Valuation Under The Customs Act, 1962: After Studying This Chapter, You Would Be Able To

4
VALUATION UNDER THE

CUSTOMS ACT, 1962
For the sake of brevity “Goods and Services Tax Compensation Cess” has been
referred to as “GST compensation cess” respectively.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this chapter, you would be able to:
 comprehend the concept of value in relation to import or export
 appreciate the concept of indirect tax and valuation for the same
 identify two approaches for computing the assessable value
 analyse and apply the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of
Imported Goods) Rules, 2007 and Customs Valuation (Determination of
Value of Export Goods) Rules, 2007
 identify the date for determination of rate of duty and tariff value.
 analyse and apply the special provisions for classification of sets of
articles and accessories.
 synthesis of the above provisions to determine the assessable value of
imported/exported goods and total customs duty and integrated tax
payable on importation.
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

4.2 CUSTOMS & FTP
1. INTRODUCTION
The manner in which duties of customs are charged on goods imported into India
(import duty) or goods exported from India (export duty) is basically either by way
of –
(a) Specific duty based on the quantity of the goods like `1000 per metric ton of
steel; or
(b) Ad valorem duty, expressed as percentage of the value of the goods i.e. 40%
ad valorem etc.
The disadvantage with a specific duty is that the revenue to the Government
remains fixed, unless there is variation in the quantum of total imports and exports.
The continuous upward trend in the price of goods has suggested that the
Government is losing increase in its revenue by not following ad valorem basis of
duties.
2. CONCEPT OF VALUE
Section 2(41) of the Customs Act, 1962, defines value in relation to any goods as
the value thereof determined in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1)
or sub-section (2) of section 14.
Some of the values commonly known to the public are:
(i) Cost price to the manufacturer: It is the total cost incurred by the
manufacturer of an article or product in producing or manufacturing the
product.
(ii) Sale price of the manufacturer: It is the price at which the manufacturer is
selling the goods to the buyer.
(iii) There are two sale prices namely
(a) a domestic sale price
(b) an export price in the course of international trade.
(iv) In the course of sale, there are two situations namely, wholesale transactions
and retail trade. Thus, we have (a) wholesale price and (b) retail price
(v) The sale may be on down right cash basis, or payment on delivery of the
goods or the title documents or deferred payment say either on installments
or after 30 or 90 days.

VALUATION UNDER THE CUSTOMS ACT, 1962 4.3
These situations give rise to (a) cash price; (b) payment by sight draft; (60 or
90 days draft).
(vi) There are situations where the manufacturer himself may not be exporting
the goods in the course of international trade. This gives rise to the concept
of suppliers. As a result, we have supplier’s price.
(vii) In the course of international trade, where the buyer is in another country,
the seller has often to resort to price list or catalogues. This is in turn gives
rise to list price.
(viii) There is always a negotiation between the buyer and the seller. The
contracted price is arrived at by giving discounts to the list price. Such
discounts are given for various considerations. We have therefore terms like
(i) Trade discount
(ii) Quantity discount
(iii) Prompt payment cash discount
(iv) L/C discount
(v) Special discount
(ix) There are situations where the goods are defective, sub–standard or there is
a glut of stock and the goods have to be sold at the best price available. This
yields disposal price.
(x) The price may vary from consignment from consignment even though there
may not be any underhand dealing in the transaction. Such a price is called
transaction value.
(xi) There may be a clear understanding between the overseas seller and the
Indian buyer of the goods. They may have a special relationship, such as, the
Indian buyer may be the sole selling agent for the goods of the overseas
seller. He may be the sole distributor. He may even be a branch or subsidiary
of the seller and the sale may be a stock transfer. In such a situation, the price
is known as dealer’s price.
(xii) Lastly, if we have no information of any of the matters relating to the
transaction and we have only the commercial invoice used in the transaction,
the price is invoice price.

4.4 CUSTOMS & FTP
3. TERMS USED IN COMMERCIAL PARLANCE

It would be useful to know and understand the terms and contents of documents
used in the International Trade transactions.
(1) Invoice This is the basic commercial document showing

particulars regarding description of goods
- quantity and unit price
- discounts and net price
- names of consignor and consignee
- payment particulars.
- contract or acceptance of order on the basis of
which the goods are supplied.
(2) Packing specification Giving particulars of the contents of each package

in the consignment.
(3) Certificate of Origin A certificate issued by the competent authority in

the country of manufacture giving the extent of
the manufacture in that country.
(4) Bill of Lading A negotiable document given by the carriers of

the cargo giving particulars of
(a) Port of shipment (b) No. of packages
covered by the consignment (c) Marks and
numbers on the page (d) Name of the vessel in
which the goods have been dispatched (e) Name
of the consignee of the goods, (f) whether the
freight has been pre-paid or is to be collected at
the destination. It is a negotiable document which
has to be surrendered to the carrier for getting
delivery of the goods.
(5) Air Consignment It is a document corresponding to Bill of Lading,

Note in the case of cargo imported or exported by air.
(6) Indent It is a document showing the particulars of the

consignment for which the buyer has placed an

order with the supplier. It normally gives

particulars about (i) full description of the goods
(ii) unit price (iii) mode of payment (iv) quantity
required (v) delivery instructions.
(7) Quotation It is a document, which indicates the price, the

terms and other conditions on which the seller is
willing to supply goods to the buyer.
(8) Acceptance It refers to the formalisation of the contract of sale

between the buyer and the seller. Once the seller
of the goods sends his acceptance of the order of
the buyer (the indent) the contract is complete.
The acceptance will inter alia contain particulars
of description of the goods to be supplied, unit
price, including discounts and other charges, time
and terms of delivery, penal clause for breach of
contract, agreed terms of payment.
(9) Letter of Credit This is an instrument delivered by the bank

intimating the seller that the buyer has instructed
the bank and the bank will according to these
instructions pay the seller of the goods, the bill
amount for the supply of the goods on
presentation of certain documents evidencing
shipment of the goods.
(10) Sight draft A documentary bill of exchange between importer

and exporter, promising payment to exporter
immediately on delivery of original negotiable
documents to the importer through banking channel.
It is in contrast to time draft, where importer gets
fixed time for making payment after delivery of
original negotiable documents to importer.
(11) Delivery Order An authorisation given by the local agent of the

carriers, on surrender of the original negotiable
copy of the bill of lading or air consignment note,
directing the custodian of the cargo to deliver the
consignment to the importer or his agent.

4.6 CUSTOMS & FTP
(12) Mate’s Receipt A receipt given by the First mate or First officer or
cargo supervisor of the conveyance certifying the
total quantity of the consignment received on
board the vessel or the aircraft. A bill of lading or
air consignment note is issued by the agent of the
Carrier Company on surrender of the mate’s
receipt.
(13) Retirement of The process of handing over of original negotiable

documents copies of the shipment documents like invoice,
packing specification, certificate of origin, by the
exporter to importer generally through a banker.
(14) Non-negotiable Since retirement of the original document takes

documents time, non-negotiable documents are given to the
importer to facilitate clearance.
Negotiable documents require original bill of
lading/airway bill to be shown for taking delivery
of the cargo. However, non-negotiable bill of
lading/airway bill does not require original to be
shown by the buyer. Delivery can be given upon
authentication of consignee coordinates.
(15) Boat/Lighterage Sometimes the vessel is unable to get a berth

Charge alongside the quay in the harbour. The goods are
then transported from the ship to the shore by
boats / lighters. The charges paid therefore are
called Boat / Lighterage charges.
(16) Customs Broker Since the importers / exporters may not be able to
devote time and energy to clear imported goods
or export goods, and since it involves running
about to several organisations apart from
customs, like Port, Trust, steamer agents,
insurance companies, the assistance of agency
organisation having adequate technical
knowledge and expertise has been provided in the
form of customs broker.

(17) Insurance cover It is customary to insure all goods which are

traded in the course of international trade. The
general cover relates to risk on account of loss,
pilferage, fire, storm, etc. However, loss of goods
on account of seizure of goods due to war, is a
separate cover. It is therefore customary to refer
to the insurance as marine risk insurance and war
risk insurance. The policy and cover of such
insurance is a relevant document for valuation.
4 TECHNICAL TERMS RELATING TO VALUE IN

THE COURSE OF IMPORT OR EXPORT –
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL (INCO)
TERMS
(1) Ex-Factory Price It is the price of the goods at the factory gate. It
includes cost of production and manufacturer’s
margin of profit without cost of freight for outward
delivery of goods.
(2) F.A.S. (Free Alongside) It is the cost at which the export goods are
delivered alongside the ship, ready for shipment. It
includes ex-factory +local freight + local taxes.
(3) F.O.B. (Free on Board) Technically there is not much of a difference

between FAS and FOB cost. FOB means the stage
at which the goods are placed on board the
conveyance carrying the vessel. It can be said to
include FAS + loading charges + export duty/cess.
(4) C.I.F. (Cost Insurance It is the cost at which the goods are delivered at
Freight) the Indian port (F.O.B. +Insurance + Freight). It
covers cost of goods. Sometimes there is referred
as CFC also.

4.8 CUSTOMS & FTP
5. CONCEPT OF INDIRECT TAX AND

VALUATION FOR THE SAME
Customs duty is an indirect tax. It is a tax on the goods and it is not a tax on the
person having or owning the goods. The charge of tax attaches to the goods. Unless
the tax liability is discharged, the goods are not allowed to proceed further. It
becomes therefore necessary for the importer, who desires to take clearance of the
goods for home consumption, to discharge the duty liability. Similarly, in case of
baggage of the passenger travelling from abroad, the passenger cannot take his
goods unless the duty liability is discharged.
The essence is simple. Like articles in similar situations should attract the same
burden. As a corollary it follows that
(i) There should be uniformity in tax burden.
(ii) Since the rate of duty is already fixed for like goods, the value of goods should
be uniform for all imports / exports for like goods at the same time and place.
(iii) The value of the goods should be proximate to the point of taxation i.e. in
the case of import, the value at the point of import is relevant.
(iv) Variations in the price agreed in each transaction on account of factors other
than in the course of normal international wholesale trade should be adjusted.
6. TWO APPROACHES FOR COMPUTING THE

ASSESSABLE VALUE
In the course of import, the goods take the following route.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Manufac- Supplier Port of Port of Cost to Cost to Cost to
turer shipment import Importer Wholesale Retailer/
Dealer Consumer
Theoretically, the value of the goods at stages (1) (2) (3) (5) (6) (7) is tangible and
ascertainable. Furthermore, these values are documented and capable of

verification by comparison with corresponding values for such or similar goods. The
documents involved in such stages are
(i) Manufacturer’s price list / quotation / sale invoices.
(ii) Supplier’s sale invoices/ market prices
(iii) Customs approved attested documents showing value adopted for levy of
export duty and allied controls.
(iv) Importer’s account books
(v) Sale invoices issued by importer to the wholesale dealer or the next
purchaser. Market trend of the prices of the goods.
(vi) Sale invoices of wholesale dealers; and trend of prices in the market.
The invoice values normally give CIF or FOB values of the goods. The general rule
is that the value declared by the importer i.e. the declared value shall be accepted
by the customs officers subject to fulfillment of conditions. Else, the market value
is the wholesale market price at which the importers are regularly selling imported
goods. These two are the tangible and readily available data, at the hands of the
customs officers to arrive at the “assessable value” i.e. a notional deducted value of
the goods. This is an approach that may be used by the customs officers if the
declared value is not acceptable in law.
Thus, two well accepted approaches have evolved for cases of rejection of declared
value:
(i) first one, to take the actual wholesale market price of the goods in question
and giving necessary abatements to adjust the post–importation costs;
(ii) the second, to take value given in the invoice as base and make necessary
adjustments for factors influencing the price in individual transactions.
However, the default mode of valuation is always the declared transaction value,
plus the elements that are to be added under law (refer section 14).
7. VALUATION OF GOODS BASED ON

SECTION 14
Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 prescribes the mode of identifying the value
of imported or export goods for the purpose of payment of customs duty. The
provisions of section 14 are discussed below: -

4.10 CUSTOMS & FTP
TRANSACTION VALUE
(i) Sub-section (1) lays down that for the purposes of the Customs Tariff Act,
1975, or any other law for the time being in force, the value of the imported
goods and export goods shall be the ‘transaction value’ of such goods.
(ii) In case of export goods, the transaction value shall be
• the price actually paid or payable for the goods
• when sold for export from India
• for delivery at the time and place of exportation
• where the buyer and seller of the goods are not related and
• price is the sole consideration for the sale.
However, further conditions may be specified in the rules made in this behalf.
(iii) In case of imported goods, the transaction value shall be
• the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export
to India
• for delivery at the time and place of importation
• where the buyer and seller of the goods are not related and
• price is the sole consideration for the sale.
However, in this case also, further conditions may be specified in the rules
made in this behalf.
Such transaction value shall also include in addition to the price as aforesaid,
any amount paid or payable for costs and services, including:
• commissions and brokerage,
• engineering,
• design work,
• royalties and licence fees,
• costs of transportation to the place of importation,
• insurance
• loading,

• unloading and
• handling charges
to the extent and in manner specified in the rules made in this behalf.
(iv) Such rules may provide for:
(a) the circumstances in which the buyer and the seller shall be deemed to
be related;
(b) the manner of determination of value in respect of goods when there is
no sale, or the buyer and the seller are related, or price is not the sole
consideration for the sale, or in any other case;
(c) the manner of acceptance or rejection of value declared by the importer
or exporter, as the case may be, where the proper officer has reason to
doubt the truth or accuracy of such value, and determination of value
for the purposes of this section.
CONVERSION DATES
(v) For imported goods, the conversion in value shall be done with reference to the
rate of exchange prevalent on the date of filing bill of entry under section 46.
(vi) For export goods, the conversion in value shall be done with reference to the
rate of exchange prevalent on the date of filing shipping bill (vessel or
aircraft) or bill of export (vehicle) under section 50.
In case of Samar Timber Corporation v. ACC 1995 (79) E.L.T. 549 (Bom.), it was held
that relevant date in respect of rate of duty payable is the date of presentation of
Bill of Entry and not date of re-presentation after correction.
CURRENCY CONVERSION RATE

(vii) The rate of exchange is notified by three agencies- the Central Board of
Indirect taxes and Customs (Board), the Reserve Bank of India and the Foreign
Exchange Dealers’ Association of India. For the purpose of customs valuation,
“rate of exchange” means the rate of exchange-
(i) determined by the Board, or
(ii) ascertained in such manner as the Board may direct,
for the conversion of Indian currency into foreign currency or foreign currency
into Indian currency. Thus, for the purpose of valuation under customs laws,
rate notified by CBIC (Board) shall be taken into account.

4.12 CUSTOMS & FTP
The CBIC notifies the rates periodically, generally every fortnight. There are
separate rates for imported goods (selling rate) and export goods (buying rate).
(viii) “Foreign currency” and ‘‘Indian currency” have the meanings respectively
assigned to them in clause (m) and clause (q) of section 2 of the Foreign
Exchange Management Act, 1999.
TARIFF VALUE
(ix) Sub-section (2) of Section 14 provides that the Board may fix tariff values for
any class of imported goods or export goods, having regard to the trend of
value of such or like goods, by notification in the Official Gazette if it is
satisfied that it is necessary to do so.
(x) Where any such tariff values are fixed, the duty shall be chargeable with
reference to such tariff value. Provisions of sub-section (2) have an overriding
effect on the provisions of sub-section (1) providing for transaction value.
8. CUSTOMS VALUATION (DETERMINATION

OF VALUE OF IMPORTED GOODS) RULES,
2007
Notification No. 94/2007 Cus. (NT) dated 13.09.2007 notified Customs Valuation
(Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007. They apply to imported
goods. The rules are given below:
Rule Valuation Rules for Imports

No.
2 Definitions
3 Determination of the method of valuation
4 Transaction value of identical goods
5 Transaction value of similar goods
6 Determination of value where value cannot be determined

under rules 3, 4 and 5
7 Deductive value

8 Computed value
9 Residual Method
10 Cost and services
11 Declaration by the Importer
12 Rejection of declared value
13 Interpretative notes
RULE 2 – DEFINITIONS
(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires, -
(a) “computed value” means the value of imported goods determined in
accordance with rule 8.
(b) “deductive value” means the value determined in accordance with rule 7.
(c) “goods of the same class or kind”, means imported goods that are
within a group or range of imported goods produced by a particular
industry or industrial sector and includes identical goods or similar
goods.
(d) “identical goods” means imported goods –
(i) which are same in all respects, including physical characteristics,
quality and reputation as the goods being valued except for minor
differences in appearance that do not affect the value of the
goods;
(ii) produced in the country in which the goods being valued were
produced; and
(iii) produced by the same person who produced the goods, or where
no such goods are available, goods produced by a different
person, but shall not include imported goods where engineering,
development work, art work, design work, plan or sketch
undertaken in India were completed directly or indirectly by the
buyer on these imported goods free of charge or at a reduced
cost for use in connection with the production and sale for export
of these imported goods.

