  1)e y dy  ( x  1) e y   ( x  1) e  e0   ( x  1)(1)  ( x  1), 0  x  1
0
3 3 0 3 3 3
The marginal PDF of Y is
 1
1
2 2  x2  2 1  3 2
fY ( y )  

f ( x, y )dx   ( x  1)e y dx  e  y   x   e  y   1  . e  y  e  y , 0  y  
0
3 3 2 0 3 2  2 3
2
Consider f X ( x ) . fY ( y) = ( x  1) . e y = f(x , y)
3
X and Y are independent
4 xy , 0  x  1, 0  y  1
2. (i). Let the joint p.d.f. of R.V. (X,Y) be given as f ( x, y )   , find the marginal
 0 , elsewhere
densities of X and Y and the conditional densities of X given Y = y. (April/May 2018)
Solution:
The marginal density function of X is

 1   y 2 1 
f X ( x)   f ( x, y) dy   4 xy dy  4  x     2 x, 0  x  1
 0   2 0 
The marginal density function of Y is
 1   x 2 1 
fY ( y)   f ( x, y) dx   4 xy dx  4  y     2 y, 0  y  1
 0   2 0 
The conditional densities function of X given Y = y is
 
f x 
y
f ( x, y) 4 xy
fY ( y )

2y
 2 x, 0  x  1
(ii). The joint density function of two random variable X and Y is given by
 6  2 xy 
 x   , 0  x  1, 0  y  2
f ( x, y)   7  2 .

 0 , elsewhere
 1 1
(a) Compute the marginal p.d.f of X and Y ? (b) Find E(X) & E(Y) (c) P  X  , Y  
 2 2
Solution:
The marginal pdf of X is
 2
6  2 xy  6 2 x y2 
2
6
f X ( x)   f ( x, y ) dy    x   dy   x y     2 x  x  , 0  x  1
2
 0
7 2  7 2 2 0 7
The marginal pdf of Y is
 1
6 xy  6  x3 x 2 y  6 1 y 
1
fY ( y )  

f ( x, y ) dx    x 2   dx   
0
7 2  7 3
    ,0  y  2
2 2 0 7  3 4 
 1
6  2 x4 x2 
1
6 2  6 3 2 1 6 1 1  6
E(X) =  xf X ( x)dx  x 2 x  x dx  2 x  x        
 0
7  7 0 7  4
 2  7 2 2 7
0
 2 2
6  y y2  6  y 2 y3 
2
6 1 y  6 2 2 8
E(Y) =  yfY ( y )dy   y    dy            
 0
7 3 4  7  3 4  7  6 12  7 3 3 7
0 0
1 1 1
2
2 
1 1 6
2 2
xy  6 2
x y2 
P( X  , Y  )    f ( x, y ) dy dx     x 2   dy dx    x 2 y   dx
2 2  1 0 1
7 2  0
7 2 2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2
6 x2 x  6  3x 2 15 x  2
2
6  x3 15 x 2  2
  2 x2  x    dx      dx    
0
7 2 16  0
7 2 16  0 7 2 32  0
6  1 15  6 23 69
    . 
7 16 128  7 128 448
3. (i). If X,Y and Z are uncorrelated random variables with zero means and standard deviations 5 , 12 and
9 respectively and if U = X + Y, V = Y + Z, find the correlation coefficient between U and V.

Solution:
Given E(X) = E(Y) = E(Z) = 0
Var(X) = E(X2) – (E(X))2 = 25  E(X2) = 25

Var(Y) = E(Y2) – (E(Y))2 = 144  E(Y2) = 144
Var(Z) = E(Z2) – (E(Z))2 = 81  E(Z2) = 81
Also given that X, Y and Z are uncorrelated
rXY = 0, i.e., E(XY) – E(X) . E(Y) = 0  E(XY) = 0
rYZ = 0, i.e., E(YZ) – E(Y) . E(Z) = 0  E(YZ) = 0
rXZ = 0, i.e., E(XZ) – E(X) . E(Z) = 0  E(XZ) = 0
Now, E(U) = E(X+Y) = E(X) + E(Y) = 0 and E(V) = E(Y+Z) = E(Y) + E(Z) = 0
E(U2) = E((X+Y)2) = E(X2 + Y2 + 2XY) = E(X2) + E(Y2) + 2E(XY) = 25 + 144+ 0 = 169
E(V2) = E((Y+Z)2) = E(Y2 + Z2 + 2YZ) = E(Y2) + E(Z2) + 2E(YZ) = 144 + 81+ 0 = 225
 U2 = E(U2) – (E(U))2 = 169 and  V2 = E(V2) – (E(V))2 = 225

E(UV) = E{(X+Y)(Y+Z)} = E(XY) + E(XZ) + E(Y2) + E(YZ) = 0 + 0 + 144 + 0 = 144
E (UV )  E (U ) E (V ) 144 48
rUV   
 U . V (13)(15 ) 65
e  ( x  y ) , x  0, y  0
(ii). The joint pdf of the continuous R.V (X,Y) is given as f ( x , y )   . Find the pdf
 0 , elsewhere
X
of the random variable U  .
Y
Solution:
x
The transformation functions are u  and v  y
y
x
Solving for x , we get u   x  uv
v
x x
u v v u
The Jacobian of the transformation is J =  v
 y y 0 1
u v
The joint density of U and V is fUV ( u, v )  J f XY ( x , y )  v e  ( x  y )  v e  v ( u 1 )
The range space of (U , V) is obtained from the range space of (X , Y) and the transformations
x = uv, y = v
 x  0 and y  0 we have uv  0 and v  0
 u  0 and v  0
 v e  v ( u 1) , u  0 , v  0
fUV ( u, v )  
 0 , elsewhere ,
The pdf of U is the marginal density function of U,

  
 e  v ( u 1) e  v ( u 1)  1 1
fU ( u)   f ( u, v )dv   v e  v ( u 1)
dv   v .  1. 2 
0  , u0
 ( u  1) ( u  1)  0 ( u  1) ( u  1) 2
2
 0
(iii). The life time of a certain brand of an electric bulb may be considered as a random variable with
mean 1200h and standard deviation 250h. Find the probability, using central limit theorem, that the
average lifetime of 60 bulbs exceeds 1250hours. (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
Let Xi (i=1,2,...60) denote the life time of the bulbs.
Here  =1200,  2  2502
Let X denote the average life time of 60 bulbs.
 2  X 
By Central limit theorem, X follows N   ,  . Let Z 
 n  
n
P  X  1250  P  Z  1.55  0.0606
4. (i). Obtain the equation of the regression line Y on X from the following data.
X 3 5 6 8 9 11
Y 2 3 4 6 5 8
Solution:
X Y U=X–6 V=Y–6 U2 V2 UV
3 2 –3 –4 9 16 12
5 3 –1 –3 1 9 3
6 4 0 –2 0 4 0
8 6 2 0 4 0 0
9 5 3 –1 9 1 –3
11 8 5 2 25 4 10
6 –8 48 34 22
n  6, U  6, V  8, U 2  48, V 2  34, UV  22 U 

U 
6
 1,
n 6
V
V 
8
 1.33 ,  U2 
U 2
 
 U
2

48
 1  7 ,  U  2.646 ,
n 6 n 6
 V2 
V 2
 
34
 V
2
 (1.33)2  3.898 ,  V  1.974

n 6
Cov(U , V) =
UV  U V  22  (1)(1.33)  4.997
n 6
Cov(U ,V ) 4.997
 rUV    0.484
 U . v (2.646) (3.898)
 rXY  0.484

