Sikolohiyang Pilipino 

Course Description

The course is a study of concepts and methods in the field of culture and psychology, giving meaning to
psychological reality based on the language and world view of the Filipino. The students will be
introduced to indigenous concepts in Sikolohiyang Pilipino, and its applications in various fields of
psychology. They will also be trained in the use of indigenous research methods. Furthermore, issues
regarding Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a discipline and as a movement will also be discussed. The course will
be conducted in Filipino.

Suggested Course Content

 Indigenized Research Approaches (e.g. pakapa-kapa, pakiramdam, pakikisalamuha,

pakikipagpalagayang loob)
 Indigenous concepts (e.g. kapwa, loob)
 Applications in various fields of Psychology

From the blog of  John Hermes Untalan at

http://www.jh_untalan.blogspot.com/2004/07/sikolohiyang-pilipino-filipino.html provides the following

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SIKOPIL) Syllabus
(Filipino Psychology)
3 units

Prerequisite : Introduction to Psychology

Magiging mahalaga sa pag-aaral ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino ang mgakatutubong konsepto sa Kapilipinuhan.

Ang kulturang Pilipino angsiyang magiging daan sa pagtuklas ng mga kaalamang ito sapamamagitan ng
paggamit ng wikang Pilipino. papaksain sa pag-aaral ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino ang mga metodong
naangkop sapagtuklas ng mga kaalaman at kaisipang Pilipino.

Chapter I
Introduction: What is an Indigenous Psychology?
1. Difference with Cross-Cultural, Cultural, Ethnopsychology, and Volkerpsychology.
2. Global Indigenous Psychology
3. Basic Tenets and Principles in IP?
4. Types and Levels of Indigenization
5. Current Trends and Directions

Chapter II
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Philippine Indigenous Psychology
1. What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
2. Basic Tenets and Principles in SP
3. Philippine Psychology and Psychology in the Philippines.
4. History of SIkolohiyang Pilipino
5. Fields in Sikolohiyang Pilipino (see Chapter VI: 5)
6. Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Philippine Social Sciences (Agham-tao; Pilipinolohiya at Pantayong
Pananaw) [see clemen aquino]

Chapter III
Pagkataong Pilipino: Indigenous Filipino Personality
1. Enriquez' Filipino Personality Theory
2. IPC Filipino Personality
3. Salazar's Kaluluwa at Budhi
4. Covar's Bayang Dalumat at Pagkataong Pilipino
5. Alejo's Loob
6. Filipino Personality and Values in Theology (Manggay, Talisayon), Philosophy (Quito; Gripaldo),
Literature (Lumbera)and Arts (others: Licuanan, Fernandez)
7. Filipino Trait and Personality Psychology by Church and Katigbak
8. Sta Maria's Filipino self

Chapter IV
Katutubong Panukat na Sikolohikal: Indigenous Personality Measurement
1. Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino by Carlota
2. Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao by Enriquez and Guanzon-Lapena
3. Locally-Developed Psychological Tests by Cipres-Ortega and Guanzon-Lapena
4. Discussions on new developed indigenous/local psychological tests

Chapter V
Katutubong Pamamaraan ng Pananaliksik: Indigenous Research Methods
1. Basic Tenets and Principles in an Indigenous Research Methods
2. Pakikiramdam: Isang Mahalagang Sangkap sa Pananaliksik (Mataragnon)
3. Enriquez and Santiago's Iskala ng Mananaliksik
4. Pakikipagkuwentuhan (Orteza; Javier)
5. Pagtatanung-tanong (Pe-Pua)
6. Ginabayang Talakayan (Galvez; Aguiling-Dalisay)
7. Pakikipanuluyan, Nakikiugaling Pagmamasid, Pakapa-kapa, Pagmumuni

