Class X Geography Notes Lesson 1to 5: Syllabus

CLASS X GEOGRAPHY NOTES
Lesson 1to 5
SYLLABUS
1.Interpretation of Topographical Maps
a.Locating features with the help of a four figureor a six figure grid reference.
b.Definition of contour and contour interval.

Identification of landforms marked by contours(steep slope, gentle slope, hill, valley,
ridge /water divide, escarpment),
triangulated height,spot height, bench mark, relative height/ depth.
c.Interpretation of colour tints and conventional symbols used on a topographical survey of

India map.
d.Identification and definition of types of scale given on the map.Measuring distances and
calculating area using the scale given there in.
e.Marking directions between different locations, using eight cardinal points.
f.Identify: Site of prominent villages and/ortowns, types of land use/ land cover and means
of communication with the help of the index given at the bottom of the sheet.
g.Identification of drainage(direction of flow and pattern)and settlement patterns.
h.Identification of natural and man-madefeatures.
1. DEFINITIONS FROM TOPO MAPS
1. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF): It is the ratio between

the distances on the map to its corresponding distance on actual
ground. The RF on this map is 1:50,000.
2. SCALE: Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two

points on the map and the actual distance of
the same points on the ground.
The scale of the given map extract is 2 cm: 1 km or 1:50,000.
3. CONTOUR: Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps,

joining all places with the same height above
sea level.
4. CONTOUR INTERVAL: The interval between two consecutive

contours is called contour interval (*it is
a constant 20 mts in your toposheets.)
5. INDEX CONTOUR: Contour lines are thickened at regular

intervals to make it easier to read contours.
For example at every 100 mts the contour line is made darker. The
darker lines are called Index Contours.
6. TRIANGULATED HEIGHT: It is the height of a place which

has been calculated using trigonometry,
represented by a small triangle e.g. - 540π
7. SPOT HEIGHT: The height of random places between contours

shown with a dot. Eg - .425
8. BENCH MARK - Height of a place actually marked on a stone

pillar, rock or shown on a building as a
permanent reference. It is written as BM 200 m.
9. RELATIVE HEIGHT: Relative height is the height of a feature

with reference to the height of the
surrounding land and NOT to sea level.
It is represented by the height with a small ‘r’ eg –12r.
10. ROCK OUTCROP: It is a portion of rock jutting above the

surface of the earth.
11. SHEET ROCK: Large areas of rock where the overlying soil
layers have been eroded and removed due
to mechanical weathering.
9 STONY WASTE: A large area usually in arid/semi arid regions

where the finer sand/soil has blown away
leaving a surface covered with boulders, stones and pebbles.
10. BROKEN GROUND: A relief feature found mostly in dry
regions around rivers and streams. It is land
around river, which is totally weathered (exfoliated) due to
alternate cooling and heating.
11. FIRELINE: A cleared pathway in a forest to prevent the spread

of forest fires.
12. MIXED FOREST: A forest with more than two varieties of

trees growing in close proximity to each
other.
13. OPEN JUNGLE: A forest where trees are widely scattered.
14. DENSE JUNGLE. : A forest where trees grow very close to

each other.
15. OPEN SCRUB: Scrub is vegetation found in regions with less

than100 cms of rainfall. Therefore it
indicates a dry region.
16. BRACKISH: It is a well, which has water with very high salt
content – generally unfit for drinking
purposes.
17. CAUSEWAY: It is a raised road over a small water body.

(Usually a road used only in the non rainy
months.}
18. CUTTING: A portion of land, which has been cut in order to

make land available for transport routes.
(it is indicative of a rocky region)
19. EMBANKMENT: They are raised rock or soil filled
constructions on which roads/railway tracks are
built. Also made near tanks and rivers to prevent flooding.
20. FORM LINES: Form lines are contour lines, but show only
approximate heights above sea level as they
are used to indicate the elevations of the area which are not
accessible for proper survey. Hence they are
drawn as broken lines and are called 'form lines'.
21. Q.C. Q.D., OC, OD,PQ, ETC : These are alphabetical codes
used to represent the biggest grid sq. Of 10,000 square kms. The
Govt of India has adopted metric system for all measurements. All
the ordnance survey maps issued by the Survey of India were
drawn to the scale 2 cm = 1 km. In this system, the surveyed
territory is divided into 100km X 100 km squares, and each square
is denoted by English alphabets. For example, OC, OD, PQ, PG,
etc. This system of map drawing is known as National Grid
Reference.
22. LAYER TINTING: (colouring)

