Hurricane Emily (1993)

Hurricane Emily (1993)
Hurricane Emily in 1993 caused record flooding in the Outer

Banks of North Carolina while remaining just offshore. The fifth Hurricane Emily
named storm and the first yet strongest hurricane of the year's Category 3 major hurricane
hurricane season, Emily developed from a tropical wave (SSHWS/NWS)
northeast of the Lesser Antilles on August 22, 1993. It moved
northwestward and strengthened into a tropical storm on
August 25, after becoming nearly stationary southeast of
Bermuda. Emily then curved to the southwest but quickly
resumed its northwest trajectory while strengthening into a
hurricane. Late on August 31, the hurricane reached peak winds
of 115 mph (185 km/h) on its approach to North Carolina.
Although part of the eye passed over Hatteras Island in the Outer
Banks, its absolute center remained 23 mi (37 km/h) offshore.
Gradually weakening, the hurricane swerved away from the
coast toward the northeast and later east. Emily stalled again, this
time northeast of Bermuda, and dissipated on September 6 to the
southeast of Newfoundland.
The threat of Emily prompted hurricane warnings for much of Hurricane Emily off the North Carolina
the North Carolina coast and northward through Delaware. A coastline on August 31
mandatory evacuation for Ocracoke and Hatteras islands
Formed August 22, 1993
displaced 160,000 people during the busy Labor Day weekend;
the loss in tourism revenue amounted to $10 million Dissipated September 6, 1993
(1993 USD). About 1,600 residents on these islands rode out the Highest winds 1-minute sustained:
storm in their homes, and emergency officials stayed behind. 115 mph (185 km/h)
Most of the evacuees went to hotels or stayed with friends or
Lowest pressure 960 mbar (hPa); 28.35
relatives, causing an increase in business across southeastern
inHg
Virginia, where effects were minimal. Due to uncertainty in
forecasting Emily's path, there were also evacuations from the Fatalities 3 total
coasts of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Fire Island in New Damage $35 million (1993 USD)
York. Areas affected East coast of the
While bypassing the Outer Banks, Emily produced strong winds United States
that coincided with high tides during a full moon, causing severe (particularly Outer
flooding along the Pamlico Sound. In Buxton, the floods left Banks of North
behind water marks as high as 10.54 ft (3.21 m), and the entire Carolina)
villages of Avon and Hatteras were inundated. The storm Part of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane
downed thousands of trees and wrecked 553 homes—168 of season
which completely destroyed—leaving a quarter of the Cape
Hatteras population homeless. Structural damage in North
Carolina was estimated at $35 million. Along the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia, three swimmers
drowned as a result of Emily.
Contents
Meteorological history
Preparations
Impact
North Carolina
Elsewhere
Aftermath
See also
References
External links
Meteorological history
Hurricane Emily originated from an African tropical wave
that passed through the Cape Verde Islands on August 17,
1993. The wave traversed the tropical Atlantic and
developed a closed cyclonic circulation five days later about
800 miles (1,300 km) east-northeast of Puerto Rico, when the
National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified it as a tropical
depression. Moving northwestward,[1] the depression
remained poorly organized for several days, with an ill-
defined circulation center and sporadic thunderstorms, in part
due to unfavorable wind shear from an upper-level low to its
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the north.[2][3][4] On August 25, the depression became nearly
storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
stationary in response to weakening steering currents.[1] As
the upper environment turned less hostile to development,[5]
a reconnaissance aircraft found unusually high sustained
winds—an indication that the cyclone had quickly strengthened into a strong tropical storm. The NHC named
the storm Emily and upgraded it to a hurricane the following day, based on reports of 75 mph (120 km/h)
winds from a second reconnaissance mission.[1][6]
Upon becoming a hurricane, Emily was centered roughly 1,000 mi (1,600 km) east of the Florida peninsula,
passing well south of Bermuda. A ridge of high pressure began to mature to its north, forcing the hurricane
westward on August 27. Emily's winds vacillated between tropical storm and hurricane force over the course
of the day, although the cyclone resumed its strengthening by August 28 upon developing favorable upper-
level outflow.[1][7] Traversing warm sea surface temperatures, the hurricane continued to improve in
appearance on satellite images, and the barometric pressure within its eye steadily decreased.[8][9] Emily
retraced toward the northwest on August 29, when a shortwave trough eroded the southern periphery of the
contiguous ridge.[1][10] The NHC expressed uncertainty in forecasting Emily's track, stating that South
Carolina, North Carolina, and Mid-Atlantic states were at risk of a direct hit from the hurricane.[11] As high
pressure re-established itself off the North Carolina coast, Emily briefly turned west-northwestward on
August 30 before initiating a prolonged curve toward the north. By that time, the NHC forecast Emily to
remain offshore, though one tropical cyclone forecast model projected that the hurricane would move
inland.[1][12]
Early on August 31, a reconnaissance flight indicated that Emily had become a Category 2 hurricane on the
Saffir–Simpson scale, and further intensification was expected because of warm waters.[13] Later that day,