Chapter VI
Fields in Filipino Psychology: Applied and Social Psychology
1. Filipino political psychology (montiel); social cognition (conaco); peace and conflict resolution (sta
maria)
2. Filipino sexuality and gender; Filipino Feminism (claudio-estrada; tan; guerrero)
3. Filipino Psychotherapy (bautista; protacio-de castro; carandang; clemena)
4. Sikolohiyang Panlipunan-at-Kalinangan (salazar; sta maria)
5. Unang Dekada ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (protacio-marcelino at pe-pua)
6. Filipino Social Psychology (gastardo-conaco) and pahiwatig (manggay)
7. new directions: volunteering (aguiling-dalisay, yacat, and navarro); developmental psychology (liwag)

Chapter VII
Closing Indigenous Psychologies
1. Critique in Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Indigenous Psychologies
2. Paper Presentations of Research and Reaction Papers
3. Seminar/Workshop in Sikolohiyang Pilipino

References in Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Joy B. Alvarez (1975) Hiya: kahulugan, manipestasyon at kadahilanan. In V.G. Enriquez(ed.)
Pagkataong Pilipino: I. Layunin, Ugali, Katangian at Pakikipagkapwa.
(pp. 115-126). QuezonCity: Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines.

Isidro Panlasigui (1977) Ang Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino. In V.G. Enriquez (ed.)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino:Mga Piliping Papel (Serye ng mga Papel sa Pagkataong Pilipino), Paper No. 1
(August), 2-10. (Also as The Psychology of the Filipino People.) Far Eastern Economic Review (1956),
21(25),811-823.)

Nida R. Almonte & Abraham B. Velasco (1977) Ang Konseptong ng Disiplina ng mga Pilipino:
IsangPanimulang Pag-aaral. In V.G. Enriquez (ed.) Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Mga Piliping Papel (Serye ng
mgaPapel sa Pagkataong Pilipino), Paper No. 3 (October),23-47.

Indigenous personality measures: Philippine examples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

| January 01, 1998 | Guanzon-Lapena, Ma. Angeles; Church, A. Timothy; Carlota, Annadaisy J.;
Katigbak,Marcia S. | Copyright 

After noting the need for indigenous scale construction efforts in the Philippines, the current article
focuses on the development and current status of two multidimensional measures of Filipino personality
constructs, plus two projects that are investigating indigenous Filipino personality structure. In a final
section, we note apparent convergences between the personality dimensions identified and assessed by
these four projects and consider how these dimensions might relate to purported universal dimensions of
personality (i.e., the "Big Five" dimensions).Reviews of the status of psychological measurement in the
Philippines have highlighted two related problems: the questionable applicability of foreign-made tests
and the dearth of locally developed tests (e.g., Bulatao & Guthrie, 1968; Carlota & Lazo, 1987; Church,
1987; Guanzon, 1985; Ramos,1977). Strong misgivings have been expressed about the relevance to
Filipino behavior of the theories underlying foreign-made tests, and researchers and scientist-practitioners
have been urged to develop indigenous tests. The restiveness of the Philippine academic community over
the need for more culturally sensitive theorizing was reflected in the Sikolohiyang Pilipino
(FilipinoPsychology) movement that began in the 1970s. Enriquez (1994) described Sikolohiyang Pilipino
as rooted in its Malayo-Polynesian and Asian heritage, a psychology based on the experience, ideas,and
orientation of the Filipino, with psychology defined on the basis of categories drawn from the Filipino
language and culture. Local test development was thus welcomed as a cross-cultural indigenization effort
in which culture is treated as source rather than target (Enriquez, 1979).Discussions of indigenous
psychological concepts and research methods that have emerged as a result of the Sikolohiyang Pilipino
movement can be found in a number of sources (e.g., Aganon &David, 1985; Enriquez, 1992; Pe-Pua,
1982).In a recent effort to document and organize existing work on psychological test development in the
Philippines, both published and unpublished, Ortega and Guanzon-Lapena (1997) observed an upsurge
in academic interest in the development of indigenous psychological measures. Whereas in the 1950s a
mere handful of tests in educational psychology were locally developed, Ortega andGuanzon-Lapena's
(1997) current listing includes more than 200 locally developed measures on a wide variety of Filipino
characteristics, for example, katalinuhan (intelligence), pagkarelihiyoso(religiousness), kaasalang sekswal
(sexual behavior), kakayahang magdala ng tensyon (ability tocope with stress), pagkamabahala (anxiety),
kahustuhang emosyonal (emotional maturity),pakikipag-ugnayan (adjustment-maladjustment), Filipino
management style, and gender sensitivity,to name a few.This article focuses on the development and
current status of two multidimensional measures of Filipino personality constructs--the Panukat ng
Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP; Carlota, 1985) and thePanukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP; Enriquez &
Guanzon-Lapenia, 1997)--plus two projects that areinvestigating indigenous Filipino personality structure
(Church, Reyes, Katigbak, & Grimm, 1997;Katigbak, Church, & Akamine, 1996). In a final section, we
summarize hypothesized convergencesbetween the personality dimensions identified and assessed by
the different approaches...

