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Practice of Female Entrepreneurship in Nepal:

What Factors Stimulate and Put Off Them?
Manoj Kumar Chaudhary
Central Department of Management Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu
E-mail: manoj [email protected]

Abstract—The "entrepreneurship" for the economic and social Furthermore, during the past few decades, creating and
empowerment is a key's factor for the development of the nation. transforming ideas into economic opportunities are the major
Over the last few decades, the fundamental role of women in the decisive issues of entrepreneurship growth. It has become
world economy has been considered. It has become growing increasingly apparent that entrepreneurship indeed contributes
apparent that women entrepreneurship indeed contribute to social
and economic development of the nation. Therefore, the main
to social and economic development in both developed and
purpose of this study is to explore the motivational and constraining developing countries (Ilo, 2006)
factors that effects the women entrepreneurial growth in Nepal.The As it seems from the discussion so far, entrepreneurship
result of the clearly depicts that political instability and weak
development and empowerment correspond with one another.
implementation of law and order in Nepal has been a major
stumbling blocks for women entrepreneurial growth besides giving
Therefore, entrepreneurship development and social
greater attention to the creation of conducive culture for women empowerment in the 21st century are poised to be influenced
empowerment. Thus, the study draw conclusion that there is still a by the growing concern for business practice and ethics among
substantial room for women entrepreneurial growth in Nepal because male and female entrepreneurs. The process of
their current role in business is far from satisfactory. entrepreneurship is common to both man and woman.
However, women stand as a special focus group for
Keywords: Female, Factors, empowerment, economic growth, entrepreneurship development. They differ in terms of
barriers, entrepreneurship, Nepal. motivation, business skills, formal training and education,
household chores, etc. But technological change and
1. INTRODUCTION
innovation and rising consciousness through education among
An entrepreneurship can be defined as the formation process woman has facilitated the growth of women entrepreneurship
of creating an opportunity and pursuing it, regardless of the in a developing country like Nepal (Agrawal, 2013).
resources currently controlled (Timmons, 1989). According to Women entrepreneurship is however, a relatively recent
Schumpeter (1934), entrepreneurship can be considered as the phenomenon in Nepal. It can be noticed that apart from the
formation of a new venture that often uses innovation either initiatives of the government of Nepal, several women-based
for entering existing markets or creating new market. The organizations INGO and NGO -- both have come up with
main goal is to sustain and grow by making potential demand, various policies for the economic development and social
while taking market share away from the existing suppliers. empowerment of women in Nepal but when we realize the real
Furthermore, on the other side, entrepreneurs are the same scenario of female status in business, people generally think of
ones who independently own and actively manage a business some small micro level business such as handicrafts, beauty
(Collins et. al; 2004). An astute individual should be parlours, knifting, sweing, agriculture, cleaning, health and
encouraged to become entrepreneur who will particularly education, etc. According to Gender Gap report (2012)
contribute to the creation of workforce demand and the published by the world economy forum, Nepal rank at 123
economy growth (Van Praggee and Cramer, 2001). It could be among 136 countries in terms of overall gap index. Women in
noticeable that entrepreneur is a person who organizes, Nepal have a low status in public life, with adequate
manages and uses the factors of production and at the same disadvantage in entrepreneurial activities. In Nepal, women
time who innovates and bear risks. It is because are under represented as business leaders and are less likely to
entrepreneurship as the process of creating something new actively participate in formal entrepreneurial activities.
with value by devoting necessary time and effort to taking Therefore, this study sets out to indentify and explore the both
accompanying financial, psychic, career and social risks. In motivational and constraining factors that both lead to and
the of success, rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction hinder women entrepreneurship towards a successful business
also become central to entrepreneurship (Hisrich, 2005). in Nepal. At the same time, this study has been undertaken to
720 Manoj Kumar Chaudhary

