PART-A

Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the

various components.
Micro project Proposal

1. Brief Introduction :-
An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead
lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or a
supercapacitor.This page shows the internal arrangement for a typical AC
electric locomotive and offers a selection of terms used in electric traction. If
you can’t find it here, try our Modern Railway Glossary. 
2. Aim of the Micro project:-
1)Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive.
2)Show the various components of Electric Locomotive.
3) To know about applications of electric locomotive.

3.Action Plan:-

S. R.  Details of Plan start Plan Finish Responsible

Activity  date  Date team members 
01 Did research on Pratik Gawas
micro project 
02 Search required Ajit More
resources 
03 Search an Vikas Sharma
information
04 Made a report  Yogesh Ghude

PART –B
 Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the
various components.
1.Brief introduction:-
A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive
power for a train.If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually
rather referred to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car; the use
of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains,
but rare for freight (see CargoSprinter and Iron
Highway).Traditionally,locomotives pulled trains from the front. However,
push-pull operation has become common, where the train may have a
locomotive (or locomotives) at the front, at the rear, or at each end. Most
recently railroads have begun adopting DPU or distributed power. The front
may have one or two locomotives followed by a mid train locomotive that is
controlled remotely from the lead unit.

2.History:-
The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert
Davidson of Aberdeen, and it was powered by galvanic cells (batteries).
Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal
Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two
direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars
attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators. It
hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a
distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the
Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the
limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by
railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. The locomotive
was driven by a 2.2 kW, series-wound motor, and the train, consisting of the
locomotive and three cars, reached a speed of 13 km/h. During four months,
the train carried 90,000 passengers on a 300-metre-long (984 feet) circular
track.

3.Types Of Locomotive:-
Diesel Locomotives.
Steam Locomotives.
Electric Locomotives.
Electric Trainsets.
Diesel Trainsets.
Maglev trainsets.
Gas turbine locomotives.

4.Block Diagram Of AC Electric Locomotive:-

5.Electromotive Components:-
Asynchronous Motor:-Modern traction motor type using three phase AC
electrical supply and now the favoured design for modern train traction systems.
It can be used on DC and AC electrified railways with suitable control
electronics and on diesel-electric locomotives.

Axle Brush:-The means by which the power supply circuit is completed with
the substation once power has been drawn on the locomotive. Current collected
from the overhead line or third rail is returned via the axle brush and one of the
running rails.

Balancing Speed:-The economical service speed at which the tractive effort of

the train equals the train resistance and no further acceleration takes place.

Battery:-All trains are provided with a battery to provide start up current and
for supplying essential circuits, such as emergency lighting, when the line
supply fails. The battery is usually connected across the DC control supply
circuit.

Bucholz Relay:-A device inserted in the oil cooling circuits of electric

locomotive transformers to detect low oil pressure. If low oil pressure is
detected, the relay trips out the power system. Often a source of spurious circuit
breaker trips if not carefully calibrated.

Cannon Box:-Sleeve used to mount a traction motor on an axle in electric

power bogies and sometimes including an axle brush.

Chopper Control:-A development in electric traction control which eliminates

the need for power resistors by causing the voltage to the traction motors to be
switched on and off (chopped) very rapidly during acceleration. It is
accomplished by the use of thyristors and will give up to 20% improvement in
efficiency over conventional resistance control.

Circuit Breaker:-An electric train is almost always provided with some sort of
circuit breaker to isolate the power supply when there is a fault, or for
maintenance. On AC systems they are usually on the roof near the pantograph.
There are two types - the air blast circuit breaker and the vacuum circuit breaker
or VCB. The air or vacuum part is used to extinguish the arc which occurs as
the two tips of the circuit breaker are opened. The VCB is popular in the UK
and the air blast circuit breaker is more often seen on the continent of Europe.
Contactor:-Similar to a relay in that it is a remotely operated switch used to
control a higher power local circuit. The difference is that contactors normally
latch or lock closed and have to be opened by a separate action. A lighting
contactor will have two, low voltage operating coils, one to "set" the contactor
closed to switch on the lights; the other to "trip" off the lights.

Converter:-Generic term for any solid state electronic system for converting
alternating current to direct current or vice versa. Where an AC supply has to be
converted to DC it is called a rectifier and where DC is converted to AC it is
called an inverter. The word originated in the US but is now common
elsewhere.

Cooling Fans:-To keep the thyristors and other electronic power systems cool,
the interior of a modern locomotive is equipped with an air management
system, electronically controlled to keep all systems operating at the correct
temperature. The fans are powered by an auxiliary inverter producing 3-phase
AC at about 400 volts.

DC Link:-Used on modern electronic power systems between the single phase

rectifier and the 3-phase inverter. It is easier to convert the single phase AC
from the overhead line to the 3-phase required for the motors by rectifying it to
DC and then inverting the DC to 3-phase AC.