Source Link - http://www.scribd.com/doc/121927379/Sikolohiyang-Pilipino

Related post

http://psychometricpinas.blogspot.com/2013/07/indigenous-filipino-psychology.html
Posted by tino repaso at 4:30 AM  
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Monday, September 9, 2013

Filipino Psychology - Concepts and Methods



Filipino Psychology Concepts and Methods 

by Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Psychology
De La Salle University - Manila

  
Filipino psychology concepts and methods from yanloveaprilbordador 

 2. What is Filipino Psychology? It is an Indigenous Psychology

The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the
application to psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the
people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness. Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994).
Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology & Cultural Empowerment.
Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.

 3. Distinctions among the forms of Psychology in the Philippines

Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Psychology in the Philippines Sikolohiya ng mga
Pilipino Psychology of Filipinos Sikolohiyang Pilipino Filipino Psychology
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at
gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press:
Quezon City.

 4. Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Psychology in the Philippines refers to a

series of events related to the field of psychology in the Philippines. (e.g.
number of degree programs and journals, the amount of research
conducted) ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa
kontekstong Pilipino.
 5. Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Psychology of Filipinos refers to any
theories or knowledge of Filipino nature regardless of source, Western or
local palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o madaling makita.

 6. Sikolohiyang Pilipino Filipino Psychology refers to a psychology

based on the Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must derive
from indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods. nilalayong anyo,
sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino

 7. Limits of Western Concepts & Methods Issue Applicability of

the Western theories and principles taught as well as the research
concepts and methods used in the Philippine setting. Timothy Church
(1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.)
Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.

 8. Limits of Western Concepts & Methods The limits of Western

social research methods in rural Philippines: The need for innovation Gloria
D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit.
Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon
City.

 9. Limits of Western Concepts & Methods The limits of

applicability of Western concepts, values and methods in the social
sciences to the concrete realities of Asian societies. Augusto C. Espiritu
(1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.)
(1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.

 10. Sikolohiyang Pilipino from a movement to an academic

discipline Principal emphasis in psychology Identity and national
consciousness Social awareness and involvement Psychology of language
and culture Applications & bases of Filipino psychology (health practices,
agriculture, art, religion) Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to
liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the
Philippines Press. QC
 11. Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang Pilipino It is against
a psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mind a
psychology used for the exploitation of the masses the imposition of
psychologies developed in foreign countries

 12. Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino On psychological practice

conceptualization of psychological practice in a Philippine context
(industriya vs. kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan) concerned with folk
practices, indigenous techniques of healing, popular religio-political
movements

 13. Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino On Science – Humanism

issue utilizes scientific methodology in the study of psychological
phenomena concerned not only with the universal validity of psychological
science but also in utilizing such for the purpose of serving the interest of
all mankind, affording protection to the disadvantaged

 14. Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino On Mentalism - Behaviorism

issue uses both phenomenological & behavioristic concepts, but lesser
emphasis on individual experience and greater emphasis on the collective
experience attaches greater importance to kamalayan, subsidiary
importance to ulirat

 15. Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino On Analysis – Wholeness

Issue methodologically leans on the side of analysis but interprets the
result of analysis with a bias for wholeness (social context, political
implications, cultural meaning of the study)

 16. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-bahay’ Metaphor

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through a metaphor: (a
characteristic way of clarifying concepts) – difference between tao sa
bahay (person in the house) and taong-bahay (house person).