fulfill the existing research gap and aims at exploring critical into the general issues faced by women entrepreneur focuses
factors to hiring women into the mainstream of on a number of critical barriers and challenges. For this (a)
entrepreneurship in Nepal. traditional streo typing of socio-cultural role relegates women
to being household chores (Rijal, 2014). (b) in the absence of
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE coordinated effort among government and other institutions,
women entrepreneurs cannot be successful (Mayoux, 2003).
For the purpose of this study, over the years, a great bit of (c) comparatively low level social integration (Shapero, 1982).
importance has been given to the role of women (d) Net working is not established to the same degree as with
entrepreneurship as a prerequisite for employment generation, male counterparts (O'Donnell et. al, 2001). (e) Women are
resource allocation, poverty alleviation, economic generally low risk taker, because of their primary
development and women empowerment and so on (Mayoux, responsibility towards family (Goffee and Slase, 1985). (f)
2001). Therefore, the global microcredit summit held in legal and regulatory barriers, limited management
Canada set new goals to lift more than 500 million people out competencies, lack of financial and credit availability
of extreme poverty by 2015, including the resolve to enable (Felumini and Wosowei, 2013).
175 million families to have access to credit, specifically
among women. Based on the above facts, it can be observed that there are
several factors hindering to women entrepreneurs in their way
This has resulted into a shift in focus groups and development towards business success these factors include family
projects and Government policies in many developing obligation, poor access to financial support, male dominance,
countries. Women entrepreneurship has been considered as a lack of managerial competencies, passive attitude, lack of
key ingredient for poverty reduction and empowerment knowledge and know-how, low-level risk taking, attitude and
(Bushell, 2008). Thus, there are numbers of previous research alike. Therefore, these key factors indicate both the social and
findings, focused on motivational factors for women personal features that are considered hindrances for aspiring
entrepreneurship (Stoner et. al. 1990; Hamilton; 1993 Brown; women entrepreneurship in a business venture. The literature
1997 Winn, 2005; Naser et. al; 2009; Stewart and Roth; 2007; review remain does not clearly pin down both the key
Bushell, 2008). These scholars have observed some motivational and constraining factors for not so satisfactory
motivational factors for women entrepreneurship for economic women entrepreneurship. The empirical evidences do not
development and empowerment in the context of a nation. quite show the existence of a such role. However, researcher
They have identified factors like, self fulfillment or examining and exploring this link have still not placed
achievement, extrinsic rewards, desire for autonomy; intrinsic spotlight on the above this factors study plugs this gap by
rewards, family support and security, Social network, social study is therefore, aiming to identify and explore the
support. Technological innovation and education. These motivational as well as constraining factors that impact on
factors determine the motivational level of women entrepreneurial growth of women entrepreneur in the context
entrepreneur for the success of a business. of Nepal.
In addition, the most motivational factors supporting women
entrepreneurs success comprises of management skills, access 3. ISSUES RELATED TO WOMEN
to financing personal qualities, government support, ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NEPAL
availability of entrepreneurial training and professional advice
In 1990, the country has been adopted a democratic political
access to IT, efficiency and commitment orientation and alike
system but due to the male dominant society, women
(Huck and McEwen; 1991; White and Cooper; 1997; Marlins
entrepreneurs still finding not an easy path at that time. In
Wright, 2005, Alam et. al., 2011 and Yusuf, 1995)
Nepal, entrepreneurship has been traditionally seen a male
Inspite of these findings with respect to motivational factors to preserve and idea of women taking up entrepreneurial
women entrepreneur; it is still remains a challenging task, activities considered as a distant dream (Dhungana, 2014). But
despite the recognition of the fundamental role of women in mind set has been changing; women entrepreneurship is
the world economy. Previous research has explored several getting importance in Nepal as well. There are lots of
motivations and their positive effects on women contributions underway to boost women participation in a
entrepreneurship. However, there are still some barriers. business. However, women have been facing several
Women in developed and developing countries face many challenges to get going with their venture ideas (Bushell,
problems to get ahead in their carrer in business. However, 2008). Thus, to know the real scenario of women
there has been emphasis on searing women entrepreneurship. entrepreneurship, it is necessary to get general ideas of Nepal
Microfinance institutions (MRIS), INGO and NGO and development level. The Human Development Index (HDI) of
Government itself encourage women to take to 0.54 %( 2013) ranked Nepal 145 out of 187 countries, while
entrepreneurship (Agrawal, 2013). In spte of the emphasis, the Human Poverty Index (HPI) value of 41.4 %( 2011)
access to finance by women entrepreneur still remains a far ranked Nepal 84th among 108 developing countries. Similarly,
cry. Moreover, intimidation and under-representation the Gender Development Index (GDI) clearly exposed the
compound the class (Nkamnebe, 2009). Therefore, research status of women in the country in a society. Nepal ranked 145