4.14 CUSTOMS & FTP
(da) “place of importation” means the customs station, where the goods
are brought for being cleared for home consumption or for being
removed for deposit in a warehouse
(e) “produced” includes grown, manufactured and mined.
(f) “similar goods” means imported goods –
(i) which although not alike in all respects, have like characteristics
and like component materials which enable them to perform the
same functions and to be commercially interchangeable with the
goods being valued having regard to the quality, reputation and
the existence of trade mark;
(ii) produced in the country in which the goods being valued were
produced; and
(iii) produced by the same person who produced the goods being
valued, or where no such goods are available, goods produced by
a different person, but shall not include imported goods where
engineering, development work, art work, design work, plan or
sketch undertaken in India were completed directly or indirectly
by the buyer on these imported goods free of charge or at a
reduced cost for use in connection with the production and sale
for export of these imported goods.
(g) “transaction value” means the value referred to in sub-section (1) of
section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962.
(2) For the purpose of these rules, persons shall be deemed to be “related” only
if –
(i) they are officers or directors of one another’s businesses;
(ii) they are legally recognised partners in business;
(iii) they are employer and employee;
(iv) any person directly or indirectly owns, controls or holds five per cent or
more of the outstanding voting stock or shares of both of them;
(v) one of them directly or indirectly controls the other;
(vi) both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person;
(vii) together they directly or indirectly control a third person; or

(viii) they are members of the same family.

Explanation I. – The term “person” also includes legal persons.
Explanation II. – Persons who are associated in the business of one another in that
one is the sole agent or sole distributor or sole concessionaire, howsoever
described, of the other shall be deemed to be related for the purpose of these rules,
if they fall within the criteria of this sub-rule.
In case of CC v. East African Traders 2000 (115) E.L.T. 613 (S.C.), it was held that
Customs authorities and Tribunal can pierce the veil of the respondent company to
determine whether or not the buyer and the seller were ‘related persons within the
scope of rule 2(2) of the erstwhile Customs Valuation (Determination of Price of
Imported Goods) Rules, 1988 [now rule 2(2) of the Customs Valuation
(Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
Illustration 1
M/s IES Ltd. (assessee) imported certain goods at US $ 20 per unit from an exporter
who was holding 30% equity in the share capital of the importer company.
Subsequently, the assessee entered into an agreement with the same exporter to
import the said goods in bulk at US $ 14 per unit. When imports at the reduced price
were effected pursuant to this agreement, the Department rejected the transaction
value stating that the price was influenced by the relationship and completed the
assessment on the basis of transaction value of the earlier imports i.e., at US $20 per
unit under rule 4 of the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported
Goods) Rules 2007.
State briefly, whether the Department's action is sustainable in law?
Answer
No, the Department’s action is not sustainable in law. Rule 2(2) of Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007, inter alia,
provides that persons shall be deemed to be "related" if one of them directly or
indirectly controls the other. The word “control” has not been defined under the
said rules. As per common parlance, control is established when one enterprise
holds at least 51% of the equity shareholding of the other company. However, in
the instant case, the exporter company held only 30% of shareholding of the
assessee. Thus, exporter company did not exercise control over the assessee. So,
the two parties cannot be said to be related.
The fact that assessee had made bulk imports could be a reason for reduction of
import price. The burden to prove under-valuation lies on the Revenue and in

4.16 CUSTOMS & FTP
absence of any evidence from the Department to prove under-valuation, the price
declared by the assessee is acceptable.
In the light of foregoing discussion, it can be inferred that Department’s action is
not sustainable in law.
RULE 3 – DETERMINATION OF THE METHOD OF VALUATION

(1) Subject to rule 12, the value of imported goods shall be the transaction value
adjusted in accordance with provisions of rule 10.
(2) Value of imported goods under sub-rule (1) shall be accepted:
Provided that-
(a) there are no restrictions as to the disposition or use of the goods by the
buyer other than restrictions which –
(i) are imposed or required by law or by the public authorities in
India; or
(ii) limit the geographical area in which the goods may be resold; or
(iii) do not substantially affect the value of the goods;
(b) the sale or price is not subject to some condition or consideration for
which a value cannot be determined in respect of the goods being
valued;
(c) no part of the proceeds of any subsequent resale, disposal or use of the
goods by the buyer will accrue directly or indirectly to the seller, unless
an appropriate adjustment can be made in accordance with the
provisions of rule 10 of these rules; and
(d) the buyer and seller are not related, or where the buyer and seller are
related, that transaction value is acceptable for customs purposes under
the provisions of sub-rule (3) below.
(3) (a) Where the buyer and seller are related, the transaction value shall be
accepted provided that the examination of the circumstances of the sale
of the imported goods indicate that the relationship did not influence
the price.
(b) In a sale between related persons, the transaction value shall be
accepted, whenever the importer demonstrates that the declared value
of the goods being valued, closely approximates to one of the following
values ascertained at or about the same time.

(i) the transaction value of identical goods, or of similar goods, in

sales to unrelated buyers in India;
(ii) the deductive value for identical goods or similar goods;
(iii) the computed value for identical goods or similar goods.
Provided that in applying the values used for comparison, due account
shall be taken of demonstrated difference in commercial levels, quantity
levels, adjustments in accordance with the provisions of rule 10 and cost
incurred by the seller in sales in which he and the buyer are not related.
(c) substitute values shall not be established under the provisions of clause
(b) of this sub-rule.
(4) If the value cannot be determined under the provisions of sub-rule (1), the
value shall be determined by proceeding sequentially through rule 4 to 9.
Determine value
Transaction value as per Rule 4 to 9
rejected under Rule 12 sequentially
or
Transaction value not Transaction value
available Apply Rule 3 adjusted in accordance
with Rule 10
RULE 4 – TRANSACTION VALUE OF IDENTICAL GOODS

(1) (a) Subject to the provisions of rule 3, the value of imported goods shall be
the transaction value of identical goods sold for export to India and
imported at or about the same time as the goods being valued.
Provided that such transaction value shall not be the value of the goods
provisionally assessed under section 18 of the Customs Act, 1962.
(b) In applying this rule, the transaction value of identical goods in a sale
at the same commercial level and in substantially the same quantity as
the goods being valued shall be used to determine the value of
imported goods.
(c) Where no sale referred to in clause (b) of sub-rule (1), is found, the
transaction value of identical goods sold at a different commercial level
or in different quantities or both, adjusted to take account of the
difference attributable to commercial level or to the quantity or both,

4.18 CUSTOMS & FTP
shall be used, provided that such adjustments shall be made on the

basis of demonstrated evidence which clearly establishes the
reasonableness and accuracy of the adjustments, whether such
adjustment leads to an increase or decrease in the value.
(2) Where the costs and charges referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 10 of these
rules are included in the transaction value of identical goods, an adjustment
shall be made, if there are significant differences in such costs and charges
between the goods being valued and the identical goods in question arising
from differences in distances and means of transport.
(3) In applying this rule, if more than one transaction value of identical goods is
found, the lowest such value shall be used to determine the value of imported
goods.
Transaction value of identical goods sold for export to India
Imported at or about the same time as the goods being valued
Identical goods should be sod at the same commercial level and substantially the
same quantity
If sold at different commercial level/quantiy, then adjustment to be made for the
difference
Adjustment to be made on account of difference in distance and means of

transport used for import of identical goods
In case more than one transaction value of identical goods is available, lowest value
may be considered
RULE 5 – TRANSACTION VALUE OF SIMILAR GOODS

(1) Subject to the provisions of rule 3, the value of imported goods shall be the
transaction value of similar goods sold for export to India and imported at or
about the same time as the goods being valued.

Provided that such transaction value shall not be the value of the goods
provisionally assessed under section 18 of the Customs Act, 1962.
(2) The provisions of clauses (b) and (c) of sub-rule (1), sub-rule (2) and sub-rule
(3), of rule 4 shall, mutatis mutandis, also apply in respect of similar goods.
RULE 6 – DETERMINATION OF VALUE WHERE VALUE CAN NOT BE

DETERMINED UNDER RULES 3, 4 AND 5
If the value of imported goods cannot be determined under the provisions of rules
3, 4 and 5, the value shall be determined under the provisions of rule 7 or, when
the value cannot be determined under that rule, under rule 8.
Provided that at the request of the importer, and with the approval of the proper
officer, the order of application of rules 7 and 8 shall be reversed.
RULE 7 – DEDUCTIVE VALUE
(1) Subject to the provisions of rule 3, if the goods being valued or identical or
similar imported goods are sold in India, in the condition as imported at or
about the time at which the declaration for determination of value is
presented, the value of imported goods shall be based on the unit price at
which the imported goods or identical or similar imported goods are sold in
the greatest aggregate quantity to persons who are not related to the sellers
in India, subject to the following deductions: —
(i) either the commission usually paid or agreed to be paid or the additions
usually made for profits and general expenses in connection with sales
in India of imported goods of the same class or kind;
(ii) the usual costs of transport and insurance and associated costs incurred
within India;
(iii) the customs duties and other taxes payable in India by reason of
importation or sale of the goods.
(2) If neither the imported goods nor identical nor similar imported goods are
sold at or about the same time of importation of the goods being valued, the
value of imported goods shall, subject otherwise to the provisions of sub-rule
(1), be based on the unit price at which the imported goods or identical or
similar imported goods are sold in India, at the earliest date after importation
but before the expiry of ninety days after such importation.
(3) (a) If neither the imported goods nor identical nor similar imported goods
are sold in India in the condition as imported, then, the value shall be

4.20 CUSTOMS & FTP
based on the unit price at which the imported goods, after further
processing, are sold in the greatest aggregate quantity to persons who
are not related to the seller in India.
(b) In such determination, due allowance shall be made for the value added
by processing and the deductions provided for in items (i) to (iii) of sub-
rule (1).
RULE 8 – COMPUTED VALUE
Subject to the provisions of rule 3, the value of imported goods shall be based on
a computed value, which shall consist of the sum of:-
(a) the cost or value of materials and fabrication or other processing employed
in producing the imported goods;
(b) an amount for profit and general expenses equal to that usually reflected in
sales of goods of the same class or kind as the goods being valued which are
made by producers in the country of exportation for export to India;
(c) the cost or value of all other expenses under sub-rule (2) of rule 10.
RULE 9 – RESIDUAL METHOD
(1) Subject to the provisions of rule 3, where the value of imported goods cannot
be determined under the provisions of any of the preceding rules, the value
shall be determined using reasonable means consistent with the principles
and general provisions of these rules and on the basis of data available in
India.
Provided that the value so determined shall not exceed the price at which
such or like goods are ordinarily sold or offered for sale for delivery at the
time and place of importation in the course of international trade, when the
seller or buyer has no interest in the business of other and price is the sole
consideration for the sale or offer for sale.
(2) No value shall be determined under the provisions of’ this rule on the basis
of—
(i) the selling price in India of the goods produced in India;
(ii) a system which provides for the acceptance for customs purposes of
the highest of the two alternative values;
(iii) the price of the goods on the domestic market of the country of
exportation;

(iv) the cost of production other than computed values which have been
determined for identical or similar goods in accordance with the
provisions of rule 8;
(v) the price of the goods for the export to a country other than India;
(vi) minimum customs values; or
(vii) arbitrary or fictitious values.
The residuary method can be considered if valuation is not possible by any
other method. [Sanjay Chandiram v. CC 1995 (77) E.L.T. 241 (S.C.)]
RULE 10 – COST AND SERVICES
(1) In determining the transaction value, there shall be added to the price actually
paid or payable for the imported goods:
(a) the following to the extent they are incurred by the buyer but are not
included in the price actually paid or payable for the imported goods,
namely:-
(i) commissions and brokerage, except buying commissions;
(ii) the cost of containers which are treated as being one for customs
purposes with the goods in question;
(iii) the cost of packing whether for labour or materials.
(b) The value, apportioned as appropriate, of the following goods and
services where supplied directly or indirectly by the buyer free of charge
or at reduced cost for use in connection with the production and sale
for export of imported goods, to the extent that such value has not
been included in the price actually paid or payable, namely:-
(i) materials, components, parts and similar items incorporated in
the imported goods;
(ii) tools, dies, moulds and similar items used in the production of the
Imported goods;
(iii) materials consumed in the production of the imported goods;
(iv) engineering, development, art work, design work, and plans and
sketches undertaken elsewhere than in India and necessary for the
production of the imported goods.

4.22 CUSTOMS & FTP
(c) royalties and licence fees related to the imported goods that the buyer
is required to pay, directly or indirectly, as a condition of the sale of the
goods being valued, to the extent that such royalties and fees are not
included in the price actually paid or payable;
(d) The value of any part of the proceeds of any subsequent resale, disposal
or use of the imported goods that accrues, directly or indirectly, to the
seller;
(e) all other payments actually made or to be made as a condition of sale
of the imported goods, by the buyer to the seller, or by the buyer to a
third party to satisfy an obligation of the seller to the extent that such
payments are not included in the price actually paid or payable.
Explanation.- Where the royalty, licence fee or any other payment for a
process, whether patented or otherwise, is includible referred to in clauses (c)
and (e), such charges shall be added to the price actually paid or payable for
the imported goods, notwithstanding the fact that such goods may be
subjected to the said process after importation of such goods.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1) of section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962
and these rules, the value of the imported goods shall be the value of such
goods, and shall include –
(a) the cost of transport, loading, unloading and handling charges
associated with the delivery of the imported goods to the place of
importation;
(b) the cost of insurance to the place of importation:
However, where the cost referred to in clause (a) is not ascertainable, such
cost shall be 20% of the free on board value of the goods:
Further that where the free on board value of the goods is not ascertainable
but the sum of free on board value of the goods and the cost referred to in
clause (b) is ascertainable, the cost referred to in clause (a) shall be 20% of
such sum:
Where the cost referred to in clause (b) is not ascertainable, such cost shall
be 1.125% of free on board value of the goods:
Where the free on board value of the goods is not ascertainable but the sum
of free on board value of the goods and the cost referred to in clause (a) is
ascertainable, the cost referred to in clause (b) shall be 1.125% of such sum:

In the case of goods imported by air, where the cost referred to in clause (a)
is ascertainable, such cost shall not exceed 20% of free on board value of the
goods:
In the case of goods imported by sea or air and transshipped to another
customs station in India, the cost of insurance, transport, loading, unloading,
handling charges associated with such transshipment shall be excluded.
Explanation-
The cost of transport of the imported goods referred to in clause (a) includes
the ship demurrage charges on charted vessels, lighterage or barge charges.
Illustration 2
Answer the following with reference to the provisions of section 14 of the Customs
Act, 1962 and the rules made thereunder:
(i) What shall be the value, if there is a price rise of the imported goods in
international market between the date of contract and the date of actual
importation but the importer pays the contract price?
(ii) Whether the payment for post-importation process is includible in the value if
the same is related to imported goods and is a condition of the sale of the
imported goods?
Answer
(i) The value of the imported goods or export goods is its transaction value,
which means the price actually paid or payable for the goods. Where a
contract has been entered into, the transaction value shall be the price stated
in the contract, unless it is not legally acceptable.
Price rise between date of contract and date of actual import is irrelevant, as
the price actually paid or payable shall be taken to be the value. Thus, price
stated in the contract (unless unacceptable) shall be taken.
(ii) As per explanation to Rule 10(1) of the Customs Valuation (Determination of
Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007, the payment for post-importation
process is includible in the value of the imported goods if the same is related
to such imported goods and is a condition of the sale thereof.

4.24 CUSTOMS & FTP
RULE 11 – DECLARATION BY THE IMPORTER

(1) The importer or his agent shall furnish –
(a) a declaration disclosing full and accurate details relating to the value of
imported goods; and
(b) any other statement, information or document including an invoice of
the manufacturer or producer of the imported goods where the goods
are imported from or through a person other than the manufacturer or
producer, as considered necessary by the proper officer for
determination of the value of imported goods under these rules.
(2) Nothing contained in these rules shall be construed as restricting or calling
into question the right of the proper officer of customs to satisfy himself as
to the truth or accuracy of any statement, information, document or
declaration presented for valuation purposes.
(3) The provisions of the Customs Act, 1962 relating to confiscation, penalty and
prosecution shall apply to cases where wrong declaration, information,
statement or documents are furnished under these rules.
RULE 12 – REJECTION OF DECLARED VALUE
(1) When the proper officer has reason to doubt the truth or accuracy of the
value declared in relation to any imported goods, he may ask the importer of
such goods to furnish further information including documents or other
evidence and if, after receiving such further information, or in the absence of
a response of such importer, the proper officer still has reasonable doubt
about the truth or accuracy of the value so declared, it shall be deemed that
the transaction value of such imported goods cannot be determined under
the provisions of sub-rule (1) of rule 3.
(2) At the request of an importer, the proper officer, shall intimate the importer
in writing the grounds for doubting the truth or accuracy of the value
declared in relation to goods imported by such importer and provide a
reasonable opportunity of being heard, before taking a final decision under
sub-rule (1).
Explanation.-(1) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that:–
(i) This rule by itself does not provide a method for determination of value, it
provides a mechanism and procedure for rejection of declared value in cases
where there is reasonable doubt that the declared value does not represent

the transaction value; where the declared value is rejected, the value shall be
determined by proceeding sequentially in accordance with rules 4 to 9.
(ii) The declared value shall be accepted where the proper officer is satisfied
about the truth and accuracy of the declared value after the said enquiry in
consultation with the importers.
(iii) The proper officer shall have the powers to raise doubts on the truth or
accuracy of the declared value based on certain reasons which may include–
(a) the significantly higher value at which identical or similar goods
imported at or about the same time in comparable quantities in a
comparable commercial transaction were assessed;
(b) the sale involves an abnormal discount or abnormal reduction from the
ordinary competitive price;
(c) the sale involves special discounts limited to exclusive agents;
(d) the misdeclaration of goods in parameters such as description, quality,
quantity, country of origin, year of manufacture or production;
(e) the non declaration of parameters such as brand, grade, specifications
that have relevance to value;
(f) the fraudulent or manipulated documents.
RULE 13 – INTERPRETATIVE NOTES
The interpretative notes specified in the Schedule to these rules shall apply for the
interpretation of these rules.
INTERPRETATIVE NOTES
General Note:
Use of generally accepted accounting principles
“Generally accepted accounting principles” refers to the recognized consensus or
substantial authoritative support within a country at a particular time as to which
economic resources and obligations shall be recorded as assets and liabilities,
which changes in assets and liabilities should be recorded, how the assets and
liabilities and changes in them should be measured, what information should be
disclosed and how it should be disclosed and which financial statements should be
prepared. These standards may be broad guidelines of general application as well
as detailed practices and procedures.

