Turism Rural Volumul I NR 4
Turism Rural Volumul I NR 4
Turism Rural Volumul I NR 4
ÎN CONTEXTUL DEZVOLTĂRII
DURABILE
Romanian Academy
Iaşi Brach
Advisory Board
Editor in Chief
Ion Talabă (PhD Scientific Researcher I) Dobrescu M. Emilian, PhD Professor,
Romanian Academy Bucharest
CUPRINS
Creştere şi dezvoltare ......................................................................................................... 5
TURISMUL CA FACTOR DE DEZVOLTARE ÎN ZONA RURALĂ .............................. 7
Felix H. ARION, Iulia C. MUREŞAN, Diana E. DUMITRAŞ, Mugurel I. JITEA
CREŞTERE ŞI DEZVOLTARE PRIN TURISM ÎN CONDIŢII DE LIBERALIZARE.
TEORII ŞI CONCEPTE ....................................................................................................... 15
Alina-Petronela HALLER
O ANALIZĂ ORIGINALĂ A TURISMULUI ÎN ROMANIA,
IN ECONOMIA DE PIAŢĂ ................................................................................................. 31
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
EFICIENŢA ECONOMICĂ A PENSIUNILOR TURISTICE ÎN MEDIUL
URBAN ŞI RURAL ............................................................................................................. 43
Cristiana TINDECHE, Liliana POPESCU
POSIBILITĂŢI DE CREŞTERE A VALORII ADĂUGATE ÎN
TURISMUL RURAL ROMÂNESC .................................................................................... 51
Ion Talabă
Investiţii în turismul rural ................................................................................................. 63
INVESTIŢIILE STRĂINE DIRECTE ŞI TURISMUL ROMÂNESC ................................ 65
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
CREŞTEREA ATRACTIVITĂŢII INVESTIŢIONALE A
LOCALITĂŢILOR RURALE .............................................................................................. 79
Dr. Carmen UZLĂU, Drd. Liviu UZLĂU
CONTRIBUŢIA LA IMPLICAREA PRACTICĂ ÎN TURISMUL RURAL
DIN CROAŢIA: DE LA IDEE LA REALIZAREA CU SUCCES ...................................... 89
Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
TURISMUL RURAL ŞI IMPLICAŢIILE SALE ÎN DEZVOLTAREA
COMUNEI FUNDATA ........................................................................................................ 109
Mariana BĂLAN, Nadia STOIAN, Gheorghe-Stelian BĂLAN
Tendinţe şi relaţii ................................................................................................................ 121
CARACTERISTICI ŞI TENDINŢE ALE TURISMULUI RURAL EUROPEAN ............. 123
Florin FRANT
TENDINŢE ACTUALE ÎN DEZVOLTAREA TURISMUL RURAL ROMÂNESC ........ 131
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
NOI TENDINTE IN EVOLUTIA SPATIULUI RURAL CU IMPACT
ASUPRA TURISMULUI ROMÂNESC .............................................................................. 147
Tamara SIMON, Mădălina ANDREI
TURISMUL ŞI AGREMENTUL RURAL .......................................................................... 159
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
RELAŢIA DINTRE TURISM ŞI AGRICULTURĂ ........................................................... 173
Florin FRANT
TABLE OF CONTENST
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
CREŞTERE ŞI DEZVOLTARE
TOURISM AS FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL
AREAS
Abstract
The paper understands the potential of rural tourism in Romania, appreciating
that an unused potential is just another lost chance. The work consists in an analysis on
the link between the measures, instruments and tools used for development of the tourism
in rural areas and the potential development of the specific region. There are observed
the possible effects not only from economical perspective, but from cultural and social
point of view on local communities. It is observed that rural tourism is considered as
being a priority both by national and local bodies, but its effects are only superficially
anticipated, being, generally, ignored its negative influences.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Felix H. ARION, Iulia C. MUREŞAN, Diana E. DUMITRAŞ, Mugurel I. JITEA
Introduction
Tourism proved to be one of the most dynamic economic activities
worldwide. According to the preliminary data of the UNWTO in 2011 the
international tourists’ arrivals grew by over 4% 980 million up from 939
million in 2010. With the same growth rate the number of tourists’ arrivals
in 2012 is expected to exceed 1 billion.
Due to the economic and political instability in the Middle East and
North Africa, the growth registered in these parts was below the one
registered in advance economies after many years. The number of tourists’
arrivals in Europe reached 503 million.
Central and Eastern Europe and Mediterranean destinations
registered the best growth (8% each one) [UNWTO World Tourism
Barometer, 2012]. In Romania in 2011 in comparison with 2010, the
tourists’ arrivals had grown by 16%, while the overnight stays by 12.2%.
The net occupancy rata also registered of 1.1% in 2011 compared with
2010 [INS, 2012].
Specialists largely agreed that tourism has both positive and
negative effects [Naser, Abbas and Sayyed, 2011] and that a unilateral
approaches of tourism it is not to be effective for an analysis. A continuous
request for development of tourism just to use the entire possible potential,
especially in rural areas, it is not to be desired as long as it is not evaluated
from the perspective of its undesired influence on the region and on the
community [Payne, 2010].
As the methodology of UNWTO is very complex and difficult to be
measured on all the indicators included, specialists use for measuring the
impact of the sustainability of tourism a 3 core impacts: economic impact
[Archer, Cooper, and Ruhanen, 2005], social and cultural impact
[Zhenhua, 2003] and environmental [Neto, 2003] impact, each of them
being computed from several other secondary indicators, any of them
being estimated both as positive and negative impact.
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Tourism as factor of development in rural areas
9
Felix H. ARION, Iulia C. MUREŞAN, Diana E. DUMITRAŞ, Mugurel I. JITEA
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Tourism as factor of development in rural areas
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Felix H. ARION, Iulia C. MUREŞAN, Diana E. DUMITRAŞ, Mugurel I. JITEA
Conclusions
Rural tourism is, indeed, an important tool for sustainable rural
development and national documents elaborated on the last decade about it
confirm that authorities wish to use touristic potential of rural areas as a
promoter for increasing the economy and quality of life of the local
communities. No doubts that Romania has to look for solutions to increase
the values of the economic indicators of tourism, especially the rural
tourism in terms of revenues, profit and taxes paid.
Finding solutions to improve the level of use of the tourism
potential depend by the strategy of the authorities for investments in
infrastructure, promotion, consulting, advisory and technical assistance
services, but, also, in studies of impact and diagnosis of future tools as,
meanwhile, there starts to be observed the pressures of negative impact of
tourism in some areas, mainly on the protected areas, anxieties essentially
related to the environmental pollution and lose of the cultural authenticity.
12
Tourism as factor of development in rural areas
References:
1. Akbaba A., 2006, Measuring service quality in the hotel industry: A study in a
business hotel in Turkey. Int J Hospit Manag. 26:170-19
2. Archer B., Cooper C., Ruhanen Lisa, 2005, The Positive and Negative Impacts of
Tourism, in Global Tourism 3rd Edition, Edited by Theobald W. F., Elsevier Inc., pp.
79-102
3. Briedenhann Jenny, Wicken Eugenia, 2004, Tourism routes as a tool for the economic
development of rural areas—vibrant hope or impossible dream?, Tourism
Management, Volume 25, Issue 1, pp. 71-79
4. Grzinic Jasmina, 2007, Concepts of Service Quality Measurement in Hotel Industry,
EKON MISAO PRAKSA DBK GOS XVI BR. I. pp. 81-98
5. Hansen M. Twyla, Francis C. A., 2007, Multifunctional Rural Landscapes. Economic,
Environmental, Policy and Social Impacts of Land Use Changes in Nebraska,
University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA
6. Khan, Maryam, 2003, ECOSERV Ecotourists’ Quality Expectations, Annals of
Tourism Research, vol. 30, pp. 109-124
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satisfaction and behavioural intentions in the sport tourism industry? An application
of the SERVQUAL in an outdoors setting Journal of Sport Tourism 10 (2), pp. 101-
111
8. Látková Pavlína, Vogt A. Christine, 2011, Residents’ Attitudes toward Existing and
Future Tourism Development in Rural Communities, Journal of Travel Research vol.
51 no. 1, pp. 50-67
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Attractions Sector, http://conferences.anzmac.org/ANZMAC2007 /papers/
Lynch_1.pdf, 29 mai 2011
10. Mansfeld Y., Jonas Aliza, 2006, Evaluating the Socio-Cultural Carrying Capacity of
Rural Tourism Communities: A ‘Value Stretch’ Approach, Oxford: Tijdschrift voor
Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 97, No. 5, pp. 583–601
11. Murphy Ann Elaine, 2003, Illustrating the Utility of a Modified Gap Analysis as a
Regional Tourism Planning Tool: Case Study of Potential Japanese an German
Travelers to the Cowichan Region, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 41, pp. 400-409
13
Felix H. ARION, Iulia C. MUREŞAN, Diana E. DUMITRAŞ, Mugurel I. JITEA
12. Naser E., Abbas B. N., Sayyed K. S. A., 2011, Effects of positive and negative rural
tourism (case study: Rural Semnan Province), Journal of Geography and Regional
Planning Vol. 4(2), pp. 63-76
13. Neto, F., 2003, A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond
environmental protection, Natural Resources Forum, 27: 212–222
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Business & Economics, University of Kentucky, USA
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destinations: The case of Australian holidaymakers in Vietnam, Tourism Management
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Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 11, Iss. 6, pp. 459-475
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Supporting and/or Establishing National Certification Systems for Sustainable
Tourism, Madrid, Spain
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Tourism Destinations A Guidebook (English version), Madrid, Spain
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Government of Romania, Ministry of Tourism, http://www.mdrl.ro/
_documente/turism/studii_strategii/masterplan_partea1.pdf
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http://discutii.mfinante.ro/static/10/Mfp/pnd/documente/pnd/PND_2007_2013.pdf
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Destination Management, Kolašin, Montenegro
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Romania, Ministry of Agriculture Forests and Rural Development,
http://www.madr.ro/pages/dezvoltare_rurala/programul-national-strategic-
update_3.11.2008.pdf
24. ***, 2009, National Strategy of Development of Ecotourism in Romania, National
Institute of research and Development in Tourism. Phase II. Strategic Plan of
Development of Ecotourism in Romania,
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25. ***, 2011, National Rural Development Programme 2007-2013. Consolidated
version, July 2010, Government of Romania, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, http://www.madr.ro/pages/dezvoltare_rurala/PNDR-versiunea-
VII_iulie_2011.pdf
26. ***, 2012, National Institute for Statistics, Press Communicate no. 23 from 2nd of
February 2012, http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/
turism/a11/turism12r11.pdf
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n_excerpt.pdf
28. ***, 2012, The National Network of Rural Development, www.rndr.ro
14
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TOURISM
IN CONDITIONS OF LIBERALIZATION. THEORIES
AND CONCEPTS
Alina-Petronela HALLER
Postdoctoral Grant Recipient POSDRU/89/1.5/S/56815
Academia Română Filiala Iaşi
ICES ,,Gh. Zane”
Abstract
The economic liberalization offers a wide opening through the free movement of
persons and allow the increasing tourism activity. Tourism is one of the activities
considered, especially in the developing countries, the main source of development and
growth both for local communities and on a much larger area. We examine a series of
theories that are applied on the tourism field but these theories are from other
disciplinary scientific areas.