reconnaissance reported that Emily had achieved a peak intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h), a Category 3 major
hurricane; the aircraft also observed flight-level winds of 152 mph (245 km/h). At its peak, the center of the
hurricane was located 23 mi (37 km) east of Hatteras Island while turning northward. Its eye measured 45 mi
(75 km) in diameter, and a portion moved over Hatteras and the Pamlico Sound, constituting a direct hit but
not a landfall.[1][14][15] After affecting the Outer Banks, Emily continued around the large high-pressure area,
turning northeastward into an area with cooler ocean temperatures.[15][16] The eye nonetheless remained
distinct, and Emily maintained much of its intensity through September 2.[17] Later that day, the hurricane
turned sharply eastward in response to a trough nearby.[15] Wind shear over the region increased, weakening
Emily as its eye feature quickly dissipated.[18] Emily turned to the southeast and diminished to a tropical storm
on September 3, about 500 mi (800 km) northeast of Bermuda,[15] with a significant deterioration of the
convection.[19] Once again becoming nearly stationary,[19] Emily further weakened to a tropical depression
late on September 4, after only a small area of thunderstorms remained near the center.[15][20] It accelerated
toward the northeast and became extratropical on September 6, dissipating shortly thereafter.[15]
Preparations
The NHC forecasts for Emily were generally accurate.[21] On
August 29, two days before the storm's closest approach, the NHC
issued a hurricane watch from Cape Romain, South Carolina, to
Fenwick Island, Delaware, including the Albemarle and Pamlico
sounds of North Carolina as well as the Chesapeake Bay south of the
Patuxent River. The next day, the watch was discontinued south of
Little River, South Carolina. A hurricane warning was issued from
Bogue Inlet to the border of North Carolina and Virginia on
August 30, and was extended a day later to Cape Henlopen,
Delaware.[22] The watches and warnings were canceled as Emily
turned out to sea.[22]
During the week when Emily approached shore, the North Carolina
government was scheduled to have a two-day emergency
management exercise involving a hurricane strike; the storm caused
the exercise to be postponed.[23] On August 29, a voluntary
evacuation was issued for the Outer Banks, and within 36 hours of
the storm's approach, a mandatory evacuation was issued for
Ocracoke and Hatteras Island.[24] A total of 160,000 people (mostly
tourists) evacuated from the Outer Banks, representing about 90% of Map of the Outer Banks, with
the population there. [24] The evacuation was completed within locations listed
12 hours, expedited by highway patrol and making U.S. Route 158
and the Wright Memorial Bridge one-way inland.[25] About
1,000 residents on Hatteras Island and another 600 on Ocracoke rode out the storm in their homes.[24][26] The
United States Coast Guard evacuated personnel to the mainland, leaving behind a skeleton crew to maintain
their facilities.[27] The National Park Service closed the campground on Ocracoke two days before the
storm.[28] Several towns in southeastern North Carolina were also evacuated, and schools closed across the
region.[29]
Because of the uncertainty in forecasting when and if Emily would make its northeast turn, Virginia Governor
Douglas Wilder declared a state of emergency and put the National Guard on alert.[30] In Virginia Beach,
residents of seaside homes and low-lying areas were recommended to evacuate,[31] while a mandatory
evacuation was ordered for Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay. Residents in mobile homes and on
campgrounds were also advised to seek shelter.[30] At least 750 people left their homes, 711 of whom resided
in storm shelters. The Norfolk International Airport was closed for 13 hours,[31] and rail service was
suspended.[32] To the north, officials in Ocean City, Maryland, declared a phase-one emergency ahead of the
storm; beaches were closed, and tourists were recommended to leave. About 100,000 people evacuated from
the coast of Maryland; 3,600 stayed in storm shelters.[33] In Delaware, 892 people used storm shelters after
voluntarily evacuating.[34] Beaches in New Jersey closed due to threatening waves.[35] About 20,000 people
also evacuated from Fire Island, New York.[21] Across the Atlantic coast, 33 emergency shelters were opened
in response to Emily,[36] though most evacuees instead relied on hotels or the homes of friends and relatives to
ride out the storm.[25]
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assisted in coordinating preparations for Emily. The
United States Department of Defense sent power equipment, previously used during the Great Flood of 1993,
to Fort Bragg,[37] while the United States Department of Agriculture stockpiled food in risk zones. Power
companies deliberately shut off the power in the Outer Banks to reduce damage to the system and mitigate the
risk of electrocutions.[38] At Naval Station Norfolk, 28 ships sailed out to sea to ride out the storm; aircraft
were evacuated, and nonessential personnel were sent home.[26][31] The North Carolina government
announced ahead of the storm that it would not create a State Disaster Fund, instead relying on private relief
organizations such as the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army.[27] The state's park service pre-
positioned 60 members with chainsaws to help clear downed trees.[37] Because Emily hit during the busy
Labor Day weekend, the tourism industry suffered about $10 million in business losses.[39] Many of the
evacuees relocated to southeastern Virginia, which saw greatly increased business during the weekend.[40]
Impact
North Carolina
As Emily approached the Outer Banks of North Carolina, Diamond