4.26 CUSTOMS & FTP
Notes to Rules
Note to rule 2
In rule 2(2)(v), for the purposes of these rules, one person shall be deemed to
control another when the former is legally or operationally in a position to exercise
restraint or direction over the latter.
Note to rule 3
Price actually paid or payable
The price actually paid or payable is the total payment made or to be made by the
buyer to or for the benefit of the seller for the imported goods. The payment need
not necessarily take the form of a transfer of money. Payment may be made by way
of letters of credit or negotiable instruments. Payment may be made directly or
indirectly. An example of an indirect payment would be the settlement by the buyer,
whether in whole or in part, of a debt owed by the seller.
Activities undertaken by the buyer on his own account, other than those for which
an adjustment is provided in rule 10, are not considered to be an indirect payment
to the seller, even though they might be regarded as of benefit to the seller. The
costs of such activities shall not, therefore, be added to the price actually paid or
payable in determining the value of imported goods.
The value of imported goods shall not include the following charges or costs,
provided that they are distinguished from the price actually paid or payable for the
imported goods:
(a) Charges for construction, erection, assembly, maintenance or technical
assistance, undertaken after importation on imported goods such as
industrial plant, machinery or equipment;
(b) The cost of transport after importation;
(c) Duties and taxes in India.
The price actually paid or payable refers to the price for the imported goods. Thus
the flow of dividends or other payments from the buyer to the seller that do not
relate to the imported goods are not part of the customs value.
Rule 3(2)(a)(iii): Among restrictions which would not render a price actually paid
or payable unacceptable are restrictions which do not substantially affect the value
of the goods. An example of such restrictions would be the case where a seller
requires a buyer of automobiles not to sell or exhibit them prior to a fixed date
which represents the beginning of a model year.

Rule 3(2)(b): If the sale or price is subject to some condition or consideration for
which a value cannot be determined with respect to the goods being valued, the
transaction value shall not be acceptable for customs purposes. Some examples of
this include-
(a) The seller establishes the price of the imported goods on condition that the
buyer will also buy other goods in specified quantities;
(b) the price of the imported goods is dependent upon the price or prices at
which the buyer of the imported goods sells other goods to the seller of the
imported goods;
(c) the price is established on the basis of a form of payment extraneous to the
imported goods, such as where the imported goods are semifinished goods
which have been provided by the seller on condition that he will receive a
specified quantity of the finished goods.
However, conditions or considerations relating to the production or marketing of
the imported goods shall not result in rejection of the transaction value. For
example, the fact that the buyer furnishes the seller with engineering and plans
undertaken in India shall not result in rejection of the transaction value for the
purposes of rule 3. Likewise, if the buyer undertakes on his own account, even
though by agreement with the seller, activities relating to the marketing of the
imported goods, the value of these activities is not part of the value of imported
goods nor shall such activities result in rejection of the transaction value.
Rule 3(3)
1. Rule 3(3)(a) and rule 3(3)(b) provide different means of establishing the
acceptability of a transaction value.
2. Rule 3(3)(a) provides that where the buyer and the seller are related, the
circumstances surrounding the sale shall be examined and the transaction
value shall be accepted as the value of imported goods provided that the
relationship did not influence the price. It is not intended that there should
be an examination of the circumstances in all cases where the buyer and the
seller are related. Such examination will only be required where there are
doubts about the acceptability of the price. Where the proper officer of
customs has no doubts about the acceptability of the price, it should be
accepted without requesting further information from the importer. For
example, the proper officer of customs may have previously examined the
relationship, or he may already have detailed information concerning the

4.28 CUSTOMS & FTP
buyer and the seller, and may already be satisfied from such examination or
information that the relationship did not influence the price.
3. Where the proper officer of customs is unable to accept the transaction value
without further inquiry, he should give the importer an opportunity to supply
such further detailed information as may be necessary to enable him to
examine the circumstances surrounding the sale. In this context, the proper
officer of customs should be prepared to examine relevant aspects of the
transaction, including the way in which the buyer and seller organize their
commercial relations and the way in which the price in question was arrived
at, in order to determine whether the relationship influenced the price. Where
it can be shown that the buyer and seller, although related under the
provisions of rule 2(2), buy from and sell to each other as if they were not
related, this would demonstrate that the price had not been influenced by
the relationship. As an example of this, if the price had been settled in a
manner consistent with the normal pricing practices of the industry in
question or with the way the seller settles prices for sales to buyers who are
not related to him, this would demonstrate that the price had not been
influenced by the relationship. As a further example, where it is shown that
the price is adequate to ensure recovery of all costs plus a profit which is
representative of the firm’s overall profit realized over a representative period
of time (e.g. on an annual basis) in sales of goods of the same class or kind,
this would demonstrate that the price had not been influenced.
4. Rule 3(3)(b) provides an opportunity for the importer to demonstrate that the
transaction value closely approximates to a “test” value previously accepted
by the proper officer of customs and is therefore acceptable under the
provisions of rule 3. Where a test under rule 3(3)(b) is met, it is not necessary
to examine the question of influence under rule 3(3)(a). If the proper officer
of customs has already sufficient information to be satisfied, without further
detailed inquiries, that one of the tests provided in rule 3(3)(b) has been met,
there is no reason for him to require the importer to demonstrate that the
test can be met. In rule 3(3)(b) the term “unrelated buyers” means buyers who
are not related to the seller in any particular case.
Rule 3(3)(b): A number of factors must be taken into consideration in determining
whether one value “closely approximates” to another value. These factors include
the nature of the imported goods, the nature of the industry itself, the season in
which the goods are imported, and whether the difference in values is commercially
significant. Since these factors may vary from case to case, it would be impossible

to apply a uniform standard such as a fixed percentage, in each case. For example,
a small difference in value in a case involving one type of goods could be
unacceptable while a large difference in a case involving another type of goods
might be acceptable in determining whether the transaction value closely
approximates to the “test” values set forth in rule 3(3)(b).
Notes to rule 4
1. In applying rule 4, the proper officer of customs shall, wherever possible, use
a sale of identical goods at the same commercial level and in substantially
the same quantities as the goods being valued. Where no such sale is found,
a sale of identical goods that takes place under any one of the following three
conditions may be used:
(a) a sale at the same commercial level but in different quantities; or
(b) a sale at a different commercial level but in substantially the same
quantities; or
(c) a sale at a different commercial level and in different quantities.
2. Having found a sale under any one of these three conditions adjustments will
then be made, as the case may be, for:
(a) quantity factors only;
(b) commercial level factors only; or
(c) both commercial level and quantity factors.
3. For the purposes of rule 4, the transaction value of identical imported goods
means a value, adjusted as provided for in rule 4(1)(b) and (c) and rule 4(2)
which has already been accepted under rule 3.
4. A condition for adjustment because of different commercial levels or different
quantities is that such adjustment, whether it leads to an increase or a
decrease in the value, be made only on the basis of demonstrated evidence
that clearly establishes the reasonableness and accuracy of the adjustment,
e.g. valid price lists containing prices referring to different levels or different
quantities. As an example of this, if the imported goods being valued consist
of a shipment of 10 units and the only identical imported goods for which a
transaction value exists involved a sale of 500 units, and it is recognized that
the seller grants quantity discounts, the required adjustment may be
accomplished by resorting to the seller’s price list and using that price
applicable to a sale of 10 units. This does not require that a sale had to have

4.30 CUSTOMS & FTP
been made in quantities of 10 as long as the price list has been established
as being bona fide through sales at other quantities. In the absence of such
an objective measure, however, the determination of a value under the
provisions of rule 4 is not appropriate.
Note to rule 5
1. In applying rule 5, the proper officer of customs shall, wherever possible, use
a sale of similar goods at the same commercial level and in substantially the
same quantities as the goods being valued. For the purpose of rule 5, the
transaction value of similar imported goods means the value of imported
goods, adjusted as provided for in rule 5(2) which has already been accepted
under rule 3.
2. All other provisions contained in note to rule 4 shall mutatis mutandis also
apply in respect of similar goods.
Note to rule 7
1. The term “unit/price at which goods are sold in the greatest aggregate
quantity” means the price at which the greatest number of units is sold in
sales to persons who are not related to the persons from whom they buy such
goods at the first commercial level after importation at which such sales take
place.
2. As an example of this, goods are sold from a price list which grants favourable
unit prices for purchases made in larger quantities.
Sale quantity Unit price Number of sales Total quantity sold at

each price
1 -10 units 100 10 sales of 5 units 65
5 sales of 3 units
11-25 units 95 5 sales of 11 units 55
Over 25 units 90 1 sale of 30 units 80
1 sale of 50 units
The greatest number of units sold at a price is 80, therefore, the unit price in
the greatest aggregate quantity is 90.
3. As another example of this, two sales occur. In the first sale 500 units are sold
at a price of 95 currency units each. In the second sale 400 units are sold at a

price of 90 currency units each. In this example, the greatest number of units
sold at a particular price is 500, therefore, the unit price in the greatest
aggregate quantity is 95.
4. A third example would be the following situation where various quantities are
sold at various prices.
(a) Sales
Sale quantity Unit price
40 units 100
30 units 90
15 units 100
50 units 95
25 units 105
35 units 90
5 units 100
(b) Totals
Total quantity sold Unit price
65 90
50 95
60 100
25 105
In this example, the greatest number of units sold at a particular price is 65,
therefore, the unit price in the greatest aggregate quantity is 90.
5. Any sale in India, as described in paragraph 1 above to a person who supplies
directly or indirectly free of charge or at reduced cost for use in connection
with the production and sale for export of the imported goods any of the
elements specified in rule10(l)(b), should not be taken into account in
establishing the unit price for the purposes of rule 7.
6. It should be noted that “profit and general expenses” referred to in rule 7(1)
should be taken as a whole. The figure for the purposes of this deduction
should be determined on the basis of information supplied by or on behalf
of the importer unless his figures are inconsistent with those obtaining in

4.32 CUSTOMS & FTP
sales in India, of imported goods of the same class or kind. Where the
importer’s figures are inconsistent with such figures, the amount for profit
and general expenses may be based upon relevant information other than
that supplied by or on behalf of the importer.
7. The “general expenses” include the direct and indirect costs of marketing the
goods in question.
8. Local taxes payable by reason of the sale of the goods for which a deduction
is not made under the provisions of rule 7(1)(iii) shall be deducted under the
provisions of rule 7(1)(i).
9. In determining either the commissions or the usual profits and general
expenses under the provisions of rule 7(1), the question whether certain
goods are “of the same class or kind” as other goods must be determined on
a case-by-case basis by reference to the circumstances involved. Sales in
India, of the narrowest group or range of imported goods of the same class
or kind, which includes the goods being valued, for which the necessary
information can be provided, should be examined. For the purposes of rule 7
goods of the same class or kind” includes goods imported from the same
country as the goods being valued as well as goods imported from other
countries.
10. For the purposes of rule 7(2) the “earliest date” shall be the date by which
sales of the imported goods or of identical or similar imported, goods are
made in sufficient quantity to establish the unit price.
11. Where the method in rule 7(3) is used, deductions made for the value added
by further processing shall be based on objective and quantifiable data
relating to the cost of such work. Accepted industry formulas, recipes,
methods of construction, and other industry practices would form the basis
of the calculations.
12. It is recognized that the method of valuation provided for in rule 7(3) would
normally not be applicable when, as a result of the further processing, the
imported goods lose their identity. However, there can be instances where,
although the identity of the imported goods is lost, the value added by the
processing can be determined accurately without unreasonable difficulty. On
the other hand, there can also be instances where the imported goods
maintain their identity but form such a minor element in the goods sold in
the country of importation that the use of this valuation method would be

unjustified. In view of the above, each situation of this type must be

considered on a case-by-case basis.
Note to rule 8
1. As a general rule, value of imported goods is determined under these rules
on the basis of information readily available in India. In order to determine a
computed value, however, it may be necessary to examine the costs of
producing the goods being valued and other information which has to be
obtained from outside India. Furthermore, in most cases, the producer of the
goods will be outside the jurisdiction of the proper officer. The use of the
computed value method will generally be limited to those cases where the
buyer and seller are related, and the producer is prepared to supply to the
proper officer the necessary costings and to provide facilities for any
subsequent verification which may be necessary.
2. The “cost or value” referred to in clause (a) of rule 8 is to be determined on
the basis of information relating to the production of the goods being valued
supplied by or on behalf of the producer. It is to be based upon the
commercial accounts of the producer, provided that such accounts are
consistent with the generally accepted accounting principles applied in the
country where the goods are produced.
3. The “cost or value” shall include the cost of elements specified in clauses
(1)(a)(ii) and (1)(a)(iii) of rule 10. It shall also include the value, apportioned
as appropriate under the provisions of the relevant note to rule 10, of any
element specified in rule 10(l)(b) which has been supplied directly or indirectly
by the buyer for use in connection with the production of the imported
goods. The value of the elements specified in rule 10(l)(b)(iv) which are
undertaken in India shall be included only to the extent that such elements
are charged to the producer. It is to be understood that no cost or value of
the elements referred to in this paragraph shall be counted twice in
determining the computed value.
4. The “amount for profit and general expenses” referred to in clause(b) of rule
8 is to be determined on the basis of information supplied by or on behalf of
the producer unless the producer’s figures are inconsistent with those usually
reflected in sales of goods of the same class or kind as the goods being valued
which are made by producers in the country of exportation for export to India.
5. It should be noted in this context that the “amount for profit and general
expenses” has to be taken as a whole. It follows that if, in any particular

4.34 CUSTOMS & FTP
case, producer’s profit figure is low and his general expenses are high, the
producer’s profit and general expenses taken together may nevertheless be
consistent with that usually reflected in sales of goods of the same class or
kind. Such a situation might occur, for example, if a product were being
launched in India and the producer accepted a nil or low profit to offset high
general expenses associated with the launch. Where the producer can
demonstrate a low profit on his sales of the imported goods because of
particular commercial circumstances, his actual profit figures should be taken
into account provided that he has valid commercial reasons to justify them
and his pricing policy reflects usual pricing policies in the branch of industry
concerned. Such a situation might occur for example, where producers have
been forced to lower prices temporarily because of an unforeseeable drop in
demand, or where they sell goods to complement a range of goods being
produced in India and accept a low profit to maintain competitivity. Where
the producer’s own figures for profit and general expenses are not consistent
with those usually reflected in sales of goods of the same class or kind as the
goods being valued which are made by producers in the country of
exportation for export to India, the amount for profit and general expenses
may be based upon relevant information other than that supplied by or on
behalf of the producer of the goods.
6. The “general expenses” referred to in clause (b) of rule 8 covers the direct and
indirect costs of producing and selling the goods for export which are not
included under clause (a) of rule 8.
7. Whether certain goods are “of the same class or kind” as other goods must
be determined on a case-by-case basis with reference to the circumstances
involved. In determining the usual profits and general expenses under the
provisions of rule 8, sales for export to India of the narrowest group or range
of goods, which includes the goods being valued, for which the necessary
information can be provided, should be examined. For the purposes of rule 8
“goods of the same class or kind” must be from the same country as the
goods being valued.
Note to rule 9
1. Value of imported goods determined under the provisions of rule 9 should
to the greatest extent possible, be based on previously determined customs
values.