Acknowledgement
This paper was made within The Knowledge Based Society Project supported by
the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD),
financed from the European Social Fund and by the Romanian Government under the
contract number POSDRU ID 56815.
Metodă şi metodologie
Metodele de cercetare sunt de tip descriptiv, iar instrumentele folosite suntspecifice
cercetării fundamentale. Aceste metode şi intrumente ajută explicarea teoriilor şi
conceptelor de creştere şi dezvoltare în turism şi prin turism.
Introducere
Turismul a intrat, de câteva decenii, în atenţia preocupărilor
economice ca una din potenţialele modalităţi de creştere şi dezvoltare
economică. Liberalizarea economică înseamnă, printre altele, deschiderea
graniţelor şi creşterea mobilităţii persoanelor între diferite puncte
geografice altfel greu accesibile. Liberalizarea economică, în toate cele
patru forme ale sale, dar în special a persoanelor, este un proces favorabil
activităţii turistice. Îmbunătăţirea nivelului de trai, creşterea veniturilor,
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Alina-Petronela HALLER
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Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
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Alina-Petronela HALLER
Figura nr. 1
Modelul lui Leiper
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Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
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Alina-Petronela HALLER
20
Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
Figura nr. 2
Modelul Push and Pull
Sursa: Yoon Yooshik, Uysal Muzaffer, 2005, ,,An Examination of the Effects of
Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model”, Tourism
Management, Issue 26, Elsevier Science, UK, p. 46
21
Alina-Petronela HALLER
22
Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
Figura nr. 3
Modelul lui Iso-Ahola
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Alina-Petronela HALLER
24
Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
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Alina-Petronela HALLER
2
Fenomenul de aculturație se produce nu numai sub influența turiștilor și a activității
turistice ci, la scară mult mai mare, ca urmare a liberalizării și globalizării. Cultura
americană a devenit dominantă și s-a impus cu succes în special în țările în curs de
dezvoltare care se raportează tot mai mult la economia, societatea și cultura de peste
ocean. Valorile culturale și sociale americane au fost preluate într-un timp foarte scurt
prin renunțare la valori tradiționale specifice fiecărui popor în parte. Este și cazul
României care, în nici două decenii, a îmbrățișat o altă cultură, o altă mentalitate și un alt
stil de viață, totalmente discordante cu cele tradiționale și care, în mod evident, nu numai
că nu caracterizează poporul român, îi usucă încet și sigur rădăcinile. Fenomenul de
aculturație este firesc atunci când intră în contact mai multe culturi însă, greșit gestionat,
pe termen mediu și lung, se dovedește periculos.
26
Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
între grupurile care relaţionează. Această teorie a fost bine primită de către
specialiştii în turism.
27
Alina-Petronela HALLER
Concluzii
În lucrarea de faţă am prezentat, pe scurt, o parte din teoriile
aplicabile în turism. Toate teoriile menţionate concură la dezvoltarea
acestei activităţi şi la creşterea şi dezvoltarea economico-socială a
comunităţilor locale cu efecte radiante pe un areal mai larg. Toate la un loc,
plus multe altele care nu au fost menţionate, oferă o imagine integratoare a
posibilităţilor de dezvoltare turistică.
Am analizat, pe rând, următoarele terorii: a ciclului de viaţă a zonei
turistice (Butler`s Tourist Area Life Cycle), a sistemului turistic industrial
(Leiper), a sistemului pieţei turistice (Hall), a ierarhizării nevoilor
(Maslow), a motivaţiei push and pull(Dann), a modelului motivaţional
turistic (Iso-Ahola), a segmentării psihografice (Plog), a relaţiei localnici-
turişti - modelul Irridex (Doxey), a schimbului social şi aculturaţiei, a
turismului ca sistem de viaţă- teoria complexităţii haosului (Faulkner şi
Russell), a afacerilor primare. Asupra unora am insistat mai mult decât
asupra altora, bineînţeles în funcţie de importanţa şi eficienţa lor practică.
Nici una din acestea nu are substrat pur turistic. Toate au rădăcini în
alte domenii ştiinţifice. Turismul nu este o activitate pur economică deci nu
este explicat decât interdisciplinar. Şi modalităţile de dezvoltare sunt
căutate pe teritoriul altor discipline aşa cum am prezentat.
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Actualitate şi perspective, vol. XX, Iaşi: Tehnopress, pp.119-128;
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Growth and development through tourism in conditions of liberalization
10. Haller Alina-Petronela, 2011, ,,Tourism industry and local production in romanian
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and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model”, Tourism Management,
Issue 26, Elsevier Science, UK, pp. 45-56.
29
AN ORIGINAL ANALYSIS OF ROMANIAN TOURISM
IN MARKET ECONOMY
Abstract
This paper represents a novel analysis of Romanian tourism, which is not based
on the usual statistics of the National Institute of Statistics. The structure itself of this
article is fairly unusual, as well. The paper opens with an introduction referring to the
concept of downshifting in tourism. After more than twenty years of better or worse, more
or less appropriate tourism projects, a change in the overall picture of traditional tourism
and holiday activities in Romania over the last century is the only solution capable of
lending originality to the national tourism product. Through its sheer simplicity and
location in the space and slow time of tradition, tourism of the downshifting type could be
the salvation. A major section describes the new trends in international tourism, typical of
this decade, and of our market economy, and in the final section, some conclusions
concerning a different kind of long-awaited tourism potential close the change-oriented
argument. Some final remarks describe the abandonment of the earlier extensive
development centred on seemingly inexhaustible resources, reshaping a new reality of
international tourism, and also a new opportunity in the directly foreseeable future
development of Romanian tourism.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
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An original analysis of romanian tourism in market economy
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Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
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An original analysis of romanian tourism in market economy
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Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
Africa
Europe
North America
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Europe
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An original analysis of romanian tourism in market economy
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Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
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An original analysis of romanian tourism in market economy
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Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
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An original analysis of romanian tourism in market economy
References
1. Bull, A., (1998). Downshifting: The Ultimate Handbook. London: Thorsons
2. Etziomi, Amitai. (1998). Voluntary simplicity: Characterization, select psychological
implications, and societal consequences. Journal of Economic Psychology vol. 19, pp.
619-43.
3. Hamilton, C. (2003). Downshifting in Britain: A sea-change in the pursuit of
happiness. The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 58. p 3-42.
4. Hamilton, C., Mail, E. (2003). Downshifting in Australia: A sea-change in the pursuit
of happiness. The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 50. p.1-12
5. Juniu, Susana (2000). Downshifting: Regaining the Essence of Leisure, Journal of
Leisure Research, 1st Quarter, Vol. 32 Issue 1, pp.5 -69.
6. Levy, Neil (2005). Downshifting and Meaning in Life, Ratio, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp.176-
189.
7. Marinescu Vasile, (1980). Oameni, locuri, întâmplări, Editura sport- turism, Bucureşti.
8. Murray Rupert Wolfe, (2012), Prince Charles of Romania. Rupert's blog entitled
Productive communication advisor, on 12.04.2012. (http://www.productive.ro/blog/
prince -charles-of-romania/#more-761)
9. Nelson, Michelle R., Paek, Hye-Jin, Rademacher, Mark A. (2007). Downshifting
Consumer = Upshifting Citizen?: An Examination of a Local Freecycle Community.
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 141-156.
10. Schor, Juliet B (1998). Voluntary Downshifting in the 1990s. In E. Houston, J.
Stanford, & L. Taylor (Eds.), Power, Employment, and Accumulation: Social
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Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
Structures in Economic Theory and Practice (pp. 66–79). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe,
2003. Text from University of Chapel Hill Library Collections.
11. Tracey, Smith, (1995), The founder of International Downshifting Week.
(http://www.downshifting week .com Official website for the ongoing awareness
campaign. Retrieved on 2008-11-25).
42
THE ECONOMIC EFFICENCY OF TOURISTIC
PENSSIONS IN URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
The expansion that rural tourism has witnessed in the late XIXth century was
determined by the existence of two reasons: on the one side the revival and development
of the rural area, and on the other side the alternative tourism form compared to
traditional,classic or table tourism.
It is known that regardless of the external environment in which tourist
accommodation units operate, an important role belongs to the quality of the services
offered and the satisfaction level of the customers.
This study aims for a comparative analysis on the economic efficiency of the Arin
Penssion located in a rural area and the Casa Verde Penssion from the urban area.
The reason for choosing these two units is that the types of tourism they
represent are significant areas of operation, namely leisure tourism ("Arin " Penssion)
from the Pojorata, Suceava area and business tourism ("Casa Verde" Penssion) from
Bucharest.
Based on the existing methodology in the specialized literature we computed
specific indicators in order to highlight economic efficiency.
Based on the analysis of the main financial standing indicators and the evolution
of income and expenditure one may conclude that both companies are profitable.
Introduction
Two Penssions were studied: Arin and Casa Verde Penssions.
"Arin" Penssion is located in Suceava, was established in 2000 as
for a rural Penssion, within the category of 3 daisies, having a capacity of 8
rooms, and a 24 seats restaurant, and the average fee was of 100 lei/double
room. 94% of the clients come for leisure and touristic objectives
sightseeing, and only 6% of them come for business purposes [5]. Meals
are ensured in 27% with products from own production. The occupancy
rate of "Arin" Penssion is high enough, falling between the interval 73%-
87% for all of the three years analysed, and average length of stay is 3.5
days.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Cristiana TINDECHE, Liliana POPESCU
Table no. 1
Situation and evolution of the monthly occupancy rate
Specification 2009 2010 2011 2010 /2009 2011/ 2009 2011/ 2010
January 87 71 88 81.61 101.15 123.94
February 62 53 67 85.48 108.06 126.41
March 83 74 89 89.16 107.23 120.27
April 79 67 86 84.81 108.86 128.36
May 53 65 68 122.6 128.30 104.61
June 80 75 85 93.75 106.25 113.33
Average-sem. I 74 67 80 90.54 108.11 119.40
July 99 88 98 88.88 98.99 111.36
August 99 94 99 94.94 100 105.32
September 76 75 80 98.68 105.26 106.66
October 57 62 63 108.7 110.53 101.61
44
The economic efficency of touristic penssions in urban and rural environment
Table no. 2
Occupancy rate of "Casa Verde " Penssion
45
Cristiana TINDECHE, Liliana POPESCU
Table no. 3
Comparative situation on the average stay
46
The economic efficency of touristic penssions in urban and rural environment
Table no. 4
Revenues situation for the two Penssions
Table no.5
Evolution of expenses for the two companies
47
Cristiana TINDECHE, Liliana POPESCU
"Casa Verde " Penssion benefits from significant increases over the
analysed years: 2010 brings about an increase of the expenses of 92.98%
compared to the reference year, 2009; in 2011 there was an increase of
232.12% compared to the same year (2009) and of 72.09% compared to
2010.