Shoal Light off Cape Hatteras recorded 2-minute sustained winds of
99 mph (159 km/h), along with gusts of 147 mph (237 km/h). Closer
to shore, surface winds reached 115 mph (185 km/h) in the Pamlico
Sound. The National Weather Service in Buxton reported sustained
winds of 60 mph (96 km/h),[15] with gusts to 98 mph (158 km/h),
before the wind recording instrument failed due to water intrusion. A
reliable but unofficial wind station at a commercial building reported a
gust of 107 mph (172 km/h).[41][42] These high winds lasted for Rainfall amounts from Emily
several hours due to the storm's slow movement.[43] There were two
possible tornadoes in the Outer Banks region.[44] On the south side of
Hatteras Island, the storm coincided with high tides,[15] producing a peak storm surge of 10.2 ft (3.1 m) in
Buxton.[21] Large waves caused moderate beach erosion, comparable to that of a winter storm.[44] The
heaviest rainfall related to Emily occurred over the Outer Banks, where a peak total of 7.51 in (191 mm) was
recorded in Buxton.[45] Minimal rain fell farther inland, with only 1.00 in (25 mm) reported at Gum Neck in
mainland Tyrrell County.[46]
Overall damage from the storm was lighter than expected,[47] largely confined to the barrier islands of Dare
and Hyde counties.[48] Severe flooding from the storm affected a 17 mi (27 km) stretch of the Hatteras
Island.[49] Coinciding with high tides during a full moon,[24] the hurricane's winds pushed water from the
Pamlico Sound to the south, lowering levels along the mainland and inundating the barrier islands;[26] surge
flooding was minor on the ocean side.[50] At Frisco and Hatteras, water levels along the Pamlico Sound
reached 8.5 ft (2.6 m) above normal—their highest in the 20th century, surpassing those in Hurricane Gloria
eight years prior.[26][49] These water levels may have been the highest in the region since the 1899 San Ciriaco
hurricane. In Buxton, the waters rose 3 to 4 ft (0.9 to 1 m) per hour at one point, leaving behind flood marks as
high as 10.54 ft (3.21 m). The entire villages of Avon and Hatteras were inundated. Only the highest dunes
along the Cape Hatteras National Seashore remained dry, and a section of dunes just north of Buxton was
nearly breached.[42] The waters—1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) higher than the predicted 100-year flood—broke
through windows and entered houses;[39] some residents who did not exit their homes had to ride out the
storm in their attics to escape the flooding.[49] Officials at the Dare County Emergency Operations Center
evacuated due to intrusion of floodwaters.[24] The Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office was flooded
for the first time since its inception in 1957,[50] and sustained damage to its rain chart and an antenna.[51]
Many boats in marinas were wrecked,[46] and hundreds of cars floated away from parking lots or streets;
flooded police cars had their emergency lights activated after the wires were damaged.[50] Farther south,
impact from the storm was limited on Ocracoke Island.[52]
Emily's winds destroyed several roofs and knocked down thousands of trees and power lines, with many signs
and sheds damaged.[24][50][53] All towns south of the Bonner Bridge were without power,[54] affecting at least
1,500 people,[55] and Buxton lost water supply after the main water line was damaged.[54] The combination of
strong winds and floods left 553 homes uninhabitable in the Outer Banks,[49] with 168 houses completely
destroyed,[41] including three that were washed away.[53] Six of the destroyed homes were owned by the
Coast Guard.[48] The heaviest damage was largely in older homes or structures not up to code.[24] About 25%
of the Hatteras population was left homeless.[39] The Cape Hatteras School sustained about $3.1 million in
damage,[42] after flooding 4 ft (1.2 m) deep destroyed computers and textbooks.[24] Tidal floods, sand, and
debris forced authorities to close Highway 12. Traffic lights along the route were damaged,[27] and downed
trees blocked the road in two areas.[26] Sinkholes, some the size of three cars, developed along the route.[39]
Throughout North Carolina, damage from the storm was estimated at $35 million, mostly on Hatteras
Island[21] and chiefly to the south of Avon.[49] Rough surf killed two people in Nags Head,[21] despite the
beach being closed to swimming,[56] and one person suffered injuries while escaping a flooded home.[49]
Elsewhere
Outside of North Carolina, Emily produced gusts of 37 mph (59 km) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–
Tunnel.[57] To the north of the storm, Ocean City, Maryland, measured 2.80 in (71 mm) of precipitation.[21]
Above-normal tides were reported as far south as Charleston, South Carolina;[58] high tides also spread farther
north, with a storm surge of 1.2 ft (0.37 m) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel and 0.6 ft (0.18 m) in
Lewes, Delaware.[57]
High waves caused beach erosion northward through Virginia.[46] At Virginia Beach, the waves led to minor
flooding along the Sandbridge section;[31] rough surf and a strong undertow drowned one swimmer there.[49]
The storm triggered statewide power outages that affected about 5,000 residents, as well as the Hampton
Roads Bridge–Tunnel. In Newport News, lightning set a roof on fire in the Lee Hall section of the city.
Emily's light rains in the area were not enough to break a prolonged drought that plagued Virginia.[59] Rough
seas and high tides later caused coastal flooding along Fire Island in New York.[49]
Aftermath
As Emily's winds eased over land, various assessment teams left Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to determine the
extent of damage.[60] FEMA informed the North Carolina congressional delegation about the storm's threat to
their constituents.[61] The agency later received compliments for their timely preparations for storm-related
operations.[62] All airports on the Outer Banks were reopened by September 1.[48] In response to the extensive
scale of the power outages, power companies flew a helicopter over the region to assess the damage.[63] The
power was expected to be out for two weeks.[54] Six emergency vehicles were sent to Dare County to provide
drinking water.[64]
On September 3, Governor Jim Hunt declared a state of disaster for North Carolina,[42] while President Bill
Clinton declared Dare County a disaster area a week later. This allowed residents there to apply for federal
assistance, as well as local governments to request aid to rebuild public buildings.[65] Operating out of Avon,
FEMA distributed about $1 million in housing assistance to
444 people and provided $400,000 in individual grants to
153 applicants. The Small Business Administration received
812 applications for small business loans.[66]
Shelters closed by September 1 and residents returned to their