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Practice of Female Entrepreneurship in Nepal: What Factors Stimulate and Put Off Them? 721

out of 156 countries and it is ranked 83rd out of 182 GEM Cronbach’s Alpha of all items for both factors was used for
Report (2009). Similarly, the literacy rate for women, which is reliability test. Similarly, KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) also has
clearly indicate that more than 27% in terms of literacy. In been used for sampling adequacy test. Finally, factor analysis
addition, 82.9% of men are employed and women stand only was conducted to assess whether motivating and constraining
at 74.9 percent. However, over the decades, fortunately, variables are grouped together on relevant factors. Further,
mindsets of Nepalese people have changed now. The only variables with factor loadings of 0.50 and above
government of Nepal has setup with policies related to women overlapping variance (Hair et al., 2005) has been used for
empowerment and economic development. There is an act naming the factors based on perception of the respondents.
where property owned by women is given 25% of Gross Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 19 and
Domestic Product (GDP) of the country, which is the highest Microsoft Excel. The respondent profile, Cronbach Alpha and
contribution among the south Asian nations, and out of this, KMO and Bartlett’s Test statistics are presented in the table
women migrant workers contribute 11 percent. But the below:
situation is still not satisfactory in Nepal. Women in the
Table 1: Demographic Profile
country have been facing complex problems to get going with
their business ideas. However, now women are empowered
Particulars Frequency Percentage (%)
sufficiently to participate in business and obtain support in all Age Group (In
aspects of enterprise development through training on years)
management skills, new forms of financing etc. (Acharya, Below 30 30 28.85
2001).In addition, women in Nepal have play the significant 30 to 50 65 62.50
role for economic growth. Currently, women in Nepal holds 50 above 9 8.65
about 14,300 small and medium size enterprises which Total 104 100
accounting for 2 percent in GDP and employing over 200,000 Working Experience (In years)
people. Therefore, women are to some extent adequately Below 5 40 38.46
empowered and can lead small, medium and even big 5 to 10 52 50.00
enterprise in the country Nepal. 10 above 12 11.54
Total 104 100
In spite of this above mentioned data by Dhungana, 2014; still Current Position
it is difficult to accurately present the data about numbers of Managing Director 40 38.46
women involve in entrepreneurial activities. Simply because Proprietor 50 48.08
who actually runs and controls business, in most of the s, it is Partner 14 13.46
the husband or father or others who is the real owner of the Total 104 100
business (Ganesan, 2003). Based on above, it can be noted that Academic Qualification
the real scenario of women in business is still not clear in Under SLC 20 19.23
Nepal. So, the main reason to conduct this is that only few SLC 22 21.15
literatures has been produced on women issues but there is Intermediate 25 24.04
still a vacuum of empirical evidence supporting the existing Bachelor 26 25.00
status of women in a business in the country. Therefore, this Master and above 11 10.58
Total 104 100
study may be valuable piece of work to understand the various
Types of Business
factors related to women journey on a business world.
School and Health 25 24.04
Beauty Parlor 31 29.81
4. METHODOLOGY
Boutique 11 10.58
This study is concerned with women entrepreneurs of Nepal. Handicraft 20 19.23
Hotel and restaurant 8 7.69
Convenience sampling design was used on for selecting
Others 9 8.65
respondents. Basically, primary data was used for the study
Total 104 100
and information was collected from structured questionnaire.
The survey questionnaire was distributed to those women
entrepreneurs enquiring mainly two parts of information The table 1 depicts the disaggregated character of respondent
concerning motivational and constraining factors. Each factor based on age groups, working experience, current position,
had a set of 5 point Likert scale to determine the motivational academic qualification, and types of business. The age groups
and constraining variables as perceived by the study of the respondent have been classified into three categories;
respondent. Altogether, 109 women entrepreneur had the majority of the respondent is in the group of 30 to 50 years
answered the survey questionnaire. However, five of them of age group. In response to work experience, the majority of
were excluded from the study due to incompleteness. Thus, the respondents have work experience of 5 to 10 years.
104 valid and complete responses were considered as a Similarly, the position held by women entrepreneurs are
sample. Those women who are doing their business in divided into three positions as managing director, proprietor
Kathmandu valley were considered as population of the study. and partner. The survey result revealed that the majority of the