While spot heights show the height of the land, they only do so at
certain points. To provide an overall image which conveyed
height, a technique called layer tinting was developed. Layer
tinting uses different colours (or shades) to represent different
heights. It is a mapping convention for darker colours to signify
greater height. When using layer tinting, green is often used for
low land, yellow for higher land and brown for the highest land.
Layer tinting is most commonly found on physical maps. While
layer tinting is useful, it does not show the detailed shape of the
land.
23. DEP: It is a depression often found in sandy areas where the
wind, having blown away the sand, leaves
a hollow or a depression.
24. HACHURING: Early cartographers attempted to show surface

features on maps by using the technique
of hachuring. Hachures use short lines of varying thickness to
show the shape and slope of the land. In
accordance with this technique, the steeper the slope is, the thicker
the lines are which represent it. While
hachuring was initially innovative for its time, it gradually began
to be replaced since the actual height of
the land was not depicted.
25. LIME KILN OR BRICK KILN: These are open furnaces

where limestone is purified or bricks are
baked for construction purpose.
26. HILL SHADING: Hill shading resembles a light and shadow

effect. Valleys and the sides of mountainsappear as though they
are cast in shadow. This is a visually striking method, which is
ideal for providing an overall view of the relief of an area. Hill
shading, however, does not show height which means that it is no
more accurate than hachuring.
TO TOPOSHEETS-45D/7 AND 45D/10

PROFILE OF SURVEY MAP 45 D/7
DESCRIPTION of the Area covered by Survey Sheet No. 45 D/7
(Gujarat and Rajasthan)District :Banas Kantha and Sirohi
Location:Latitude 24 º 15’ – 24º 30’ North
Longitude 72º 15’ - 72º 30’ East
This region lies in western India on the borders of Rajasthan and Gujarat at
the southern end of the Aravalli Hills, immediately north-east of Sheet 45
D/10.
RELIEF: The area is mainly a plain except for:
1. The east central region where the hills rise to almost 500 m.
2. The lower hills of the north-east corner.
The slope of the land is from north-east to south-west in the northern half and
east to west in the southern portion of the map. (indicated by flow of rivers)
1)A 6-figure grid reference contains 6 numbers which gives us an even

more precise location inside the box given by the 4-figure number. ... The
first two numbers are the easting, which is the same as in the 4-number grid.
The third number represents how many tenths you need to move east from
the easting value.
In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of

equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. A
contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic
map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of
slopes.

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CLASS X GEOGRAPHY NOTES

b.Definition of contour and contour interval.

c.Interpretation of colour tints and conventional symbols used on a topographical survey of

e.Marking directions between different locations, using eight cardinal points.

g.Identification of drainage(direction of flow and pattern)and settlement patterns.

h.Identification of natural and man-madefeatures.

1. DEFINITIONS FROM TOPO MAPS

1. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF): It is the ratio between

2. SCALE: Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two

3. CONTOUR: Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps,

4. CONTOUR INTERVAL: The interval between two consecutive

5. INDEX CONTOUR: Contour lines are thickened at regular

6. TRIANGULATED HEIGHT: It is the height of a place which

7. SPOT HEIGHT: The height of random places between contours

8. BENCH MARK - Height of a place actually marked on a stone

9. RELATIVE HEIGHT: Relative height is the height of a feature

10. ROCK OUTCROP: It is a portion of rock jutting above the

9 STONY WASTE: A large area usually in arid/semi arid regions

11. FIRELINE: A cleared pathway in a forest to prevent the spread

12. MIXED FOREST: A forest with more than two varieties of

13. OPEN JUNGLE: A forest where trees are widely scattered.

14. DENSE JUNGLE. : A forest where trees grow very close to

15. OPEN SCRUB: Scrub is vegetation found in regions with less

17. CAUSEWAY: It is a raised road over a small water body.

18. CUTTING: A portion of land, which has been cut in order to

22. LAYER TINTING: (colouring)

24. HACHURING: Early cartographers attempted to show surface

25. LIME KILN OR BRICK KILN: These are open furnaces

26. HILL SHADING: Hill shading resembles a light and shadow

TO TOPOSHEETS-45D/7 AND 45D/10

1)A 6-figure grid reference contains 6 numbers which gives us an even

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of

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