X  U  6  X  1 6  7
Y  V  6  Y  1.33  6  4.67
 X   U   X  2.646
 Y   V   Y  3.898
The regression line of Y on X is
r Y
Y Y 
X

X X 
(0.484) (3.898)
 Y  4.67   X  7
(2.646)
 Y  0.713 X  0.321
(ii) X and Y are two random variables having the joint probability mass function
f  x , y   k  3x  5y  ; x  1, 2, 3 : y  0, 1, 2 . Find the marginal distribution and conditional
distribution of X, P(X = xi /Y = 2) , P(X ≤2 / Y ≤ 1). (April/May 2019)
Solution:
X
1 2 3 PY(y)
Y
0 3k 6k 9k 18k
1 8k 11k 14k 33k
2 13k 16k 19k 48k
PX(x) 24k 33k 42k 99k
To find k:
We know that Total probability = 1
P(x,y) = 1  99k = 1
 k = 1/99
The marginal distribution of X is The marginal distribution of Y is
X 1 2 3
Y 0 1 2
p(x) 24/99 33/99 42/99 p(y) 18/99 33/99 48/99
Conditional distribution of X given Y = 2

P(X = xi /Y = 2)
X 1 2 3
P(X = xi / Y = 2) = [P(X = xi ,Y = 2)]/ P(Y = 2) 13/48 16/48 19/48
P(X ≤ 2 / Y ≤ 1) = P(X=1, Y= 0) + P(X=1, Y= 1) + P(X=2, Y= 0)+ P(X=2, Y= 1)

= 3k + 8k + 6k + 11k
= 28k = 28/99
5. (i) In a partially destroyed laboratory record only the lines of regressions and variance of X are
available. The regression equations are 8x – 10y + 66 = 0 and 40x – 18y = 214 and variance of X = 9. Find
(a) the correlation coefficient between X and Y (b) Mean values of X and Y (c) variance of Y.

Solution:
Given 8x – 10y = –66 ……(1)
40x – 18y = 214 ……(2)
Let (1) be the regression line of y on x and (2) be the regression line of x on y.
8 x 66 8 4
10y = 8x + 66  y   the regression coefficient of y on x is b1  
10 10 10 5
18 y 214 18 9
40x = 18y + 214  x   the regression coefficient of x on y is b2  
40 40 40 20
b1b2 =  
4 9  9
   1
 5  20  25
Let r be the correlation between x and y.
9 3
 r  b1b2    0.6 [Since both regression coefficients are positive, r is positive]
25 5
 
Let x, y be the point of intersection of the two regression lines.
Solving (1) and (2) we get x , y
5 x (1)  40x – 50y = – 330
40x – 18y = 214
Subtracting – 32y = – 544
y = 17
Now, 8x – 10y = – 66  8x – 10(17) = – 66  8x = 170 – 66  8x = 104  x = 13
 
 x, y = (13 , 17) is the mean of X and Y.
4
 Y2 b1 b
We know, 2    Y2  1  X2   Y2  5 .(9)   Y2  16  Variance of Y is 16
 X b2 b2 9
20
(ii) The joint probability density function of a two dimensional random variable (X,Y) is given by
x2
f ( x, y)  xy 2  , 0  x  2, 0  y  1 . Compute (i) P(X > 1), (ii) P(Y < ½ ), (iii) P(X < Y) (iv) Are X and
8
Y independent?
Solution:
The marginal pdf of X is
1

 2 x2 
1
 y3 x2  x x2
 8  3x , 0  x  2
x
f X ( x)   f ( x, y) dy    xy   dy   x  y  
 0 8  3 8  0 3 8 24
The marginal pdf of Y is
2
 2
 x2   x2 x3  1
f Y ( y)   f ( x, y) dx    xy 2   dx   y 2    2 y 2  , 0  y  1
 0 8 2 24 0 3
2
 2
 x x2   x 2 x3  1
f X ( x) dx     dx      4  1  8  1  
1 3 7 19
P(X > 1) =  13 8

1  6 241 6 24 6 24 24

1/ 2
 1  1/ 2 1/ 2
 2 1  2 y3 1
P Y     f Y ( y ) dy    2 y  dy    
 2   0  3  3 3 0
2 1 1 1 3 1
 .  .  
3 8 3 2 12 4
y
 2 x2 
1 y 1
 x 2 y 2 x3 
P( X  Y )     xy  dxdy      dy
0 0  0
8 2 24 0
1
1
 y4 y3   y5 y4  1 1 53
     dy       
0
2 24   10 96 0 10 96 480
x 1
Consider f X ( x ) . fY ( y) =  8  3x  . 2 y 2  ≠ f(x , y) X and Y are not independent.
24 3
UNIT III - TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
PART – A
1. Define Population, Sample and Sample Size.
The group of individuals under study is called population. The population may be finite or infinite.
A finite subset of statistical individuals in a population is called Sample. The number of individuals in a
sample is called Sample Size (n).
2. Define Parameter and Statistic. (APRIL / MAY ‘15)
The Statistical constants in population namely mean µ and variance  2 which are usually referred to as
parameters. Statistical measures computed from sample observations alone, i.e. mean x and variance s2
which are usually referred to as statistic.
3. List out the applications of t –distribution. (NOV / DEC ‘13)
 To test the significant difference between the means of two independent samples.
 To test the significant difference between the means of two dependent samples or paired
observation.
 To test the significance of the mean of a random sample.
 To test the significance of an observed correlation coefficient.
4. Mention the Properties of t – distribution.
 The variable t distribution ranges from  to  .
 The t – distribution is symmetrical and has a mean zero.
 The variance of the t – distribution is greater than one, but approaches one as the number of degrees
of freedom and therefore the sample size become large.
5. What is Standard Error? (APRIL / MAY ‘11) (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is known as its Standard error.
6. State any two properties of  2 distribution.
(i)Chi – square curve is always positively skewed
(ii)Chi – square values increase with the increase in degrees of freedom
7. Explain the various uses of Chi-square test. (APRIL / MAY ‘14) (NOV / DEC ‘14)
Test of goodness of fit, Test of independence of attributes, Test of Homogeneity for a specified value of
standard deviation
8. What are the assumptions on which F-test is based?

The F test is based on the following assumptions:

a. Normality : The values in each group should be normally distributed.
b. Independence of error : The variations of each value around its own group mean. i.e. error
should be independent of each value.
c. Homogeneity : The variances within each group should be equal for all groups.
9. Define Sampling of distribution.
The probability distribution of a sample statistic is called the sampling distribution.
10. Define Level of Significance. (APRIL / MAY ‘12) (NOV / DEC ‘13)
The probability that the value of the statistic lies in the critical region is called the level of significance.
(i.e., the level of significance is denoted by  = 1% or 5%.
11. Define one - tailed and two - tailed test.
A test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is one tailed (right or left tailed) is
called a one tailed test. i.e.
H o :    o Vs H1 :    o (or) H 1 :    o
(right tailed) (Left tailed)
A test of statistical hypothesis whose alternative hypothesis is two tailed, such as
Ho :   o Vs H1 :   o is known as two tailed test.
What
12. What do you mean by critical region and acceptance region?(APRIL / MAY ‘12) (NOV / DEC ‘12)
A region corresponding to a statistic t, in the sample space s which amounts to rejection of null
hypothesis is called as critical region or region of rejection. The region of the sample space s which
amounts to the acceptance of null hypothesis is called acceptance region.
13. Define Type-I and Type-II errors. (APRIL / MAY ‘14) (MAY / JUNE ’16) (APRIL / MAY ‘18) (APRIL / MAY ‘19)
Type I error: Reject Null hypothesis when it is true. The type I error is denoted
by , example of type I error is Reject a lot when it is good.
Type II error: Reject Null hypothesis when it is false. The type II error is
denoted by , example of type II error is Accept a lot when it is bad.
14. What are the uses t – test?
 To test whether significance of the difference of the mean of random sample and the population
mean.
 To test whether significance difference between two sample means.
 To test the significance of an observed sample correlation coefficient.
15. What are the uses F – test?
 To test equality of two population variances.
 To test the sample observation coming from normal population.
 To determine whether or not the two independ ent estimates of the population variances
are homogeneous in nature.
16. State the assumptions of Chi-square test.

