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    Sampling Theorem Verification: Experiment No. 6 - Open Ended Experiment 1

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    Hrithik Sahu
    This document is a laboratory report submitted by three students to verify the sampling theorem. [1] The aim of the experiment was to understand concepts like sampling a continuous signal at different rates, changing sampling rates, aliasing, and anti-aliasing filters. [2] The students used MATLAB software to generate signals with different sampling frequencies and observed the effects of sampling rates above, below, and at the Nyquist rate. [3] The program output verified that sampling above the Nyquist rate avoids aliasing while sampling below the Nyquist rate causes aliasing as predicted by the sampling theorem.

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    Sampling Theorem Verification: Experiment No. 6 - Open Ended Experiment 1

    Uploaded by

    Hrithik Sahu
    420 views7 pages
    This document is a laboratory report submitted by three students to verify the sampling theorem. [1] The aim of the experiment was to understand concepts like sampling a continuous signal at different rates, changing sampling rates, aliasing, and anti-aliasing filters. [2] The students used MATLAB software to generate signals with different sampling frequencies and observed the effects of sampling rates above, below, and at the Nyquist rate. [3] The program output verified that sampling above the Nyquist rate avoids aliasing while sampling below the Nyquist rate causes aliasing as predicted by the sampling theorem.

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    Sampling Theorem

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    This document is a laboratory report submitted by three students to verify the sampling theorem. [1] The aim of the experiment was to understand concepts like sampling a continuous signal at different rates, changing sampling rates, aliasing, and anti-aliasing filters. [2] The students used MATLAB software to generate signals with different sampling frequencies and observed the effects of sampling rates above, below, and at the Nyquist rate. [3] The program output verified that sampling above the Nyquist rate avoids aliasing while sampling below the Nyquist rate causes aliasing as predicted by the sampling theorem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    420 views7 pages

    Sampling Theorem Verification: Experiment No. 6 - Open Ended Experiment 1

    Uploaded by

    Hrithik Sahu
    This document is a laboratory report submitted by three students to verify the sampling theorem. [1] The aim of the experiment was to understand concepts like sampling a continuous signal at different rates, changing sampling rates, aliasing, and anti-aliasing filters. [2] The students used MATLAB software to generate signals with different sampling frequencies and observed the effects of sampling rates above, below, and at the Nyquist rate. [3] The program output verified that sampling above the Nyquist rate avoids aliasing while sampling below the Nyquist rate causes aliasing as predicted by the sampling theorem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    SIMULATION LAB

    Laboratory Report

    On

    Sampling Theorem verification

    (Experiment No. 6_open ended experiment 1)

    Submitted by

    Arya Shipra (1904424)


    Srijan Sen (1904443)
    Hrithik Sahu (1904469)

    B.Tech Programme in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

    School of Electronics Engineering


    Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University
    Bhubaneswar, India

    March 2021
    EXPERIMENT NO.6 - OPEN ENDED - 1
    AIM : (Verify The Sampling Theorem)
    The objective of this Lab is to understand concepts and observe the effects of periodically
    sampling a continuous signal at different sampling rates, changing the sampling rate of a
    sampled signal, aliasing, and anti-aliasing filters.

    EQUIPMENTS/SOFTWAREREQUIRED :-

    Sl. No. Name of the Item Quantity


    1. Matlab Software 1
    2. Laptop/Computer system 1

    THEORY :-

    Sampling Theorem:

    A band limited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate at least


    twice the maximum frequency component in it." Figure 1 shows a signal g(t) that is
    band limited.

    Figure 1: Spectrum of band limited signal g(t)

    The maximum frequency component of g(t) is fm. To recover the signal g(t) exactly
    from its samples it has to be sampled at a rate fs ≥ 2fm.
    The minimum required sampling rate fs = 2fm is called ' Nyquist rate

    Proof: Let g(t) be a band limited signal whose bandwidth is fm (wm = 2πfm).
    Figure 2: (a) Original signal g(t) (b) Spectrum

    G(w) δ (t) is the sampling signal with fs = 1/T >


    2fm.

    Figure 3: (a) sampling signal δ (t) ) (b) Spectrum δ (w)

    Figure 4: (a) sampled signal gs(t) (b) Spectrum Gs(w)

    To recover the original signal G(w):


    1. Filter with a Gate function, H2wm(w) of width 2wm
    Scale it by T.
    Figure 5: Recovery of signal by filtering with a fiter of width 2wm Aliasingws < 2wm.

    Figure 6: Aliasing due to inadequate sampling

    Aliasing leads to distortion in recovered signal. This is the reason why sampling
    frequency should be atleast twice thebandwidth of the signal. Oversampling ws >2wm.
    This condition avoid aliasing.

    Figure 7: Oversampled signal-avoids aliasing


    PROGRAM :-
    clc;
    clear all;
    close all;
    t=-10:.01:10;
    T=4;
    fm=1/T;
    x=cos(2*pi*fm*t);
    subplot(2,2,1);
    plot(t,x);
    xlabel('time');
    ylabel('x(t)');
    title('continous time
    signal'); grid;
    n1=-4:1:4;
    fs1=1.6*fm;
    fs2=2*fm;
    fs3=8*fm;
    x1=cos(2*pi*fm/fs1*n1)
    ; subplot(2,2,2);
    stem(n1,x1);
    xlabel('time');
    ylabel('x(n)');
    title('discrete time signal with
    fs<2fm');
    hold on;
    subplot(2,2,2);
    plot(n1,x1);
    grid;
    n2=-5:1:5;
    x2=cos(2*pi*fm/fs2*n2)
    ; subplot(2,2,3);
    stem(n2,x2);
    xlabel('time');
    ylabel('x(n)');
    title('discrete time signal with
    fs=2fm');
    hold on;
    subplot(2,2,3);
    plot(n2,x2)
    grid;
    n3=-20:1:20;
    x3=cos(2*pi*fm/fs3*n3)
    ; subplot(2,2,4);
    stem(n3,x3);
    xlabel('time');
    ylabel('x(n)');
    title('discrete time signal with
    fs>2fm') hold on;
    subplot(2,2,4);
    plot(n3,x3)
    grid;
    OUTPUT :-

    CONCLUSION :-

    Hence the above program was executed and the results are verified which are shown in
    Outputs above.

    STUDENT SIGNATURES
    Arya Shipra (1904424)
    Srijan Sen (1904443)
    Hrithik Sahu (1904469)

    Submitted on 20-03-2021

    SIGNATURE OF THE CONCERNED LAB FACULTY MEMBER

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