 17. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a call for the exercise of care in the

adoption of foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is just as dangerous as
uncritical acceptance of Western theories” for example: psychological
problems are the same anywhere however, the sources of such problems
differ greatly

 18. Lines of filiations in Philippine psychological thought

Academic-scientific psychology: Western Academic-philosophical
psychology: Clergy Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology Psycho-
medical system: Religion - cohesive element and explanation. Zeus A.
Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen
Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.

 19. Psychology: the Western tradition Academic-scientific

psychology: Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition University of the
Philippines (1908) and other American traditional schools Academic-
philosophical psychology: Thomistic philosophy and psychology University
of Santo Tomas (1611)

 20. Ethnic psychology Native psychological thought Indigenous

psychology: kinagisnan and katutubong sikolohiya. Psychology of
Filipinos - perceived ethnic traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt and
expressed by Filipinos. The practice of psychology by Filipinos –
techniques of enculturation, socialization.

 21. Psychology: the Filipino traditionEthnic psychology

Kinagisnang sikolohiya the subconscious psychology imbedded in the
native language, art, music, culture and religion (one has been born into;
unaware). e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University
of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.

 22. Psychology: the Filipino traditionEthnic psychology

Katutubong sikolohiya psychology worked out by Filipinos with indigenous
elements as basis (innate to the Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan,
Jose Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes. Katutubong sikolohiya
and Kinagisnang sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya
 23. Psychology: the Filipino traditionEthnic psychology
Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly Western system of thought e.g.
Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of the Filipinos in the
Visayas (impressed by them); American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos
as distinct ethnic groups different from one another as Christian and non-
Christian (pagans and Moros).

 24. Psychology: the Filipino traditionEthnic psychology Practice of

psychology by Filipinos: a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/
socialization, e.g. myths for social control, or as affected by Christianity or
Islam. b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, manghuhula, ancient
techniques of group therapy that are still present (alternating chants during
wakes, poetry, consensus).

 25. Psychology: the Filipino tradition Ethnic psychology Psycho-

medical system: religion as cohesive element and explanation. (1565)
Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of healing; disease theory, causation,
therapy. (1650) Messianic movements (1730) Herbolaryo (1900) Espiritista

 26. Filipino psychological knowledge Filipino Language use as a

tool for identifying/rediscovering indigenous concepts e.g. study of diwa
(psyche), refers to the wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical concept
of “essence”

 27. Filipino Language“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino

anddoes his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristicdevice, a discovery
procedure… returning to the‘deep structure’ of the language…
Enriquezworked in an area where Filipinos are mostadept, where the
language has a rich vocabularyof feeling and sentiment.”Andrew B.
Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of readings.V.G.
Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.

 28. Language, a Heuristic Tool Methods: Ethnography, Language

Analysis, Semantics, Introspection Language provided the instrument to
refine the tools of research so as to discover categories and subcategories
which would be lost to a Western English-speaking researcher…

 29. Filipino, the Philippine lingua francaThe issue of national

language has long beenresolved by the Filipino masses through theiruse
and propagation of a language based on theManila lingua franca, Manila
being the seat ofgovernment, the business hub, melting pot,center of
history.Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial
politicsand language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng
SikolohiyangPilipino: Quezon City.