 The sample observations should be independent.
 Constraints on the cell frequencies, if any must be linear.
 The total frequency should be atleast 50.
 No theoretical frequency is less than 5, then for the application of chi square test, it is pooled with the
succeeding or preceding so that combined frequency is less than 5.

17. Write 95% confidence interval of the population mean.

S S
x  t 0.05    x  t 0.05
n1 n 1
18. Write the 95% confidence interval of population proportion.
pq pq
95% Confidence interval for P is p  1.96  P  p  1.96
n n
19. Write down the values of  2 for a 2  2 contingency table with cell frequencies a,b,c,d.
(APRIL / MAY ’15) (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
Expected frequency table:
 a  b  a  c   a  b  b  d 
N N
 a  c  c  d   c  d  b  d 
N N
20. Find the standard error of sample mean from the following data.
n  4,   18.5 , x  17.85, S  1.955 .
S 1.955
Standard error   0.54
n 1 14  1
PART B
1(i) In a random sample of size 500, the mean is found to be 20. In another independent sample of size 400 ,
the mean is 15. Could the samples have been drawn from the same population with S.D. 4 ?
(APR/ MAY ’17)
Solution:
H 0 : x1  x2
H1 : x1  x2
Level of Significance: 1%
Test Statistic:
x1  x2 20  15
Z   18.6
1 1 1

1
    4
 n1 n2  500 400
Table value : Z  2.58
Conclusion : The calculated value is greater than the table value, hence we reject the null hypothesis.
(ii) Before an increase in excise duty on tea, 800 people out of a sample of 1000 were consumers of tea.
After the increase in duty, 800 people were consumers of tea in a sample of 1200 persons. Find whether
there is significant decrease in the consumption of tea after the increase in duty. (MAY / JUNE ’16 )
Solution:
Hypothesis: H 0 : P1  P2 H1 : P1  P2
Level of Significance :   0.05

p1  p 2
Test Statistic : Z 
1 1 
PQ  
 n1 n 2 
The Sample proportion,
800 800 n p n p
p1   0.80 , p2   0.67 , P  1 1 2 2  0.7273 & Q  1  P  0.2727
1000 1200 n1  n2
p1  p2
Z  6.9905
1 1 
PQ  
 n1 n2 
Table value : Z   1.645
Conclusion : The calculated value is greater than the table value, hence we reject the null hypothesis.
2(i) A random sample of 10 boys had the following I.Q’s: 70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,107,100.Do these data
support the assumption of a population mean I.Q of 100? Find a reasonable range in which most of the
mean I.Q. values of samples of 10 boys lie. (APRIL / MAY ’15)
Solution:
Hypothesis:
H 0 :   100
H 1 :   100
Level of Significance :   0.05
Test Statistic : t  x   , where s 2      
2
x  x 2
S n  n 
 
n 1
Analysis:
X 70 120 110 101 88 83 95 98 107 100 972   X
96312   X 2
X2 4900 14400 12100 10201 7744 6889 9025 9604 11449 10000
x   x  96312  972  2
2 2
s 2
      
n  n  10  10 
 9631.2  9447.84  183.36  S  13.54
x x
2
x
2
t , where s 2
   
S n  n 
n 1
97.2  100 2.8
t   0.6204
13.54 4.5133
10  1
Table value : t ,n 1  t5%,101  t0.05,9  2.262
Conclusion: The table value is greater than the calculated value; hence we accept the null hypothesis and
conclude that the data are consistent with the assumption of mean I.Q of 100 in the population.
Reasonable range in which most of the mean I.Q. values of samples of 10 boys lie:

95 % Confidence interval for the sample mean x t  t0.05,9  2.262
x x  100
  2.262   2.262
S 13.54
n 1 10  1
x  100
  2.262
4.5133
x  100
 2.262   2.262
4.5133
 10.2091  x  100  10.2091

 89.7909  x  110.2091
(ii) The table below gives the number of aircraft accidents that occurred during the various days of the
week. Test whether the accidents are uniformly distributed over the week.
Days Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat
No. of accidents 14 18 12 11 15 14
Solution:
We want to test whether the accidents are uniformly distributed. So we apply  2 -test.
Null Hypothesis H0: The accidents are uniformly distributed over the 6 days. (Monday to Saturday)
Alternative Hypothesis H1: The accidents are not uniformly distributed.
84
Under Ho, the expected frequencies for each day = =14
6
 O  E 2 
The test statistic is  2    
 E 
O E O  E O  E  O  E 2
2
E
14 14 0 0 0
18 14 4 16 1.143
12 14 -2 4 0.286
11 14 -3 9 0.643
15 14 1 1 0.071
14 14 0 0 0.000
84 84  2 =2.143
Number of degrees of freedom v = n-1 = 6-1 = 5
For v=5 degrees of freedom , from the table of  2 at 5% level is  02.05 = 11.07
  2   02.05
Conclusion: Since the calculated value of  < the table value of  , Ho is accepted at 5% level of significance.
2 2
i.e. ,the accidents are uniformly distributed over the 6 days .

(iii) Two random samples are drawn from normal populations are given below :
Sample 1 17 27 18 25 27 29 13 17

Sample 2 16 16 20 27 26 25 21
Can we conclude that the two samples are drawn from the same population? Test at 5% level of
significance. (APRIL / MAY ’19)
Solution:
Let S1 , S 2 be the sample variances and let  1 ,  2 be the variances of the two populations we have to test the
2 2 2 2
significance of the differences the variances of the two samples. So we apply F-test of equality of variances.
F test
Null Hypothesis H0:  1   2 (Variances are equal)
2 2
Alternative Hypothesis H1:  1   2 (Variances are not equal)

2 2
2 2
To find S1 and S 2
Sample 1 Sample 2
X X2 Y Y2
17 289 16 256
27 729 16 256
18 324 20 400
25 625 27 729
27 729 26 676
29 841 25 625
13 169 21 441
17 289
X = 173 X2 =3995 Y =151 Y2 =3383
 X  173, X  n
X 173
n1  8,   21.6
1 8
n2  7,  Y  151, Y  Y 
151
 21.57
n2 7
 X   X 
2 2
s12     36.27
n1  1  n1  1 
 Y    Y  
2 2
s22     20.95
n2  1  n2  1 
n1s12 (8)(36.27)
S12    41.45
n1  1 7
n2 s22 (7)(20.95)
S22    24.44
n2  1 6