2. The methods of valuation to be employed under rule 9 may be those laid down
in rules 3 to 8, inclusive, but a reasonable flexibility in the application of such
methods would be in conformity with the aims and provisions of rule 9.
3. Some examples of reasonable flexibility are as follows:
(a) Identical goods. The requirement that the identical goods should be
imported at or about the same time as the goods being valued could
be flexibly interpreted; identical imported goods produced in a country
other than the country of exportation of the goods being valued could
be the basis for customs valuation; customs values of identical imported
goods already determined under the provisions of rules 7 and 8 could
be used.
(b) Similar goods. The requirement that the similar goods should be
imported at or about the same time as the goods being valued could
be flexibly interpreted; similar imported goods produced in a country
other than the country of exportation of the goods being valued could
be the basis for customs valuation; customs values of similar imported
goods already determined under the provisions of rules 7 and 8 could
be used.
(c) Deductive method. The requirement that the goods shall have been
sold in the “condition as imported” in rule 7(1) could be flexibly
interpreted; the ninety days requirement could be administered flexibly.
Note to rule 10
In rule 10(l)(a)(i), the term “buying commissions” means fees paid by an importer
to his agent for the service of representing him abroad in the purchase of the goods
being valued.
Rule 10(1)(b)(ii)
1. There are two factors involved in the apportionment of the elements specified
in rule 10(l)(b)(ii) to the imported goods – the value of the element itself and
the way in which that value is to be apportioned to the imported goods. The
apportionment of these elements should be made in a reasonable manner
appropriate to the circumstances and in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles.
2. Concerning the value of the element, if the importer acquires the element
from a seller not related to him at a given cost, the value of the element is
that cost. If the element was produced by the importer or by a person related

4.36 CUSTOMS & FTP
to him, its value would be the cost of producing it. If the element had been
previously used by the importer, regardless of whether it had been acquired
or produced by such importer, the original cost of acquisition or production
would have to be adjusted downward to reflect its use in order to arrive at
the value of the element.
3. Once a value has been determined for the element it is necessary to apportion
that value to the imported goods. Various possibilities exist. For example, the
value might be apportioned to the first shipment if the importer wishes to
pay duty on the entire value at one time. As another example, the importer
may request that the value be apportioned over the number of units
produced up to the time of the first shipment. As a further example, he may
request that the value be apportioned over the entire anticipated production
where contracts or firm commitments exist for that production. The method
of apportionment used will depend upon the documentation provided by the
importer.
4. As an illustration of the above, an importer provides the producer with a
mould to be used in the production of the imported goods and contracts with
him to buy 10,000 units. By the time of arrival of the first shipment of 1,000
units, the producer has already produced 4,000 units. The importer may
request the proper officer of customs to apportion the value of the mould
over 1,000 units, 4,000 units or 10,000 units.
Rule 10(1)(b)(iv)
1. Additions for the elements specified in rule 10(l)(b)(iv) should be based on
objective and quantifiable data. In order to minimize the burden for both the
importer and proper officer of customs in determining the values to be
added, data readily available in the buyer’s commercial record system should
be used in so far as possible.
2. For those elements supplied by the buyer which were purchased or leased by
the buyer, the addition would be the cost of the purchase or the lease. No
addition shall be made for those elements available in the public domain,
other than the cost of obtaining copies of them.
3. The case with which it may be possible to calculate the values to be added
will depend on a particular firm’s structure and management practice, as well
as its accounting methods.

4. For example, it is possible that a firm which imports a variety of products from
several countries maintains the records of its design centre outside the
country of importation in such a way as to show accurately the costs
attributable to a given product. In such cases, a direct adjustment may
appropriately be made under the provisions of rule 10.
5. In another case, a firm may carry the cost of the design centre outside the
country of importation as a general overhead expense without allocation to
specific products. In this instance, an appropriate adjustment could be made
under the provisions of rule 10 with respect to the imported goods by
apportioning total design centre costs over total production benefiting from
the design centre and adding such apportioned cost on a unit basis to
imports.
6. Variations in the above circumstances will, of course, require different factors
to be considered in determining the proper method of allocation.
7. In cases where the production of the element in question involves a number
of countries and over a period of time, the adjustment should be limited to
the value actually added to that element outside the country of importation.
Rule 10(1)(c)
1. The royalties and licence fees referred to in rule 10(1)(c) may include among
other things, payments in respect to patents, trademarks and copyrights.
However, the charges for the right to reproduce the imported goods in the
country of importation shall not be added to the price actually paid or
payable for the imported goods in determining the customs value.
2. Payments made by the buyer for the right to distribute or resell the imported
goods shall not be added to the price actually paid or payable for the
imported goods if such payments are not a condition of the sale for export
to the country of importation of the imported goods.
Rule 10(3)
Where objective and quantifiable data do not exist with regard to the additions
required to be made under the provisions of rule 10, the transaction value cannot
be determined under the provisions of rule 3. As an illustration of this, a royalty is
paid on the basis of the price in a sale in the importing country of a litre of a
particular product that was imported by the kilogram and made up into a solution
after importation. If the royalty is based partially on the imported goods and
partially on other factors, which have nothing to do with the imported goods (such
as when the imported goods are mixed with domestic ingredients and are no longer

4.38 CUSTOMS & FTP
separately identifiable, or when the royalty cannot be distinguished from special

financial arrangements between the buyer and the seller), it would be inappropriate
to attempt to make an addition for the royalty. However, if the amount of this
royalty is based only on the imported goods and can be readily quantified, an
addition to the price actually paid or payable can be made.
Circular No. 38/2007 Cus. dated 09.10.2007 has been issued to clarify the major
changes in the new Import Valuation Rules .
The clarifications are given below for proper application of the Valuation Rules
2007-
(i) Transaction Value has been defined to mean the value referred to in sub-
section (1) of section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962.
(ii) A ‘proviso’ has been added to rules 4(1)(a) and 5(1) concerning identical
goods and similar goods respectively, to the effect that the value of the goods
provisionally assessed under section 18 of the Customs Act, 1962, shall not
be the basis for determining the value of any other goods.
(iii) In the residual method of Valuation, which has been renumbered as Rule 9
(erstwhile Rule 8), a proviso has been added with a view to keeping Rule 9 in
line with Article 7 of the WTO Valuation Agreement which corresponds to the
said Rules and refers to the provisions of Article VII of the GATT.
(iv) An ‘Explanation’ has been added to Rule 10(1) [erstwhile Rule 9(1)] to clarify
that the royalty, licence fee or any other payment for using a process, when
they are otherwise includible in terms of clause (c) or (e) of Rule 10(1), shall
be added to the price actually paid or payable, notwithstanding the fact that
such goods may be subjected to the said process after their importation. At
times, royalty, license fee or any other payment for a process to be paid by
the importer may be linked to post–importation activity like running of the
machine/ plant, when the process is put to use. This Explanation has been
added in the context of the Supreme Court judgement in the case of
Commissioner of Customs (Port) Kolkata v. J.K. Corporation Ltd. 2007 (208) ELT
485 (SC) so as to clarify that such royalty, license fee, etc., if otherwise
includible in terms of clauses (c) or (e) of Rule 10, will be includible in the
value of the goods irrespective of the fact that such royalty, licence fee, etc.,
relates to a process which is made operational during the running of the
machines, i.e., after importation of the goods.

(v) An ‘Explanation’ has been added to Rule 10(2) clarifying that the cost of
transport of the imported goods includes ship demurrage charges on
chartered vessels, lighterage charges or barge charges. This Explanation is to
take care of cases of imports by time chartered vessels or bulk carriers
discharging goods on high seas needing additional expenditure for delivery
of the goods at the “Place of Importation” mentioned in Rule 10(2)(a). The
‘place of importation’, as observed by the Supreme Court in the case of
Garden Silk Mills Ltd Versus Union of India 1993 (113) E.L.T. 358 (S.C) means
the place where the imported goods reach the landmass of India in the
Customs area of the port, airport or land customs station, or if they are
consumed before reaching the landmass of India, the place of consumption.
Therefore, in cases where ship demurrage charges are paid by the importer
for detention of the ship in the harbour before touching the landmass at the
docks or at the place of consumption, these charges would be includible in
the cost of transportation. Similarly, in cases where the big mother vessels
cannot enter the harbour for any reason and goods are brought to the docks
by smaller vessels like barges, small boats, etc., the cost incurred by the
importer for bringing the goods to the landmass or place of consumption,
such as lighterage charges, barge charges will also be included in the cost of
transportation.
(vi) An ‘Explanation’ has been added to Rule 12 which relates to rejection of
declared value, to bring more clarity and objectivity in exercising the authority
for rejection of declared value. The Explanation clarifies that this rule as such
does not provide a method for determination of value, and that it merely
provides a mechanism and procedure for rejection of declared value in certain
cases. It also clarifies that where the proper officer is satisfied after
consultation with the importer, the declared value shall be accepted. This
Explanation also gives certain illustrative reasons which could form the basis
for having doubt about the truth or accuracy of the declared value.
Circular No. 39/2017 Cus. dated 26.09.2017 has been issued to clarify the
amendment in Rule 10(2) of Import Valuation Rules 2007. Circular clarifies as
follows-
The valuation of imported and export goods is governed by the provisions of
Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 and the rules made thereunder. The Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007 (CVR) contain
the detailed provisions for arriving at the transaction value of the imported goods,
on which the customs duty is levied.

4.40 CUSTOMS & FTP
A need had arisen to examine certain provisions of the CVR in light of Supreme
Court’s ruling in the case of M/s Wipro Ltd. Vs. Assistant Collector of Customs 2015
(319) ELT 177 SC dated 16.04.2015.
After examination and public consultations, the Government has amended the CVR
vide Notification 91/2017 Customs (N.T) dated 26.09.2017, as explained below:
Definition of the term ‘place of importation’
The term “place of importation” has been used in the CVR; however, the term was
not defined. To bring in clarity, the “place of importation” has been defined as:
“Place of Importation” means the customs station where the goods are brought for
being cleared for home consumption or for being removed for deposit in a
warehouse”
In view of the above definition, the transaction value of the imported goods in
terms of section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 would include the costs incurred up
to the place of importation, as defined above.
Treatment of the loading, unloading and handling charges
The Hon’ble Supreme Court had ruled in the case of M/s Wipro Ltd. Vs Assistant
Collector of Customs-2015 (319) ELT 177 (S.C.) dated 16.04.2015 that the landing
charges to be added to the value of goods, should be based on actual charges
incurred, and not a notional charge of 1% as has been provided in the Rules.
By virtue of the amendment now carried out to the CVR, 2007, the loading,
unloading and handling charges associated with the delivery of the imported goods
at the place of importation, shall no longer be added to the CIF value of the goods.
The phrase “loading, unloading and handling charges” appearing in the amended
rule 10(2)(a) is to be understood in context of Article 8(2) of the WTO Agreement
which reads as “the cost of transport of the imported goods to the port or place of
importation”. Thus, only charges incurred for delivery of goods “to” the place of
importation (such as the loading and handling charges incurred at the load port)
shall now be includible in the transaction value.
Computation of freight and insurance
Now, the 2nd and 4th provisos to rule 10 (2) impart more clarity in computation of
transport and insurance charges, when actuals of each individual element are not
known, but the cumulative value of FOB and freight, or, FOB and insurance charges
are known.

Treatment of transshipment costs

In the erstwhile 4th proviso to rule 10 (2), while the transshipment charges with
respect to a container being moved from port to an ICD and CFS were excluded
from the transaction value of the goods, there was no mention of a similar
treatment to transshipment of goods by sea or air. Now, by virtue of the 6th proviso
to rule 10 (2), costs related to transshipment of goods (from ports to ICDs; port to
port, port to CFS, Airport to Airport etc.) within India will be excluded, providing
uniform treatment to different modes of transshipment.
Levy of Social Welfare Surcharge on imported goods:
Social welfare surcharge @ 10% has been levied on imported goods. [For detailed
discussion, refer para 15 of chapter-2.]
Valuation of goods cleared from a 100% EOU to a depot from where the sale
to DTA is effected through consignment agents: Circular No. 933/23/2010 CX
dated 16.08.2010 clarifies that the value of goods cleared from a 100% Export
Oriented Undertaking to a depot from where the sale thereof to Domestic Tariff
Area is effected through consignment agents will have to be determined by
sequential application of Rules 3 to 9 of the Customs Valuation Rules
(Determination of Price of Imported Goods), 2007.
Determination of assessable value in case of sale of warehoused goods before
being cleared for home consumption
Issue: Whether the assessable value of the warehoused goods which are sold
before being cleared for home consumption should be taken as the price at which
the original importer has sold the goods, before a Bill of Entry for home
consumption is filed?
Clarification: Section 14 of the Customs Act provides that the value of the
imported goods is the transaction value of goods. Transaction value is defined to
mean the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to India
for delivery at the time and place of importation. In the instant case, the goods are
sold after being warehoused, therefore, it cannot be said that export of goods is
not complete and thus the sale of warehoused goods cannot be considered a sale
for export to India. Hence, the price at which the imported goods are sold after
warehousing them in India does not qualify to be the transaction value as per
section 14.
However, it may be noted that Section 3(8A) of the Customs Tariff Act 1975,
specifically provide that where the goods deposited in a warehouse under the
provisions of the Customs Act, 1962 are sold to any person before clearance for

4.42 CUSTOMS & FTP
home consumption or export under the said Act, the value of such goods for the
purpose of calculating the integrated tax shall be higher of last transaction value
or the initial import value, whichever is higher.
[Circular No.11/2010 dated 03.06.2010]
Illustration 3
Mother Mary Hospital and Research Centre imported a machine from Delta Scientific
Equipments, Chicago for in house research. The price of the machine was settled at US
$ 5,000. The machine was shipped on 10.04.2020. Meanwhile, the Hospital Authorities
negotiated for a reduction in the price. As a result, Delta Scientific Equipments agreed
to reduce the price by $ 850 and sent the revised price of $ 4,150 under a telex dated
15.04.2020. The machine arrived in India on 18.04.2020. The Commissioner of
Customs has decided to take the original price as the transaction value of the goods
on the ground that the price is reduced only after the goods have been shipped.
Do you agree to the stand taken by the Commissioner? Give reasons in support of
your answer.
Answer
No, the Commissioner’s approach is not correct in law.
As per section 14 of the Customs Act, the transaction value of the goods is the price
actually paid or payable for the goods at the time and place of importation. Further,
the Supreme Court in the case Garden Silk Mills v. UOI has held that importation
gets complete only when the goods become part of mass of goods within the
country. Therefore, since in the instant case the price of the goods was reduced
while they were in transit, it could not be contended that the price was revised after
importation took place. Hence, the goods should be valued as per the reduced
price, which was the price actually paid at the time of importation.
Illustration 4
‘A’ had imported goods from Finland. Due to deep draught at the port, such goods
were not taken to the jetty in the port but were unloaded at the outer anchorage.
The charges incurred for such unloading and transport of the goods from outer
anchorage to the jetty in barges (small boats) were ` 1,35,000. ‘A’ claims that such
charges form part of the loading and unloading charges and should be deemed to be
included in the CIF value of such goods, made under rule 10(2)(b) of the Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007.
Discuss the tenability of ‘A’s’ claim.

Answer
As per Rule 2(da), “place of importation” means the customs station, where the
goods are brought for being cleared for home consumption or for being removed
for deposit in a warehouse. Therefore, the outer anchorage where the goods are
unloaded would not be the place of importation. Rule 10(2)(a) stipulates that for
the purposes of section 14(1) of the Customs Act, 1962 and Valuation rules, value
of imported goods shall be the value of such goods and shall include, the cost of
transport, loading, unloading and handling charges associated with the delivery of
the imported goods to the place of importation.
Therefore, in cases where the big mother vessels cannot enter the harbour for any
reason and goods are brought to the docks by smaller vessels like barges, the cost
incurred by the importer for bringing the goods to the landmass or place of
consumption, such as barge charges will also be included in the cost of
transportation. Therefore, ‘A’s claim is not tenable in law.
9. CUSTOMS VALUATION (DETERMINATION

OF VALUE OF EXPORT GOODS) RULES, 2007
Notification No. 95/2007 Cus. (NT) dated 13.09.2007 has notified Customs Valuation
(Determination of Value of Export Goods) Rules, 2007. They shall apply to the
export goods. The rules are given below:-
Rule Valuation Rules for Exports

No.
2 Definitions
3 Determination of the method of valuation
4 Determination of export value by comparison
5 Computed value method
6 Residual Method
7 Declaration by the Exporter
8 Rejection of declared value

4.44 CUSTOMS & FTP
RULE 2 – DEFINITIONS
(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires, -
(a) “goods of like kind and quality” means export goods which are
identical or similar in physical characteristics, quality and reputation as
the goods being valued, and perform the same functions or are
commercially interchangeable with the goods being valued, produced
by the same person or a different person; and
(b) “transaction value” means the value of export goods within the
meaning of sub-section (1) of section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 (52
of 1962).
(2) For the purposes of these rules, persons shall be deemed to be "related" only
if –
(i) they are officers or directors of one another's businesses;
(ii) they are legally recognised partners in business;
(iii) they are employer and employee;
(iv) any person directly or indirectly owns, controls or holds five per cent or
more of the outstanding voting stock or shares of both of them;
(v) one of them directly or indirectly controls the other;
(vi) both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person;
(vii) together they directly or indirectly control a third person; or
(viii) they are members of the same family.
Explanation I. - The term "person" also includes legal persons.
Explanation II. - Persons who are associated in the business of one another in
that one is the sole agent or sole distributor or sole concessionaire,
howsoever described, of the other shall be deemed to be related for the
purpose of these rules, if they fall within the criteria of this sub-rule.
RULE 3 - DETERMINATION OF THE METHOD OF VALUATION
(1) Subject to rule 8, the value of export goods shall be the transaction value.
(2) The transaction value shall be accepted even where the buyer and seller are
related, provided that the relationship has not influenced the price.

(3) If the value cannot be determined under the provisions of sub-rule (1) and
sub-rule (2), the value shall be determined by proceeding sequentially
through rules 4 to 6.
RULE 4 - DETERMINATION OF EXPORT VALUE BY COMPARISON
(1) The value of the export goods shall be based on the transaction value of
goods of like kind and quality exported at or about the same time to other
buyers in the same destination country of importation or in its absence
another destination country of importation adjusted in accordance with the
provisions of sub-rule (2).
(2) In determining the value of export goods under sub-rule (1), the proper
officer shall make such adjustments as appear to him reasonable, taking into
consideration the relevant factors, including-
(i) difference in the dates of exportation,
(ii) difference in commercial levels and quantity levels,
(iii) difference in composition, quality and design between the goods to be
assessed and the goods with which they are being compared,
(iv) difference in domestic freight and insurance charges depending on the
place of exportation.
RULE 5 - COMPUTED VALUE METHOD
If the value cannot be determined under rule 4, it shall be based on a computed
value, which shall include the following:-
(a) cost of production, manufacture or processing of export goods;
(b) charges, if any, for the design or brand;
(c) an amount towards profit.
RULE 6 - RESIDUAL METHOD
Subject to the provisions of rule 3, where the value of the export goods cannot be
determined under the provisions of rules 4 and 5, the value shall be determined
using reasonable means consistent with the principles and general provisions of
these rules provided that local market price of the export goods may not be the
only basis for determining the value of export goods.
RULE 7 - DECLARATION BY THE EXPORTER
The exporter shall furnish a declaration relating to the value of export goods in the
manner specified in this behalf.