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722 Manoj Kumar Chaudhary

respondents (48.08) are holding the position of proprietor. The 4. Face challenges .510 .581
academic qualifications of the respondent have been divided and opportunities
into five groups. Approx fifty percent respondents have for self fulfillment 0.873
academic qualification of intermediate and bachelor and only 5. Employment .628
generation 0.741
a little minority (10.58) have the upper level i.e. master and
9.Maintain personal .720 .504
above level of education. Moreover, types business venture
freedom 0.949
operated by women have been classified in to six groups. The 10. Use Past .605
empirical results show that the women entrepreneurs are more experience and
concentrated in two types of business namely school and training 0.927
health, and beauty parlor. 16. For my own .814
satisfaction and
Table 2: Reliability statistics
growth 0.927
17. To become own .769
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items boss 0.887
0.88 104 6. Government .632
policies and
procedures 0.869
The table 2 displays the reliability statistics i.e. Cronbach’s
12. Dissatisfied .558
Alpha. The reliability statistics value (0.88) represented in the
with previous job 0.895
above table is above the generally accepted level, as a general 8. Success stories .574
rule co-efficient Alpha value greater than or equal to 0.70 is a of Friends and
good indication of construct reliability (Nunnally,1978). Relatives 0.88
Table 3: KMO and Bartlett’s Test statistics 13. Family .589
Tradition 0.915
1.46
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling 0.864
Variance 5.606 3.261 2.153 3
Adequacy.
Percentage 32.97 19.18 12.66 8.60
Bartlett's Test of Approx. Chi-Square 2.099
Variance 6 2 7 5
Sphericity df 350
Sig. 0.000

The table four shows factor loading and communalities for

The table 3 shows the KMO and Bartlett’s test statistics. The motivational variables. The four factors explain 73.43 percent
sampling adequacy is measured by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin. of the cumulative variance. The factors are named as personal
satisfaction and achievement factor, government policies and
KMO value greater than 0.50 is considered as the satisfactory
for factor analysis, in the present context, the table 3 lucidly incentive factor, independent factor and family factor. The
first factor comprises of 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, and 17. The
shows KMO value of 0.864, which indicates that factor
empirical results suggest that the respondents are motivated
analysis, can be used for this study. Similarly, table further
portrays chi-square value of 2.099 with 350 degree of for starting the business venture for personal growth, freedom
and security. Moreover, respondent agree, they were willing to
freedom, further support that the study fulfills the requirement
of using factor analysis as the empirical method of study. use their capacity and contribute for the growth of economy
Moreover, the significant level of Bartlett’s test of Shpericity via creating employment and providing or rendering socially
valuable goods and services. The first factor accounts for
indicates that there is strong relationship among variables and
factor analysis can be employed as the method study. 32.976 variance. The second factor is related with the
government policies and incentives as the motivating factors
5. RESULT AND INTERPRETATION for woman entrepreneurs. Only one i.e. six associated with
this factor and it is responsible for 19.182 variance. The
For perceptual analysis for data, this section present the survey result shows that, respondent agree that proper
factors affecting women entrepreneurial growth in Nepalese government initiation and motivation are the reasons behind
context: their entrepreneurial journey. The third factor, which is
independent accounts for 12.667 percent of variation and
Table 4: Factor Loading and Communalities for
Motivational Variables
consist of 4 and 12 motives. The study reveals that inner wish
of respondent for freedom and growth pushed them towards
Component
the world entrepreneurs. Finally, the motivating factor, family
Communalit
Motivation factor consists of three motives respectively 9, 8 and 13. This
1 2 3 4 y
1. Increase in .811 factor is responsible for 8.605 percent of variation. The survey
Income 0.894 result depicts that respondent are influenced by their
2. For job security .701 0.914 environment for being entrepreneur. The motivational family

