,

,Name: Sheeba Javed

Roll number: CB567532
Subject name: Foundations Of Education
Course code: 6500
Date: 4th july,2021
Semester Terminal Exam
Q no 1. Analyze different school of thought of educational philosophy. Which
philosophy would you apply as a teacher ?
Answer:
Philosophical school of thought by irshad
1. Educational philosophy
Educational philosophy is practical in nature and philosophy is theory. Philosophy is the
study of the realities, the pursuit of wisdom. The art of education cannot be completed
without philosophy and philosophy cannot convert others to its aims and values without
education. The educators who has to deal with the real facts of life.
2. There are four main philosophical school of thought.

 Idealism
 Realism
 Pragmatism
 Existentialism

(a). Idealism:
Idealism is the based on early writing of plato. It believes on that ideas are the only true
reality. Idealism is the approach that focuses on subject matter curriculum that
concentrate on the culture great and enduring ideas, values are universal, absolute and
perceptual. Teaching methods focus on handle ideas through lecture, discussion, and to
help students discover and clarify knowledge. In idealism the aim of education is to
discover and develop in each individual’s abilities and full moral superiority in order to
better serve society.
(b). Realism:
Realism is based on the thinking of Aristotle. Reality exist independent of the human
mind. The role of teacher is to present material systematically encourage the use of
objective criteria, and be effective and accountable. The teacher organizes and presents
content systematically within a discipline, demonstrating use of criteria in making
decisions. Student must also demonstrate the ability to think critically and scientifically.
Using observation and experimentation. Curriculum should be scientifically approached,
standardized and distinct-discipline based.
(c). Pragmatism:
Pragmatism is based on the thoughts of a number of nineteenth century American
philosophers. Pragmatists that reality is constantly changing and that we learn best
through applying our experiences and thoughts to solve problems. Pragmatic teacher
focus on hands on problem solving projects. Students work in a group is a highly
effective learning method. Pragmatists believe that learner should apply their
knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry.
(d). Existentialism:
Existentialism is based on the witting Jean-Pual, individual interpret the world from their
own perceptions and create their own realities. The role of the instructor in this learner-
centered philosophy is to be a facilitator. The basis of this philosophy is trust between
the teacher and the learner.
The teacher’s role is to help students define their own essence by exposing them to
various paths they may take in life and creating an environment in which they may
freely choose their own ideal.

My philosophy of teaching
I believe a good teacher, first, has a powerful faith in the future. Like the forester
planting an oak seedling knowing he or she will never see the tree in all its glory, I know
I may never see the fruits of my labors as teachers. My calling is to plant and nurture
seeds that will grow and shape tomorrow.
The good teacher knows and understand, how they develop and learned. I know that
students actively construct and transform their own knowledge based on past
experiences band prior learning. I know that that students do nor are learn ij the same
way are at the same rate.
I believe a good teacher must also understand motivation and the effects of peer’s
interactions on learning. I want all my students to achieve at high levels so I avoid
sorting them and setting them up to compete with each other.
The good teacher must know her subjects and how to help students learn this subjects. I
know the good teacher must have a deep appreciation how knowledge is created in the
discipline, how it is organized and how it is linked to other disciplines. I use my
knowledge of the discipline to expose my students to modes of critical thinking,
encouraging them to analyze apply, synthesis, and evaluate a they read and hear. I love
the subjects I teach, and I know how to make them come alive for my students.
 A good teacher cannot began or continue to inspire learning without being a learner.
The food teacher must constantly learn what is new in the discipline. In fact, the good
teacher often helps to create new knowledge. To live this beliefs, I must continuously
examine my teaching methods and find new ones. To remains connected to my
students, their lives and the schools in which they will practice their professions, in must
be a student or society and the constantly changing worlds in which students live. I
eagerly and willingly learn from my students as they learn with me.
I believe a teacher is the most powerful of rolling model. I am ever aware of the
awesome obligation I have to walk my talk with my students if I asked them to live their
values and beliefs, I must do the same. I expect the best of my self and others and
therefore, I usually get the best. I try to treat all people with dignity and respect. And I
expect my students to do so also
Despite writing a teaching philosophy really prefer to think about learning and helping
others learn as opposed to teaching.
I belief in the power of questions and questioning strategies to cause thinking. I
constantly try to ask questions for which there are no right answers. I constantly work to
become a better questioner for the effective use of question is the most powerful
strategy. A teacher has to help students learns.