4.46 CUSTOMS & FTP
RULE 8 - REJECTION OF DECLARED VALUE

(1) When the proper officer has reason to doubt the truth or accuracy of the
value declared in relation to any export goods, he may ask the exporter of
such goods to furnish further information including documents or other
evidence and if, after receiving such further information, or in the absence of
a response of such exporter, the proper officer still has reasonable doubt
about the truth or accuracy of the value so declared, the transaction value
shall be deemed to have not been determined in accordance with sub-rule
(1) of rule 3.
(2) At the request of an exporter, the proper officer shall intimate the exporter in
writing the ground for doubting the truth or accuracy of the value declared
in relation to the export goods by such exporter and provide a reasonable
opportunity of being heard, before taking a final decision under sub-rule (1).
Explanation - (1) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that-
(i) This rule by itself does not provide a method for determination of value, it
provides a mechanism and procedure for rejection of declared value in cases
where there is reasonable doubt that the declared value does not represent
the transaction value; where the declared value is rejected, the value shall be
determined by proceeding sequentially in accordance with rules 4 to 6.
(ii) The declared value shall be accepted where the proper officer is satisfied
about the truth or accuracy of the declared value after the said enquiry in
consultation with the exporter.
(iii) The proper officer shall have the powers to raise doubts on the declared value
based on certain reasons which may include –
(a) the significant variation in value at which goods of like kind and quality
exported at or about the same time in comparable quantities in a
comparable commercial transaction were assessed.
(b) the significantly higher value compared to the market value of goods
of like kind and quality at the time of export.
(c) the misdeclaration of goods in parameters such as description, quality,
quantity, year of manufacture or production.
Analysis: Circular No. 37/2007 Cus. dated 09.10.2007 has been issued regarding
the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Export Goods) Rules, 2007. The
Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Export Goods) Rules 2007 have been

framed in a format similar to the Valuation Rules for the imported goods.
Conceptually also, acceptance of Transaction Value for export goods has been
emphasized in the said rules, in as much as Rule 3 specifically provides for it.
Rule 3 of the said rules also stipulates that the Transaction Value for export goods
shall be accepted even where buyer and seller are related, provided that the
relationship did not influence the price of the goods. Where the relationship is
found to influence the price, as determined by the proper officer on receipt of
further information from the exporter, the value of the export goods shall be
determined by proceeding sequentially through rules 4 to 6 of the said Valuation
Rules. The persons who shall be deemed to be ‘related’ have been specified in Rule
2(2) of the said Valuation Rules, and this provision has been adopted from the
Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007.
Thus, transaction value is the primary basis for valuation of export goods and the
method specified under Rule 3 will be applicable in the vast majority of cases of
export by acceptance of declared value. In cases where the transaction value is not
accepted, the valuation of the export goods shall be done by application of Rules
4 to 6 sequentially.
Acceptance of transaction value is, however, subject to the provision of Rule 8
which provides for rejection of declared value for the export goods in certain
exceptional cases. These are situations where the assessing officer has reasons to
doubt the truth or accuracy of the declared value and further enquiry or
investigation is needed to determine the appropriate value. It is hereby instructed
that when an investigation/enquiry is undertaken to determine whether or not the
Declared Value should be accepted as Transaction Value, the export consignment
shall not be ordinarily detained. Wherever there are doubts about the declared
value of the export goods, the proper officer shall retain representative sealed
samples, wherever considered necessary and feasible, and allow the goods to be
exported after due processing. However, it is clarified that in a situation of serious
violation such as outright mis-declaration of goods, attempt to export the goods
unauthorisedly, i.e., smuggle the goods out of the country, or where there is forgery
or fraudulent documentation, the goods may be detained or seized as required.
No export consignment shall be detained for reasons of doubts regarding valuation
without the approval of the jurisdictional Principal Commissioner/Commissioner of
Customs.
An ‘Explanation’ relating to rejection of declared value of export goods has been
added to Rule 8 to bring clarity and objectivity in exercising the authority for
rejection of declared value. The Explanation clarifies that this rule as such does not

4.48 CUSTOMS & FTP
provide a method for determination of value, and that it merely provides a

mechanism and procedure for rejection of declared value of export goods in certain
cases. It also clarifies that where the proper officer is satisfied after consultation
with the exporter, the declared value shall be accepted. This Explanation also gives
certain illustrative reasons which could form the basis for having doubt about the
truth or accuracy of the declared value.
While raising doubt about truth or accuracy of the declared value in terms of Rule
8, the proper officer shall issue a query memo specifying reasons for such doubt.
Meanwhile, the goods will be released for export against a simple undertaking after
drawal of representative sample as indicated in para 5. The decision to initiate the
process of investigation into valuation aspects, if any, shall be taken at the earliest
at the level of Joint /Additional Commissioner.
In a case where transaction value cannot be determined or the declared value is
rejected under Rule 8, and export value has to be determined by comparison in
terms of Rule 4, the proper officer shall take utmost care in selecting an export
product for an in-depth inquiry. The proper officer will make the adjustments
objectively on the basis of the relevant factors, some of which have been illustrated
at sub rule (2) of Rule 4.
Where the value has to be determined by Computed value method under Rule 5,
the proper officer shall give due consideration to the cost-certificate issued by a
Cost Accountant or Chartered Accountant or Government approved valuer, as
produced by the exporter.
It is clarified that the main purpose of introducing the Export Valuation Rules is to
provide for a sound legal basis for the valuation of export goods. It is also expected
to check deliberate overvaluation of export goods and mis-utilization of value
based export incentive schemes. At the same time, due care has to be taken to
facilitate the movement of bonafide export goods which is vital for the country’s
economic growth. The assessing officers shall, therefore, exercise due caution to
avoid unnecessary queries regarding truth or accuracy of the declared export value.
The Export Valuation Rules are not intended to bring about any significant change
in the existing pattern of valuation of export goods. It is the responsibility of the
supervisory officers to monitor regularly the export valuation practices, so as to
ensure proper implementation of the said Valuation Rules without hindering the
flow of bona fide export goods.
Rule 7 of the Export Valuation Rules calls for a declaration relating to the value to
be filed by the exporter.

10. DATE FOR DETERMINATION OF RATE OF

DUTY AND TARIFF VALUE
FOR IMPORTED GOODS [SECTION 15]
Section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962 specifies the relevant date for determining the
rate of duty and tariff valuation of imported goods. They are different for different
situations as given below:
(a) Goods are entered for home consumption under section 46 – The relevant
date for the three modes of transport as laid down by section 15(1)(a) read
with proviso would be as follows:
(i) For goods imported by vehicle at land customs station – the relevant
date is the date of filing the B/E under section 46 or date of arrival of
vehicle, whichever is later.
(ii) For goods imported by a vessel at a customs port – the relevant date is
the date of filing the B/E under section 46 or date of entry inwards to
vessel under section 31, whichever is later.
(iii) For goods imported by aircraft at a customs airport – the relevant date
is the date of filing the B/E under section 46 or date of arrival of aircraft,
whichever is later.
(b) Goods cleared from a warehouse under section 68 – the relevant date is
the date on which a bill of entry for home consumption in respect of such
goods is presented.
(c) In the case of any other goods – the relevant date is the date of payment
of duty.
These provisions relating to determination of relevant date do not apply to
baggage and imports by post, in which sections 78 and 83 apply respectively.
FOR EXPORT GOODS [SECTION 16]
The relevant date for export goods is determined as per section 16. However, the
provisions do not apply to baggage and imports by post.
The provisions are as follows:
(a) In case of goods entered for export under Section 50 (irrespective of the
mode of transport) – the relevant date is the date of the ‘let export’ order of

4.50 CUSTOMS & FTP
the proper officer permitting export and loading of cargo on board under
section 51.
(b) In case of any other goods – the relevant date is the date of payment of
duty.
Illustration 5
A material was imported by air at CIF price of 5,000 US$. Freight paid was 1,500 US$
and insurance cost was 500 US$. The banker realized the payment from importer at
the exchange rate of ` 71 per dollar. Central Board of Indirect taxes and Customs
notified the exchange rate as ` 70 per US$. Find the value of the material for the
purpose of levying duty.
Answer
Computation of assessable value
Particulars Amount
CIF value 5000 US $
Less: Freight 1500 US $
Less: Insurance 500 US $
Therefore, FOB value 3000 US $
Assessable value for Customs purpose
FOB value 3000 US $
Add: Freight (20% of FOB value) [Note 1] 600 US $
Add: Insurance (actual) 500 US $
CIF for customs purpose 4100 US $
Exchange rate as per CBIC [Note 2] ` 70 per US $
Assessable value (` 70 x 4100 US $) ` 2,87,000

Notes:
1. If the goods are imported by air, the freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB price
[Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs (Determination of Value of
Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
2. Rate of exchange determined by CBIC is considered [clause (a) of the
explanation to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
Illustration 6
From the particulars given below, find out the assessable value of the imported goods
under the Customs Act, 1962:
US $
(i) Cost of the machine at the factory of the exporter 10,000
(ii) Transport charges from the factory of exporter to the port for shipment 500
(iii) Handling charges paid for loading the machine in the ship 50
(iv) Buying commission paid by the importer 50
(v) Freight charges from exporting country to India 1,000
(vi) Exchange rate to be considered: 1$ = ` 70
(vii) Actual insurance charges paid are not ascertainable
Answer
Computation of assessable value of the imported goods
US $
(i) Cost of the machine at the factory 10,000.00
(ii) Transport charges up to port 500.00
(iii) Handling charges at the port 50.00
FOB 10,550.00
(iv) Freight charges up to India 1,000.00
(v) Insurance charges @ 1.125% of FOB [Note 1] 118.69
CIF 11,668.69

4.52 CUSTOMS & FTP
CIF in Indian rupees @ ` 70/ per $ ` 8,16,808.30
Assessable Value ` 8,16,808.30
Assessable Value (rounded off) 8,16,808
Notes:
(1) Insurance charges have been included @ 1.125% of FOB value of goods [Third
proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of
(2) Buying commission is not included in the assessable value [Rule 10(1)(a)(i) of the
Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
Illustration 7
Compute export duty from the following data:
(i) FOB price of goods: US $ 1,00,000.
(ii) Shipping bill presented electronically on 26.04.2020.
(iii) Proper officer passed order permitting clearance and loading of goods for
export (Let Export Order) on 04.05.2020.
(iv) Rate of exchange and rate of export duty are as under:
Rate of Exchange Rate of Export Duty
On 26.04.2020 1 US $ = ` 70 10%
On 04.05.2020 1 US $ = ` 72 8%
(v) Rate of exchange is notified for export by Central Board of Indirect taxes and
Customs.
(Make suitable assumptions wherever required and show the workings.)

Answer
Computation of export duty
Particulars Amount (US $)

FOB price of goods [Note 1] 1,00,000
Amount (`)
Value in Indian currency (US $ 1,00,000 x ` 70) [Note 2] 70,00,000
Export duty @ 8% [Note 3] 5,60,000
Notes:
1. As per section 14(1) of the Customs Act, 1962, assessable value of the export
goods is the transaction value of such goods which is the price actually paid
or payable for the goods when sold for export from India for delivery at the
time and place of exportation.
2. As per third proviso to section 14(1) of the Customs Act, 1962, assessable
value has to be calculated with reference to the rate of exchange notified by
the CBIC on the date of presentation of shipping bill of export.
3. As per section 16(1)(a) of the Customs Act, 1962, in case of goods entered for
export, the rate of duty prevalent on the date on which the proper officer
makes an order permitting clearance and loading of the goods for
exportation, is considered.
Illustration 8
A consignment of 800 metric tonnes of edible oil of Malaysian origin was imported
by a charitable organization in India for free distribution to below poverty line
citizens in a backward area under the scheme designed by the Food and Agricultural
Organization. This being a special transaction, a nominal price of US$ 10 per metric
tonne was charged for the consignment to cover the freight and insurance charges.
The Customs House found out that at or about the time of importation of this gift
consignment there were following imports of edible oil of Malaysian origin:
S. No. Quantity imported in metric Unit price in US $ (CIF)

tonnes
1. 20 260
2. 100 220

4.54 CUSTOMS & FTP
3. 500 200
4. 900 175
5. 400 180
6. 780 160
The rate of exchange on the relevant date was 1 US $ = ` 70.00 and the rate of basic
customs duty was 10% ad valorem. Ignore Integrated tax and GST Compensation
Cess. Calculate the amount of duty leviable on the consignment under the Customs
Act, 1962 with appropriate assumptions and explanations, where required.
Answer
Determination of transaction value of the subject goods:-
In the instant case, while determining the transaction value of the goods, following
factors need consideration:-
1. In the given case, US $10 per metric tonne has been paid only towards freight
and insurance charges and no amount has been paid or payable towards the
cost of goods. Thus, there is no transaction value for the subject goods.
Consequently, we have to look for transaction value of identical goods under
rule 4 of Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods)
Rules, 2007 [Customs Valuation (DVIG) Rules, 2007].
2. Rule 4(1)(a) of the aforementioned rules provides that subject to the provisions
of rule 3, the value of imported goods shall be the transaction value of identical
goods sold for export to India and imported at or about the same time as the
goods being valued. In the six imports given during the relevant time, the goods
are identical in description and of the same country of origin.
3. Further, clause (b) of rule 4(1) of the said rules requires that the comparable
import should be at the same commercial level and in substantially same
quantity as the goods being valued. Since, nothing is known about the level
of the transactions of the comparable consignments, it is assumed to be at
the same commercial level.
4. As far as the quantities are concerned, the consignments of 20 and 100 metric
tonnes cannot be considered to be of substantially the same quantity. Hence,
remaining 4 consignments are left for our consideration.

5. However, the unit prices in these 4 consignments are different. Rule 4(3) of
Customs Valuation (DVIG) Rules, 2007 stipulates that in applying rule 4 of the
said rules, if more than one transaction value of identical goods is found, the
lowest of such value shall be used to determine the value of imported goods.
Accordingly, the unit price of the consignment under valuation would be US
$ 160 per metric tonne.
Computation of amount of duty payable
CIF value of 800 metric tonnes:
= 800 x 160 = US $ 1,28,000
At the exchange rate of $ 1 = ` 70
CIF Value (in Rupees) = ` 89,60,000
Assessable Value = ` 89,60,000
10% of Ad Valorem duty on ` 89,60,000 = ` 8,96,000
Add: Social Welfare Surcharge @ 10% (rounded off) = ` 89,600
Total custom duty payable =` 9,85,600
Illustration 9
Foreign Trade International Ltd. has imported one machine from England. It has
given the following particulars:
(i) Price of machine 8,000 UK Pounds

(ii) Freight paid (air) 2,500 UK Pounds
(iii) Design and development charges 500 UK Pounds
paid in UK
(iv) Commission payable to local agent
of exporter @ 2% of price of machine,
in Indian Rupees
(v) Date of bill of entry 24.10.2020 (Rate BCD 10%;
Exchange rate as notified by CBIC
` 100 per UK Pound)
(vi) Date of arrival of aircraft 20.10.2020 (Rate of BCD 20%;
Exchange rate as notified by CBIC
` 98 per UK Pound)

4.56 CUSTOMS & FTP
(vii) Integrated tax is 12%

(viii) Insurance charges have been actually paid but details are not available.
Compute the total customs duty and integrated tax payable by Foreign Trade
International Ltd.
Note: Ignore GST Compensation Cess.
Answer
Computation of total duty and integrated tax payable
Particular Amount
Price of machine 8,000 UK pounds
Add: Design and development charges [Note 1] 500 UK pounds
Total 8,500 UK pounds
(`)
Total in rupees @ ` 100 per pound [Note 2] ` 8,50,000.00
Add: Local agency commission [Note 1]
(2% of 8000 UK pounds) = 160 UK pounds × ` 100 ` 16,000.00
FOB value as per Customs 8,66,000.00

Add: Air freight (8,66,000 x 20%) [Note 3] 1,73,200.00
Add: Insurance @ 1.125% of customs FOB [Note 4] 9,742.50
CIF Value 10,48,942.50
Assessable value (rounded off) 10,48,942.00
Add: Basic custom duty @ 10% [Note 5] 1,04,894.20
Add: Social Welfare Surcharge @ 10% on ` 1,04,894.20 10,489.42
Total 11,64,325.62
Add: Integrated tax @ 12% [Note 7] 1,39,719.07
Total duty and integrated tax payable (Rounded off) (` 2,55,102
1,04,894.20+ ` 10,489.42+ ` 1,39,719.07)

Notes:
1. Design and development charges paid in UK and commission paid to local
agent (since it is not buying commission) are includible in the assessable
value [Rule 10 of the Customs (Determination of Value of Imported Goods)
Rules, 2007]
2. The rate of exchange notified by the CBIC on the date of presentation of bill
of entry has been considered [Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
3. If the goods are imported by air, the freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB price
[Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs (Determination of Value of
4. Where the insurance charges are not ascertainable, such cost is taken as
1.125% of FOB value of the goods [Third proviso to Rule 10(2) of the Customs
(Determination of value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
5. Section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962 provides that rate of duty shall be the
rate in force on the date of presentation of bill of entry or the rate in force
on the date of arrival of aircraft, whichever is later.
6. Integrated tax is levied on the sum total of the assessable value of the
imported goods, customs duties and applicable social welfare surcharge.
Illustration 10
Compute the total duty and integrated tax payable under the Customs Law on an
imported equipment based on the following information:
(i) Assessable value of the imported equipment US $ 10,100
(ii) Date of bill of entry is 25.04.2020. Basic customs duty on this date is 10% and
exchange rate notified by the Central Board of Indirect taxes and Customs is
US $ 1 = ` 65.
(iii) Date of entry inwards is 21.04.2020. Basic customs duty on this date is 20%
and exchange rate notified by the Central Board of Indirect taxes and Customs
is US $ 1 = ` 70.
(iv) Integrated tax: 12%
(v) Social Welfare surcharge 10%
Make suitable assumptions where required and show the relevant workings and
round off your answer to the nearest rupee.