Grid:-Train or locomotive mounted expanded steel resistor used to absorb

excess electrical energy during motor or braking power control. Often seen on
the roofs of diesel electric locomotives where they are used to dissipate heat
during dynamic braking.

Ground Relay:-An electrical relay provided in diesel and electric traction

systems to protect the equipment against damage from earths and so-called
"grounds". The result of such a relay operating is usually a shut-down of the
electrical drive. Also sometimes called an Earth Fault Relay.

GTO Thyristor:-Gate Turn Off thyristor, a thyristor which does not require a
commutation (reverse flow circuit) circuit to switch it off. See Thyristor
(below)

IGBT:-Most recent power electronics development. It is replacing the GTO

thyristor as it is smaller and requires less current to operate the switching
sequences. See Transistor upon which the technology is based.
Inverter:-Electronic power device mounted on trains to provide alternating
current from direct current. Popular nowadays for DC railways to allow three
phase drive or for auxiliary supplies which need an AC supply. See also
converter with which it is often confused.

Line Breaker:-Electro-mechanical switch in a traction motor power circuit

used to activate or disable the circuit. It is normally closed to start the train and
remains closed all the time power is required. It is opened by a command from
the driving controller, no-volts detected, overload detected and (were required)
wheel spin or slide detected. It is linked to the overload and no-volt control
circuits so that it actually functions as a protective circuit breaker.

Master Controller:-Driver's power control device located in the cab. The

driver moves the handle of the master controller to apply or reduce power to the
locomotive or train. Modern systems often have controllers that incorporate
braking.

No-Volt Relay:-A power circuit relay which detected if power was lost for any
reason and made sure that the control sequence was returned to the starting
point before power could be re-applied.

Overload Relay:-A power circuit relay which detected excessive current in the
circuit and switched off the power to avoid damage to the motors. See Motor
Protection above.

Rectifier:-A converter consisting of thyristors and diodes which is used to

convert AC to DC. A modern locomotive will usually have at least two, a "Main
Rectifier" for the power circuits and one or more for the auxiliary circuits.

Relay:-A remotely controlled switch which uses a low voltage control circuit. It
will close (or open) a switch in a local circuit, usually of higher power. To see
the principle of how it works, look here. See also Contactor (above).

Resistance Control:-Method of traction motor control formerly almost

universal on DC electric railways whereby the power to the motors was
gradually increased from start up by removing resistances from the power
circuit in steps. See more here. Originally this step control was done manually
but it was later automatic, a relay in the circuit monitoring the rise and fall of
current as the steps were removed. Many examples of this system still exist but
new builds now use solid state control with power electronics.
Synchronous Motor:-Traction motor where the field coils are mounted on the
drive shaft and the armature coils in the housing, the inverse of normal practice.
Favoured by the French and used on the high speed TGV Atlantique trains, this
is a single-phase machine controlled by simple inverter. Now superseded by the
asynchronous motor.

Tap Changer:-Camshaft operated set of switches used on AC electric

locomotives to control the voltage taken off the main transformer for traction
motor power. Superseded by thyristor control.

Thyristor:-A type of diode with a controlling gate which allows current to pass
through it when the gate is energised. The gate is closed by the current being
applied to the thyristor in the reverse direction. Thyristors (also referred to as
choppers) are used for traction power control in place of resistance control
systems. A GTO (Gate Turn Off) thyristor is a development in which current is
turned off is by applying a pulse of current to the gate.

Transformer:-A set of windings with a magnetic core used to step down or

step up a voltage from one level to another. The voltage differences are
determined by the proportion of windings on the input side compared with the
proportion on the output side. An essential requirement for locomotives and
trains using AC power, where the line voltage has to be stepped down before
use on the train.

Transistor:-The original electronic solid state device capable of controlling the

amount of current flowing as well as switching it on and off. In the last few
years, a powerful version has been applied to railway traction in the form of the
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). Its principle advantage over the
GTO Thyristor is its speed of switching and that its controls require much
smaller current levels.

Wheel Spin:-On a steam locomotive, the driver must reduce the steam
admission to the cylinders by easing closed (or partially closed) the
throttle/regulator when he hears the wheels start to spin. On diesel or electric
locomotives, the current drawn by individual or groups of traction motors are
compared - the motor (or group) which draws proportionally less amps than the
others is deemed to be in a state of slip - and the power is reduced. Some
systems - EMD Super Series for one - measure known wheel speed against
ground speed as registered on a Doppler Radar. Many locomotives additionally
use sand, which is applied to the wheel/rail contact point to improve adhesion -
this is either controlled automatically, or manually by the driver (Foamer? No
Way, 25 Apr 98). See also Wheel Spin Relay.
Wheel Spin Relay (WSR):-A relay in older traction motor control circuits used
to detect wheel spin or slide by measuring the current levels in a pair of motors
on a bogie and comparing them. The idea is to prevent motor damage by
preventing an overspeeding motor causing an unacceptable rise in current in the
other motor of the pair. If detected, the imbalance causes the control circuits to
open the line breakers and reset the power control to the start position like a
“no-volt" relay

6.Application of this Micro-Project:-

ELECTRIC locomotives were first used for the movement of main-line traffic
over 45 years ago. This early application was for tunnel work but it may be
taken as the beginning of a new era in main-line transportation. In this era the
steam locomotive has been transformed in appearance and characteristics. More
recently the Diesel engine has been applied to passenger and freight trains.
During all this period of development the characteristics of the electric
locomotive have continued to be superior to those of either the steam or the
diesel-electric locomotive. Many of the early ideas with regard to the
application of electric locomotives are still valid today, but progress in
transportation engineering has become so accelerated that a periodic review of
each type of motive power must be made by those who are responsible for their
application.