Q 2 Discuss education as investment, also explain how pays for

higher education in Pakistan. Keeping in the existing situation in
country.
Answer 2
Education as investment:
Education is considered as an investment in human capital. Human can be described as the
knowledge, abilities and skills of an individual, acquired through education, training and
experience, which help the latter to be more productive and thus improve his potential income
earning.
Situation in country:
The current situation with the number of COVID cases increasing drastically, proves that we as a
nation have landed in a sorry state. The number of conformed COVID-19 cases are about to hit
1, 95,000. People have lost jobs, working on daily wedges are deprived of basic necessities, and
some have been separated from their loved ones, these stressful time are causing heaps of
anxiety to the young, old, poor and rich.
Who pays for higher education?
The rapid expansion of higher education has emphasized the problem of financing this most
expensive level of education. Costs per student in higher education tend to be very much higher
than the cost per student at any other level of education. In Pakistan, tuition fees of students at
this higher level are very small in government sector where almost all the expenditures are
borne by the government. However, the students also bears a considerable part of the total
resource cost of education in the form of earning forgone while he continues his education
instead of joining the labor market. These forgone earnings represent one of the costs of higher
education, both to the individual who loses the income he would have received if he were
working and to the community which loses the output. The student would have produced if he
had joined the labor market.
In Pakistan, government funded universities and other institutive of higher education in
government sector charge very small fee, which, generally, do not represent the full cost of
tuition. Therefore, heavy expenditure are borne by the government to finance the current and
development expenditure of higher education, which include medical, engineering, agriculture
and other programs of higher learning. However, some self-financing programs are also coming
up.
The bargaining role of the UGC is significant w.r.t equity. The small and newly established
universities can find better funding for their development as, in its absence they could not have
prepared their budget estimates in the necessary form. Particularly because of their lack of
technical manpower. The UGC takes a critical view of the demands of these universities and
keeping in view the objectives of their establishment, tries to provide the funds accordingly.
Thus the UGC are plays the role of financial guide for the universities lacking technical expertise
and help them to be aware of their objectives.
The UGC also looks at the academic programs proposed by them, check their feasibility and
purposes that these universities reconsidered such programs as are not likely to be efficient
with respect to cost benefit analysis. On the other hand, the UGC encourages those schemes
and programs that are estimated to be efficient with respect to input-output analysis and are
also in line with the national objectives of higher education. Thus, the role of UGC is significant
both with respect to equity and efficiency. With the passage opf time private universities are
also coming up and these universities run on self-financing basis, with the result that all the
expenditures are borne by the students. This has given a commercial touch to higher education
in Pakistan , but the cost of education is being shifted from the government to the parents
specially those who can pay for higher education and send theur children to private
universities.
 Q 3. In the light of psychological consideration explain curriculum
development and content selection.
Answer :

Answer: Education is generally viewed as a process of through which one generation transmits
its acquired knowledge, experiences, competencies, beliefs, traditions, and attitudes the next
generation. The process of informal education was then expanded from one home to village
community, later on when human experience and knowledge increased formal school and
colleges were estimated and know when there is rapid increases in knowledge with many
branches of curricula.
This shows that curricular contents are expending constantly and as a result content selection is
becoming a difficult task. It is therefore imperative to make and appropriate selection of
content for different level and stages on the basis of specific principle and scientific criteria
Curricular content:
In the process of teaching one must each something to someone. The someone being the pupil
and something the content. Content might be describe as the knowledge, skills values to be
learned and attitudes.
Levels of content and their functions:
Following three levels of content are given below according their functions
1. Specific facts and processes:
One can view school subject as consisting of knowledge on several different levels, one
level is that of specific facts, descriptive ideas at a low level of abstraction and specific
processes and skill.
2. Basic ideas:
Basic idea represents level of knowledge. For example ideas about causal relationship
between human culture and natural environment are of this sort.
3. Concepts:
The third level of content is composed of what might be called concept. Concepts are
complex system of highly abstract ideas which are to be built only by successive
experience in a variety of contents.
Need for selection of curriculum content:
There are many factors which have resulted in an increased need for proper selection of
curricular material and experiences. For example it is impossible for anyone to master of all
accumulation of human culture. What ones was considered important aspects of knowledge for
all educated persons are no longer generally viewed in the same light. Also the concept of
education has broadened and with an increase in the percentage of school age children in
schools there is a growing need for a careful selection of curricular context, enabling the learner
to cope effectively with the complexities of modern living.

Principles for selecting curriculum content:

 Promoting Islamic ideology

 Developing social understanding
 Promoting maximum personal development
 Promoting continuity of experiences
 Providing for educational aims
 Maintaining the balance among all the goals
 Involving the pupils in learning experiences
 Using effective learning experiences

Criteria for content selection:

 The criterion of validity
 The criterion of significance
 The criterion of interest
 The criterion of learnability

Procedures of contents:

 The judgmental procedures

 The experimental procedures
 The analytical procedure
(a) Activity analysis
(b) Job analysis
(c) Analysis to determine generally useful knowledge and skills
 The consensual procedures

1. The judgmental procedure:

The most objective selection of content by this procedure requires that the interest,
knowledge and ideas of curriculum workers rise above those of special social vision and
freedom from rationaliusation.
2. The experimental procedures:
The experimental procedures try to determine by actual testing whether or not subject
matter satisfies a particular criterion.
3. The analytical procedures:
The analytical procedure is one of the most widely known method of content selection.
It has been closely identified with the criterion of the utility, although it has also been
associated with other criteria.
There are following forms of analytical procedure.
(a) Activity analysis:
Its purpose is to discover the general activities of people of a given national group.
(b) Job analysis:
This analysis is applied to vocational operations to determine what should be taught
in professional preparation pf teacher.
(c) Analysis to determine generally useful knowledge and skill:
To find what element of written expression are in general use documentary material
library material newspaper and journals.

Techniques used for analysis

 Work on job
 Interviewing
 Questionnaires
 Documentary analysis
(4). The consensual procedure
The consensual procedure is a way of collecting people’s opinion about what they
believe the curriculum should be. The results of consensual procedure are expressed in
terms of the numbers of persons of a percentage of persons of particular community or
group who believe that such and such should be taught in school.

The selection of curriculum content is a specialized skill. It needs a long experience in

this field. One has to keep in mind all kinds of need of a society before selecting content.
In society has its own specific needs, vary from time to time. A society is not static. Then
it is very important that all good thing must be implemented properly. New scientific
method, techniques and strategies must be applied for quick adequate and required
results in the society. Psychology has assumed an increasingly important role in problem
solving.