S12 41.45
 F   1.696
S22 24.44
Number of degrees of freedom (v1, v2 )  (n1  1, n2  1)  (7,6)
For (v1 , v2 ) =(7,6), the table value of F at 5% level is F0.05  4.21
 F  F0.05
Since the calculated value of F < the table value of F, H 0 is accepted at 5% level of significance.
t test
Null Hypothesis H0: 1  2
Alternative Hypothesis H1: 1  2
The test statistic is
xy
t
1 1
s 
n1 n2
n1s12  n2 s22 8(36.27)  7(20.95)
where s    33.6
n1  n2  2 872
xy 21.6  21.57 0.03
t    0.001724
1 1  1 1   33.6  0.518 
s  33.6   
n1 n2  8 7
v  n1  n2  2  13 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance
t.05 (13)  2.16
t.05 (13) > |t|, H0 is accepted
Conclusion: The two samples are drawn from populations with same variances.
3(i) The following data represent the biological values of protein from cow’s milk and buffalo’s milk:
Cow’s milk 1.82 2.02 1.88 1.61 1.81 1.54
Buffalo’s milk 2.00 1.83 1.86 2.03 2.19 1.88
Examine whether the average values of protein in the two samples significantly differ at 5% level.
Solution:
n=6
1 1
x1   10.68  1.78, s12   19.16  (1.78)2  0.0261
6 6
1 1
x2   11.79  1.965; s22   23.25  (1.965) 2  0.0154
6 6
H 0 : x1  x2 and H1 : x1  x2
x1  x 2
As the two samples are independent , the test statistic is given by t =
s12  s 22
n 1

1.78  1.965
t=  2.03 and v  10
0.0261  0.0154
5
Two tailed test is to be used. LOS is 5%
From table t 5% (v  10)  2.23
H 0 is accepted (i.e,) the difference between the mean protein values of the two varieties of milk is not significant
at 5% level.
(ii) The following data are collected on two characters. Based on this can you say that there is no relation
between smoking and literacy. ( APRIL / MAY ’17 )
Smokers Non Smokers
Literates 83 57
Illiterates 45 68
Solution:
Null Hypthesis H0: No difference between the two treatment.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: difference between the two treatment
Level of significance:   5% or 0.05
Degrees of freedom=(r-1)(s-1)=(2-1)(2-1)=1
 ad  bc   a  b  c  d 
2
The test statistic is  

2
 a  b  c  d  (a  c)(b  d )
 (83*68)  (45*57)   253
2
 
2
 9.47
83  45 57  68 (83  57)(45  68)
Conclusion: Since 2 =9.47 > 3.841, so we reject H 0 at 5% level of significance
4(i) A manufacturer of electric bulbs, by some process, find the standard deviation of the lamps to be
100hrs.He wants to change the process if the new process results in even smaller variation in the life of
lamps. In adopting the new process a sample of 150 bulbs gave the standard deviation of 95 hrs. Is the
manufacturer justified in changing the process.
Solution:
Given   0.05,   100, S  95 , n  150
The Parameter of interest is  .
Null Hypothesis H0:  =S
Alternative Hypothesis H1:   S
Level of significance:   5% or 0.05
s   95  100
z   0.866
 100
2n 300
i.e., z  0.866  1.96
Conclusion: The calculated value is less than the table value; hence we accept the null hypothesis. So the
manufacture finds no justification in changing the process on this evidence alone.
(ii) The theory predicts that the proportion of beans in the four groups A,B,C,D should be 9:3:3:1. In an
experiment among 1600 beans, the numbers in the four groups were 882, 313, 287, and 118. Does the
experimental result support the theory ? (MAY/JUNE ’14) (APR/MAY ’15)

Solution:
Ho : The experimental data support the theory
Based on Ho, the expected numbers of beans in the four groups are as follows
Observed Expected O  E 2 (O  E ) 2
frequency (O) frequency (E) E
882 900 324 0.360
313 300 169 0.563
287 300 169 0.563
118 100 324 3.240
4.726
O  E 
2
  
2
=4.726
E
Calculated value of  2 =4.726
Tabulated value of  is 7.81 at 5% level of significance. Since calculated value < tabulated value.
2
Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis. i.e. the experimental data support the theory.
(iii) Two independent samples of eight and seven items respectively had the following values of the
variable: (MAY / JUNE ’16 )
Sample 1 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
Sample 2 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
Do the two estimates of population variance differ significantly at 5% level of significance?
Let S1 , S 2 be the sample variances and let  1 ,  2 be the variances of the two populations we have to test
2 2 2 2
the significance of the differences the variances of the two samples. So we apply F-test of equality of
variances.
2 2

2 2
2 2
To find S1 and S 2
Sample I Sample II
X1 X12 X2 X22
9 81 10 100
11 121 12 121
13 169 10 100
11 121 14 196
15 225 9 81
9 81 8 64
12 144 10 100
14 196
94 1138 73 785

n1  8, n2  7,  x1  94,  x1  1138
2
 x2  73,  x2  785
2
x  1  x2  73  10.43
x 94
1  11.75 , x2 
n1 8 n2 7
s12   1  x1
x2
  1138
2
 11.75   4.19,
2

n1 8
 x22
x 2
2 785
 10.43  3.39
2
s22  
n2 7
n1s12 8  4.19 n s 2 7  3.39
S12    4.79 , S22  2 2   3.96
n1  1 7 n2  1 6
S12 4.79
Sin ce S12  S22 , thetest statistic is F    1.21
S22 3.96
Number of degrees of freedom (v1, v2 )  (n1  1, n2  1)  (7,6)
For (v1 , v2 ) =(7,6), the table value of F at 5% level is F0.05  4.21
 F  F0.05
Conclusion: Since the calculated value of F < the table value of F, H 0 is accepted at 5% level of
significance. The two samples are drawn from populations with same variances.
5(i) Test significance of the difference between the means of the samples, drawn from two normal
populations with the same SD using the following data: (APRIL / MAY ’15) (NOV / DEC ’13)
Size Mean Standard Deviation
Sample I 100 61 4
Sample II 200 63 6
Solution:
H o : x1  x2 or 1   2
H 1 : x1  x 2 or 1   2
Two tailed test is to be used.
x1  x 2 61  63
The test statistic is z    3.02
2 2
s1 s2 42 62
 
n2 n1 200 100
Tabulated value is 1.96 at 5% level of significance.
z  z The difference between x1 and x 2 is significant at 5% level of significance. i.e. Ho
is rejected and H1 is accepted. Therefore, the two normal populations, from which the samples are drawn, may not
have the same mean though they may have the same S.D.
(ii) A sample of size 13 gave and estimated population variance 3.0 while another sample of size 15 gave
an estimate of 2.5. Could both samples be from population with the same variance? (APRIL/MAY ’17 )

Solution:
2 2

2 2
n1  13,  12  3.0 and v1  12

n2  15,  2 2  2.5 and v2  14
 12 3.0
F   1.2
 2 2 2.5
v1  12 and v2  14 F5%  2.53 from the F-table. Since F  F5%  H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Since the calculated value of F < the table value of F, H 0 is accepted at 5% level of
significance. The two samples are drawn from populations with same variances.
(iii) A die was thrown 498 times. Denoting x to be the number appearing on the top face of it, the observed
frequency of x is given below:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 69 78 85 82 86 98
What opinion you would form for the accuracy of the die? ( MAY / JUNE ’16 )
Solntion:
Given n=6
Null Hypothesis H0: There is no significant difference
Alternative Hypothesis H1: There is a significant difference
Level of significance:   5% or 0.05 Degrees of freedom=n-1=6-1=5
On the assumption H 0 , the expected frequency for each face=498 /6=83
Face Observed Expected O-E (O-E)2 O  E 2
Frequency(O) Frequency(E)
E
1 69 83 -14 196 2.36
2 78 83 -5 25 0.30
3 85 83 2 4 0.05
4 82 83 -1 1 0.01
5 86 83 3 9 0.11
6 98 83 15 225 2.71
460 5.54
 O  E 2 
The test statistic is  2    
 E 
For v=5 degrees of freedom , the table of  2 at 5% level is  02.05 = 11.07  2   02.05
Conclusion: Since the calculated value of  < the table value of  , Ho is accepted at 5% level of significance. i.e.,
2 2
The die is accurate.