 30. Language & Knowledge System of communication summing-

up our lived experiences Social interaction expressing our thoughts and
feelings Spoken language from bodily gestures to linguistic acts
specialized speech apparatus primary medium of communication

 31. Thinking & Language Interdependence of knowledge &

language, i.e. the thinking process cannot work independently of
language Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is it value-free,
i.e. it is partisan to the values, perspectives, and rules of cognition of a
particular class or society

 32. Language, history, and socio-economic-cultural life Specific

historical features and socio-economic- cultural conditions shape the
thinking and language of a people, giving distinctive meanings and value
judgments to their words. Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the
innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a people bound by a common
historical heritage and a specific socio-economic-cultural environment.

 33. Psychological concepts and human behavior The formation of

psychological concepts is the more important stage in the entire process of
understanding human behavior. These concepts lay the foundation for the
formation of indigenous psychological theories and models of analysis that
correspond more fully to the realities of the life and culture of a society.
 34. Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology
System of affixation in the Filipino language a resource for terminology
development The meaning changes because of the use of affixes
(suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes) paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka,
maka Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

 35. Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology

Direct borrowing (saling-angkat) perception (L) persepsyon psicologia (S)
sikolohiya Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw) reinforcement -
reimporsment Grammatical translation (saling-panggramatika) social
interaction – interaksyong sosyal

 36. Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology

Loan translation (saling-hiram) defense mechanism mekanismong
pananggalang Word invention (salitang likha) masturbation – mag-isang
pagpaparaos Abbreviated words (salitang daglat) STM short term
memory PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao

 37. Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology

Parallel translation (salitang-tapat) relationship = pakikisalamuha
Indigenous-concept oriented translation (salitang taal) kapwa: hindi ibang-
tao, ibang-tao Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib) mahay
(Cebuano), nagmamahay

 38. Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology

Categorization of words and concepts Foreign concepts (konseptong
banyaga) home for the aged Superficial assimilation (paimbabaw na
asimilasyon) reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’ Labeling
(pagbibinyag) utang-na-loob - reciprocity hiya - shame pakikisama -
comradeship

 39. Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology

Categorization of words and concepts Semantic indigenization (pag-
aandukha) paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by) Semantic delimitation
(pagtatakda) gunita – recall, alaala – memory personality is personalidad
not pagkatao Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto) saling-pusa
(informal member) pagka-pikon (to be peeved)

 40. Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology The Filipino

language provides a conceptual distinction in several levels and modes of
social interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan). Eight behaviorally
recognizable levels under two general categories in Filipino were identified
(ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao). Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez
(1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua
(Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.

 41. Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology Ibang-tao

(outsider) pakikitungo (amenities, civility) pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)
pakikilahok (joining, participating) pakikibagay (conforming) pakikisama
(adjusting) Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us) pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual
trust) pakikisangkot (getting involved) pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)

 42. Kapwa, the shared inner self Kapwa (English: both, fellow
being, others) others is used in opposition to the ‘self’ implies the
recognition of the ‘self’ ‘self’ as a separate identity Kapwa in Filipino a
recognition of shared identity an inner self shared with others the ‘ako’
(ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others) are one and the same in kapwa
psychology

 43. Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology Pakikitungo,

pakikipagkapwa are mutually replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either
covers the entire lexical domain. Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically
fertile concept when analyzed semantically; much deeper and profound in
its implications as it means accepting and dealing with the other person as
an equal.

 44. Pakikiramdam: the pivotal aspect of kapwa refers to

heightened awareness, sensitivity ‘feeling for another’ a kind of
emotional a priori an active process involving great care and deliberation
manifested in ‘hesitation to react, inattention to subtle cues, and non-verbal
behavior in mental role-playing Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial
to liberation psychology: The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez
(Ed) (1992) UP Press.

 45. Pakikiramdam: the pivotal aspect of kapwa Pakiramdam is

necessarily tied to the operation of all Filipino surface values: pakikisama,
hiya, utang na loob The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is
operative in bahala na lakas ng loob, pakikibaka The centrality of
pakiramdam in behavioral and interpersonal domains: biro-lambing-tampo.