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Practice of Female Entrepreneurship in Nepal: What Factors Stimulate and Put Off Them? 723

environment and urge of personal freedom are the pushing government policy constraints, social structure constraints,
factor for their journey as an entrepreneur. cultural constraints and institutional and security constraints.
The first factor consists of 7, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 24
Table 5: Factor Loading and Communalities for
Constraining Variables constraints. The survey result revealed that lack of appropriate
policy of government discourage women to move forward in
Facto Facto Facto Facto Communali entrepreneurial world. The barriers to woman’s
Constraints entrepreneurship are various: women face greater obstacles in
r1 r2 r3 r4 ty
7. Lack of access to .783 accessing credit, training, networks and information as well as
business network 0.876 legal and policy constraints. This factor is responsible for 27.
17. Access to finance .690 .537 0.855 573 percent of variation. The second factor is composed of 1,
18. Hurdles to get .588 2, 6, 10, 11, 12, 22 and 23 constrains. It is accountable for
business registration 0.897 18.895 percent of variation. The empirical result shows that
19. Lack of .709 the existing social structure is not motivating to push forward
government to women in entrepreneurial world. Normally, parents wants
incentives 0.907
their daughter to be involved in jobs rather than
20. Lack of .660
entrepreneurship, the society still does not believe in their
entrepreneurship
training 0.809 capacity and it is an uphill task for woman to face such
21. Lack of business .698 conflicts and cope with such environment. The third factor is
information 0.899 cultural constraints which responsible for 9.9924 percent of
24. Lack of business .533 .610 variation. It includes 24, 5, 8 and 9 constraints. The survey
management result shows that traditional cultural concept hold by the
experience 0.916 society hindering the growth of women entrepreneurs. Finally,
1. Lack of family and .633 there is institutional and security constraints which consist of
societal acceptance 0.877 17, 14 and 15 constraints. Moreover, this factor is responsible
2. Lack of freedom of .677 for 5.479 percent of variation. The empirical evidences
movement 0.897 indicate that institutional and security constrains restraining
6. Property right .695 0.77
woman to be entrepreneurs. Practices such as, bank and
10. Lack of .744
appropriate role
financial institutions disinterest to lend money to woman
model in entrepreneurs are responsible for less participation of women
entrepreneurship 0.968 in entrepreneurial activities.
11. Lack of personal .702
motivation 0.956 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
12. Inadequate .664
encouragement 0.953 The expression "in equality among men and women" has been
22. Base of formal .721 one of the key's barriers faced by most of the countries. Rising
education 0.935 inequality has been one of the major obstacles that retards the
23. Lack of .661 pace of economic growth of the country, and Nepal is not
entrepreneurship immune from its effect. Thus, the most effective measures to
awareness 0.756 downsizing in equality between men and women are
5. Male dominance .734 educational initiatives, awareness programmes, skill based
culture 0.757 training programmes, social security, social structure and
8. Fear of failure and .641 access to finance, etc. These help measures can reduce barriers
criticism 0.887
in Nepal Government, INGO, NGO and other private
9. Low level of .512
confidence and self institutions. They have indeed focused on taking these
esteem 0.851 measures but the progress has not been up to expectation. This
14. Vulnerability .743 0.871 study has tried to findout this very reason for the
15. Lack of .723 unsatisfactory progress.
institutional support 0.917
The emergence of entrepreneurial practice is a relatively new
Variance 6.618 4.535 2.382 1.361
Percentage Variance 27.57 18.89 9.992
phenomenon in Nepal over the last few decades, there have
3 5 4 5.479 been some positive changes with respect to women
participation in business. However, the situation has been not
satisfactory. Total population in Nepal (approximately
30986975), out of it, 50.68 percent are female and 49.32
The table five displays factor loading and communalities for percent are male (Nepal Demographic Profile, 2014). Still it is
constraining variables. The four factors explain 61.94 percent difficult to know how many of these women are involved in
of the cumulative variance. The factors are named as entrepreneurial activities. A situation of a kind of surrogate