(iv) Fit a Poisson’s distribution to the following data and the goodness of fit. Test at 5% level of significance.
(APRIL / MAY ’19)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f 142 156 69 27 5 1
Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: Poisson distribution fit the given data
Alternative Hypothesis H1: Poisson distribution not fit the given data
Mean  X 
 fi xi  1  X    1
 fi
e  x
By Poisson distribution, P( X  x) 
x!
e  x
Now, Expected frequency =  f
x!
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 1
Oi 142 156 69 27
6
6 1
Ei 147 147 74 25
7
(Oi –Ei ) (Oi –Ei )2

Oi Ei
 Oi – E i  2
Ei
142 147 -5 25 0.1700
156 147 9 81 0.5510
69 74 -5 25 0.3378
27 25 2 4 0.16
6 7 -1 1 0.1459
1.3467
  O  E 2 
the test statistic is    
2
  1.3467
 E 
For v= 5-2= 3 degrees of freedom , the table of  2 at 5% level is  02.05 = 7.815,
  2   02.05
Conclusion: Since the calculated value of  < the table value of  , Ho is accepted at 5% level of significance.
2 2
UNIT IV – DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

PART-A
1. Define Analysis of Variance. (APRIL / MAY ‘11) (MAY / JUNE ‘16)
Analysis of Variance is a technique that will enable us to test for the Significance of the difference among
more than two sample means.

2. What are the assumptions of analysis of variance?

(i) The sample observations are independent
(ii) The Environmental effects are additive in nature
(iii) Sample observation are coming from normal
3. What is the purpose of ANOVA?
We want to test whether more than two population mean we use analysis of
Variance technique
4. Define one-way classification and two way classifications in ANOVA.
The entire experiment influences on only single factor is one way classification.
The entire experiment influences on only two factors is two way Classification.
5. What are the basic principle of design of experiments? (APRIL / MAY ‘15) (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
(i) Randomization (ii) Replication (iii) Local Control
6. What is the aim of the design of the experiments? (NOV / DEC ’13)
The main aim of the design of experiments is to control the extraneous variables and hence to
minimize the experimental error so that the results of the experiments could be attributed only to the
experimental variables.
7. What is Latin Square Design? (APRIL / MAY ‘19)
It is square array of the letters A, B, C, D etc., of Latin square alphabets in this square array each letters
appears once and only once in each row and column. For Latin square design involving n treatments, it is
necessary to include n2 observations, ‘n’ for each treatment.
8. Compare RBD, LSD, CRD
CRD RBD LSD
To influence one factor To influence two factor To influence more than two factor
No restriction further No restriction on treatment The number of replication of each
treatments and replications treatment is equal to the number
of treatment
- Use only rectangular or Use only Square filed
Square field
9. Find the missing values from the ANOVA table.
S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F cal
Treatment 4 A 40 5
Block B C 115 14.375
Error D 96 8 -
Total 199 601 - -
A = 4 x 40 =160, D = 96 / 8 = 12 B = 3,
C = 115 x 3 = 435
10. What ate the advantages of completely randomized block design?

The advantages of completely randomized experimental design as follows:
(i) Easy to lay out.
(ii) Allow flexibility
(iii) Simple Statistical Analysis
(iv) The lots of information due to missing data is smaller than with any other design

11. Find the missing values from the ANOVA table.

S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F cal
Treatment 2 A 3 1.66
Error B C 5 -
Total 9 D - -
A=2 x 3 =6, B = Total SS – Total D.F = 9-2 =7, C = 7 x 5 =35, D = A+C = 6+35 =41
12. What are the three essential steps to plan Design of experiment?
To plan an experiment the following three are essential.
1. A Statement of the objective. Statement should clearly mention the hypothesis to be tested.
2. A description of the experiment. Description should include the type of experimental material, size of
the experiment and the number of replications.
3. The outline of the method of analysis. The outline of the method consists of analysis of variance
13. Define Replication.
Replication is a repeating the experimental units
14. Write down the ANOVA table for One way classification (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
Source of Sum of Degree of
Mean Square F- Ratio
Variation Degrees freedom
Between SSC
SSC K-1 MSC 
Samples K 1 MSC
FC 
Within SSE MSE
SSE N-K MSE 
Samples NK
15. Write down the ANOVA table for Randomized Block Design (APRIL / MAY ‘11)
Column SSC MSC
SSC c-1 MSC  FC 
Treatment c 1 MSE
Row SSR MSR
SSR r-1 MSC  FR 
Treatments r 1 MSE
SSE
Error (or) MSE 
SSE (r-1) (c-1) (r  1)(c  1)
Residual
16. Write down the ANOVA table for Latin Square Design.
Column SSC MSC
SSC n-1 MSC  FC 
Treatment n 1 MSE
Row SSR MSR
SSR n-1 MSR  FR 
Treatments n 1 MSE
Between SSK MSK
SST n-1 MSK  FK 
Treatments n 1 MSE
Error (or) SSE
SSE (n-1) (n-2) MSE 
Residual (n  1)(n  2)

17. Define Experimental Error.

The estimation of the amount of variations due to each of the independent factors separately and
then comparing these estimates due to assignable factors with the estimate due to chance factor is
known as experimental error.
18. Why a 2 x 2 Latin Square is not possible? (APRIL / MAY ‘15) (APRIL / MAY ‘14) (MAY / JUNE ‘16)
Consider a n X n Latin square design, the the degree of freedom for SSE is
 (n 2  1)  (n  1)  (n  1)  (n  1)
 n 2  1  3n  3
 n 2  3n  2  (n  1)(n  2)
For n = 2, d.f of SSE = 0 and hence MSE is not defined.
Comparisons are not possible. Hence a 2 X 2 Latin Square Design is not possible.
19. Mention the advantages of latin square design over RBD. ( NOV / DEC ’14)
The advantages of the latin square design over other designs are:
(i) With a two way stratification or grouping, the latin square controls more of the variation than the CRD
or the randomized completely block design. The two way elimination of variation often results in small
error mean square.
(ii) The analysis is simple.
(iii) Even with missing data the analysis remains relatively simple.
20 Write down the ANOVA table for 22 factorial designs.
Variation Squares freedom
SS MS A
a SA 1 MS A  A if MS A  SS E then FA 
d. f SS E
SS MS B
b SB 1 MS B  B if MSB  SS E then FB 
d. f SS E
SS MS AB
ab S AB 1 MS AB  AB if MS AB  SS E then FAB 
d. f SS E
SS
ERROR SE 4(r-1) MS E  E
d. f
PART B
1. Analyse the variance in the following latin square of yields (in kgs) of paddy where A, B, C, D denote the
different methods of cultivation.
D 122 A 121 C 123 B 122
B 124 C 123 A 122 D 125
A 120 B 119 D 120 C 121
C 122 D 123 B 121 A 122
Examine whether the different methods of cultivation have given significantly different yields.