Table no. 6
Comparative situation on the year result
The main reason for which the "Arin"‘s Penssion is higher than the
one of "Casa Verde " Penssion is related to the fact that the expenses are
considerable lower in comparison to the revenues attained.
Table no. 7
Evolution of the Penssions’ year result
Conclusions
Notable is the establishment of a Penssion in Bucharest fact that
entails a whole new approach and is problematic compared to the same
process happened in the rural environment.
48
The economic efficency of touristic penssions in urban and rural environment
Acknowledgements
This research has been performed by the courtesy of the representatives of the two
Penssions.
References
1. Firoiu D., Gheorghe C., Tourism in a globalized world, Pro Universitaria Publishing
House, 2010
2. Glăvan, V., Rural tourism. Tourism. Sustainable tourism. Ecotourism, Economic
Publishing House, 2002
3. Neagu, V., Service management in tourism, Pro Universitaria Publishing House, 2005
4. Tindeche Cristiana, Financial and economic analysis, CERES Publishing House, 2004
5. www.turism.ro
49
WAYS TO INCREASE VALUE ADDED IN ROMANIAN
RURAL TOURISM
Abstract
This study tries only to bring some aspects of the relation between rural tourism
and the value added without the claim to complete or to say everything abot this complex,
actual and necessart issue.
Keywords: added value, efficiency, development, growth, tourism product, rural tourism
Metodă şi metodologie
Noţiuni introductive
Poate mai mult decât în etapele anterioare ale evoluţiei umane pe
pământ se pune astăzi problema eficienţei cu care se consumă materiile
prime, energia, cum este folosită forţa de muncă, etc.
Această importanţă a crescut în ultimele decenii, îndeosebi prin
efectele induse de globalizarea comerţului, de creşterea însemnată a
populaţiei globului – şi a nevoilor mereu crescânde ale acesteia – de
dezvoltarea unor tehnologii şi procedee noi, vizând modernizarea
diverselor tipuri de echipamente.
De aceea lupta care se duce pentru creşterea valorii adăugate la
produsele turistice în general, dar şi la cele de turism rural, este una
normală, reală şi benefică pentru progresul activităţilor din această ramură
a economiei naţionale în paralel cu cel al bunăstării populaţiei rurale.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Ion Talabă
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Ways to increase value added in Romanian rural tourism
53
Ion Talabă
54
Ways to increase value added in Romanian rural tourism
55
Ion Talabă
56
Ways to increase value added in Romanian rural tourism
57
Ion Talabă
58
Ways to increase value added in Romanian rural tourism
1
Interesante informaţii pot fi găsite în ghidurile solicitantului la măsurile 121, 123 şi 313
elaborate de D.G.D.R. din MADR.
59
Ion Talabă
60
Ways to increase value added in Romanian rural tourism
Concluzii
Bibliografie
61
Ion Talabă
62
INVESTMENTS IN RURAL TOURISM
Abstract
The present paper focuses on FDI in Romania as a distinct area, during the
process of our country’s integration into the European Union, drawing on the data of the
World Bank and on the statistics issued by the National Statistical Institute, and
underlines the importance of tourism as a real solution for the development of our
economy. Reality confirms an exceptional increase in the volume of FDI in Romania, until
the global recession. In the first section, the FDI significance and the conceptualization of
tourism are discussed and detailed, followed by a short review of the FDI and tourism
literature. The second section presents a special methodology and some databases as
statistical supports for an economic analysis of FDI impact on tourism activities. The
third section covers the major economic and social implications of tourism, described as a
growth solution, correlated influences, and some trends for Romanian economy. Some
final remarks close the economic and social approach to investments centred on
Romanian tourism, and illustrated even by FDI in Romania, after 1990.
Introduction
If foreign direct investment is declared the universal solution to
worldwide sustainable development, tourism seems to be for more and
more people a miracle solution to Romania’s development. This paper
attempts to review, in realistic terms, the information on the two economic
phenomena having a major impact today, hopin to give as accurate an
assessment as possible to the distance between utopia and economic
reality. Foreign direct investment (FDI) always has three fundamental
components: capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans, and
IMF conceptualization emphasizes the role of long-term interest, defining
direct foreign investment as that category of international investment
where an entity resident in a country has a long-term interest in a company
resident in another country. FDI is still a complex, contradictory issue, and
two examples corroborate this statement to a sufficient extent: a) national
investment is the most volatile component of macroeconomic result, most
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
66
Foreign direct investments and Romanian tourism
1
Hagen,A., 1997, Deutsche Direktinvestitionen in Grossbritannien, 1871-1918 Jena:
Franz Steiner Verlag, p.32.
2
Twomey, M.J., 2000, A Century of Foreign Investment in the Third World. Routledge. p.
8.
3
Dunning, J.H., van Hosselve, R.,Narula, R., 1996, Explaining the ‘New’ Wave of
Outward FDI from Developing Countries: The Case of Taiwan and Korea, Research
Memoranda 009, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology,
1, p. 12.
4
Dunning, John H., 2004, The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and
business theories of MNE activity. Retrieved 2011-10-12
67
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
Table no.1
Categories of advantages
Advantages Advantages Avantages
related to related to related to
property location internalization
Forms of Exports YES NO NO
entering an Licenses YES YES NO
economy FDI YES YES YES
Source: Dunning, J. H. (2000). ,,The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and
business theories of MNE activity”, International Business Review, vol. 9, No 2, p. 163–
190
68
Foreign direct investments and Romanian tourism
69
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
in Romania over the last two decades has shown fluctuations hard to
imagine, with a multiplication of the total volume of FDI over two hundred
times, much higher than the average European evolution, if we analyze it
in terms of value, in U.S. dollars and comparable prices for 2000 (charts 7
and 8):
Graphic oscillations of FDI in the EU (EUISD) and Romania (ROISD),
between 1991 and 2010
Chart no. 1
Chart no. 2
1.2E+10
1.E+12
1.0E+10
8.E+11
8.0E+09
6.E+11
6.0E+09
4.E+11
4.0E+09
2.E+11 2.0E+09
0.E+00 0.0E+00
92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10
EUISD ROISD
Chart no. 3
Graphic oscillations of the percentage share of FDI in gross fixed
capital formation in Romania, in Europe and in the world economy,
between 1991 and 2010
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: http://www.unctad.org/fdistatistics.
70
Foreign direct investments and Romanian tourism
71
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
72
Foreign direct investments and Romanian tourism
73
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
Table no. 2
FDI net
FDI net FDI, net
FDI, net Rate of inflows
inflows IPC (constant
(BoP, current inflation I act 2000 (constant
Year (BoP, current % 2000
U.S. dollars) % 2000
U.S. dollars) U.S. dollars)
U.S. dollars)
1991 37 000 000 40 000 000 4,2 104,2 1,279424671 47 338 713 51 176 987
1992 73 000 000 77 000 000 3,0 103,0 1,227865477 89 634 180 94 545 642
1993 87 000 000 94 000 000 3,0 103,0 1,192092010 103 712 005 112 056 649
1994 341 000 000 341 000 000 2,6 102,6 1,157370884 394 663 471 394 663 471
1995 417 000 000 419 000 000 2,8 102,8 1,128041797 470 393 429 472 649 513
1996 263 000 000 263 000 000 2,9 102,9 1,097316923 288 594 351 288 594 351
1997 1 224 000 000 1 215 000 000 2,3 102,3 1,066391568 1 305 263 1 295 665
279 756
1998 2 040 000 000 2 031 000 000 1,6 101,6 1,038352 2 118 238 2 108 892
080 912
1999 1 025 000 000 1 041 000 000 2,2 102,2 1,022 1 047 550 1 063 902
000 000
2000 1 048 000 000 1 037 000 000 3,4 103,4 1 1 048 000 1 037 000
000 000
2001 1 174 000 000 1 157 000 000 2,8 102,8 0,9727626459 1 142 023 1 125 486
346 381
2002 1 128 000 000 1 144 000 000 1,6 101,6 0,9574435491 1 079 996 1 095 315
323 420
2003 1 805 000 000 1 844 000 000 2,3 102,3 0,9359174478 1 689 330 1 725 831
993 774
2004 6 373 000 000 6 443 000 000 2,7 102,7 0,9113120232 5 807 791 5 871 636
524 255
2005 6 512 280 000 6 482 160 000 3,4 103,4 0,8813462507 5 739 326 5 713 027
785 412
2006 10 971 010 11 393 430 000 3,2 103,2 0,8540176848 9 369 428 9 730 190
000 020 711
2007 9 647 000 000 9 925 000 000 2,9 102,9 0,8299491592 8 006 519 8 237 245
539 405
2008 13 606 000 13 883 000 000 3,8 103,8 0,7995656639 10 878 890 11 100 370
000 420 110
2009 4 934 000 000 4 846 000 000 -0,4 99,6 0,8027767710 3 960 900 3 890 256232
588
2010 3 263 000 000 3 453 000 000 1,6 101,6 0,7901346171 2 578 209 2 728 334
256 833
Source: the data from http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog#Tables were made
comparable.
FDI dynamics is a strong cyclical side, the highest plateau, going into
billions of dollars; it appears after 1996, and the peak belongs to the period
2007-2008.
74
Foreign direct investments and Romanian tourism
Chart no. 4
1.2E+10 7
Series: SER01
6 Sample 1991 2010
1.0E+10
Observations 20
5
8.0E+09 Mean 2.86E+09
4 Median 1.22E+09
Maximum 1.09E+10
6.0E+09
Minimum 47338713
3
Std. Dev. 3.32E+09
4.0E+09 Skewness 1.235780
2
Kurtosis 3.229569
2.0E+09 1 Jarque-Bera 5.134430
Probability 0.076749
0.0E+00 0
92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 0.00000 4.0E+09 8.0E+09
75
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
Some conclusions
Although investment has a remarkable multiplier illustrated in the
proceeds recorded, the tourism industry in Romania is below the required
level, not at all correlated with the dynamics of FDI. In Romania, a volume
of 10 euros per capita FDI in tourism, and external inputs from the foreign
tourists of 200 euros per capita on average in the last five years, so a
multiplier of 20 (for each euro invested in tourism by foreign investors 20
euros are made), the reality, and even the trends, are still far from
profitability.