 46. The Development of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge Major

goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino pagsasakatutubo (indigenization) pagka-
agham (science) pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity) Mario San
Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman.
Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.:
Manila

 47. The Development of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge The

project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino development of indigenous psychological
concepts utilization of indigenous research methods creation of authentic
and appropriate social scientific psychology Steven Rood (1985) in
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma.
Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

 48. Research Approaches Experimental - adherence to

predetermined set of procedures Survey – conform to an informal
agreement with respondents Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as
they arise Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as one-with-the-
other

 49. Indigenous Research Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the

modern and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods and ensuring that
they are culturally appropriate. Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows
concepts from both the modern and traditional cultural systems.

 50. Approaches in the development & utilization of indigenous

viewpoints Indigenization from within basis: the indigenous direction:
outwards culture-as-source Indigenization from without basis: the
exogenous direction: inwards culture-as-target

 51. Indigenization from without Content indigenization translation

of imported materials Theoretic indigenization Indigenization as
strategy Culture assimilation indigenous versions of imported systems

 52. Indigenization from within Identification of indigenous

concepts, methods, theories Semantic elaboration Indigenous
codification re-codification Systematization/explication of implied
theoretical frameworks Application/use

 53. Using the culture as source Indigenization from within

necessarily implies the need for cultural revalidation a demand for
concepts and methods which are culturally appropriate, scientifically valid

 54. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture

Language ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual people Leisure laro,
laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko) Cuisine adobo, bistik, dinuguan at
puto, halo-halo Law

 55. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture

Religion belief in a supreme being (Batlaya) respect for nature (spirits dwell
in nature) reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, ninuno)

 56. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture

Religion underscores the importance of establishing close interpersonal
relations with one’s family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa) highly-
developed sense of values: courage, cleanliness, courtesy, control and the
family
 57. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture
Religion indigenous morality: profound concept of pagkamakatao babaylan
(priestess), dambana (shrine) rituals and symbols for good (benevolent
diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang)

 58. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture

Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost bell of Balangica, baybayin
(alibata), burial grounds in Sagada Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita
Foreign words subsumed in the structure of the Filipino language

 59. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture Names:

Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros (B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo
(C), Sudi Amor (I) Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado Theater
and Film: Fernando Poe Jr. Tagalog movies shown in theaters from
Batanes to Jolo

 60. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture

Medicine lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have gone semantic
transformation- result of massive promotion during the Marcos’ Green
Revolution project herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot, concepts
attributing illness to displaced organs that have to be massaged back into
its correct position

 61. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture Music

and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I),
Pobreng Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay (S); Kulilal Ensemble
of Palawan, Kutyapi Artists of Maguindanao Rituals and Ceremonies:
agimat (talisman), mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), anting-anting (amulet);
bulong (whisper); sapi (spirit possession)

 62. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture

Methods: doing diagnosis psychodiagnostician determine culturally-defined
cause of affliction through patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot,
pamulso. beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.
 63. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture
Meanings: Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous medical practice, it
means compatibility of the treatment and medicine with the individual.
Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is perceived as ‘food for the sick’

 64. Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture Genetic

diversity of indigenous plants e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured through
centuries by indigenous people Herbal knowledge e.g. pito-pito, herbal
tea from seven leaves: bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango, pandan
– use to detoxify the body.