We shift the origin Xij = xij – 100; n = 4; N = 16

I II III IV Total=Ti* [Ti*2]/n X*ij2
A 2 1 3 2 8 16 18
B 4 3 2 5 14 49 54
C 0 -1 0 1 0 0 2
D 2 3 1 2 8 16 18
Total=T*j 8 6 6 10 30 81 92
[T*j2]/n 16 9 9 25 59
Xi*2 24 20 14 34 92
Letters Total=Ti* [Ti*2]/n

P 1 2 0 2 5 6.25
Q 2 4 -1 1 6 9
R 3 3 1 2 9 20.25
S 2 5 0 3 10 25
Total 30 60.5
T=Grand Total = 30 ;
(Grand total ) 2 (30) 2
Correction Factor = 
Total No of Observatio ns 16
(30) 2
TSS   X ij2  C.F  92   35.75
i j 16
SSR 
T i*
2
 C.F  81 
(30)2
 24.75
n 16
SSC 
T *j
2
 C.F  59 
(30)2
 2.75
n 16
SSL 
T i*
2
 C.F  60.5 
(30)2
 4.25
n 16
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR-SSL = 35.75 – 24.75 – 2.75 – 4.25 = 4
ANOVA Table
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean FTabRatio
F- Ratio
Variation Squares freedom Square ( 5% level)
Between
SSR=24.75 n - 1= 3 MSR=8.25
Rows FR= FR(3, 6)=4.76
Between 12.31 Fc(3, 6)=4 .76
SSC=2.75 n - 1= 3 MSC = 0.92
Columns FL(3, 6)=4 .76
Between FC = 1.37
SSL = 4.25 n - 1= 3 MSL = 1.42
Letters
FL = 2.12
Residual SSE= 4 (n – 1)(n – 2) = 6 MSE = 0.67
Total 35.75

Conclusion :
Cal FC< Tab FC , Cal FL< Tab FL and Cal FR> Tab FR
 There is significant difference between the rows, no significant difference between the letters and no
significant difference between the columns.
 There is no significant difference between the different methods of cultivation.
2. Analyze 22 factorial experiments for the following table.
Treatmen Replications
t I II III IV
(1) 12 12.3 11.8 11.6
a 12.8 12.6 13.7 14
b 11.5 11.9 12.6 11.8
ab 14.2 14.5 14.4 15
SOLUTION:
Null hypothesis: All the mean effects are equal.
Let A and B be the two factors. Let n= number of replications=4
Subtract 12 from each
Replications
Treatment
I II III IV
(1) 0 0.3 -0.2 -0.4
a 0.8 0.6 1.7 2
b -0.5 -0.1 0.6 -0.2
ab 2.2 2.5 2.4 3
Let us find SS for the table
Replications Row Total Ri Ri
2
Treatment
I II III IV
(1) 0 0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 0.09
a 0.8 0.6 1.7 2 5.1 26.01
b -0.5 -0.1 0.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.04
ab 2.2 2.5 2.4 3 10.1 102.01
Column Total C j 2.5 3.3 4.5 4.4 T=14.7
Cj
2 6.25 10.89 20.25 19.36
T2
T=14.7; Correction factor= =13.5
N
TSS=21.19, SSC=0.688, SSR=18.54 , SSE=1.96
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean
F- Ratio FTabRatio
Variation Squares freedom Square
S B =1.63 FB  7.409 10.56
b 1 MSB=1.63
a S A =15.41 1 MSA=15.41 FA  70.04 10.56

ab S AB =1.50 1 MSAB=1.50 FAB  6.81 10.56
Error SSE=1.962 N-C-r+1=9 SSE=1.962
Cal( F A )=70.04  H 0 is rejected at 1% level
Cal( FB )=7.409  H 0 is accepted at 1% level
Cal( FAB )=10.56  H 0 is accepted at 1% level

3. Four varieties A,B,C,D of a fertilizer are tested in a randomized block design with 4 replication. The plot
yields in pounds are as follows:
Column / Row 1 2 3 4
1 A(12) D(20) C(16) B(10)
2 D(18) A(14) B(11) C(14)
3 B(12) C(15) D(19) A(13)
4 C(16) B(11) A(15) D(20)
Analyse the experimental yield. ( MAY / JUNE ’16 )
Solution:
H0: There is no significant difference between the fertilizers and replication
H1 : Significant difference between the fertilizers and replication
Variety Block Total
1 2 3 4 varieties
X12 X22 X32 X42
(X1) (X2) (X3) (X4)
A 12 14 15 13 54 144 196 225 169
B 12 11 11 10 44 144 121 121 100
C 16 15 16 14 61 256 225 256 196
D 18 20 19 20 77 324 400 361 400
58 60 61 57 236 868 942 963 865
N=16; T=Grand Total = 236
(Grand total ) 2 (236) 2
Correction Factor =   3481
Total No of Observatio ns 16
TSS   X ij2  C.F  868  942  963  865  3481  157
i j
T
2
SSC   C.F  841  900  930  812  3481  2

*j
h
 Ti*
2
SSR   C.F  729  484  930.25  1482.25  3481  144.5

k
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 157-2-144.5=10.5
ANOVA Table
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean
F- Ratio FTabRatio
Variation Squares freedom Square
Between MSR= FR = 39.27 F5%(3,9) = 3.86

SSR=144.5 h - 1= 3
varieties 48.17
Between MSC =
SSC=2 k – 1=3 FC = 0.545
blocks 0.67 F5%(3, 9) = 3.86
(h – 1)( k – 1) MSE
Residual SSE = 10.5
=9 = 1.17
Conclusion: Cal FC<Tab FC and Cal FR> Tab FR Therefore null hypothesis is rejected. Hence four
varieties are not similar. But the varieties are similar along block wise
4 The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seeds are being tested. Set up the

analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4
varieties of seeds are being tested. Set up the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You
may carry out suitable change of origin and scale. (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115
Solution:
H0 : Four varieties are similar
H1 : Four varieties are not similar
Let us take 100 as origin and divide by 5 for simplifying the calculation
TOTA
Variety X 1 X2 X3 X4 X12 X22 X32 X42
L
Y1 1 -1 5 3 8 1 1 25 9
Y2 3 5 1 1 10 9 25 1 1
Y3 3 -1 1 3 6 9 1 1 9
Y4 -1 7 -1 3 8 1 49 1 9
6 10 6 10 32 20 76 28 28
N=Total No of Observations = 16 T=Grand Total = 32
(Grand total )2
Correction Factor = = 64
Total No of Observations
TSS   X12  X 22  X 32  X 42  C.F  20  76  28  28  64  88
( X 1 ) 2 ( X 2 ) 2 ( X 3 ) 2 (6)2 (10)2 (6)2 (10)2
SSC     C.F      64  4
N1 N1 N1 4 4 4 4
(Y1 ) 2
(Y2 ) 2
(Y3 )2 (Y4 )2 (8)2 (10)2 (6)2 (8)2
SSR      C.F      64  2
N1 N2 N2 N2 4 4 4 4
To find SSK
Treatment 1 2 3 4 Total
A 1 1 3 7 12
B -1 1 1 -1 0
C 5 3 -1 3 10
D 3 5 3 -1 10
(Y1 )2 (Y2 )2 (Y3 )2 (Y4 )2