homes, although Hatteras Island remained off-limits to everyone
but emergency workers for several days.[54] Unemployment
across Hatteras rose in the wake of the damage to local
businesses,[41] and many restaurants lost product when their
refrigerators failed during the power outages.[46] Residents piled
Radar image of Hurricane Emily on
debris from their damaged homes on roads, primarily Highway
August 31, nearing the Outer Banks
12, and workers responded by clearing the debris.[41] The
highway was speedily reopened and repaired at a cost of around
$1 million.[67] Within two weeks of the storm, businesses
resumed as cleaning work was under way, and the island was reopened to tourists.[41] Clean-up operations in
the region lasted weeks to months.[24] In the three months after the storm, saltwater intrusion into the Cape
Hatteras water supply boosted chlorine levels from 40 milligrams (0.0014 ounces) to 280 milligrams
(0.01 ounces) per liter; it took another three months for the chlorine to decrease to normal concentrations.[42]
Around 50 homeowners affected by Emily raised their houses to prevent a recurrence, partially funded by
flood insurance payments.[68]
See also
List of North Carolina hurricanes
Other storms of the same name
References
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External links
The NHC's preliminary report on Hurricane Emily (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/prelim/Emily_
prelim.html)
The WPC's rainfall report on Hurricane Emily (http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/emily
1993.html)
The USGS's flood summary for Hurricane Emily (http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/reports/
wsp.2499.sumnc0893.html)
The 1993 Monthly Weather Review (https://web.archive.org/web/20080923023541/http://www.
aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1993.pdf)
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Hurricane Emily (1993)

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Hurricane Emily (1993)

Hurricane Emily in 1993 caused record flooding in the Outer

As Emily approached the Outer Banks of North Carolina, Diamond

Shelters closed by September 1 and residents returned to their

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