Nozzle Efficiency

Indian journal of fiber & textile research.
Vol. 35, dec.-2010.
AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE SUB-NOZZLE

EFFICIENCY OF AIR-JET WEAVING MACHINE.
Authors: Magdi EI-Messiry & Shaimaa
Youssef
Textile engg. Deptt., Alexandria university ,
Egypt
By: Utkarsh Solanki (M.E.-Part 1)

OUTLINE
• AIRJET WEAVING LOOM
• Design of sub-nozzle
• Proposed Instrument principle to
Measure Sub-nozzle and Main
Nozzle Efficiency
• Design parameters of the apparatus
• Procedure for measuring the nozzle
• Conclusion
AIRJET WEAVING LOOM
 Airjet loom is a very good alternative to other weft
insertion systems, but its major drawback is its high
power consumption due to compressed air.
 Air-jet looms mostly used because of its

versatility and high productivity.
 Due to substantial consumption of air and

compressor electricity, the airjet weaving machine
becomes more expensive.
Continued..
 Some parameters has to be study

intensively to overcome this disadvantage like,
a) Main nozzle shape,
b) Exit shape of sub-nozzle,
c) Response time of solenoid valve,
d) Sub-nozzle locations.
Continued..
Energy saving is the main aspect of air-jet loom.
 Compressor consume 60-80% electricity of

air-jet loom.
Sub-nozzles use almost all of the air consumption

in the air-jet loom because of their number.
 The purpose of this paper is to investigate the

sub-nozzle efficiency, so we can save the energy lost
in air-jet loom by using its different design and
apparatus for measuring the sub-nozzle efficiency.

Measure Sub-nozzle and Main
Nozzle Efficiency

• Conclusion
Design of sub-nozzle
 Sub-nozzles are arranged in a group of 4 or 5.
An electro-magnetic valve is attached to each group

and the sub- nozzle of the same group jet
simultaneously.
 Air consumption was also reduced by 10 percent

by adopting solenoid valves for every two
sub-nozzles.
Continued..
Figure 1. Design of few sub-nozzles

Continued..
 There are different sub-nozzle designs with

rectangular hole, circular hole, elliptical hole,
multi holes, two vertical holes ,and tapered hole.
It has been found that sub-nozzle with multi

holes (19 holes) gives blowing angle stable at
different pressure levels with 15% higher weft
yarn insertion speed than single hole.
Continued..
 Tsudakoma Co patented a
new design of the sub-
nozzle in which the
interior is wider at one end
than the other.
 The nozzle’s pulling force
is augmented by 30%,
and air consumption of the
main nozzle is reduced by Figure 2. New design
10% in comparison to the of sub-nozzle
cylindrical nozzle.
Figure 3. Nozzle Inspector TR-7700
Continued..
The TR-7700 Nozzle Inspector is a maintenance

tool for ensuring higher efficiency of air-jet loom
performance by setting sub-nozzles as per the
visual data gathered on loom.
 Variations in nozzle angles and air flow details

can be compared between different sub-nozzles on
the same or different looms, and this information
can be used to correct these discrepancies.
Continued..
 In an ideal case, flow through a perfect nozzle

would be reversible. For instance, without heat
transfer, frictional effect, and shocks and will therefore
be isentropic.
 During the weaving process or loom maintenance

the holes in the sub-nozzles are subjected to be
blocked partially. A nozzle inspector needs to be sure
that the right value of air velocity will come at the pre-
determined pressure.

Measure Sub-nozzle and Main Nozzle
Efficiency

• Conclusion
Proposed Instrument principle to Measure
Sub-nozzle and Main Nozzle Efficiency
Figure 4.
Schematic
diagram of
the
apparatus
used for
measuring
the efficiency
of both sub-
nozzle and
main nozzle
Continued..
The compressed air was supplied through

a pressure gauge from the compressor, air
receiver, and flow meter using a separate air
valve for each of sub-nozzle or main nozzle
to operate main nozzle or sub-nozzle
individually during the test.
 To measure the efficiency of sub-nozzle

and main nozzle, an apparatus was
constructed using a scaled glass tunnel
which is held by a special attachment.
Continued..
When the air is connected to the nozzle,

the height of the plastic ball determines the
air flow rate. The value of the ball height
defines the condition of the nozzle and,
hence its efficiency.
 In the case of measuring the efficiency

of sub-nozzle, a ball weighting 17.3g was
S
used, while in the case of measuring main C
A
nozzle, a ball was weighting 60g because L
E
the air flow coming of the main nozzle is
higher than that of the sub-nozzle.