SSK      C.F  22
K1 K2 K3 K4
SSE= TSS  SSCSSRSSK = 88-4-2-22=60

ANOVA Table
SSC
Column MSC  MSC
SSC=4 n-1=3 n 1 FC  =7.52
Treatment MSE
=1.33
SSR
Row MSR  MSR
SSR=2 n-1=3 n 1 FR  =14.9
Treatments MSE
=0.67
SSK
Between MSK  MSK
SST=22 n-1=3 n 1 FK  =1.36
Treatments MSE
=7.33
MSE
Error (or) (n-1) (n- SSE
SSE=60 
Residual 2)=6 (n  1)( n  2)
 10
Table value F(3,6) degrees of freedom 8.94
There is significant difference between treatments
5. As part of the investigation of the collapse of the roof of a building, a testing laboratory is given all the
available bolts that connected the steel structure at 3 different positions on the roof. The forces
required to shear each of these bolts ( coded values) are as follows: (APR / MAY ’19)
Position 1 : 90 82 79 98 83 91
Position 2 : 105 89 93 104 89 95 86
Position 3 : 83 89 80 94
Perform an analysis of variance to test at the 0.05 level of significance whether the differences
among the sample means at the 3 positions are significant.
Solution:
H0: There is no significant difference between the sample means at the three positions.
H1 : Significant difference between the sample means at the three positions.
We shift the origin
X1 X2 X3 TOTA X12 X22 X32
L
1 16 -6 11 1 256 36
-7 0 0 -7 49 0 0
-10 4 -9 -15 100 16 81
9 15 5 29 81 225 25
-6 0 - -6 36 0 -
2 6 - 8 4 36 -
Tot - -3 - -3 - 9 -
al -11 38 -10 17 271 542 142
N= Total No of Observations = 17 T=Grand Total = 17
(Grand total )2
Correction Factor = = 17
Total No of Observations

TSS   X12  X 2 2  X 3 2  C.F  271  542  142  17  938
( X 1 ) 2 ( X 2 ) 2 ( X 3 ) 2 (11)2 (38)2 (10)2

SSC     C.F     17  234.44
N1 N1 N1 6 7 4
SSE = TSS – SSC = 938-234.44= 703.56
ANOVA Table
SSC
Between MSC  =117.2
SSC=234.44 C-1= 3-1=2 C 1
Samples
2 MSC
FC  =2.332
SSE MSE
Within N-C=17- MSE  =50.2
SSE=703.56 NC
Samples 3=14
5
Cal FC = 2.332 & Tab FC (14,2)=3.74
Conclusion : Cal FC< Tab FC  There is no significance difference between the given positions.
UNIT– V: Statistical Quality Control
PART-A
1. Write down the objectives of statistical quality control.
To achieve better utilization of raw materials, to control waste and scrap and to optimize the quality of
the product without any defects
2. Define control chart. (MAY / JUNE ‘16) (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
It is a useful graphical method to find whether a process is in statistical quality control.
3. What are the uses of Quality control chart?
It helps in determining whether the goal set is being achieved by finding out whether the Process is
in control or not.
4. What are the different types of control chart? (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
Control chart for variable – Range and mean chart, Control chart for attributes- p-chart,
C-chart, np-chart.
5. Write down the control limits for mean chart.
Central limit = x , upper control limit = x +A2 R , lower control limit = x -A2 R where x is the mean of the
sample and R is the range.
6. Write down the control limits for range chart.
CL= R , UCL = D4 R , LCL=D3 R .
7. Define p-chart.
Control chart for fraction defectives is called p-chart.
8. Define C-chart.
Control chart for number of defects is called c-chart.
9. Write down the control limits for c-chart.
CL = c UCL = c +3 c LCL = c -3 c
10. The total number of defects in 20 pieces is 220 .what is the UCL and LCL? (MAY / JUNE ‘16)
UCL = UCL = c +3 c = 20.95 and LCL = c -3 c = 1.05.

11. Write down the control limits for p-chart.

UCL= np  3 npq , LCL= np  3 npq CL = np
12. Define np –chart.
Control chart for number of defectives is called np chart.
13. What is two sided tolerance limits?
Two sided tolerance limits are values determined from a sample of size n so that one can claim with
(1   ) % confidence that atleast δ proportion of the population is included between these values.
14. What is the tolerance limit? (APR / MAY ’19)
Tolerance Limits of a quality characteristic are defined as those values between which nearly all the
manufactured items will lie. If the measurable quality characteristics X is assumed to be normally
distributed with mean and S.D. σ, then the tolerance limits are usually taken as μ 3σ, since only 0.27%
of all the items produced can be expected to fall outside these limits.
15. When the process is under control and if n=5, X =1.1126 and R = 0.0054, find the tolerance limits?
The tolerance limits its are 1.056,1.196
16. Find the lower and upper control limits for X - chart and R- chart, when each sample is of size 4 and
X =10.80 and R =0.46.?
For X -chart, LCL=10.46, UCL=11.14: For R-chart, LCL=0, UCL=1.05.
17. Find the lower and upper control limits for X - chart and s-chart, if n=5 X =15 and s =2.5?
For X -chart, LCL=11.43, UCL=18.57; For s-chart, LCL=0, UCL=5.22.
18. Find the lower and upper control limits for p- chart and np – chart, when n=100 and P = 0.085?
For p-chart, LCL =0.0013, UCL=0.1687; For np-chart, LCL=0.134, UCL=16.867
19. A garment was sampled on 10 consecutive hours of production. The number of defects found per
garment is given below: (APR / MAY ’19)
Defects: 5,1,7,0,2,3,4,0,3,2. Compute upper and lower control limits for monitoring number of defects.
c =2.7 UCL = c +3 c =7.6295 LCL = c -3 c = -2.295
20. What are control limits for an R-chart in terms of σ values?
UCL= D; 2 LCL = D
1
PART B
1. The following data gives the average life in hours and range in hours of 12 samples each of 5 lamps.
Construct X - hart and R- chart, comment on state of control. (APR / MAY ’19)
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Mean X i 120 127 152 157 160 134 137 123 140 144 120 127
Range Ri 30 44 60 34 38 35 45 62 39 50 35 41
Solution:
1
X
N
 Xi
1
  120  127  152  157  160  134  137  123  140  144  120  127   136.75
12

1
R
N
 Ri
1
  30  44  60  34  38  35  45  62  39  50  35  41  42.75
12
From the table of control chart for sample size n=5, we have A2  0.577, D3  0 & D4  2.115
i) Control limits for X chart:
CL (central line)= X  136.75 ; LCL  X  A2 R  136.75  (0.5775 )(42.75 )  112.1
UCL  X  A2 R  136.75  (0.5775)(42.75)  161.44
UCL=161.4
4
CL = 136.75
Conclusion:
Since all the sample points lie within the LCL and UCL lines, the process is under control according to X chart
ii) Control limits for R-Chart:
CL  R  42.75; LCL  D3 R  0; UCL  D4R   2.115 42.75  90.41
UCL=90.41
LCL=0

Conclusion :
Since all the sample range fall within the control limits the statistical process is under control according to
R chart .
2. The Values of sample mean X and sample standard deviation S for 15 samples, each of size 4, drawn
from a production process are given below. Draw the appropriate control charts for the process
average and process variability. Comment on the state of control.
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Mean 15 10 12.5 13 12.5 13 13.5 11.5 13.5 13 14.5 9.5 12 10.5 11.5
S.D 3.1 2.4 3.6 2.3 5.2 5.4 6.2 4.3 3.4 4.1 3.9 5.1 4.7 3.3 3.3
Solution:
X
X i 185.5
  12.36; s
s i