7.Actual procedure Followed:-

The group consists of 4 members named Vikas Sharma , Yogesh
Ghude, Pratik Gawas and Ajit More. The collection of data and other
materials, resources were done by the Partik. The actual digging the
information about various Acts was done by Vikas and the Plan was
executed by Ajit and Yogesh with equal effort.
The data collected by the Pratik was arranged properly and report was
been made by Ajit using Microsoft word.

8.Skill Developed:
 1. Collected relevant data from different sources. 
2.Analyzed the collected data and generalized useful information from it.
3.Work persistently to achieve the target.
4.Prepared details plan for execution of the work.
5.Prepared a chart showing application of Locomotive.

6.Participated effectively in group work.

                             
                      

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of student :-Ajit More.                    Enrollment no:-1915580004
Name of student:-Vikas Sharma.            Enrollment no:- 1915580043
Name of student:- Yogesh Ghude.          Enrollment no:-1915580040
Name of student :- Pratik Gawas. Enrollment no:- 1915580008

Name of programme:-  Electrical Engineering.   Semester:- Sixth

Course title:- Utilization Of Electrical Energy        Code:- 22626

Title of project:- Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the various
components.
Course outcomes achieved:- We learned about various components of electric
locomotive.

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for assessment of micro project

Sr.no. Characteristics to be assessed  Poor  Average Good Excellent

Marks Marks  Marks Marks
 (1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature survey

3. Project proposal

4. Completion of  the target as per

project proposal
5. Analysis of data and representation

6. Quality of model  

7. Report preparation 
8. Presentation 
9. Defense

                            

                                     Teacher Evaluation Sheet

 
Name of student :-Ajit More.                        Enrollment no:-1915580004

Name of programme:-  Electrical Engineering.     Semester:-  Sixth

Course title:- Utilization Of Electrical Energy   Code:- 22626

Title of project:- Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the various
components.
Course outcomes achieved:- We learned about various components of electric
locomotive.

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for assessment of micro project

 Sr.no. Characteristics to be assessed  Poor  Average Good Excellent
Marks Marks  Marks Marks
 (1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature survey

3. Project proposal

4. Completion of  the target as per

project proposal
5. Analysis of data and representation

6. Quality of model  

7. Report preparation 
8. Presentation 
9. Defense

                                                

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of student:- Vikas Sharma.                   Enrollment no:-1915580043

Name of programme:-  Electrical Engineering.     Semester:- Sixth

Course title:-Utilization Of Electrical Energy  Code:- 22626

Title of project:- Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the various
components.
Course outcomes achieved:- We learned about various components of electric
locomotive.

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for assessment of micro project

 Sr.no. Characteristics to be assessed  Poor  Average Good Excellent
Marks Marks  Marks Marks
 (1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature survey

3. Project proposal

4. Completion of  the target as per

project proposal
5. Analysis of data and representation

6. Quality of model  

7. Report preparation 
8. Presentation 
9. Defense

                                           

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of student:-Yogesh Ghude                   Enrollment no:-1915580040

Name of programme:-  Electrical Engineering.   Semester:- Sixth

Course title:- Utilization Of Electrical Energy .              Code:- 22626

Title of project:- Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the various
components.

Course outcomes achieved:- We learned about various components of electric

locomotive.

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for assessment of micro project

 Sr.no. Characteristics to be assessed  Poor  Average Good Excellent
Marks Marks  Marks Marks
 (1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature survey

3. Project proposal

4. Completion of  the target as per

project proposal
5. Analysis of data and representation

6. Quality of model  

7. Report preparation 
8. Presentation 
9. Defense

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of student:- Pratik Gawas Enrollment no:-1915580008

Name of programme:- Electrical Engineering. Semester:- Sixth

Course title:- Utilization Of Electrical Energy . Code:- 22626

Title of project:- Prepare a chart of Electric Locomotive and show the various
components.

Course outcomes achieved:- We learned about various components of electric

locomotive.

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for assessment of micro project

Sr.no. Characteristics to be assessed Poor Average Good Excellent
Marks Marks Marks Marks
(1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature survey

3. Project proposal

4. Completion of the target as per

project proposal
5. Analysis of data and representation

6. Quality of model

7. Report preparation
8. Presentation
9. Defense