76
Foreign direct investments and Romanian tourism
77
Gheorghe SĂVOIU, Constantin MANEA
Bibliography
1. Boddewyn, J. J., (2005), Foreign direct divestment theory: Is it the reverse of FDI
theory? Review of World Economics, Vol. 119, No 2, pag. 345-355.
2. Dunning, J.H., van Hosselve, R.,Narula, R. (1996), Explaining the ‘New’ Wave of
Outward FDI from Developing Countries: The Case of Taiwan and Korea, Research
Memoranda 009, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and
Technology, 1, pag. 12.
3. Dunning, John H. (2004). The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and
business theories of MNE activity.>Last accesed 15
martie2012<http://sid.decon.unipd.it/materiale9/bel_eat_letture _ottava_/dunning. pdf
Retrieved 2011-10-12.
4. Graham, E.M. and Krugman, P.R., (1989), Foreign Direct Investment in the United
States (Washington DC : Institute for International Economics).
5. Hagen,A.,(1997), Deutsche Direktinvestitionen in Grossbritannien,1871-1918
Jena:Franz Steiner Verlag,pag. 32
6. Jaško,O., Čudanov, M., Popovic, N., Săvoiu, G., (2010). Foreign Direct Investments in
South-Eastern Europe Countries.Analysis of Influence Factors, Romanian Statistical
Review, vol. 1, 5- 33.
7. Moise, E.,(2005), Investiţii străine directe, Ed. Victor, Bucuresti, pag. 13.
8. Reilly, F. K., Norton, E. A., Hank, B.J., (2006), Investments, VIIth Edition, Editura
Thomson South-Western.
9. Săvoiu, G (2011), Econometrie, Bucharest: Ed. Universitară.
10. Twomey, M.J., (2000), A Century of Foreign Investment in the Third World.
Routledge. pag. 8
11. *** Promoting Foreign Investment in Tourism, UNCTAD Investment Advisory
Series 2010, July 01, 2011. (http:// www.unctad.org/en/docs/diaepcb200916_en.pdf).
78
RISING THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF
THE RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Abstract
The economic crisis of the past few years has affected quite serious the
possibility of socio-economic development of the settlements, including rural areas.
Although in recent years various programs have been set up for the development of
localities, nowadays, in particular, projects for the development of rural infrastructure
are carried out, population connection to the sewerage system and natural gas
respectively. As strategic objectives to be established in rural areas, there may be
identified the following: influence on the development of local communities; creation of
favorable conditions for business development; attracting new investments and firms;
contributing to the development of rural tourism. To achieve these objectives financial
resources are required, which can be obtained from both the budget and sources of
foreign direct investment, so that investors attracting remains one of the major priorities
of any communities, a relatively difficult task because they are less than the communities
that compete to attract them. To achieve these objectives in order to increase investment
attractiveness of strategic development plan is needed, in which the rural marketing finds
its perfect fitness.
Keywords: the development of the local community, development of rural tourism, tools
needed to increase competitiveness
Metodologie
Lucrarea conţine o analiză a conceptelor de spaţiu rural, atractivitate
investiţională şi elementele sale constitutive, potenţial şi risc investiţional precum şi o
analiză a gradului de aplicare a conceptului de marketing rural şi relevare a problemelor
cu care se confruntă localităţile rurale din România privind utilizarea acestui concept
relativ nou pentru localităţile rurale.
Introducere
În multe ţări dezvoltate, în care tendinţele progresului tehnico-
ştiinţific şi tehnologiile avansate sunt cu succes aplicate, problemele legate
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Carmen UZLĂU, Liviu UZLĂU
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Rising the investment attractiveness of the rural settlements
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Carmen UZLĂU, Liviu UZLĂU
82
Rising the investment attractiveness of the rural settlements
83
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84
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Carmen UZLĂU, Liviu UZLĂU
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Rising the investment attractiveness of the rural settlements
Concluzii
Atractivitatea unei localităţi este legată de o serie de factori ce ţin
de creşterea calităţii vieţii, de viziunea de dezvoltare a localităţii ceea ce
contribuie la crearea unei imagini favorabile în exterior şi constituie unul
dintre factorii care determină succesul economic şi social şi, pe aceasta
bază, creşterea competitivităţii. Realizarea unei dezvoltări echilibrate şi a
unei competitivităţi sporite depind pe plan local de capacitatea de
mobilizare a tuturor actorilor implicaţi, de susţinerea şi implementarea
unor proiecte de dezvoltare cu impact local.
87
Carmen UZLĂU, Liviu UZLĂU
Bibliografie
1. Drăgoi A. Investiţii europene pentru dezvoltarea rurală sustenabilă. În: Tribuna
Economică, 2011, nr. 4.
2. Economia agroalimentară. coord. Gavrilescu D., Giurcă D., Bucureşti: Expert, 2000.
329
3. Ecoturism şi turism rural. coord. Nistoreanu P. Bucureşti : A.S.E., 2003.
4. Gerald A. Michaelson, Steven A. Michaelson. San Tzu. Strategii de marketing. 12
principii esenţiale pentru câştigarea bătăliei de atragere a clienţilor. Bucureşti:
Brandbuilers, 2006
5. Stanciu I. Managementul calităţii totale. Bucureşti: Cartea universitară, 2003
6. Stoica M. Investiţiile şi dezvoltarea durabilă. Bucureşti: Editura Universitară, 2005
7. Tratat de economia agriculturii. coord.: Alexandri C., Davidovici I., Gavrilescu D.
Bucureşti: Expert, 2003
88
CONTRIBUTIONTO THE PRACTICAL ENGAGEMENT
IN RURAL TOURISM IN CROATIA:
FROM IDEA TO SUCCESSFUL REALIZATION
Abstract
Rural areas in Croatia constituted 91.6% of itssurface, it has about50% of the
population who are in some way related to agriculture, and is characterized by a rich and
diverse natural, cultural and historical diversity, which shows that Croatiahas the quality
requirements for the development of rura ltourism as one of the special forms of tourism.
Rural tourism in Croatia is one of the special forms of tourism which enables high-quality
placement of a rich and varied offer for different segments of demand on the tourism
market. Rural tourism is a very important factor in the activation and sustainable
development of rural areas because it helps preserve the local identity, traditions,
customs, protects the environment, strengthen autochthonous, traditional and ecological
production and helps the development of rural areas on the basis of sustainable
development. Although the systematic development of rural tourism in Croatia lasts about
20 years, it has already noticed the lack of service and detailed information, and
knowledge about rural tourismin one place, for allthose intending to engage in rural
tourism in Croatia, as well as for those who are on their farms have already launched
tourism services. Therefore, this article proposes and briefly explains the steps that should
be taken to organize and successfully lead farm holidays in Croatia. These steps are:
designing the idea, selection of types of tourism services, registration of the farm holidays,
financing the project, arranging the farm holidays, organization of services on the farm
holidays, legal obligations of the farm holidays, and connectingwith the market
(promotion and marketing).
These steps summarize the essentials that need to know for the organization and
management of a farm holidays, and thus, among other things, help the further
development of rural tourismin Croatia, preservation of the vividness and vitality of
village, and the attractiveness ofthe ruralway of life.
Keywords: Croatia, rural tourism, steps, development
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
Introduction
Interest in engaging on rural tourism in Croatia is increasing due to
the many possibilities. First of all, in Croatia there are still attractive and
“pristine” rural areas with a defined way of life, culture and customs,
strong need to preserve rural areas is present, population can extend
revenue opportunities through tourism services and allows them to
preserve the original services and products by creating offer for a different
holiday.
Research of motives for tourist arrivals in rural areas was made by
the authors of this article in the years 2010 and 2011. Interviewing around
200 owners of farm holidays are obtained data on motivation and reasons
for tourist arrivals on farm holidays. The survey results showed that 47%
of guests on farm holidays exclusively comes to rest (leisure), 39% of
guests come for gastronomy and enjoying the food and local specialties,
43% of guests as the reason for coming stated preserved heritage (ambient
architecture, rural way of life, etc.), while 41% of guests coming to attend
the manifestations and events in rural areas. Also, some other motives for
arriving at the village such as peace, clean environment, interaction with
new people, active holiday (walking, cycling, etc.), purchase of traditional
products, and others, are reasons for the development, growth and survival
of rural tourism as a tourism oriented to individual guests and their needs.
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Contributionto the practical engagement in rural tourism in Croatia
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Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
Scheme no. 1
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Contributionto the practical engagement in rural tourism in Croatia
Scheme no. 2
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Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
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Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
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Contributionto the practical engagement in rural tourism in Croatia
upon arrival on the farm holidays its first impression (positive or negative)
create based on the orderliness of the environment. Also, in promotion the
farm holidays (brochures, catalogs or online) most used are its exterior
photos. Well-kept environment/landscape and garden, except the attraction
also have another important purpose. This is a presentation of rural tourism
as a promoter of natural and cultural heritage of some particular region by
creating an impression of the cultivated farm holidays with traditional
elements, preserving a diversity of old varieties of fruits, vegetables,
flowers; decorative, spice and medicinal herbs, or the preservation of
indigenous breeds of domestic animals. Animals on the farm holidays
should not be keeping exclusively for tourists. Animal breeding and
selection must be the owner choice and in the function of agricultural
production on the farm holidays.
On thefarm holidaysthere is oftenan opportunity to exploit currently
unused existing resources in a cost effective manner, which are very useful
in the tourism/market profiling of the farm holidays and increasing its
attractiveness. Tourism attraction and better market visibility of the farm
holidays can be achieved by using renewable energy sources, and other
ways/forms of “ecological approach” in its managing. Thus, for example,
could initiate the production and use of solar energy to supply the farm
holidays with electricity, as well as using rainwater for water supply. Or, if
at farm holidays exists intensive animal farming, it can be run production
of biogas from manure that can be used for heating. If at farm holidays is
intensive cultivation of grains, there is the possibility of producing slabs of
pressed straw as construction materials and natural insulation. This
approach also contributes to reduction of operating costs (e.g. energy
costs), and revenues increasing (e.g. higher market prices of high-quality
branded “green” tourism services, additional revenue from the sale of
products from secondary raw materials (pressed straw), etc.. Also, in the
promotion and profiling the farm holidays will be able to use the term
“eco-friendly” and thus improve the marketing visibility of the farm
holidays.
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Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
through the package can be sold the product and service that guest
individually would not use since itself it is not attractive or needed enough,
but in offer with other services, overall, it makes sense.
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Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
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Contributionto the practical engagement in rural tourism in Croatia
followed by France with 6%, then Ireland and Germany with about 3%,
and Italy with only 0.3% (although some Italian regions such as Tuscany
are among the world's top farm holidays destinations). For comparison, in
Croatia only 0.1% farm holidays are engaged in rural tourism.