60.3
 4.02
N 15 N 15
From the table of control chart constants, for sample size n = 4, we have A1  1.880, B3  0 and B4  2.266
n  4
CL  X  12.36 ; LCL  X  A1 s  12.36  1.880    4.02.  3.63
n 1  3
n  4
UCL  X  A1 s  12.36  1.880    4.02.  21.09
n 1  3
ii) Control limits for S-Chart:

CL  s  4.02; LCL  B3 s  0; UCL  B4 s   2.266 4.02  9.11

Conclusion:
Even before drawing the control chart, we observe that the given sample mean values lie between 3.63 and 21.09
and that the given S.D values fall within 0 and 9.11. Hence the process is under control with respect to average and
variability.
3a) 15 tape recorders were examined for quality control test. The number of defects in each tape
recorder is recorded below. Draw the appropriate control chart and comment on the state of control.
Unit No.(i) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
No. of defects (c) 2 4 3 1 1 2 5 3 6 7 3 1 4 2 1
Solution:
The number of defects per sample containing only one item is given, c 
c  2  4  3 
i  2  1

45
3
N 15 15
CL  c  3; LCL  c  3 c  3  3 3   2.20 ; LCL  0 ( since LCL cannot be negative)
UCL  c  3 c  3  3 3  8.20
Since all the sample points lie within the LCL and UCL lines, the process is under control.

3b) Construct a control chart for defectives for the following data: (APRIL / MAY ’15 ) (APR / MAY ’19)
Sample No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. inspected: 90 65 85 70 80 80 70 95 90 75
No. of defectives: 9 7 3 2 9 5 3 9 6 7
Solution:
We note that the size of the sample varies from sample to sample.
We can construct p-chart , provided 0.75n  n i  1.25 n , for all i
1 1 1
Here n   n i   90  65  .............  90  75   800   80
N 10 10
Hence 0.75 n  60 and 1.25 n  100
The values of ni be between 60 and 100. Hence p-chart, can be drawn by the method given below.
Total no.of defectives 60
Now p    0.075
Total no.of items inspected 800
Hence for the p-chart to be constructed,
CL= p  0.075
LCL= p  3

p 1 p   0.075  3 0.075 x0.925
 0.013
n 80
Since LCL cannot be negative, it is taken as 0.
UCL= p  3

p 1 p   0.075  3 0.075 x0.925
 0.163
n 80
The values of pi for the various samples are 0.100, 0.108,0.035, 0.029, 0.113, 0.063, 0.043, 0.067, 0.093
Since all the sample points lie within the control lines, the process is under control.
4. The data given below are the number of defectives in 10 samples of 100 items each. Construct a p-chart
and an np-chart and comment on the results. ( MAY / JUNE ’14) (APRIL / MAY ‘17)
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of defectives 6 16 7 3 8 12 7 11 11 4

Solution:
Sample size is constant for all samples, n=100.
Total no. of defectives = 6 + 16+7+3+8+12+7+11+11+4= 85
Total no. Inspected= 10 x 100 = 1000
Total no.of defectives 85
Average fraction defective = p    0.085
Total no.of items inspected 1000
For p-chart:
p 1  p   0.085 (0.915)  0.0013
LCL  p  3  0.085  3
n 100
p 1  p    0.085 0.915   0.1687
UCL  p  3  0.085  
n  3 
 
UCL=0.1687
Conclusion:
All these values are less than UCL=0.1687 and greater than LCL=0.0013. In the control chart, all sample points lie
within the control limits. Hence, the process is under statistical control.
For np-chart:

UCL  n p  3 n p 1  p 

 np3
p 1 p     100  0.1687   16.87
 n 
 
np  100  0.085  8.5

LCL  n p  3 n p 1  p 

 np 3
p 1 p    100  0.0013  0.13
 n 
 

UCL=16.87
CL=8.5
LCL=0.13
Conclusion:
All the values of number of defectives in the table lie between 16.87 and 0.13. Hence, the process is under control
even in np-chart.
5. The following data give the measurements of 10 samples each of size 5 in the production process taken
in an interval of 2 hours. Calculate the sample means and ranges and draw the control charts for mean
and range. (MAY / JUNE ‘16) (NOV / DEC ’18)
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Observed 49 50 50 48 47 52 49 55 53 54
measurements 55 51 53 53 49 55 49 55 50 54
X
54 53 48 51 50 47 49 50 54 52
49 46 52 50 44 56 53 53 47 54
53 50 47 53 45 50 45 57 51 56
Solution:
1 1
X  X i  52  50  50  51  47  52  49  54  51  54  51.0
N 10
1 1
R   R i   6  7  6  5  6  9  8  7  7  4   6.5
N 10
From the table of control chart for sample size n=5, we have A2  0.577, D3  0 & D4  2.115
CL (central line) = X  51.0 ; LCL  X  A2 R 2  51.0  (0.577)(6.5)  47.2495
UCL  X  A2 R 2  51.0  (0.577)(6.5)  54.7505

UCL=54.75
MEAN CHART
Conclusion :Since 5th sample mean fall outside the control limits the statistical process is out of control according
to X chart
Control limits for R-Chart: CL  R  6.5; LCL  D3 R  0; UCL  D4R   2.115 6.5  13.7475
i)
RANGE CHART
Conclusion :
Since all the sample means fall within the control limits the statistical process is under control according to
R chart .

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Subject Name: Probability and Statistics Subject Code: MA8391 Question Bank 2019 – 2020

MA8391 - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

3. State Baye’s Theorem on Probability.

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Var  2  3 X   (3) 2 Var  X   9  4  36 Var  aX  b   (a) 2 Var  X 

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20. If X is a normal variate with mean  30 and S.D = 5. Find P  26  X  40

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P( X  2,3,4  X  3,4,5,6,7) P( X  3,4)

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3  366 1098  400 698

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 P(0  Z  0.55)  P(0  Z  0.85)

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(iii )P  X  1.5   F (1.5) [ F ( x)  P ( X  x)]

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Mean and Variance

 q p(1  q)1  qt p( p)1  q t

Hence P  X  s  t   qst and P  X  s  qs

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 3 Cumulative distribution function of X

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  e x dx. e y dy   e x  .  e y   e1  e2 

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15. The joint probability mass function of X and Y is

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Var(X) = E(X2) – (E(X))2 = 25  E(X2) = 25

 U2 = E(U2) – (E(U))2 = 169 and  V2 = E(V2) – (E(V))2 = 225

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No 26

n  6, U  6, V  8, U 2  48, V 2  34, UV  22 U 

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No 27

Conditional distribution of X given Y = 2

P(X = xi / Y = 2) = [P(X = xi ,Y = 2)]/ P(Y = 2) 13/48 16/48 19/48

P(X ≤ 2 / Y ≤ 1) = P(X=1, Y= 0) + P(X=1, Y= 1) + P(X=2, Y= 0)+ P(X=2, Y= 1)

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The F test is based on the following assumptions:

16. State the assumptions of Chi-square test.

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17. Write 95% confidence interval of the population mean.

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95 % Confidence interval for the sample mean x t  t0.05,9  2.262

 10.2091  x  100  10.2091

i.e. ,the accidents are uniformly distributed over the 6 days .