4.58 CUSTOMS & FTP
Answer
Computation of total customs duty and integrated tax payable
Particulars `
Assessable value ($ 10,100 x 65) [Note-1] 6,56,500.00

Add: Basic custom duty @ 10% [Note-2] 65,650.00
Add: Social Welfare Surcharge @ 10% on ` 65,650 6,565.00
Total 7,28,715.00
Add: Integrated tax @ 12% [Note-3] 87,445.80
Total Customs duty and integrated tax payable (rounded off 1,59,660
to nearest rupee)
Notes:
1. Rate of exchange notified by CBIC as prevalent on the date of filing of bill of
entry would be the applicable rate [Proviso to section 14(1) of Customs
Act,1962].
2. Rate of duty would be the rate as prevalent on the date of filing of bill of
entry or entry inwards whichever is later. [Proviso to section 15 of the Customs
Act, 1962].
Illustration 11
Assessable value of an item imported is ` 1,00,000. Basic customs duty is 10%,
integrated tax is 12%, and social welfare surcharge is 10% on duty. Compute the
amount of total customs duty and integrated tax payable.
Answer
Particulars `
1. Assessable Value 1,00,000

2. Basic customs duty @ 10% 10,000

3. Add: Social Welfare surcharge* @ 10% on ` 10,000 1000
4. Sub-total 1,11,000
5. Integrated tax @ 12% of ` 1,11,000 13,320
6. Total customs duty and integrated tax payable [(2) + (3) 24,320
+ (5)]
*Social Welfare surcharge is presently exempt on IGST and GST compensation cess
Illustration 12
From the following particulars, calculate total customs duty and integrated tax
payable:
(i) Date of presentation of bill of entry: 20.06.2020 [Rate of BCD 20%; Inter-bank
exchange rate: ` 61.60 and rate notified by CBIC ` 70].
(ii) Date of arrival of aircraft in India: 30.06.2020 [Rate of BCD 10%; Inter-bank
exchange rate: ` 61.80 and rate notified by CBIC ` 73.00].
(iii) Rate of Integrated tax: 12%. Ignore GST Compensation Cess.
(iv) CIF value 2,000 US Dollars; Air freight 500 US Dollars, Insurance cost 100 US
Dollars.
(v) Social Welfare Surcharge 10%
Answer
Particulars Amount
CIF value 2000 US Dollars
Less: Freight 500
Insurance 100 600 US Dollars
FOB Value 1400 US Dollars
Add: Air Freight [Note1] 280

4.60 CUSTOMS & FTP
Insurance (actual amount) 100 380 US Dollars
1780 US Dollars
Value @ ` 70.00 [Note 2] 1,24,600.00
Assessable Value 1,24,600.00
Basic Custom Duty @ 10% (a) [Note 3] 12,460.00
Add: Social Welfare Surcharge @ 10% on 12,460 (b) 1,246.00
Sub-total 1,38,306.00
Integrated tax (12% on` 1,38,306) (c) [Note 4] 16,596.72
Total duty and integrated tax (a +b + c) 30,303

(rounded off)
Notes:
(1) If the goods are imported by air, the freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB price
[Fifth proviso to Rule 10(2) of the Customs (Determination of Value of
(2) Rate of exchange notified by CBIC on the date of presentation of bill of entry
would be the applicate rate. [Proviso to Section 14(1) of the Customs Act,
1962].
(3) Rate of duty would be the rate as prevalent on the date of filing of bill of
entry or arrival of aircraft, whichever is later [proviso to section 15 of the
Customs Act, 1962].
(4) Integrated tax is levied on the sum total of the assessable value of the
Illustration 13
15,000 chalices were imported for charitable distribution in India by XY Charitable
Trust. The Trust did not pay either for the cost of goods or for the design and
development charges, which was borne by the supplier. Customs officer computed
its FOB value at USD 20,000 (including design and development charges), which was
accepted by the Trust. Other details obtained were as follows:

Sl. Particulars Amount

No.
1. Freight paid (air) (in USD) 4,500
2. Design & development charges paid in USA (in USD) 2,500
3. Commission payable to an agent in India (in `) 12,500
4. Exchange rate notified by CBIC and rate of basic duty is as

follows:
Date of Bill of Entry BCD Exchange Rate in
08.09.2020 20% ` 70
Date of arrival of aircraft BCD Exchange Rate in
30.09.2020 10% ` 72
The inter-bank rate was 1 USD = ` 73
5. Integrated tax 12%
6. Social Welfare surcharge as applicable
Compute the amount of total customs duty and integrated tax payable on
importation of chalices. Make suitable assumptions where required. Working notes
should form part of your answer.
Answer
Particulars Amount
FOB value computed by Customs Officer (including design and 20,000 US $

development charges)
Exchange rate [Note 1] ` 70 per $
FOB value computed by Customs Officer (in rupees) 14,00,000.00
Add: Commission payable to agent in India 12,500.00

4.62 CUSTOMS & FTP
FOB value as per customs 14,12,500.00
Add: Air freight (` 14,12,500 × 20%) [Note 2] 2,82,500.00
Add: Insurance (1.125% of ` 14,12,500) [Note 3] 15,890.63
CIF value for customs purposes 17,10,890.63
Assessable value 17,10,890.63
Add: Basic custom duty @ 10% (`17,10,890.63× 10%) – rounded 1,71,089

off [Note 4]
Add: Social Welfare surcharge @ 10% on ` 1,71,089 rounded 17,109

off
Total 18,99,089
Integrated tax @ 12% (`18,99,089× 12%) [Rounded off] [Note 5] 2,27,890
Total customs duty and integrated tax payable 4,16,088

(` 1,71,089 + ` 17,109 + ` 2,27,890)
Note:
1. Rate of exchange notified by CBIC on the date of filing of bill of entry has to
be considered [Third proviso to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
2. In case of goods imported by air, freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB value
[fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs (Determination of Value of
3. Insurance charges, when not ascertainable, have to be included @ 1.125% of
FOB value of goods [Third proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs Valuation
4. Rate of duty will be the rate in force on the date of presentation of bill of
entry or on the date of arrival of the aircraft, whichever is later [Proviso to
section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962].

Illustration 14
Mr. Backpack imported second-hand goods from a UK supplier by air, which was
contracted on CIF basis. However, there were changes in prices in the international
market between the date of contract and actual importation. As a result of several
negotiations, the parties agreed for a negotiated price payable as follows:
Particulars Contract Price Changed Price Negotiated Price (₤)

(₤) (₤)
CIF Value 5000 5800 5500
Air Freight 300 600 500
Insurance 500 650 600
Other details for computing assessable value and duty payable are tabled below:
Particulars Amount
Vendor inspection charges (inspection carried out by foreign ₤ 600

supplier on his own, not required under contract or for making the
goods ready for shipment)
Commission payable to local agent @ 1% of FOB in local currency
Date of bill of entry Basic customs duty Exchange rate in `

(notified by CBIC)
18.02.2020 10% 102
Date of arrival of aircraft Basic custom duty Exchange rate in `
(notified by CBIC)
15.02.2020 15% 98
Inter-bank rate 1 UK Pound = ` 106

Compute the assessable value and calculate basic customs duty payable by
Mr. Backpack.

4.64 CUSTOMS & FTP
Answer
Computation of custom duty payable
Particulars Amount (£)

CIF value (negotiated price) [Note-1] 5,500
Less: Air freight 500
Less: Insurance 600
FOB value 4,400
Add: Vendor inspection charges [Note-2] Nil
FOB value as per Customs 4,400
Freight [Note-3] 500
Insurance [Note-4] 600
5,500
Exchange rate is ` 102 per £ [Note-5]
`
Value in rupees 5,61,000.00

Add: Commission payable to local agent [1% of FOB value] 4,488.00
[Note-6] = (US $ 4,400 × ` 102) × 1%
Total 5,65,488.00
Add: Basic custom duty @ 10% [Note-7] – rounded off 56,548.80
Social Welfare Surcharge (10% of ` 56,548.80) [rounded off] 5,655.00
Customs duty payable [rounded off] 62,204.00
Notes:
1. As per Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962, the value of the imported goods
is the transaction value, which means the price actually paid or payable for
the goods. In this case, since the contract was re-negotiated and the importer

paid the re-negotiated price, the transaction value would be such re-
negotiated price and not the contract price.
2. Only the payments actually made as a condition of sale of the imported goods
by the buyer to the seller are includible in the assessable value under rule
10(1)(e) of the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported
Goods) Rules, 2007. Charges of vendor inspection on the goods carried out
by foreign supplier on his own and not required for making the goods ready
for shipment, are not includible in the assessable value of the imported goods
[Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. v. CC 1997 (90) ELT 276 (SC)].
3. Actual amount incurred towards freight will be considered since freight is not
more than 20% of FOB value [Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of Customs Valuation
Rules].
4. Actual insurance charges paid are includible in the assessable value as per
rule 10(2)(b) of the Customs Valuation Rules.
5. Rate of exchange notified by CBIC on the date of filing of bill of entry will be
considered as per third proviso to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962.
6. Commission paid to local agent (since it is not buying commission) is includible
in the assessable value on the presumption that local agent has been appointed
by the exporter [Rule 10(1)(a)(i) of the Customs Valuation Rules].
7. As per proviso to section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962, rate of duty will be the
rate in force on the date of presentation of bill of entry or on the date of
arrival of the aircraft, whichever is later.
Illustration 15
F. Ltd. imported a machine from UK in May, 2020. The details in this regard are as
under:
(i) FOB value of the machine: 10,000 UK Pound
(ii) Freight (Air): 3,000 UK Pound
(iii) Licence fee, the buyer was required to pay in UK: 400 UK Pound
(iv) Buying commission paid in India ` 20,000
(v) Date of bill of entry was 20.05.2020 and the rate of exchange notified by CBIC
on this date was ` 99.00 per one pound. Rate of BCD was 7.5%.
(vi) Date of arrival of aircraft was 25.05.2020 and the rate of exchange notified by
CBIC on this date was ` 98.50 per pound and rate of BCD was 10%.
(vii) Integrated tax was 12% and ignore GST Compensation Cess.

4.66 CUSTOMS & FTP
(viii) Insurance premium details were not available.

You are required to compute the total customs duty and integrated tax payable on
the importation of machine. You may make suitable assumptions wherever required.
Answer
Computation of assessable value and total customs duty and integrated tax
payable by F Ltd.
Particular Amount (£)

FOB value 10,000
Add: License fee required to be paid in UK [Note – 1] 400
Customs FOB value 10,400
Exchange rate is ` 99 per £ [Note – 2]
`
Value in rupees 10,29,600.00

Add: Air freight [Restricted to 20% of ` 10,29,600 (customs FOB 2,05,920.00
value)] [Note – 3]
Insurance @ 1.125% of ` 10,29,600 [Note – 4] 11,583.00
Buying commission is not includible in the assessable -
value [Note – 5]
CIF Value 12,47,103.00
Rate of duty is 10% [Note – 6]
Add: Basic custom duty @ 10% (` 12,47,103 × 10%) 1,24,710
– rounded off (A)
Add: Social Welfare Surcharge (10% of ` 1,24,710) 12,471
[rounded off] (B)
Value for integrated tax 13,84,284
Add: Integrated tax @ 12% -rounded off (C) [Note – 7] 1,66,114
Total customs duty and integrated tax payable [(A) + (B) + (C)] 3,03,295

Note:
1. Engineering and design charges paid in UK, licence fee relating to imported
goods payable by the buyer as a condition of sale, materials and components
supplied by the buyer free of cost and actual insurance charges paid are all
includible in the assessable value - Rule 10(1)(c) of the Customs Valuation
(Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007 [hereinafter referred
to as Customs Valuation Rules].
2. Rate of exchange notified by CBIC on the date of filing of bill of entry has to
be considered [Third proviso to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
3. In case of goods imported by air, freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB value
[Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs Valuation Rules].
4. Insurance charges, when not ascertainable, have to be included @ 1.125% of
FOB value of goods [Third proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs Valuation
Rules].
5. Buying commission is not included in the assessable value [Clause (a)(i) of
sub-rule (1) of rule 10 of the Customs Valuation Rules].
6. Rate of duty will be the rate in force on the date of presentation of bill of
entry or on the date of arrival of the aircraft, whichever is later [Proviso to
section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962].
11. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CLASSIFICATION

OF SETS OF ARTICLES AND ACCESSORIES
Section 19 of the Customs Act provides that:
Except as otherwise provided in any law for the time being in force, where goods
consist of a set of articles, duty shall be calculated as follows: -
(a) Articles liable to duty with reference to quantity shall be chargeable to that
duty;
(b) Articles liable to duty with reference to value shall, if they are liable to duty
at the same rate, be chargeable to duty at that rate, and if they are liable to
duty at different rates, be chargeable to duty at the highest of such rates;

4.68 CUSTOMS & FTP
(c) Articles not liable to duty shall be chargeable to duty at the rate at which
articles liable to duty with reference to value are liable under clause (b).
However, -
(a) Accessories of, and spare parts or maintenance and repairing implements for,
any article which satisfy the conditions specified in the rules made in this
behalf shall be chargeable at the same rate of duty as that article;
(b) If the importer produces evidence to the satisfaction of the proper officer or
the evidence is available regarding the value of any of the articles liable to
different rates of duty, such article shall be chargeable to duty separately at
the rate applicable to it.
As per the Accessories (Conditions) Rules, 1963, accessories of and spare parts and
maintenance or repairing implements for, any article when imported along with
that article shall be chargeable at the same rate of duty as that article, if the proper
officer is satisfied that in the ordinary course of trade such accessories, parts and
implements are compulsorily supplied along with that article and no separate
charge is made for such supply and their price being included in the price of the
relevant article.
Relevant Case Law:
CC Vs M/s Denso Kirloskar Industries Pvt Ltd dated 13.08.2015
Consideration paid for the technical know-how - the technical information which was
to be provided by the Japanese company to the respondent was for the manufacture
of the contract products by the respondent herein, naturally, after the setting up of the
plant. This cost is, thus, incurred after the importation of the goods and therefore
cannot be loaded on to the assessable value of the imported goods. The matter is
squarely covered by the judgment of the Court in the case of 'Commissioner of
Customs, Ahmedabad v. M/s. Essar Steel Limited ' 2015 (319) ELT 202 (SC).
Mangalore Refineries and Petrochemicals Ltd Vs CC 2015 (323) ELT 433 (SC)
dated 02.09.2015
Quantity or Price - Duty is payable on the quantity received in India, not the
quantity exported from another country. It is clear that the levy of customs duty
under Section 12 is only on goods imported into India. Goods are said to be
imported into India when they are brought into India from a place outside India.
Unless such goods are brought into India, the act of importation which triggers the
levy does not take place. If the goods are pilferred after they are unloaded or lost

or destroyed at any time before clearance for home consumption or deposit in a

warehouse, the importer is not liable to pay the duty leviable on such goods. This
is for the reason that the import of goods does not take place until they become
part of the land mass of India and until the act of importation is complete which
under Sections 13 and 23 happens only after an order for clearance for home
consumption is made and/or an order permitting the deposit of goods in a
warehouse is made. Under Section 23(2), the owner of the imported goods may
also at any time before such orders have been made relinquish his title to the goods
and shall not be liable to pay any duty thereon.
In short, he may abandon the said goods even after they have physically landed at
any port in India but before any of the aforesaid orders have been made. This again
is for the good reason that the act of importation is only complete when goods are
in the hands of the importer after they have been cleared either for home
consumption or for deposit in a warehouse. Further, as per Section 47 of the
Customs Act, the importer has to pay import duty only on goods that are entered
for home consumption. Obviously, the quantity of goods imported will be the
quantity of goods at the time they are entered for home consumption.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1 Briefly explain the following with reference to the Customs (Determination of
Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007:
(i) Goods of the same class or kind
(ii) Computed value
2. Whether the assessable value of the warehoused goods which are sold before
being cleared for home consumption, should be taken as the price at which the
original importer has sold the goods?
3. Explain when are the costs and services as given in rule 10 of the Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007 be added to
the value of the identical goods under rule 4.
4. Examine the validity of the following statements with reference to the Customs
Act, 1962 giving brief reasons:
(i) Service charges paid to canalizing agent are not includible in the
assessable value of imports. Such agent imports the goods from foreign
sellers and enters into an agreement to sell such goods with buyers in
India in high seas.

