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    BIOL10002 2021 Lecture 12 1 Slide pp-1

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    Lily Robinson
    This document outlines the key points from Professor Michelle Watt's first year biology lecture on sensing and responding to environments. The lecture covered two main chunks: 1) how various environments impact biological systems and affect phenotypes, using identical twins and barley plants as examples, and 2) how climate change is altering environments for plants and implications for food security, noting increasing CO2, temperature, and environmental changes plants face. It also discusses how guard cells in leaves sense and respond to their environment by changing size to open and close stomata, regulating gas exchange and water loss.

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    BIOL10002 2021 Lecture 12 1 Slide pp-1

    Uploaded by

    Lily Robinson
    34 views24 pages
    This document outlines the key points from Professor Michelle Watt's first year biology lecture on sensing and responding to environments. The lecture covered two main chunks: 1) how various environments impact biological systems and affect phenotypes, using identical twins and barley plants as examples, and 2) how climate change is altering environments for plants and implications for food security, noting increasing CO2, temperature, and environmental changes plants face. It also discusses how guard cells in leaves sense and respond to their environment by changing size to open and close stomata, regulating gas exchange and water loss.

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    BIOL10002 2021 Lecture 12 1 slide pp-1

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    This document outlines the key points from Professor Michelle Watt's first year biology lecture on sensing and responding to environments. The lecture covered two main chunks: 1) how various environments impact biological systems and affect phenotypes, using identical twins and barley plants as examples, and 2) how climate change is altering environments for plants and implications for food security, noting increasing CO2, temperature, and environmental changes plants face. It also discusses how guard cells in leaves sense and respond to their environment by changing size to open and close stomata, regulating gas exchange and water loss.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views24 pages

    BIOL10002 2021 Lecture 12 1 Slide pp-1

    Uploaded by

    Lily Robinson
    This document outlines the key points from Professor Michelle Watt's first year biology lecture on sensing and responding to environments. The lecture covered two main chunks: 1) how various environments impact biological systems and affect phenotypes, using identical twins and barley plants as examples, and 2) how climate change is altering environments for plants and implications for food security, noting increasing CO2, temperature, and environmental changes plants face. It also discusses how guard cells in leaves sense and respond to their environment by changing size to open and close stomata, regulating gas exchange and water loss.

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    First Year Biology

    Professor Michelle Watt


    Adrienne Clarke Chair of Botany
    School of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences

    Research
    • Plants and their dynamics in agricultural and natural environments
    • Roots and soil microbiomes and how we can use them to save water and increase
    soil carbon
    • Technologies to image and sense living plants in action
    https://wattgroup.science.unimelb.edu.au @MelbourneRoots

    Teaching
    • I am the Plant Science Major Coordinator.
    • Pathway to becoming a Plant Scientist https://www.plantscience.org.au/
    Lecture 12 Sensing and Responding to Environments
    Key Learnings:
    Chunk 1. Environments important to biological systems
    • Examples of environments that affect biological systems and the
    phenotype (your genotype x your environment)

    Chunk 2. Climate change and food security on Earth


    • List the environments plants face with climate change and how the
    “guard” cells of leaves sense and respond to the environments
    Lecture 11 Utilising energy to maintain life
    Evolution
    The diversity of life can be explained by the process of evolution, adapting to Big Idea
    the ENVIRONMENT...
    Cells
    Cells are the fundamental structural and functional unit of life.

    Information
    Living systems have multiple mechanisms to store, retrieve, and transmit information

    Regulation
    Biological processes are PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL in nature;
    biological processes harness and transfer ENERGY
    Interconnectedness
    Living systems are interconnected and interacting
    Lecture 12 Sensing and Responding to Environments
    Readings Life: The Science of Biology (12th edition)

    (use search function for “Environment”)

    Chapter 12.3- Key concept: genes can interact to produce phenotype

    Chapter 3. Proteins, Section on environment conditions affect protein


    structure

    Chapter 37. Plants and Environmental Stresses

    Chapter 7.3- Key concept: Signal transduction spreads the response to a


    signal through a cell
    First Year Biology
    Professor Michelle Watt
    Adrienne Clarke Chair of Botany
    School of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences

    Research
    • Plants and their dynamics in agricultural and natural environments
    • Roots and soil microbiomes and how we can use them to save water and increase
    soil carbon
    • Technologies to image and sense living plants in action
    https://wattgroup.science.unimelb.edu.au @MelbourneRoots