Looking at the share of rural tourism in the totality of rural tourism,
it is between 15 and 20%, which means that currently in Europe in rural
tourism offer has 100,000 accommodation units with 1.3 million beds
which gives annually revenue of around 12 billion Euros.
Development of rural tourism in Europe, especially in France, Italy,
Austria, United Kingdom, as in all other countries of geographic Europe, is
based on identical goals: maintaining and enhancing agricultural
production on farm holidays, social cohesion through the possibility of
indirect employment and achieving significant revenue through tourism
services, and reducing depopulation of rural areas. Because of these
reasons, rural tourism is becoming a strategic national interest which is
manifested in different ways.
Rural areas in Croatia constituted 91.6% of its surface and it has
about 50% of the population who are in some way related to agriculture.
This area in Croatia is characterized by a rich and diverse natural, cultural
and historical diversity, which shows that Croatia has the quality
requirements for development of rural tourism.
In Croatia, rural tourism or tourism in the villages as one of the
special forms of tourism becomes a very important part of economic
development that provides quality placement of rich and varied offers for
different segments of demand in the tourism market. In addition, rural
tourism in Croatia is a very important factor in the activation and
sustainable development of rural areas, because it helps preserve the local
identity, traditions, customs, protects the environment, strengthen
autochthonous, traditional and ecological production and helps the
development of Croatian rural areas on the basis of sustainable
development.
Conclusions
Rural areas have always been places where the population is
primarily engaged in agricultural production. The need for increasing
diversification of the local economy has led to concrete progress in the
development of tourism in these areas. Tourism associated with agriculture
and with the rural way of life proved to be simple and logical possibility of
presenting the opportunities in rural areas. Rural tourism is a chance for
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Damir DEMONJA, Robert BAĆAC
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2. Act on the residence tax, „Official Gazette“ 152/08, 59/09
3. Act on tourism activity, „Official Gazette“ 08/96
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152/08
5. Act on tourism fees, „Official Gazette“ 52/08, 88/10
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Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of
Zagreb,http://www.ffzg.hr/etno/doc_dl.cgi?000264_1.doc. (21/02/2012)
13. Kušen E., 1995, Tourism on rural farms, Turizam, 43 (7-8), Zagreb: Institute for
tourism, pp. 127-133
14. Kušen E., 1992, Rural tourism and architecture of the village and rural households,
in”Croatian Farmer” – programs for development of rural family households, Zagreb:
Globus, pp. 365-382
15. Mišćin L., Mađer B., 2008, Current state of tourism in Croatian rural areas 2008,
Zagreb: Croatian Chamber of Economy, Tourism Department,
http://hgk.biznet.hr/hgk/fileovi/13081.ppt. (20/02/2012)
16. Regulationon the provisionof cateringservices in ruralhousehold, „OfficialGazette“
22/96, 05/08.
17. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of tourism, Statistics, Tourism 2010 – short overview,
http://www.mint.hr/UserDocsImages/turizam-2010-info.pdf. (27/02/2012)
18. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of tourism, Statistics, 2011, Tourist trafficin September
and in the first ninemonths, http://www.mint.hr/UserDocsImages/111104-1-9-stat.pdf.
(27/02/2012)
19. Rural Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2008-2013,
2008, Zagreb: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development of the
Republic of Croatia
20. Ružić P., 2009, Rural Tourism, Pula: Institute for agriculture and tourism Poreč
21. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia, 2011, Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of
Statistics
22. Strategy for development of Croatian tourism until the year 2010, 2003, Zagreb:
Ministry of tourism of the Republic of Croatia,
http://www.mint.hr/UserDocsImages/Strategija%20hrvatskog%20turizma%20-
%20finalna%20verzija.pdf. (25/02/2012)
23. Tourism in 2010, Statistics reports, 2011, Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Zagreb
107
RURAL TOURISM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDATA VILLAGE
Abstract
The role of tourism in national economy of various countries is particularly
important given the complexity of this phenomenon.
The powerful social and economic contemporary transformations have created
and developed the tourism, which in turn has stimulated development of other sectors of
national economy. The object of tourism activities stimulated domains of activity such as
industry and agriculture, construction, transport, trade, etc. Thus, tourism development
and its transformation into a major phenomenon with profound economic, social, cultural
implications, led to the establishment and strengthening tourism market.
Rural tourism is one of the forms of tourism that incorporates aspects of
sustainable development, environmental protection and development of entrepreneurship,
both in direct business and in the activities related to practice this form of tourism.
Traditions and customs, ancient and unaltered, always present in rural life, the
port and architecture, give a specific identity of Fundata village, inhabited area at the
highest altitude in Romania. Identity of Fundata village is complemented by the natural
landscape, being surrounded by mountains Bucegi and Piatra Craiului.
The paper presents aspects of the development of rural tourism practiced in
Fundata village and some methods and techniques to promote the rural tourism supply in
this village.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Mariana BĂLAN, Nadia STOIAN, Gheorghe-Stelian BĂLAN
1
În 1923 şi până la cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, în Fundata a funcţionat un post
pluviometric. Acesta a fost înfiinţat de Institutul Meteorologic din Bucureşti. Staţia meteo
propriu-zisă a fost deschisă la 1 decembrie 1950, în centrul satului, la o altitudine de 1264
m. La 24 decembrie 1954, staţia a fost mutată pe vârful Bacârcea la altitudinea de 1371 m.
110
Rural tourism and its implications in the development of Fundata village
111
Mariana BĂLAN, Nadia STOIAN, Gheorghe-Stelian BĂLAN
Problema cea mai importantă era însă aceea a obiceiului folcloric care a
stat şi stă la baza acestei manifestări, deoarece cu termenul de „nedeie” se
defineşte o „petrecere câmpenească populară de origine pastorală, făcută
de obicei cu prilejul unei sărbători sau al unui hram” [3].
Din alt punct de vedere prin termenul de „nedeie” se mai defineşte
şi un “loc plan pe vârful unui munte”.
Legat de manifestarea “Nedeia Munţilor” de la Fundata, credem că
ambele semnificaţii ale termenului de “nedeie” sunt cuprinse în conţinutul
sărbătorii, în sensul că ea se desfăşoară de sărbătoarea Sfântului Ilie şi are
la bază un obicei păstoresc care se desfăşura pe vârful muntelui Sintilia
(Sântilia) din aproprierea localităţii Fundata şi care este situat pe teritoriul
judeţului Argeş.
De altfel există documente din a doua jumătate a secolului al
XVIII-lea care atestă faptul că această nedeie este legată de târgul de la
112
Rural tourism and its implications in the development of Fundata village
113
Mariana BĂLAN, Nadia STOIAN, Gheorghe-Stelian BĂLAN
114
Rural tourism and its implications in the development of Fundata village
115
Mariana BĂLAN, Nadia STOIAN, Gheorghe-Stelian BĂLAN
116
Rural tourism and its implications in the development of Fundata village
117
Mariana BĂLAN, Nadia STOIAN, Gheorghe-Stelian BĂLAN
118
Rural tourism and its implications in the development of Fundata village
Concluzii
Vatra satului Fundata se întinde între răurile Moieciu, Grădiştea şi
Fundăţica şi este constituită dintr-un bloc de calcare cu intercalări de
conglomerate, a cărei altitudine se menţine între 1250-1360 m. Această
medie face din satul Fundata cel mai înalt sat locuit permanent din
România.
„Priveliştea pe care ţi-o oferă dâmburile acoperite cu pădure, cu
ogoare sau fâneţe şi presărate cu gospodăriile răsfirate, este din cele mai
pitoreşti” [2].
Din fericire, dezvoltarea turistică a comunei Fundata nu a afectat
frumuseţea peisajului local.
Turistul ajuns în comuna Fundata are posibilitatea de a descoperi în
satele Fundata şi Fundăţica: Platoul Deasupra, Punctul Tâncău, Creasta
Cocoşului, Vârful Ionelelor, Pe Muchie, Padina Şoimului, Culmea
Grădiştea, În Moşoroaie, Şleul Mândrului, Vârful lui Teleleu, Şerbeşti,
Podul Băşoaiei, La Puroia, La Pajură şi Lacul fără fund, iar în Şirnea,
Piscul Păltiniş, Stânca Seninare, La Trei Şipote, Padina lui Cenţiu,
Curmătura Groapelor, Ţurţudău, Colţul Spărturilor, Valea lui Cioacă, În
Padină, vârful Gâlma Pleşii şi Poiana Lungă.
În vecinătatea comunei, se află Peştera Liliecilor (comuna
Moieciu), La Chişătoare (comuna Moieciu) şi Peştera Dâmbovicioara
(comuna Dâmbovicioara).
Se spune că în frumuseţea şi măreţia muntelui putem să admirăm
zâmbetul lui Dumnezeu. Vă îndemnăm să urcaţi trecătoarea Branului şi să
descoperiţi cât de aproape de cer este frumuseţea locurilor în care trăim.
Bibliografie
1. C. C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, vol. 1, ed. I, pag. 134;
2. Moşoiu, Branul şi cetatea Branului, 1930;
3. Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste
România, Bucureşti, 1975, pag. 591.
119
TRENDS AND RELATIONSHIP
TENDINŢE ŞI RELAŢII
CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS IN EUROPEAN
RURAL TOURISM
Florin FRANT
Asist. Univ.dr., Universitatea Eftimie Murgu Resita
Abstract
Europe’s rural areas provide an overflowing storehouse of rich experiences for
the visitor. Domestic and international visitors are turning to countryside destinations for
holidays in increasing numbers, but changes in the length and type of visit sought and a
rapid growth in alternative destinations worldwide has meant that EuropeÕs rural areas
are facing a need to be ever more competitive. The success of a destination in terms of the
satisfaction of the tourist is a function, therefore, of several interdependent components.
This underscores the need for strategic and integrated planning of tourist destinations,
together with the selective use of specific tools and techniques to address integrated
quality management (including quality control) of the destination.
Introduction
Rural tourism is not a new phenomenon in Europe. However, in
recent years the market has become more sophisticated and discriminating
and there has been an increasing interest in tourism as a valuable vehicle
for cmuch needed diversification of the rural economy.
This high profile is now a common factor across the whole of the EEA.
Most member states face similar issues and opportunities in rural tourism.
