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40 Latest Interview Questions and Answers on

Spring, Spring MVC, and Spring Boot
1. What is Tight Coupling?

When a class (ClassA) is dependent on another class’s object (ClassB),

then we say ClassA is "tightly" Coupled with ClassB. Spring helps us to
create classes in a way that Tight Coupling can be removed and Loose
Coupling can be done.

2. What is Loose Coupling?

Loose Coupling removes the dependency of an object (ClassB) on a class

(ClassA). Loose Coupling is approached by creating an interface and a
setter & getter method, or by using a constructor which takes the interface
object.

3. What are Beans in Spring?

When a class is annotated or decorated using the @Component, such a

class is called a Bean in Spring. Beans are maintained by Application
Context.

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4. Explain Bean creation process?

The process of Bean creation has the following phases

(i) Starts with a class (c1) which has the annotation @Component.

(ii) Checks if the component annotated class (c1) is dependent.

(iii) If yes, then Spring will create a bean for that class (c2) too.

(iv) A connection or autowiring will occur between the two classes (c1 and
c2) using @Autowired annotation and also through the constructor (c2) or
the default case setClass Function (interface the Interface).
5. What is the importance of the annotation @Primary

This annotation is used on a class that needs to be taken by spring on a

primary basis. For instance, if ClassX is @Component annotated and is
dependent on both Class1 and Class2 (both @Component annotated) then
the compiler would report an error. To show the primary class between
Class1 and Class2 we use @Primary.

6. What is Dependency Injection?

Dependency Injection is where Spring searches for beans; once the

appropriate bean is found, it autowires the bean to the dependent class.
Dependency Injection is the process where Spring framework looks for the
beans and identifies the dependencies, and creates the instances of beans
and autowires them.

7. Explain Inversion of Control (IOC).

In Tight Coupling the dependent class takes the responsibility of creating its
dependency. Whereas, in Loose Coupling, we use @Autowired annotation
over the dependency class (or reference) and Spring takes control of
creating the instance and injects the dependency.

8. What are the roles of an IOC (Inversion of Control) Container?

IOC Container does the following things-

 (i) Find Beans

(ii) Identify their dependencies and wire the dependencies

(iii) Manage Lifecycle of the Bean (creation, processing, and destruction)

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9. What is Application Context?

It is an advanced version of IOC Container. It provides all the functionalities

of Bean Factory and also provides things like AOP, Internationalization
capabilities, web application context (request, session, etc).

10. Explain the process of creating an ApplicationContext in Spring.

The ApplicationContext can be defined in two ways (i) using XML, (ii) using
@Configuration. Once the configuration is done in any of the ways defined
above, the ApplicationContext is created using new
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext. The ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
looks for the XML files, using this is one of the two ways. The other way is
to use AnnotationConfigApplicationContext.

11. Explain Component Scan.

Component Scan is one method of asking Spring to detect Spring-

managed components, the input for this search is the packages. Two
methods are available to define a Component Scan-

(i) Java Configuration; wherein, we use the @Component annotation to

which we specify all the packages, for which Spring does the search.

(ii) XML Configuration- we use <context:component-scan base-

package=”com.demo.compscanex”/>

12. How do you perform the same (above question) in Spring Boot?

In Spring Boot the annotation used to perform the scan is

@SpringBootApplication. This annotation on a class would automatically
initiate the component scan on the package where they are in.

13. Differentiate @Component, @Repository and @Service and

@Controller?

Typically a web application is developed in layers like the controller (which

is the initial point of client communication), business (where the actual code
or logic of the application is written) and DAO (where the database
connections and interaction happens). In such an architecture web
application, @Component can be used in any of the layers. Whereas, the
@Controller is used in the controller/web layer. @Service is used in the
business layer and @Repository is used in the DAO layer.

14. List out the different scopes of Bean.

(i) Singleton: throughout the spring context only one instance is created.

(ii) Prototype: a new bean is created whenever requested.

(iii) Request: Every HTTP Request creates a bean.

(iv) Session: A bean for every HTTP Session.

15. List out the types of Dependency Injection.

The types of Dependency Injection-

(i) Setter Injection and (ii) Constructor Injection.

16. What is the difference between the Configuration types XML and
Annotation?

These are the two ways of setting up the configuration, and they perform in
the say way. Though, when the annotation approach is taken very less
amount of code is written and the result would be the same as compared to
the XML approach.

17. List out the ways Autowiring is done.

(i) byType
(ii) byName
(iii) Constructor (same as byType, but through constructor)

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18. What is Dirty Read?

When a transaction (t1) is meant to read the changes that are performed by
another transaction (t2) and provided transaction t2 is not committed yet;
then in such a situation, the transaction t1 is called Dirty Read transaction.

19. List out the new features available in Spring Framework 4.0 and
Spring Framework 5.0?

Spring 4.0 is the first to support Java features. Spring 5.0 has the support
for Reactive Programming and Kotlin.