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724 Manoj Kumar Chaudhary

entrepreneurship has obtained in Nepal a condition of very low. (i.e. less than 40 percent). Literacy is the
organizations registered under women being run and managed fundamental requirement for the growth of women, yet they
by men. are being kept illiterate. Beside, women in the country face
many problems, like accessing credit, training networks and
Over the years, the government of Nepal has come up with the
information, security, as well as policy constraints. Political
several programmes, policies and incentives for the economic
instability and weak implementation of law and regulation in
development and empowerment of women. Similarly, several
Nepal has been a major stumbling a fear-free movement of
INGO, NGO and other private institution are also actively
women. Thus poor mobility discourage women to become
involved in promoting business women. That's why, based on
entrepreneurs. Similarly some of the issues factor are poor
the result mentioned in a previous section, it is worthwhile to
access to finance, weak finance literacy, lack of gender
mentioning here that the traditional household roles of women,
sensitivity, poor access to national and market and existing
has been changing towards increasing inclination for the
social structure Therefore, gender-friendly law should be
business world.
introduced by the government of Nepal besides giving greater
It can be said that entrepreneurial success and failures depend attention to the creation of a conducive culture for women
on a number of factors, as well as individual competencies. entrepreneurial growth. Thus, this study concludes that there
Moreover, regarding womens perception of motivational is still a substantial room for women empowerment in Nepal
factors, it is found that they are more inspired to do business because their current role in business is far from satisfactory.
includes personal satisfaction and achievement factors,
government policies, independent factor and family support 7. FURTHER CHALLENGES
factors. This shows that the economic policies of the
government, opportunities available in the society, individual The rising consciousness gained through education, training
women competencies, changing family and social awareness and support programme for women have been contributing to
and need and freedom to use their knowledge and time are the the growth of women entrepreneurs in Nepal. However, in
major motivating factors for their journey as an entrepreneurs Nepalese joint family system, families ties, male dominant
in Nepal. Womens are primarily motivated to survive and culture, poor literacy rate and alike are the major obstacles to
secure their job and income so that they can take care of women entrepreneurship in the country. One of the most
themselves and their families. Similarly, women entrepreneurs noticeable this is that women cannot yet travel alone with
in Nepal believe that they can achieve more by discharging confidence that they will not be harassed and assaulted.
their duty in an independent manner than doing job for others Therefore, (a) Government should improve policy and
because salary and other benefits paid by employer quite regulatory environment (b) improve financial literacy for
unattractive in Nepal. Especially in business sectors, women entrepreneurship (c) provide preferential loans and
individual satisfaction is key that motivates women to introduce collateral free loans as well as create trust-worthy
properly materialize their dreams. This favourable situation environment for women and (d) promote capacity building for
has come about in Nepal because the traditional gender roles women by facilitating women competencies. Thus, this study
are coming under increasing pressure with each passing day. helps future researchers and policy makers to understand how
The above result indicates that family background and support to ensure and promote Nepalese women in business in an
play a crucial role behind Nepalese Women's entrepreneurial effective manner. This study is also important for all
journey. concerned stakeholders as they get insight into future research
on women issues with suitable variable and methodology.
Inspite of these developments, the ability of women to Finally, the result of this will be beneficial to those women
participate in a business is still being constrained by several who are planning to start their own business.
factors including the subscription to the traditional gender role
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