Rural areas often have small scale and widely dispersed enterprises,
communities and administrative structures. The relationship between
tourism, agriculture and other sectors in the local rural economy is
increasingly important. Many different players are involved. Natural
resources, cultural traditions, transport services and a whole range of
tourism enterprises have an
influence on the visitor experience, and in turn are affected by tourism
impact. For these reasons, an integrated quality management approach to
tourism is very relevant in rural areas.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Florin FRANT
124
Characteristics and trends in European rural tourism
125
Florin FRANT
126
Characteristics and trends in European rural tourism
127
Florin FRANT
128
Characteristics and trends in European rural tourism
Conclusions
It is clear, however, that much activity in strengthening quality in
rural tourism occurs at a national level. In particular, sector organisations
are increasingly setting their own standards. Examples include agrotourism
marketing bodies; rural food groups; and representational bodies for
individual sports such as riding or cycling. Quality management at a local
destination level is strengthened where it reflects and uses what can best be
achieved through national networking and coordination.
Integrated Quality Management focuses on improving visitor
satisfaction, while seeking to improve the local economy, the environment
and the quality of life of the local community. It is an approach that makes
sense. It is about setting objectives, working together, understanding
visitors, setting standards, obtaining visitors reactions, making
improvements and checking impacts. In many tourism destinations much
of this will be happening already.
This code of practice is about strengthening this process in rural
areas. Quality management should be a continuous process, not a one-off
initiative. Unless the approach can become a natural way of managing
tourism, reflected in all the normal activities undertaken by a destination
(promotion, information, developing and improving the product ...) it will
not be maintained over time and cannot be successful. Most local tourism
departments and individual enterprises do not have the time or resources to
run a separate quality initiative beyond their normal activities, especially in
rural areas where budgets are often small.
References
1. United Nations, Commission on Sustainable Development, Decision concerning
tourism and sustainable development, New York, April 1999.
2. Weiermair, K., On the concept and definition of quality in tourism In: Quality
anagement in Tourism, AIEST, St Gallen, 1997.
1. AEIDL/LEADER http://www.rural-europe.aeidl.be
2. CENORM (European Committee for Standardisation) http://www.cenorm.be
3. Council of Europe http://www.coe.en
4. European Commission, DG XXIII.D, Tourism Directorate
http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg23/ tourisme/tourisme.htm
5. EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) http://www.efqm.org
6. ISO (International Standardisation Organisation) http://www.iso.ch
7. United Nations, Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd.htm
129
Florin FRANT
130
TRENDS INROMANIAN RURAL TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Abstract
Rural tourismis a form of tourismin Romania had the stronges tgrowth, especially
in the last10 years. The first rura ltourism activities focused in several mountainous
regions, and later to the development area to expandas much. Romania joined the
European Union bodies increased the competition, given that other countries, former
socialist turned to support this tourism.
In recent years there has been atendency to increase service quality of tourism
products offered specialization. Special attention will be given to finding a set of criteria
by which to achieve a better labeling of tourist guesthouses. This willchangeandhow to
achievepromotion, meaning that there will be acleardelineationof the segmentsof
touristsandpromotetourism servicesspecializedto the needsandmotivations oftourists.
Presentation of measures takeninthis directionareof interest tothose whoare preoccupied
inrural tourism.
Introducere
În ultimele două decenii, dintre toate formele de turism din România,
cel mai mare avânt l-a luat turismul rural. Acest aspect se vede în
comunele care se află cu precădere în spaţiul montan şi colinar şi unde
multe construcţii noi au devenit pensiuni rurale. Din ultimele date
statistice, respectiv anii 2010 şi 2011, rezultă că spaţiul montan şi
municipiul Bucureşti au avut valorile cele mai mari legate de numărul de
sosiri şi de înnoptări, pentru turiştii români şi străini. Iar zona montană, nu
se identifică printr-un mare număr de staţiuni turistice, ci prin numărul
mare de localităţi rurale, multe cu un potenţial turistic deosebit. De fapt
aici se găsesc concentrate un număr mare de pensiuni turistice.
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
Metodologie şi documentaţie
Întregul demers ştiinţific se bazează pe metode de analiză cantitativă
şi calitativă, datorate ultimelor date statistice, respectiv anii 2010 şi 2011.
Analiza cantitativă se referă la evoluţia numerică a pensiunilor şi celorlalte
caracteristici ale acestora, iar calitativ din punct de vedere al gradului de
confort oferit. Întreaga documentaţie se sprijină pe datele statistice puse la
dispoziţie de Institutul Naţional de Statistică. În funcţie de formele
principale de turism se poate determina orientarea dezvoltării pensiunilor
în timp şi spaţiu.
Problema esenţială este dată de faptul că recesiunea economică a
determinat o reducerea construcţiilor, mai ales a celor în regie proprie şi
limitarea creditelor oferite de bănci. De asemenea, se constată o scădere a
preţurilor caselor şi terenurilor, fapt care limitează concurenţa pe piaţa de
profil.Un alt aspect este dat de ritmul lent de extindere şi modernizare a
infrastructurii căilor de comunicaţie şi a celor edilitare, fenomen accelarat
de actuala recesiune economică. Realizarea unei analize SWOT va
demonstra care sunt provocările reale cu care se confruntă turismul rural şi
care sunt şansele sale viitoare.
132
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
Tabel nr.1
Categoria -
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
unităţi
Total România 4226 4710 4694 4840 5095 5222 5003
Total pensiuni
597 702 736 783 878 949 1050
turistice
Pondere în
14,12 14,90 15,67 16,17 17,23 18,17 20,98
total%
Total pensiuni
956 1259 1292 1348 1412 1354 1210
agroturistice
Pondere în
22,6 26,7 27,5 27,85 27,71 25,92 24,18
total%
Sursa: Calcule ale autorilor după datele ale Institutului Naţional de Statistică,
Bucureşti, 2012.
133
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
*Date înregistrate la 31 iulie 2011, INS încă nu a făcut raportarea pe tot anul,
ca valoare finală.
Graficul nr.1
134
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
Tabel nr. 2
Categoria -
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
locuri
Total
283194 287158 283701 294210 303486 311698 251079
România
Total pensiuni
10910 12546 13429 14538 16653 18422 20257
turistice
Pondere în
3,85 4,36 4,73 4,94 5,48 5,91 8,06
total%
Total pensiuni
11151 14551 15448 16996 19783 20208 27424
agroturistice
Pondere în
3,93 5,06 5,44 5,77 6,51 6,48 10,92
total %
Sursa: Calcule ale autorilor după datele ale Institutului Naţional de Statistică,
Bucureşti, 2012.
*Date înregistrate la 31 iulie 2011, INS încă nu a făcut raportarea pe tot anul, ca
valoare finală.
135
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
Graficul nr.2
Tabel nr. 3
136
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
Graficul nr. 3
137
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
Tabel nr. 4
Evoluţia numărului de pensiuni din mediul rural pentru perioada
2009-2011 după principalele destinaţii de turism
An 2009 2010 2011**
Tip pensiune Total PT PA/% Total PT PA/% Total PT PA/%
Staţiuni balneare 377 79 34/9,0 386 86 43/11,1 434 114 39/34,2
Staţiuni de litoral 946 30 20/2,1 1014 30 32/3,1 625 10 8/1,2
Staţiuni montane 1052 198 463/44,0 1038 206 432/41,6 1178 263 469/22,3
Delta Dunării 141 6 19/13,4 127 4 12/9,4 111 2 10/9,0
Bucureşti şi alte
930 336 9/0,96 1063 355 7/0,6 1193 412 6/0,5
reşedinţe de judeţ
Alte localităţi 1599 239 1061/66,35 1594 268 828/51,9 1567 280 725/46,2
Sursa: Calcule ale autorilor după datele ale Institutului Naţional de Statistică,
Bucureşti, 2012.*Ponderile PA sunt calculate faţă de totalul de unităţi raportate pe
destinaţii turistice. ** Datele utilizate pentru 2011, au fost raportate la data de 1 iulie
2011, deoarce INSnu a finalizat raportarea pentru întreg anul.
Graficul nr. 4
138
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
1
INCDT (2012) Raport statistic de monitorizare a fluxurilor turistice din România, anul
2011, Bucureşti, p. 9 şi 36
2
Idem 1, p. 15 şi 40
139
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
Tabel nr.5
3
Idem 1, p. 21 şi 43
140
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
4
Tipologie avansată de cercet. st. gr. I, T.Simon,2012. În funcţie de alte date şi informaţii
se pot formula şi alte tipuri de pensiuni, şi practic lista poate fi îmbogăţită.
141
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
142
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
Concluzii
În ultimii 5-7 ani, se constată o creştere mult mai rapidă a numărului
de pensiuni rurale şi de agropensiuni în cea mai mare parte a judeţelor ţării.
Cele mai multe sunt concentrate în zonele montane, colinare, dar şi în
spaţii periurbane. Creşterea numărului de pensiuni rurale a mers în paralel
cu cea a unităţilor de cazare din toată ţara, păstrând o pondere relativ
constantă. Acest fenomen este vizibil din punct de vedere statistic prin
creşterea numărului de unităţi şi de locuri din mediul rural.
În realitate, numărul este mai mare, dat fiind faptul că există unităţi
de cazare din sate care nu sunt înregistrate oficial, funcţionând în categoria
pensiunilor neclasificate. Acest aspect are un rol negativ, deoarece nu
poate fi controlată calitatea serviciilor, iar veniturile realizate fac parte din
economia informală.
Din experienţa câştigată prin prelucrarea datelor statistice oficiale
coroborată cu datele de pe teren, rezultă că turismul practicat în mod
143
Tamara SIMON, Roxana AŞTEFĂNOAIEI, Adrian RĂDULESCU
144
Trends inromanian rural tourism development
Bibliografie
1. Budiş Monica, 2004, Gospodăria rurală din România, Editura Etnologică, pp. 15-19
2. Cristi Frenţ (coord.), 2012,Raport statistic de monitorizare a fluxurilor turistice din
România, pentru anul 2011, Bucureşti: INCDT
3. Nistoreanu P., Ghereş Marinela, 2010,Turism rural, Editura CH Beck, Bucureşti, pp
30-46
4. Vedinaş Tr., 2001,Introducere în sociologia rurală, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, pp.166-169
5. Voicu B., Voicu Mălina, 2008, Satul românesc pe drumul către Europa, Editura
Polirom, Iaşi, pp.16-19
145
NEW TRENDS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE
COUNTRYSIDE WITH ROMANIAN TOURISM IMPACT
Abstract
In the past 20 years shows that the phenomenon of expansion and development of
cities is not an important point in human society. Accelerated urbanization east rather
specific for countries with economies in transition or developing economy. In developed
countries the tendency to return part of the urban population to rural areas.
The phenomenon is only beginning and there is an intensification of it, in terms of
occurrence and effects of economic recession.This phenomenon is known as
rururbanisation or neoruralism by entering villages are again poles of economic and
social attraction. This is most evident in countries with great agricultural potential and
have preserved specific rural world.