20. What is a FrontController?

In FrontController, the Servlet will not get the first request; the first request
would go to FrontController and the request is passed on to the right
servlet. In other words, DispatcherServlet is the front controller which
intercepts all the requests from the client and then dispatches to
appropriate controllers.

21. What is a ViewResolver?

ViewResolver enables a web application to select its view (such as JSP)

dynamically. ViewResolver gets a name which is appended by /WEB-
INF/views and a .jsp. All the display on the content is done in an HTML
page.
22. List out all the concepts that are available in the MVC
Architecture?

(i)  The browser sends a request to DispatcherServlet

(ii) DispatcherServlet knows the HanderMapping and can find the

appropriate controllers

(iii) Controllers execute the request and put the data in the model and
return back the view name to the DispatcherServlet.

(iv) DispatcherServlet uses the view name and ViewResolver to map to the
view.

23. Explain Model Attribute?

The annotation @ModelAttribute is decorated on a method typically present

inside a Controller. This will help the method to be available in all other
methods available in the controller.

24. What is a Session Attribute?

The annotation @SessionAttributes (“argument”) is decorated on class

(Controller). The attribute (argument) that is present in Model is available in
the session.

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25. Explain the @InitBinder?

This annotation is decorated on a method in which a date format is

declared, and throughout the class, the defined date format is used.
Whenever the binding happens with a date field @InitBinder; annotation
says to use the CustomDateEditor, which in return uses the date format
mentioned in @InitBinder.

26. Define @ControllerAdvice?

This annotation is used when logic needs to be implemented commonly in

multiple classes (Controllers). For instance, if an Exception or its
subclasses, or when an exception is raised in the classes, it will be handled
by a method annotated with @ExceptionHandler. Whenever an exception
occurs in any of the controllers, the exception is handled by the method
annotated with @ExceptionHandler.
27. Why Spring Boot?

Spring-based applications have a lot of configuration (boiler-plate code). In

Spring MVC, a lot of configuration is required (like component scan,
dispatcher servlet, view resolver, etc). Whereas, in Spring Boot the boiler-
plate code is not required.

28. Spring vs Spring MVC vs Spring Boot?

Spring: the most important feature of Spring is Dependency Injection or

Inversion of Control.

Spring MVC: provides a decoupled approach in developing web

applications. Concepts like DispatcherServlet, ModelAndView,
ViewResolver makes web application development easy.

Spring Boot: makes the configuration very easy and automatic using a
feature called Auto Configuration, in which the DispatcherServlet is done by
Spring internally.

29. What is the role of @SpringBootApplication?

This annotation is used to launch up the entire application. Internally,

@SpringBootApplication does the following,

@SpringBootConfiguration: same as @Configuration in a Spring

Application.

@EnableAutoConfiguration: auto-configures the classes available in the

classpath.

@ComponentScan: all the classes available under a package will be

scanned when this annotation is applied.

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30. What does an Embedded Server mean in Spring Boot?

To deploy any web application a server like Tomcat is required. In Spring

Boot a server (like Tomcat) is available as part of the application in a jar.
The concept of Embedded Server makes the deployment of application
very easy and independent.

31. Why do we use application.properties?

The file application.properties is used to configure things like database
details, log generation, security (username/password), serialization, etc.

32. What is Spring JDBC?

Spring JDBC uses methods like update (query), execute (query) and query
(SQL, resultSetExtractor) to interact with the database.

33. What is the difference between JDBC and Spring JDBC?

In JDBC, the checked exceptions need to be written; whereas, in Spring

JDBC those exceptions are made into Runtime Exceptions. Which means,
exception handling is not manually done in Spring JDBC.

34. What is JPA?

Java Persistence API (JPA) defines the mapping from Java Object to a
Database Table. The procedure to map a Java object to a row in a
database table is defined in JPA. JPA provides a lot of useful annotations,
using which the relationship between classes and tables are defined.

35. What is Hibernate?

Once the mapping is done, Hibernate (a JPA Implementation) will help us
create query under the hood and interact with the database.

36. Describe the cases in which the Dependency Injection is done

through Constructors and Setters?

When the dependencies are required/mandatory, the Constructor approach

is selected. And when the dependencies are optional then the Setters
approach is used.

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37. What is the importance of POM.XML file?

Project Object Model (POM) is an XML formatted file in which all the
configuration for a maven project is defined. The most commonly used tags
in POM.XML are <groupid>, <artifactId>, <version>, <packaging> and a
few more.

38. What does the @RequestParam annotation do?

This allows the server side to read from data and automatically bind it to a
parameter coming into the method.
39. What is Spring Security?

Spring Security provides security services to J2EE applications. Spring

Security is implemented using Servlet Filters under the hood. Servlet Filters
are used to pre-process or post-process web requests.

40. What is CSRF?

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a security attack where a fraudulent

website tricks the user into performing an event on the web application that
he/she is logged into. For instance, if the user is logged into the online
banking account, this attack tricks the user into transferring the money to
an unknown person.