4.70 CUSTOMS & FTP
(ii) Charges for “vendor inspection” on the second hand goods carried out by
foreign supplier on his own and not required for making the goods ready
for shipment, are not includible in the assessable value of the imported
goods.
5. An importer entered into a contract for supply of crude sunflower seed oil @
U.S. $ 435 C.I.F./Metric ton. Under the contract, the consignment was to be
shipped in the month of July. The period was extended by mutual agreement
and goods were shipped on 5th August at old prices.
In the meanwhile, the international prices had gone up due to volatility in
market and other imports during the month of August were at higher prices.
Department sought to increase the assessable value on the basis of the higher
prices of contemporaneous imports.
Decide whether the contention of the Department is correct, with reference to
a decided case law, if any.
6. BSA & Company Ltd. has imported a machine from U.K. From the following
particulars furnished by it, arrive at the assessable value for the purpose of
customs duty payable.
Particulars Amount
(i) Price of the machine 10,000 U.K. Pounds
(ii) Freight (air) 3,000 U.K. Pounds
(iii) Engineering and design charges paid to a 500 U.K. Pounds

firm in U.K.
(iv) License fee relating to imported goods 20% of Price of machine

payable by the buyer as a condition of sale
(v) Materials and components supplied in UK

by the buyer free of cost valued at
` 20,000
(vi) Insurance paid to the insurer in India ` 6,000
(vii) Buying commission paid by the buyer to 100 U.K. Pounds

his agent in U.K.

Other particulars:
(i) Inter-bank exchange rate: ` 98 per U.K. Pound.
(ii) CBIC had notified for purpose of section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962,
exchange rate of ` 100 per U.K. Pound.
(iii) Importer paid ` 5,000 towards demurrage charges for delay in clearing
the machine from the Airport.
(Make suitable assumptions wherever required and show workings with
explanations)
7. Briefly explain with reference to the provisions of the Customs Act, the relevant
date for determination of rate of duty and tariff valuation for imports through
a vehicle where bill of entry is filed prior to the arrival of the vehicle.
8. With reference to the provisions of the Customs Valuation (Determination of
Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007, explain briefly the chief reasons on the
basis of which the proper officer can raise doubts on the truth or accuracy of
the declared value.
9. Jagat Corporation Limited imported some goods from US. The details of the
transaction are as follows:-
Authority Rate of exchange
CBIC 1 US $=` 70
RBI 1 US $=` 71
CIF value of the goods is $ 1,50,000

Rate of basic custom duty is 10%
Rate of social welfare surcharge is 10%
Integrated tax is 18%. Ignore GST Compensation Cess.
Calculate total customs duty and integrated tax payable thereon.
10. ABC Industries Ltd. imports an equipment by air. CIF price of the equipment is
6,000 US$, freight paid is 1,200 US$ and insurance cost is 1,800 US$. The
banker realizes the payment from importer at the exchange rate of ` 61 per
US$. Central Board of Indirect taxes and Customs notifies the exchange rate
as ` 70 per US$ while rate of exchange notified by RBI is ` 72 per US$. ABC

4.72 CUSTOMS & FTP
Industries Ltd. expends ` 56,000 in India for certain development activities with
respect to the imported equipment.
Basic customs duty is 10%, Integrated tax is leviable @ 12% and social welfare
surcharge is 10% on duty. Ignore GST Compensation Cess.
You are required to compute the amount of total duty and integrated tax
payable by ABC Industries Ltd. under Customs law.
11. Compute the total customs duty and integrated tax payable under Customs law
on an imported machine, based on the following information:
US $
(i) Cost of the machine at the factory of the exporter 20,000
(ii) Transport charges from the factory of exporter to the port 800
for shipment
(iii) Handling charges paid for loading the machine in the ship 50
(iv) Freight charges from exporting country to India 5,000
(v) Buying commission paid by the importer 100
(` )
(vi) Lighterage charges paid by the importer at port of 12,000

importation
(vii) Freight incurred from port of entry to Inland Container depot 60,000
(viii) Ship demurrage charges paid at port of importation 24,000
Date of bill of entry 20.01.2020 (Rate BCD 20%; Exchange rate as

notified by CBIC ` 70 per US $)
Date of entry inward 25.03.2020 (Rate of BCD 10%; Exchange rate

as notified by CBIC ` 75 per US $)
Integrated tax 12%

12. Kaveri Enterprises imported some goods from Italy. On the basis of certain
information obtained through computer printouts from the Customs House,
Department alleged that during the period in question, large number of
consignments of such goods were imported at a much higher price than the
price declared by Kaveri Enterprises. Therefore, Department valued such goods
on the basis of transaction value of identical goods as per rule 4 of the Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007 and
demanded the differential duty along with penalty and interest from the Kaveri
Enterprises. However, Department did not provide these printouts to Kaveri
Enterprises.
Kaveri Enterprises contended that Department’s demand was without any basis
in law, without any legally admissible evidence and opposed to the principles
of natural justice as the computer printouts which formed the basis of such
demand had not been supplied to them. Resultantly, they had no means of
knowing as to whether any imports of comparable nature were made at the
relevant point of time.
You are required to examine the contention of Kaveri Enterprises, with the help
of a decided case law, if any.
13. M/s Impex imported some consignment of goods on 01.06.2020. A bill of entry
for warehousing of goods was presented on 05.06.2020 and the materials were
duly warehoused. The goods were subject to duty @ 50% ad valorem. In the
meanwhile, on 01.07.2020, an exemption notification was issued reducing the
effecting customs duty @ 30%, ad valorem. M/s Impex filed their bill of entry
for home consumption on 01.08.2020 claiming duty @ 30% ad valorem.
However, Customs Department charged duty @ 50% ad valorem being the rate
on the date of clearance into the warehouse.
Explain with reference to the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962:
(i) the rate of duty applicable for clearance for home consumption in this
case.
(ii) whether the rate of exchange on 01.08.2020 could be adopted for purpose
of conversion of foreign currency into local currency?
14. Differentiate between deductive value and computed value.
15. What is residual method of valuation? Discuss with reference to the Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007.

4.74 CUSTOMS & FTP
16. Enumerate the various costs and services that are to be added under rule 10 of
the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007
to arrive at the “transaction value”.
17. In the context of Customs Valuation (Determination of Price of Imported Goods)
Rules, 2007, explain the meaning of:
(i) Similar goods
(ii) Identical goods
18. Briefly discuss the provisions relating to date for determining the rate of duty
and tariff valuation of imported goods.
19. Product ‘Z’ was imported by Mr. X by air. The details of the import transaction
are as follows:
Particulars US $
Price of ‘Z’ at exporter’s factory 8,500
Freight from factory of the exporter to load airport (airport in 250

the country of exporter)
Loading and handling charges at the load airport 250
Freight from load airport to the airport of importation in India 4,500
Insurance charges 2,000
Though the aircraft arrived on 22.08.2020, the bill of entry for home
consumption was presented by Mr. X on 20.08.2020.
The other details furnished by Mr. X are:
20.08.2020 22.08.2020
Rate of basic customs duty 20% 10%
Exchange rate notified by CBIC ` 70 per US$ ` 72 per US$

Exchange rate prescribed by RBI ` 71 per US$ ` 72 per US$
Integrated tax leviable under section 18% 12%

3(7) of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975
Compute-
(i) value of product ‘Z’ for the purpose of levying customs duty
(ii) customs duty and tax payable
20. An importer from Cochin imports goods from an exporter in US. The vessel
carrying the goods reaches Mumbai port first and from there goods are
transshipped to Cochin port.
Determine the assessable value of the imported goods under the Customs Act,
1962 from the following particulars:
S.No. Particulars Amount
(i) Cost of the machine at the factory of the exporter US $ 20,000
(ii) Transport charges from the factory of exporter to US $ 1,000

the port for shipment
(iii) Handling charges paid for loading the machine in US $ 100

the ship
(iv) Buying commission paid by the importer US $ 100
(v) Freight charges from exporting country to India US $ 2,000
(vi) Actual insurance charges paid are not ascertainable ---
(vii) Charges for design and engineering work US $ 5,000

undertaken for the machine in US
(viii) Unloading and handling charges paid at the place ` 1,500

of importation
(ix) Transport charges from Mumbai to Cochin port ` 25,000
(x) Exchange rate to be considered: 1$ = ` 70

4.76 CUSTOMS & FTP
21. ABC Industries Ltd. of Mumbai imported one machine through vessel from
Japan, in the month of November, 2020.
The following particulars are made available:
S. Particulars Amount in
No. Japanese Yen
(¥)
(i) Cost upto port of exportation incurred by exporter 6,00,000
(ii) Loading charges at port of exportation 25,000
(iii) Freight charges from port of export to port of import 1,00,000

in India.
Following additional amounts paid by ABC Industries Ltd:-
S. Particulars Amount
No. in Indian
rupees (`)
(i) Designing charges, necessary for such machine, paid to 8,00,000

consultancy firm in New Delhi
(ii) Commission paid (not the buying commission) to local 1,25,000

agent of exporter.
(iii) Actual landing charges paid at the place of importation. 15,000
(iv) Actual insurance charges paid to the place of importation -

are not ascertainable.
(v) Lighterage charges paid at the port of importation 20,000
Other Information :
(i) Rate of basic customs duty is 10%
(ii) Rate of social welfare surcharge is 10%
Integrated tax leviable under section 3(7) of Customs Tariff Act,
(iii)
1975 is 12%.

(iv) Ignore GST compensation cess.

(v) Rate of exchange to be taken is 1 Japanese Yen (¥) = ` 0.71
Arrive at the total customs duty, including integrated tax payable under section
3(7) of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 with appropriate working notes.
22. Mr. X imported certain goods from a related person Mr. Q of US and transaction
value has been rejected. Rules 4 and 5 of the Import Valuation Rules are found
inapplicable as no similar/ identical goods are imported in India. Mr. X
furnishes cost related data of imports and requests customs authorities to
determine value accordingly as per rule 8. The relevant data are
1. Cost of materials incurred by Mr. Q $ 2000
2. Fabrication charges incurred by Mr. Q $ 1000
3. Other chargeable expenses incurred by Mr. Q $ 400
4. Other indirect costs incurred by Mr. Q $ 250
5. Freight from Mr. Q 's factory to US port $ 250
6. Loading charges at US port $ 100
7. Normal net profit margin of Mr. Q is 20% of FOB
8. Air freight from US port to Indian port $ 1,500
9. Insurance from US port to Indian port $ 50
10. Exchange rate ` 70 per $
The customs authorities are of the opinion that since value as per rule 7 can be
determined at ` 4,00,000, there is no need to apply rule 8.
Can the request of Mr. X be legally acceptable? If so, compute the assessable
value under the Customs Act, 1962.
ANSWERS/HINTS
1. (i) As per rule 2(1)(c) of Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of
Imported Goods) Rules, 2007, goods of the same class or kind, means
imported goods that are within a group or range of imported goods
produced by a particular industry or industrial sector and includes
identical goods or similar goods.
(ii) As per rule 2(1)(a) of the said rules, computed value means the value of
imported goods determined in accordance with rule 8. The value of

4.78 CUSTOMS & FTP
imported goods is taken as computed value when valuation is not

possible as per any of rules earlier than rule 8 and cost is ascertainable.
As per rule 8, subject to the provisions of rule 3, the value of imported
goods shall be based on a computed value, which shall consist of the
sum of –
(a) the cost or value of materials and fabrication or other processing
employed in producing the imported goods;
(b) an amount for profit and general expenses equal to that usually
reflected in sales of goods of the same class or kind as the goods
being valued which are made by producers in the country of
exportation for export to India;
(c) the cost or value of all other expenses under sub-rule (2) of rule
10.
2. Section 14 of the Customs Act provides that the value of the imported goods
shall be the transaction value of goods which is the price actually paid or
payable for the goods when sold for export to India for delivery at the time
and place of importation. The sale of goods after warehousing them in India
cannot be considered a sale for export to India. It cannot be stated that the
export of goods is not complete even after the imported goods were cleared
for warehousing in the country of import. Hence, the price at which the
imported goods are sold after warehousing them in India does not qualify to
be the transaction value as per section 14. This has been clarified vide Circular
No. 11/2010 Cus. dated 03.06.2010.
Note: The above is only applicable for levy of BCD and Social welfare
surcharge. IGST is leviable as per Section 3(8A) of the Customs Tariff Act,
1975.
3. As per rule 4(1)(c) of the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of
Imported Goods Rules, 2007) where imported goods are being valued as per
rule 4, the value of the identical goods is adjusted to take into account the
difference attributable to the commercial level or to the quantity or both.
According to rule 4(2) where costs and charges referred to in rule 10 are
included in the value of identical goods, adjustment has to be made of the
difference in such costs and charges between the imported goods and the
identical goods.

Therefore, if the value of the identical goods does not include certain specific
costs and charges relating to the imported goods, these are to be included
as per rule 10.
4. (i) The statement is not valid. Since the canalizing agent is not the agent
of the importer nor does he represent the importer abroad, purchases
in bulk by canalizing agency from foreign seller and subsequent sale by
it to Indian importer on high seas sale basis are independent of each
other. Hence, the commission or service charges paid to the canalizing
agent are includible in the assessable value as these cannot be termed
as buying commission [Hyderabad Industries Ltd. v. UOI 2000 (115) ELT
593 (SC)].
(ii) The statement is valid. As per rule 10(1)(e) of the Customs
(Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007, only the
payments actually made as a condition of sale of the imported goods
by the buyer to the seller are includible in the assessable value.
Thus, charges of vendor inspection on the goods carried out by foreign
supplier on his own and not required for making the goods ready for
shipment, are not includible in the assessable value of the imported
goods [Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. v. CC 1997 (90) ELT 276 (SC)].
5. No, the contention of the Department is not correct.
The facts of the given case are similar to the case of CCus., Vishakhapatnam
v. Aggarwal Industries Ltd. 2011 (272) E.L.T. 641 (SC). The Supreme Court, in
the instant case, observed that since the contract entered into for supply of
crude sunflower seed oil @ US $ 435 CIF/metric ton could not be performed
on time, the extension of time for shipment was agreed upon by the
contracting parties.
The Supreme Court pointed out that the commodity involved had volatile
fluctuations in its price in the international market, but having delayed the
shipment; the supplier did not increase the price of the commodity even after
the increase in its price in the international market.
Further, there was no allegation regarding the supplier and importer being in
collusion. Thus, the appeal was allowed in the favour of the assessee and the
contract price was accepted as the ‘transaction value’.

4.80 CUSTOMS & FTP
6. Computation of assessable value of machine imported by BSA & Co.
Particulars Amount (£)
Price of the machine 10,000
Add: Engineering and design charges paid in UK [Note 1] 500
Licence fee relating to imported goods payable by

the buyer as a condition of sale (20% of Price of 2,000
machine) [Note 1]
Total 12,500
Amount (`)
Value in Indian currency [£12,500 x `100] [Note 2] 12,50,000
Add: Materials and components supplied by the buyer 20,000
free of cost [Note 1]
FOB 12,70,000
Add: Freight [Note 3] 2,54,000
Insurance paid to the insurer in India [Note 1] 6,000
CIF value 15,30,000
Assessable value 15,30,000
Notes:
1. Engineering and design charges paid in UK, licence fee relating to
imported goods payable by the buyer as a condition of sale, materials
and components supplied by the buyer free of cost and actual insurance
charges paid are all includible in the assessable value [Rule 10 of the
Customs (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
2. As per Explanation to section 14(1) of the Customs Act, 1962, assessable
value should be calculated with reference to the rate of exchange
notified by the CBIC.
3. If the goods are imported by air, the freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB
price [Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs (Determination of Value
of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].

4. Buying commission is not included in the assessable value [Rule 10(1)(a)

of the Customs (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules,
2007].
5. Only ship demurrage charges on chartered vessels are included in the
cost of transport of the imported goods. Thus, demurrage charges for
delay in clearing the machine from the Airport will not be includible in
the assessable value [Explanation to Rule 10(2) of the Customs
7. As per section 15(1) of the Customs Act, 1962, the relevant date for
determination of rate of duty and tariff valuation of goods entered for
imports through a vehicle is the date of presentation of bill of entry OR date
of arrival of the vehicle, whichever is later.
Therefore, the relevant date for determination of rate of duty and tariff
valuation for imports through a vehicle where bill of entry is filed prior to the
arrival of the vehicle will be the date of the arrival of the vehicle.
8. As per explanation to rule 12 of the Customs Valuation (Determination of
Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007, the chief reasons on the basis of which
the proper officer can raise doubts on the truth or accuracy of the declared
value may include:-
(a) the significantly higher value at which identical or similar goods
imported at or about the same time in comparable quantities in a
comparable commercial transaction were assessed;
(b) the sale involves an abnormal discount or abnormal reduction from the
ordinary competitive price;
(c) the sale involves special discounts limited to exclusive agents;
(d) the misdeclaration of goods in parameters such as description, quality,
quantity, country of origin, year of manufacture or production;
(e) the non declaration of parameters such as brand, grade, specifications
that have relevance to value;
(f) the fraudulent or manipulated documents.