This trend has a significant influence in the development of rural tourism that
many people from urban areas, are turning to tourism activities. In Romania, the
phenomenon is only beginning, and the shift to rural areas has economic reasons related
to inconsistent application of reforms and development strategies.
Keywords: neoruralism, rural tourism, rural areas
Introducere
Spaţiul rural se compune din patru elemente distincte – terenurile
agricole şi silvice, aşezările cu diferite tipuri de gospodării, populaţia cu
ocupaţii predominant agricole, un mod de viaţă cu elemente sociale,
culturale, religioase specifice; noţiunea de spaţiu rural înseamnă acele
teritorii şi aşezări umane (sate şi mici oraşe) unde terenurile sunt utilizate
predominant în agricultură, silvicultură, acvacultură şi pescuit, densitatea
populaţiei şi a clădirilor, dotarea cu infrastrucutră este mai redusă,
activităţile economice se bazează pe procesarea primară/finală a materiilor
prime agricole, silvice, piscicole, artizanat, mică industrie, servicii publice
şi private în folosul comunităţii şi ale turiştilor.
Având o bază geografică şi demografică, spatiu rural nu constituie
un ansamblu omogen, dar nu este nici un spaţiu abstract. Rural este
urmarea folosirii unui teritoriu geografic şi practic de două ori heterogen.
O prima heterogenitate este dată de caracteristicile prezente în teren
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Tamara SIMON, Mădălina ANDREI
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New trends in the evolution of the countryside with Romanian tourism impact
1
Date comunicate şi publicate de Institutul Naţional de Statistică în mod oficial în mass-
media.
149
Tamara SIMON, Mădălina ANDREI
2
http://www.piataagricola.eu/index
150
New trends in the evolution of the countryside with Romanian tourism impact
151
Tamara SIMON, Mădălina ANDREI
din care 38 de milioane de euro erau pentru pensiuni, iar restul sumei
pentru alte tipuri de turism rural, potrivit datelor existente. Ulterior, ca
urmare a reglementării Consiliului Europei nr. 1290/2005 privind
finanţarea politicii agricole comune s-au creat două fonduri europene
pentru agricultură, numite FEGA (Fondul European de Garantare
Agricolă) pentru finanţarea măsurilor de marketingşi FEADR (Fondul
European pentru Agricultură si Dezvoltare Rurală) pentru finanţarea
programelor de dezvoltare rurală
La fel ca înainte de anul 2007, toate statele membre (sau regiunile,
în cazul în care puterile sunt delegate la nivel regional) trebuie să
stabilească un program de dezvoltare rurală, care să precizeze în mod clar
care sunt măsurile care vor fi finanţate în perioada 2007-2013. Pentru
această perioadă, se pune şi mai mult accentul pe existenţa unei strategii
coerente pentru dezvoltarea rurală la nivelul UE şi pentru reducerea
diferenţelor regionale. Aceasta se realizează cu ajutorul planurilor
naţionale strategice care trebuie să se bazeze pe orientările strategice ale
UE.
O componentă asupra căreia Uniunea Europeană pune accent este
cea de biodiversitate şi conservare a naturii, care se va materializa prin
conservareaşi dezvoltarea pădurii, asigurarea unei ocupări echilibrate a
teritoriului şi folosirea practicilor de managemnt durabil ale terenurilor
agricole şi forestiere. De asemenea, sunt luate în calculinvestiţiileîn
modernizarea şi extinderea infrastructurii şi serviciilor rurale, o mai mare
importanţă fiind acordată multifunctionalităţii economice a zonelor rurale,
dar şi pentru conservarea, punerea în valoare a patrimoniului cultural şi
architectural regional şi local. Ultima direcţie se referă la implementarea
unor strategii locale de dezvoltare pentru îmbunătaţirea guvernării
administrative la nivel rural.
Potrivit Regulamentului CE nr. 1698/2005, art. 68, se prevede ca
fiecare ţară din cadrul UE să creeze o Reţea Naţională Rurală care să
grupeze toate organizaţiile şi administraţiile publice locale implicate în
dezvoltarea rurală. În România , recenta Reţea Naţională de Dezvoltare
Rurală (RNDR) va fi finanţată cu 108 milioane lei din 2012 până în 2015.
Cu ajutorul acesteia, prin care fermierii vor primi asistenţă pentru proiecte
prin care pot dezvolta afaceri locale cu bani europeni.constituie o
oportunitate în vederea unei mai bune integrări a activităţilor din domeniul
agricol, forestier, mediu social – economicîn economiile locale. Accentul
se va pune pe stimularea realizării unor parteneriate active între sectoarele
152
New trends in the evolution of the countryside with Romanian tourism impact
3
www.madr.ro/leader./reteaua nationala de dezvoltare rurala, 2012;
4
Publicată in Monitorul Oficial 447 din 30 iunie 2009 (M. Of. 447/2009);
153
Tamara SIMON, Mădălina ANDREI
154
New trends in the evolution of the countryside with Romanian tourism impact
apoi spre linia de sud, până în judeţul Mehedinti. Nivelul de dotare cel mai
redus cu infrastructură (căi de comunicaţie modernizate, alimentare cu apă,
canalizare, staţii de epurare, etc.) se află în Moldova Centrală şi de Sud şi
în partea de sud a Olteniei. Astfel, cele mai slabe condiţii de viaţă la nivel
rural sunt în judeţele Vaslui, Botoşani, Vrancea, Buzău şi Teleorman, toate
având sate foarte puţin dezvoltate şi un mediu slab urbanizat.
Modalitatea de reducere a acestui deficit de infrastructură este oferit
de programele Uniunii Europene, prin susţinerea ideii de cooperare
intercomunitară. Acest sistem funcţionează de mai multe decenii în multe
ţări europene dezvoltate - Danemarca, Franţa, Italia, Germania, Olanda. În
România, au fost demarate o serie de forme de asociere/parteneriate încă
din anul 2006, în ciuda faptului că nu exista o legislaţie pentru această
formă de activitate. Începând cu anul 2006, a apărut termenul de "asociaţie
de dezvoltare intercomunitară", recunoscută prin Legea nr.286/20066 de
modificare şi completare a Legii administraţiei publice locale nr. 215/2001.
Potrivit acestei legi, la art. 1 alin. 2. lit. c. asociaţiile de dezvoltare
intercomunitară ca fiind "structurile de cooperare cu personalitate juridică,
de drept privat, infiinţate, in condiţiile legii, de unităţile administrative-
teritoriale pentru realizarea in comun a unor proiecte de dezvoltare de
interes zonal sau regional ori furnizarea in comun a unor servicii publice".
Această definiţie identifică două scopuri distincte pentru care autorităţile
administraţiei publice locale pot înfiinţa o asociaţie de dezvoltare
intercomunitară. Primul scop vizează organizarea şi furnizarea de servicii
in interesul tuturor cetăţenilor din spaţiul unităţilor administrative
teritoriale care se asociază. Al doilea scop, priveşte scrierea şi
implementarea de proiecte cu fonduri europene.
La nivel naţional există un număr de 600 de asociaţii
intercomunitare, cele mai multe fiind prezente în judeţele: Cluj - 52, Mureş
- 46, Braşov - 44, Iaşi - 42, Constanţa -31, Bihor -24, Bacău -21, Dolj -21,
pe ultimele locuri se află judeţele Ilfov -1, Brăila- 2, Suceava -2, Satu Mare
-3, Ialomiţa -4, Vrancea -5, Timiş -7, Vaslui-7.7 Alte detalii referitoare la
fiecare judeţ sunt utile în măsura în care ne oferă informații despre
proiectele depuse şi susţinerea dezvoltării acestui domeniu. Calitatea mai
ridicată a serviciilor publice sunt cele care oferă un grad mai mare de
6
Această lege a fost completată de alte legi : Legea nr.51 din 2006 a serviciilor comunitare
de utilităţi publice, Legea - cadru nr. 195/2006 a descentralizării, Legea nr.273 din 2006
privind finanţele publice locale.
7
Date existente pe site-ul Ministerului Administraţiei şi Internelor, 2012;
155
Tamara SIMON, Mădălina ANDREI
156
New trends in the evolution of the countryside with Romanian tourism impact
Bibliografie
1. Sandu, D. (coord.), 2000,The villages of Romania: development, poverty and social
capital. Updating targeting for the Romanian Social Development Fund, Raport al
Băncii Mondiale, publicat şi în Sociologie Românescă 2/2000, Bucureşti;
2. Sandu, D., 2001,Migraţia ciculatorie ca strategie de viaţă, Sociologie Românească,
2/2000, Bucuresti;
3. ***, Ministerul Administraţiei şi Internelor, 2011,Manualul asociaţiilor de dezvoltare
intercomunitară din România, S.C. Relians Corp S.R.L. şi S.C. Safege S.A.,
Bucureşti, pp.1-215;
4. http://www.fonduri-structurale-europene.ro/pndr/situatia-demografica-zona-
rurala.html
157
TOURISM AND RURAL LEISURE
Abstract
This paper sets out integrated tourism and rural areas, is an alternative to solve
the same time, issues relating, on the one hand, village and town on the other. The rural
tourism will be able to solve problems of policy planning, the city-rural balance, being
outlined such a social change that allows the population of the city to find roots, cultural,
physical relaxation, tranquility lost or forgotten. In this context, the article provides
recovery and development of rural regions, on the other hand, migration to the city, work
in agricultural modernization and economic recovery of the villages.
Keywords:accommodation,leisure,cultivation, livestock
Metodă şi metodologie:
Pentru a fundamenta această afirmaţie putem previziona indicatorii cei mai
semnificativi ai circulaţiei turistice pe anul 1998 prin mai multe metode:
•metode cantitative:
- metoda sporului mediu;
- metoda ritmului mediu;
- metoda coeficientului de elasticitate.
•metode calitative:
- metoda PERT - derivat;
a) metoda sporului mediu pe baza formulei:
Sm= (Yn - Y1) / (n-1)
b) metoda ritmului mediu pe baza formulei:
Rm= Yn / Y1 x 100 - 100 este gresit scrisa; ea trebuie scrisa astfel:
Yn
Rm = n * 100 − 100
Yo
c) metoda coeficientului de elasticitate:
Δ Y Xo
K = *
Δ X Yo
Pentru a putea aplica acestă metodă considerăm că în seria x se va păstra acelaşi
ritm mediu de dezvoltare ca şi în perioada anterioară.
d) metoda PERT DERIVAT care are în vedere cele mai mari şi cele mai mici
valori previzionate, precum şi valorile stabilite în urma intervievării unor specialişti.
În acest caz valorile previzionate se stabilesc pe baza formulei:
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
VP = (A + 4B + C)/6
abatere standard S = (C - A)/6
unde: A = valoarea pesimism (cea mai mică)
B = valoarea cea mai probabilă
C = valoarea optimistă (cea mai mare).