Efficiency
• Conclusion
Design parameters of the apparatus
 There are different sub-nozzles
with different shapes and hence, the
air velocity distribution from the
sub-nozzles also differs.
 The position of the sub-nozzle in

the apparatus should be changed
according to the angle of the
confection of the air stream coming
from the sub-nozzle to enter the
edge of the glass tube.
Figure 5. Principle for measuring sub-
nozzle efficiency
Continued..
 The following equation are used to determine

the position of sub-nozzle in the apparatus:
D =D ball +4 mm
L= (D /2) / (tan(θ /2))
where D ball is the diameter of ball ;
D is the diameter of glass tunnel ;
L= the distance between nozzle opening
and opening of glass tunnel ;
θ = the angle of the confection of air stream
coming from nozzle.
D

Efficiency

• Conclusion
Procedure for measuring the nozzle
1.Adjust the position of the sub-nozzle and the
pressure gauge on the required air pressure.
2.Open the air-jet valve, put the ball in the air

stream inside the glass tunnel
3.Read the ball height from the scale on glass

tunnel
Continued..
In a weaving mill random
samples of sub-nozzles
were tested on the designed
apparatus. The average
values of the floating ball
height (H) at different air
pressures are shown in Fig. 6
It is found that 19 holes

sub-nozzle gives less efficiency
than the single hole Figure 6. Comparison between
different types of sub-nozzle at
either straight or inclined. different values of the air pressure
Continued..
 Figure 7 illustrates the testing
results of the main group
nozzle at the different air
pressure values.
 The design of the suggested
apparatus is simple and
reliable and hence weaving
mills can use it to inspect the
nozzle’s efficiency on the
weaving machine, especially
Figure 7. Effect of air pressure on
after the maintenance or the measuring ball height in the
when new nozzles are case of testing main nozzle
supplied.
Continued..
 The use of this apparatus assures that the

entire nozzles have the same efficiency
required for successful weaving at minimum
compressed air consumption.

Efficiency

• Conclusion
Conclusion
To reduce the air consumption in airjet weaving,
the following subjects were studied:
 By measurement of dynamic air velocity found
that dynamic air velocity increases with time
(distance constant) and decreases with distance
from the nozzle.
 By measurement of air flow velocity on the basis
of fluid dynamics each part of main nozzle with
help of pulls force formula found that decreasing
the diameter of the main nozzle can reduce energy
consumption; whereas increasing the length of the
thread tube can increase the pull force.
Continued..
 By studying the transonic/supersonic flow

analysis of main nozzle and shape they found
that the change in nozzle shape from the
square shaped needle end to the circular arc
causes static pressure to raise in the tube and
reduces total pressure losses in the nozzle.
 For instance, air consumption can be
reduced slightly.
Continued..
 By study of air consumption by single

nozzle design and performance analysis, the
found that the nozzle design has a great
influence on the flow characteristics at the
nozzle exit. The position of the yarn tube tip
relative to the entrance of the air tube
determines the amount of air flow through
the yarn tube. The yarn tube tip must be
placed at a position to create suction inside
the yarn tube. This makes the threading of
the yarn much easier.
Continued..
 By study of flow characteristics of main nozzle

(by designing main nozzle, body, needle and
acceleration), they concluded that in order to
enhance the efficiency of the airjet in main
nozzle, the dimensions and harmony of the
needle tip, inner diameter, and length, among
other things, are very important.
From this study one can conclude that all
technological modifications can help to design
final main nozzle with minimum air
consumption.
References
1. Göktape. Ö. and Bozkan. O,, "Study on reduction of air consumption on air jet
weaving machine." Textile Research Journal, 78(9) :( 2008), p 816-824.
2. . T.H.OH, S.D.Kim. "A Numerical analysis of Transonic/supersonic flow in the
Axisymmetric Main nozzle of an Air-jet loom." Textile Research Journal, 71(9):
(September 2001), p 783-790
3. http://www.tsudkama.co.jp/textile/zax9100 (downloaded)
4. http://www.thaitakayamareed.co.th/tr_7700.html(downloaded)
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_process
6. Japan Machinery Federation Presidential Prize "Air Jet Loom that reduces
compressed air consumption (ZAX9100." February 2006.

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Indian journal of fiber & textile research.

Vol. 35, dec.-2010.

AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE SUB-NOZZLE

By: Utkarsh Solanki (M.E.-Part 1)

 Air-jet looms mostly used because of its

 Due to substantial consumption of air and

 Some parameters has to be study

b) Exit shape of sub-nozzle,

c) Response time of solenoid valve,

Energy saving is the main aspect of air-jet loom.

 Compressor consume 60-80% electricity of

Sub-nozzles use almost all of the air consumption

 The purpose of this paper is to investigate the

• Proposed Instrument principle to

• Design parameters of the apparatus

An electro-magnetic valve is attached to each group

 Air consumption was also reduced by 10 percent

Figure 1. Design of few sub-nozzles

 There are different sub-nozzle designs with

It has been found that sub-nozzle with multi

The TR-7700 Nozzle Inspector is a maintenance

 Variations in nozzle angles and air flow details

 In an ideal case, flow through a perfect nozzle

 During the weaving process or loom maintenance

• Proposed Instrument principle to

• Design parameters of the apparatus

The compressed air was supplied through

 To measure the efficiency of sub-nozzle

When the air is connected to the nozzle,

 In the case of measuring the efficiency

• Proposed Instrument principle to

• Design parameters of the apparatus

• Procedure for measuring the nozzle

 The position of the sub-nozzle in

 The following equation are used to determine

• Proposed Instrument principle to

• Design parameters of the apparatus

2.Open the air-jet valve, put the ball in the air

3.Read the ball height from the scale on glass

It is found that 19 holes

 The use of this apparatus assures that the

• Proposed Instrument principle to

• Design parameters of the apparatus

 By studying the transonic/supersonic flow

 By study of air consumption by single

 By study of flow characteristics of main nozzle

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