4.82 CUSTOMS & FTP
9. Computation of total custom duty and integrated tax payable
Particulars Amount
CIF Value $ 1,50,000.00
Assessable value (in `) =$1,50,000 × ` 70 (Note -1) ` 1,05,00,000.00
Add: Basic custom duty @ 10% (` 1,05,00,000 × 10%) ` 10,50,000.00
Add: Social Welfare surcharge [`10,50,000 × 10%] ` 1,05,000
Sub-total 1,16,55,000.00
Add: Integrated tax (` 1,16,55,000 × 18%) (Note-2) ` 20,97,900.00
Total custom duty and integrated tax payable ` 32,52,900

(rounded off)
Notes:-
(1) The applicable exchange rate is the rate notified by CBIC [Explanation
to section 14(1) of the customs Act, 1962].
imported goods, customs duties and applicable social welfare
surcharge.
10. Computation of customs duty and integrated tax payable by ABC
Industries Ltd.
Particulars Amount
CIF value 6,000 US $
Less: Freight 1,200 US $
Less: Insurance 1,800 US $
FOB value 3,000 US $
Add: Freight (20% of FOB value) [Note 1] 600 US $
Add: Insurance (actual) 1,800 US $
CIF 5,400 US $


Assessable value = ` 70 x 5,400 US $ ` 3,78,000
Add: Basic customs duty @ 10% ` 37,800
Add: Social Welfare Surcharge @ 10% ` 3,780
Sub-total ` 4,19,580
Integrated tax @ 12% of ` 4,19,580[Note 5] ` 50,349.60
Total customs duty and integrated tax payable ` 91,929.60
[`37,800 + ` 3,780 + ` 50,349.60]
Total customs duty and integrated tax payable ` 91,930
(rounded off)
Notes:
1. If the goods are imported by air, the freight cannot exceed 20% of FOB
price [Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs (Determination of Value
of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
2. Rate of exchange determined by CBIC is considered [Clause (a) of the
explanation to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
3. Rule 10(1)(b)(iv) of the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of
Imported Goods) Rules, 2007 inter alia provides that value of
development work undertaken elsewhere than in India is includible in
the value of the imported goods. Thus, development charges of
` 56,000 paid for work done in India have not been included for the
purposes of arriving at the assessable value.
imported goods, customs duties and applicable social welfare
surcharge.
11. Computation of customs duty and integrated tax payable on the
imported goods
Particulars US $
Cost of the machine at the factory 20,000
Transport charges up to port 800

4.84 CUSTOMS & FTP
Handling charges at the port 50
FOB 20,850
FOB value in Indian rupees @ ` 70/- per $ [Note 1] 14,59,500
Freight charges up to India [US $ 5,000 x ` 70] 3,50,000
Lighterage charges paid by the importer [Note 2] 12,000
Ship demurrage charges on chartered vessels [Note 2] 24,000
Insurance charges @ 1.125% of FOB [Note 3] 16,419.38
CIF 18,61,919.38
Add: Basic customs duty @ 10% [Note 4] [a] 1,86,192
Add: Social Welfare surcharge @ 10% [b] 18,619.20
Total 20,66,730.58
Add: Integrated tax @ 12% of ` 20,66,730.58 [c] [Note 5] 2,48,007.67
Total custom duty and integrated tax payable [(a) +(b) 4,52,819
+ (c)] rounded off
Notes:
(1) Rate of exchange notified by CBIC on the date of presentation of bill of
entry is considered [Explanation to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
(2) Cost of transport of the imported goods includes ship demurrage
charges and lighterage charges [Explanation to Rule 10(2) of Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007].
(3) Insurance charges is included @ 1.125% of FOB value of goods [Third
proviso to rule 10(2) of Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of
(4) Rate of duty is the rate prevalent on the date of presentation of bill of
entry or the rate prevalent on the date of entry inwards, whichever is
later [Section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962].

imported goods, customs duties and applicable Social welfare
surcharge.
(6) Buying commission is not included in the assessable value [Rule
10(1)(a)(i) of Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported
Goods) Rules, 2007].
(7) Freight incurred from port of entry to Inland Container depot is not
includible in assessable value [Rule 10(2)(a) of Customs Valuation
12. The facts of the given case are similar to the case of Gira Enterprises v. CCus.
2014 (307) ELT 209 (SC) decided by the Supreme Court. In the instant case,
the Supreme Court observed that since Revenue did not supply the copy of
the computer printout, which formed the basis of the conclusion that the
appellants under-valued the imported goods, the appellants obviously could
not and did not have any opportunity to demonstrate that the transactions
relied upon by the Revenue were not comparable transactions.
The Supreme Court held that mere existence of alleged computer printout
was not proof of existence of comparable imports. Even if assumed that such
printout did exist and content thereof were true, such printout must have
been supplied to the appellant and they should have been given reasonable
opportunity to establish that the import transactions were not comparable.
In view of the above-mentioned judgment, contention of Kaveri Enterprises
is correct.
13. (i) Section 15(1)(b) of the Customs Act, 1962 provides that in the case of
goods cleared from a warehouse, rate of duty applicable is the rate of
duty in force on the date on which a bill of entry for home consumption
in respect of such goods is presented.
In the given case, since M/s Impex has filed the bill of entry for home
consumption on 01.08.2020, rate of duty is the rate prevalent on the
said date viz. 30%.
(ii) Third proviso to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 provides that the
rate of exchange notified by the CBIC as prevalent on the date of
presentation of bill of entry for warehousing is the applicable rate of
exchange for conversion of foreign currency into local currency.

4.86 CUSTOMS & FTP
Therefore, in the given case, rate of exchange that would be prevalent

on date of presentation of bill of entry for warehousing i.e. 05.06.2020
and not the one prevalent on date of presentation of bill of entry for
home consumption i.e., 01.08.2020, would be adopted.
14. [Refer Para 8]
15. [Refer Para 8]
16. [Refer Para 8]
17. [Refer Para 8]
18. [Refer Para 10]
19. Computation of assessable value of product ‘Z’
Particulars Amount
Ex-factory price of the goods 8,500 US $
Freight from factory of the exporter to load 250 US $

airport (airport in the country of exporter)
Loading and handling charges at the load 250 US $

airport
Freight from load airport to the airport of 4,500 US $

importation in India
Total cost of transport, loading and 5,000 US $

handling charges associated with the
delivery of the imported goods to the place
of importation
Add: Cost of transport, loading, unloading and handling 1,800 US $

charges associated with the delivery of the imported
goods to the place of importation (restricted to 20%
of FOB value) [Note 1]
Insurance (actual) 2,000 US $
CIF for customs purpose 12,300 US $
Value for customs purpose 12,300 US $

Amount (`)
Assessable value (` 70 x 12,300 US $) 8,61,000
Add: Basic customs duty @ 10% [Note 3] 86,100
Add: SWS @ 10% 8,610
Value for the purpose of levying integrated tax [Note 4] 9,55,710
Add: Integrated tax @ 12% 1,14,685.2
Total duty & tax payable (rounded off) 2,09,395
Notes:
(1) In the case of goods imported by air, the cost of transport, loading,
unloading and handling charges associated with the delivery of the
imported goods to the place of importation shall not exceed 20% of the
FOB value of the goods. [Fifth proviso to rule 10(2) of the Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007
(CVR)].
FOB value in this case is the ex-factory price of the goods (8,500 US $)
plus the cost of transport from factory to load airport (250 US $) plus
loading and handling charges at the load airport (250 US $) which is
9,000 US $.
(2) Rate of exchange determined by CBIC is to be considered [Clause (a) of
the explanation to section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962].
(3) Section 15 of the Customs Act, 1962 provides that rate of duty shall be
the rate in force on the date of presentation of bill of entry or the rate
in force on the date of arrival of aircraft, whichever is later.
imported goods and customs duties [Section 3(8) of the Customs Tariff
Act, 1962]. SWS leviable on integrated tax have been exempted.

4.88 CUSTOMS & FTP
20. Computation of assessable value of imported goods
Particulars Amount
(US $)
Price of the machine at the factory of the exporter 20,000
Add: Transport charges up to the port in the country of 1,000

the exporter [Note 1]
Handling charges at the port in the country of the 100

exporter [Note 1]
Charges for design and engineering work 5,000

undertaken for the machine in US [Note 2]
Buying commission [Note 3] Nil
FOB value 26,100.00
Add: Freight charges up to India 2,000.00
Insurance charges @ 1.125% of FOB [Note 4] 293.63
Transport charges from Mumbai to Cochin port Nil

[Note 5]
CIF value 28,393.63
Add: Unloading and handling charges paid at the place Nil

of importation [Note 6]
Assessable value 28,393.63
Assessable value in Indian rupees @ ` 70/ per $ `19,87,554.10
Assessable value (rounded off) ` 19,87,554
Notes:
(1) The cost of transport, loading, unloading and handling charges

importation are includible in the assessable value [Rule 10(2)(a) of the

Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules,
2007 (CVR)].
(2) Design and engineering work undertaken elsewhere than in India and
necessary for the production of the imported goods is includible in the
assessable value [Rule 10(1)(b)(iv) of the CVR].
(3) Buying commission is not included in the assessable value [Rule
10(1)(a)(i) of the CVR].
(4) If insurance cost is not ascertainable, the same shall be added @ 1.125%
of FOB value of the goods [Third proviso to rule 10(2) of the CVR].
(5) Cost of insurance, transport, loading, unloading, handling charges
associated with transshipment of imported goods to another customs
station in India is not included in the assessable value [Sixth proviso to
rule 10(2) of the CVR].
(6) As per rule 10(2) of the CVR, only charges incurred for delivery of goods
“to” the place of importation are includible in the transaction value.
The loading, unloading and handling charges associated with the delivery of
the imported goods at the place of importation are not to be added to the
CIF value of the goods.
21. Computation of assessable value of the imported goods
Japanese
Yen
Cost upto port of exportation 6,00,000
Add: Loading charges at the port of exportation [Note-1] 25,000
Total in Japanese Yen 6,25,000
Total in Indian rupees @ ` 0.71 per Japanese Yen 4,43,750.00
Add: Commission paid to local agent of exporter [Note-3] 1,25,000.00

4.90 CUSTOMS & FTP
FOB value as per customs 5,68,750.00
Add: Freight charges from port of export to port of import 71,000.00

in India [Note-1]
[1,00,000 Japanese Yen × 0.71 = ` 71,000]
Add: Lighterage charges paid by the importer at port of 20,000

importation [Note-1]
Add: Insurance charges @ 1.125% of FOB 6,398.43

[` 5,68,750 × 1.125%] [Note-4]
CIF value 6,66,148.43
Assessable Value (rounded off) 6,66,148
Add: Basic customs duty @ 10% of ` 6,66,148 66,615

(rounded off) (A)
Add: Social welfare surcharge @ 10% of ` 66,615 6,662

(rounded off) (B)
Total 7,39,425
Add: Integrated tax @ 12% of ` 7,39,425 (rounded off) (C) 88,731
Total custom duty and integrated tax payable [(A) 1,62,008

+(B) + (C)] (rounded off)
Notes:
(1) The cost of transport, loading, unloading and handling charges
importation are includible in the assessable value [Rule 10(2) of the
Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules,
2007 (CVR)]. Further, explanation to rule 10(2), inter alia, clarifies that
cost of transport of the imported goods includes lighterage charges.

(2) Design and engineering work is includible in the assessable value only
when the same is undertaken elsewhere than in India and necessary for
the production of the imported goods [Rule 10(1) of the CVR].
(3) Buying commission is not included in the assessable value [Rule 10(1)
of the CVR]. Commission paid to local agent of exporter is includible in
the assessable value since it is not buying commission.
(4) If insurance cost is not ascertainable, the same shall be added @ 1.125%
of FOB value of the goods [Rule 10(2) of the CVR].
(5) Cost of insurance, transport, loading, unloading, handling charges
associated with transshipment of imported goods to another customs
station in India is not included in the assessable value [Rule 10(2) of the
CVR].
22. The value of the imported goods is determined under rule 8 of the Customs
Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007
(hereinafter referred to as Import Valuation Rules) if the same cannot be
determined under the earlier rules. However, the order of application of rules
7 and 8 can be reversed at the request of the importer and with the approval
of the proper officer.
Thus, request of Mr. X for determination of value under rule 8 is legally
acceptable, if the same is also approved by the proper officer.
Assuming that the request of Mr. X has been approved by the proper officer,
the assessable value of the imported goods under rule 8 will be the sum of-
(a) the cost of materials and fabrication or other processing;
(b) an amount for profit and general expenses
(c) the cost or value of all other expenses under rule 10(2) of the said rules.
Computation of assessable value
Particulars Amount ($)
Cost of materials 2,000
Add: Fabrication charges 1,000
Other chargeable expenses 400

4.92 CUSTOMS & FTP
Other indirect costs 250
Cost of the goods at Mr. Q’s factory 3,650
Add: Net profit margin @ 20% of FOB, i.e. 25% of total 1,000
cost
Total cost till US port = Cost of the goods at factory +
Freight from factory to US port and loading charges at
US port = $ 4,000 [$ 3,650 + $ 250 + $ 100]
FOB value = Total cost till port + profit = $ 5,000 ($ 4,000
+ $ 1,000)
Add: Freight & loading/unloading charges 1,000

[In case of import by air, the cost of transport, loading,
unloading and handling charges associated with the
delivery of the imported goods to the place of
importation are restricted to 20% of FOB value]
Insurance charges 50
Assessable value 5,700
Assessable value in Indian Rupees (Exchange rate - ` 70 3,99,000

per $)

SIGNIFICANT SELECT CASES
1. Can the value of imported goods be increased if Department fails to

provide to the importer, evidence of import of identical goods at higher
prices?
Gira Enterprises v. CCus. 2014 (307) ELT 209 (SC)
Facts of the Case: The appellant imported some goods from China. On the
basis of certain information obtained through a computer printout from the
Customs House, Department alleged that during the period in question, large
number of such goods were imported at a much higher price than the price
declared by the appellant. Therefore, Department valued such goods on the
basis of transaction value of identical goods as per erstwhile rule 5 [now rule
4 of the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods)
Rules, 2007] and demanded the differential duty alongwith penalty and
interest from the appellant. However, Department did not provide these
printouts to the appellant.
The appellant contended that Department’s demand was without any basis
in law, without any legally admissible evidence and opposed to the principles
of natural justice as the computer printout which formed the basis of such
demand had not been supplied to them. Resultantly, the appellant had no
means of knowing as to whether any imports of comparable nature were
made at the relevant point of time.
Supreme Court’s Observations: Supreme Court observed that since

Revenue did not supply the copy of computer printout, which formed the
basis of the conclusion that the appellants under-valued the imported goods,
the appellants obviously could not and did not have any opportunity to
demonstrate that the transactions relied upon by the Revenue were not
comparable transactions.
Supreme Court’s Decision: The Supreme Court held that mere existence of
alleged computer printout was not proof of existence of comparable imports.
Even if assumed that such printout did exist and content thereof were true, such
printout must have been supplied to the appellant and it should have been given
reasonable opportunity to establish that the import transactions were not

4.94 CUSTOMS & FTP
comparable. Thus, in the given case, the value of imported goods could not be
enhanced on the basis of value of identical goods as Department was not able
to provide evidence of import of identical goods at higher prices.
Note: This case establishes the principle that the onus to prove that identical
goods have been imported at a price higher than the value of the goods
declared by the importer, lies with the Department.

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4

VALUATION UNDER THE

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

3. TERMS USED IN COMMERCIAL PARLANCE

(1) Invoice This is the basic commercial document showing

(2) Packing specification Giving particulars of the contents of each package

(3) Certificate of Origin A certificate issued by the competent authority in

(4) Bill of Lading A negotiable document given by the carriers of

(5) Air Consignment It is a document corresponding to Bill of Lading,

(6) Indent It is a document showing the particulars of the

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

order with the supplier. It normally gives

(7) Quotation It is a document, which indicates the price, the

(8) Acceptance It refers to the formalisation of the contract of sale

(9) Letter of Credit This is an instrument delivered by the bank

(10) Sight draft A documentary bill of exchange between importer

(11) Delivery Order An authorisation given by the local agent of the

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(13) Retirement of The process of handing over of original negotiable

(14) Non-negotiable Since retirement of the original document takes

(15) Boat/Lighterage Sometimes the vessel is unable to get a berth

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(17) Insurance cover It is customary to insure all goods which are

4 TECHNICAL TERMS RELATING TO VALUE IN

(3) F.O.B. (Free on Board) Technically there is not much of a difference

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

5. CONCEPT OF INDIRECT TAX AND

6. TWO APPROACHES FOR COMPUTING THE

Manufac- Supplier Port of Port of Cost to Cost to Cost to

turer shipment import Importer Wholesale Retailer/

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7. VALUATION OF GOODS BASED ON

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

CURRENCY CONVERSION RATE

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

8. CUSTOMS VALUATION (DETERMINATION

Rule Valuation Rules for Imports

3 Determination of the method of valuation

4 Transaction value of identical goods

5 Transaction value of similar goods

6 Determination of value where value cannot be determined

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10 Cost and services

11 Declaration by the Importer

12 Rejection of declared value

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(viii) they are members of the same family.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

RULE 3 – DETERMINATION OF THE METHOD OF VALUATION

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(i) the transaction value of identical goods, or of similar goods, in

RULE 4 – TRANSACTION VALUE OF IDENTICAL GOODS

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shall be used, provided that such adjustments shall be made on the

Transaction value of identical goods sold for export to India