În alegerea metodologiei s-a luat în calcul specificul informatiilorce vor fi
transmise cat si nevoile. Contactul direct, cu agroturismul de succes, prin sesiunile de
informare a antreprenorilor , are rolul de a exemplifica ideiile.Totodata, ele sunt menite
sa inspire idei, sa demonstreze antreprenorilor, succesul real al agroturismului si sa-i
motiveze, pe acestia, în dezvoltarea unor afaceri asemanatoare în viitor.
Introducere
Practicarea agroturismului s-a extins din ce în ce mai mult în a
douajumătate a secolului al XX-lea, în aproape tot continentul european. O
vacanţă laţară a intrat în obişnuinţa iubitorilor de aer curat, natură, spaţii
pur ecologice.
Căutarea mediului rural, pentru odihnă şi recreere este o tendinţă
generală înpractica mondială a turismului actual. De aceea, regiunile rurale
ale Europeiînscriu turismul, rând pe rând, în cadrul politicilor de dezvoltare
locală pe viitor.
În ţările Uniunii Europene, agroturismul nu este un fenomen nou.
De-alungul timpului, pentru majoritatea ţărilor U.E. – timpul însemnând
câtevadecenii – cazarea turiştilor s-a practicat de o manieră mai mult sau
mai puţinspontană ori organizată.Noul în acest domeniul se manifestă prin
expansiunea fenomenului turisticîn spaţiul rural. Această expansiune se
explică, pe de o parte, prin relansareadezvoltării regiunilor rurale şi, pe de
altă parte, prin diversificarea formelor depracticare a turismului de masă.
De aceea, ţările U.E. înscriu turismul în cadrulpoliticilor de dezvoltare
locală pe viitor, sub denumirea specifică de turism rural.Intrat în obişnuinţa
vacanţelor multora dintre turiştii lumii, agroturismulnumai este o noutate.
Pentru marea majoritate a locuitorilor Europei, celor douăAmerici, Noii
Zeelande, Australiei, vacanţele la ţară sunt preferate din ce în cemai mult,
atât de utilizatori (turişti) cât şi de prestatori (amfitrioni/proprietari
oriangajaţi ai acestora). Activitatea s-a dovedit a fi rentabilă - mai ales ca
urmare aschimbării preferinţelor şi obişnuinţelor turiştilor către turismul
individual - îndauna turismului de masă sau a celui de tip “industrial”.Pe
de altă parte, migrarea către oraş, modernizarea muncii în sectorulagricol,
schimbările provocate de creşterea concurenţei în lumea rurală prinlărgirea
pieţei libere comunitare, au o contrapondere în agroturismul.
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Tourism and rural leisur
161
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
162
Tourism and rural leisur
163
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
164
Tourism and rural leisur
165
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
166
Tourism and rural leisur
Tabel nr. 5
167
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
168
Tourism and rural leisur
169
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
170
Tourism and rural leisur
Bibliografie :
1. Berbecaru I., Botez M, 1977, Teoria şi practica amenajării turistice, Bucureşti: Sport-
Turism
2. Bohatereţ V.M., ,,Finanţarea activităţilor de agroturism”, comunicare ştiinţifică la
simpozionul “Turismul rural românesc. Actualitate şi perspectivă”, Editura a II-a,
Suceava, iunie 2000
3. Bran Florina, Istrate I., Manole V., 1996, Agroturism şi turism rural,
Bucureşti:Economică
171
Ileana (BĂDULESCU )ANASTASE
4. Brezuleanu S., Brad I., 2001, ,,Consideraţii privind activităţile agroturistice din landul
Baden - Wurttemberg, Germania”,.Lucrăriªtiinţifice, Universitatea de ªtiinţeAgricole
şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi, Facultatea de Agricultură
5. Buciuman E., 1999, Economia turismului şi agroturismului, Bucureşti: Editura ALE
6. Ciurea I, Vasilescu N., Vrânceanu S., Brezuleanu S.,. Popa E., 1995,,,Organizarea
activităţilor economico-sociale în sistem agroturistic, alocalităţilor montane de pe
Valea Oituzului, judeţul Bacău”,Lucrăriştiinţifice, Universitatea Agronomică Iaşi, vol.
38, seria Agronomie.
7. Csosz I., 1996, Agroturismul montan, Timişoara: Editura Mirton
8. Glăvan V., 1995, ,,Agroturismul – factor determinant în dezvoltarea economico-
socială a satului românesc”, Revista Română de Turism, nr. 4.
9. Glăvan V., 2002, Agroturism, Ecoturism, Sibiu: Alma Mater
10. Matei Daniela, 2005, Turismul rural. Teorie şi realitate, Iaşi: Terra Nostra
11. Mircea T. Bogdan, 1996, Prestări de servicii agroturistice
12. Mitrache Şt. et all., 1996, Agroturism şi turism rural, Bucureşti: Fax Press
13. Popa C., 2004, ,,Oportunităţi de dezvoltare a turismului rural şi agroturismului în
Regiunea Nord-Est a României”,Lucrăriªtiinţifice, Universitatea de ªtiinţeAgricole şi
Medicină Veterinară, Facultatea de Horticultură
14. Popa C., 2004,,,Oportunităţi de dezvoltare a turismului rural şi agroturismului în
Regiunea Nord-Est a României”,Lucrăriªtiinţifice, Universitatea de ªtiinţeAgricole şi
Medicină Veterinară, Facultatea de Horticultură
15. Strjarel Blejureanu, 2006, ,,Managementul Agroturistic”,Material de studiu I.D.
Specializarea Zootehnie,Iași
16. Talabă I., ,,Agroturism sau turism rural? Între teorie şi practică”, Anuarul Centrului de
Cercetări Economice „Gh. Zane“ Iaşi, tom 6/1997
17. ***, 1997, Catalogul fermelor şi pensiunilor agroturistice din România, ANTREC
18. ***, Strategia dezvoltării turismului rural, 1995- F.R.D.M. Bucureşti
19. www.agriturist.it
20. www.agrotourism.sv.ro
21. www. turism.ro/rural
172
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND
AGRICULTURE
Florin FRANT
Asist. Univ.dr., Universitatea Eftimie Murgu Resita
Abstract
Across the rural regions of the developed world the issues of population decline,
economic change and community regeneration are universal. For over a century, the
powerful trends of industrialisation and urbanisation have steadily altered the economic
and political position of rural society. In the last 40 years those trends have intensified.
Farm incomes have fallen in real terms. Technological changes have joined with falling
incomes to reduce agricultural employment. In response, rural service provision has
diminished: shops, schools, churches, professional services and transport facilities have all
declined in numbers and in underlying vitality. Typically, rural populations have aged and
become fewer in total. Many small towns and villages now struggle to retain their
viability. Throughout the world, local, regional and central government agencies have
intervened to address these issues, with various degrees of success.
Introduction
Rural tourism is tourism which takes place in the countryside.
But, on deeper consideration, a simple definition of rural tourism is
inadequate for many purposes. Equally, it is
difficult to produce a more complex definition which applies to all rural
areas in all countries. Problems include:
• Urban -- or -- resort-based tourism is not confined to urban areas,
but spills out into rural areas;
• Rural areas themselves are difficult to define, and the criteria used
by different nations vary enormously;
• Not all tourism which takes place in rural areas is strictly "rural" it
can be "urban" in form, and merely be located in a rural area;
• Tourism has historically been an urban concept; the great majority
of tourists live in urban areas. Tourism can be an urbanizing
influence on rural areas, encouraging cultural and economic
change, and new construction;
Turismul rural românesc în contextul dezvoltării durabile – Volume I – Issue 4 (August 2012)
Florin FRANT
174
The relationship between tourism and agriculture
countries, that figure is less than 5 per cent. The economic power of
farming and forestry has declined, not least because those activities are
extremely dependent on state subsidies for their profitability. Traditions are
waning before the combined attack of television, power farming techniques
and tree processors. Even the role of agri -- and arboriculturalists as
"landscape gardeners" has diminished: power has begun to move to
planners and conservationists.
In this evolving situation, two myths have grown up about the role of rural
tourism. One is that rural tourism is farm-based tourism. The second is that
diversification into tourism will universally "save" the farming community.
These statements are untrue because the relationships between agriculture,
forestry and tourism are extremely complex ones.
Farm-based rural tourism has been successful through many (but not all)
parts of German-speaking Europe because of a powerful combination of
small farm size, interesting scenery, closeness to markets, traditional
town/country links caused by late migration from the countryside to city
regions, the owner-occupation of farmsteads and the tradition of effective
and
interventionary local government and co-operative movements.
Furthermore, the role of farm-based tourism has been exaggerated because
it has received great attention from both agriculture ministries and
academics. The Bibiliography of Rural Tourism for the OECD reveals that
farm tourism is the largest single special category of rural tourism in terms
of published works.
In areas where some or all of the factors mentioned above are lacking,
farm-based tourism has been slow to develop. Reasons include:
• Long distances to the urban holiday market;
• Medium and large sized farms which did not need to diversify, or
wereamalgated to create larger units;
• Rented farms which either failed to receive the owner’s permission
to diversify, or were amalgamated to create larger units;
• Very poor and very small farms which had no surplus
accommodation;
• Coops and local councils and tourist boards which did not help
withmarketing and infrastructure provision;
• Scenery/heritage/activity attractions which were poor;
• A short, single season.
175
Florin FRANT
176
The relationship between tourism and agriculture
ills of the countryside (Getz, 1981). But Butler and Clark rightly
acknowledge, tourism in rural areas is not necessarily the magic solution to
rural development, given its:
“Income leakages, volatility, declining multiplier, low pay,
imported labor and the conservatism of investors. The least favored
circumstance in which to promote tourism is when the rural economy is
already weak, since tourism will create highly unbalanced income and
employment distributions. It is better supplement for a thriving and diverse
economy than as a mainstay of rural development“ (Butler and Clark,
1992: 175).
177
Florin FRANT
newcomers moved there for amenities which they do not want changed
(Getz, 1994).
Conclusions
Rural tourism could be a strategy for sustainable development for
rural areas and also could be a tool for product differentiation for area that
are at stagnation stage of the Destination Life Cycle model of Butler
(1986). Although, Tourist commission advises that:
• Not all areas are suitable for development
• Not all communities wish to be developed or are suitable for
development
• Not all forms of tourism activity are acceptable in every location
• There may have to be employed to prevent or repair environmental
damage caused by visitor pressure
Rural tourism is a good opportunity for agricultural based communities
but the setting of objectives and the final tourism development plan
needs caution. For better results the whole range of the stakeholders
have to participate in the planning stage. Slow and stable steps needs
for this kind of planning in order conflicts and mistakes to be avoided.
References
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The relationship between tourism and agriculture
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179