    Teaching
    • I am the Plant Science Major Coordinator.
    • Pathway to becoming a Plant Scientist https://www.plantscience.org.au/
    Lecture 12 Sensing and Responding to Environments
    Key Learnings:
    Chunk 1. Environments important to biological systems
    • Examples of environments that affect biological systems and the
    phenotype (your genotype x your environment)

    Chunk 2. Climate change and food security on Earth


    • List the environments plants face with climate change and how the
    “guard” cells of leaves sense and respond to the environments
    Recall Lecture 11 Chunk 1: The Environment affects
    the holobiont (host and microorganisms)

    Environment

    Symbiotic
    Microbiome

    Benard et al Front. Ecol. Evol., 09 June 2020


    | https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00167
    Examples of environments that impact living
    organisms

    • Water
    • Temperature
    Environments • Atmospheric molecules
    (Carbon dioxide, oxygen,
    nitrogen, toxics, etc)
    • Nutrients (in food, in soil)
    • Microorganisms
    • Many others...
    The environment affects how genes are expressed and
    how we appear, function, host microbes, reproduce, etc.
    Example: identical twins

    https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/207-genotype-and-phenotype

    Identical or monozygotic twins occur when a single egg is fertilised to form 1 zygote that
    divides into 2 separate embryos. As a result, identical twins share identical DNA but may show
    differences in their phenotype due to environmental factors
    Phenotype = Genotype x Environment

    https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/207-genotype-and-phenotype

    The environment experienced by twins is different and therefore their genes are the same
    but their phenotypes are different
    Phenotype = Genotype x Environment...same story
    for plants low temp; low temp;
    long days short days

    warm temp;
    long days
    One genotype of barley, three environments
    Next Chunk 2: Biological systems and climate change: how
    the population is changing the environment for plants and
    food security

    https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
    First Year Biology
    Professor Michelle Watt
    Adrienne Clarke Chair of Botany
    School of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences

    Research
    • Plants and their dynamics in agricultural and natural environments
    • Roots and soil microbiomes and how we can use them to save water and increase
    soil carbon
    • Technologies to image and sense living plants in action
    https://wattgroup.science.unimelb.edu.au @MelbourneRoots

    Teaching
    • I am the Plant Science Major Coordinator.
    • Pathway to becoming a Plant Scientist https://www.plantscience.org.au/
    Lecture 12 Sensing and Responding to Environments
    Key Learnings:
    Chunk 1. Environments important to biological systems
    • Examples of environments that affect biological systems and the
    phenotype (your genotype x your environment)

    Chunk 2. Climate change and food security on Earth


    • List the environments plants face with climate change and how the
    “guard” cells of leaves sense and respond to the environments
    Recall: population and CO2 are increasing

    https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-
    temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
    Why? Fossil fuels: They come from concentrated plant
    material ...provide a lot of energy when burned...release CO2
    Humans want energy to drive cars, power computers, etc...

    https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-
    temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
    Consequence of population and fossil fuel use...Increasing
    atmosphere CO2 ....and temperature...and...
    The environment is changing for plants! They can’t move
    or seek shelter... consequences for plants...basis of food
    security

    Environmental changes due


    to climate change

    Carbon dioxide
    Temperature
    Rainfall/drought
    Light quality...
    Plants sense atmosphere environment with openings
    (stomata) that are ”guarded” by guard cells

    Environment factors that change guard cell size:


    CO2
    Air humidity (temperature)
    Red light
    Blue light
    Hormones (sent from the roots when soil dry)

    https://phys.org/news/2019-08-carbon-dioxide-uptake.html
    Guard cells are an excellent example of how cells respond to
    their environment: sense, signal, change proteins (gene
    expression), change membrane transport...

    https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/4/201/re4?ijkey=fcc6762990cbb5e2ef82fd0
    fa67ffbc93158b573&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
    Same message... highlighting different types of
    membrane transporters in cell membranes

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/97804700159
    02.a0021630
    Don’t need to know this...Just be impressed at the
    amazing ways that cells sense and respond to the
    environment!

    See Reading about


    “Signal Transduction”
    Chapter 7.3 of Life Textbook
    The stomata frontline of plant interaction
    with the environment
    Stop and reflect Lecture 12: Sensing and responding
    to Environments

    Is Space a solution to population growth and food security?


    • Let your mind expand to space and think of the environment
    and how plants will cope in Space

    • Hint: not too badly! Their roots don’t always need gravity
    because they sense other things...can you think of what?

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