 65. Philippine cultural studies Perspectival and Interpretive

Models absolutist position - assumes the basic congruence of
psychological phenomena across humankind relativist position – assumes
differences across cultures, if not the uniqueness of each one

 66. Philippine cultural studiespangkami (reactive relativist),

assumes the utilityof an alien frame of referencepantayong pananaw
(ethnocentric), assumes theabsolutist indigenous perspectiveuniversalist
position implied by the kapwa andcross indigenous orientation of
SikolohiyangPilipino

 67. Philippine cultural studies Universalist position assumes that

basic psychological processes are likely to be common features of human
life everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to be influenced by
culture

 68. Philippine cultural studies Emic approach (phonemic) the

need to understand a culture from its own perspective (using natural
taxonomies) Etic approach (phonetic) the discovery of psychological
universal

 69. Filipino intellectual tradition Philosophical traditions and

paradigms of science as neither Eastern nor Western The West does not
have a monopoly of scientific standards, in fact science evolved from
Eastern intellectual traditions Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram,
si Pilosopong Tasyo

 70. Filipino intellectual tradition Filipino philosophy of science

incorporates the demands of empirical validation from reliability and validity
to affirmability and authenticity. Levels of validity & scientific standards
katatagan (replicability, reliability) katapatan (multiple operationism,
validity) patibay (certification) patotoo (affirmability, attestability) patunay
(authenticity)

 71. Filipino indigenous theories Filipino concepts and models of

personality The five elements of the Ma’aram concept of pagkatawo
(personhood): ginhawa (vital principle) buot (perception) isip (mind) dungan
(sleep spirit) kalag (life spirit)

 72. Filipino indigenous theories Filipino concepts and models of

personality Three elements in Baltazar’s model: bait (sanity) muni
(reflection) hatol (judgment)

 73. Filipino indigenous theories Filipino concepts and models of

personality The four elements in Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood:
kaluluwa (spirit) budhi (conscience) katauhang panlabas, external
appearance katauhang panloob (innermost being)

 74. Filipino indigenous theories Filipino social interaction theory

Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in Filipino collectivist culture
which have been identified using ethnoscientific field methods. Kapwa, a
core concept in Filipino social psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting,
dealing with the other person as an equal.

 75. Filipino indigenous concepts Filipino concept of justice

Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a common word for justice,
katarungan, derived from the Visayan root tarong means straight, upright,
appropriate, correct, and for right, we use karapatan, whose root is dapat
signifying fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is related to right Jose W.
Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen
Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

 76. Research Models Models of data collection Self-orientation

Experimenter-orientation Reactive-orientation Mutual-orientation Linda L.
Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and cultural
empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) 1994. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino. Quezon City.

 77. Research Models Models of data collection Self-orientation

Model: the data collector and contributors relate to the other only to the
extent of waiting until the other stops responding, e.g. laboratory-based
studies of memory. Communication is not taking place between them
through socially shared interpretations or common constructs.

 78. Research Models Models of data collection Experimenter-

orientation Model: the data collectors appear to influence while only the
data contributors appear to be influenced, e.g. Asch’s person perception
study; an imbalance of power in favor of data collectors who appear to
define the experimental situation.

 79. Research Models Models of data collection Reactive-

orientation Model: the participants in the data collection are reacting to
what is currently taking place between them, e.g. verbal conditioning
research; yet the capacities of both data contributors and collectors to
construe are assumed to be unimportant and are ignored.

 80. Research Models Models of data collection Mutual-orientation

Model: the data collector and contributor give something to, and gain
something from the data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early research on
conservation. Indigenous psychology research uses this model as the
cultural researcher is a culture bearer himself.

 81. Research ModelsResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model

Scale of the Researcher Iskala ng Mananaliksik Scale of the Relationship
or Interaction between the Researcher and the Researchee Iskala ng
Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio
G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit.
Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.

 82. Santiago-Enriquez Research ModelResearcher-Researchee

Relationship Model Scale of the Researcher Iskala ng Mananaliksik
These are methods used by the researcher in generating data that are tried
and tested and are culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing research
with Filipinos.

 83. Santiago-Enriquez Research ModelResearcher-Researchee

Relationship Model Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the
Researcher and the Researchee Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik
at Kalahok The level of interaction between the researcher and the
researchee significantly determines the quality of data obtained.

 84. Santiago-Enriquez Research ModelResearcher-Researchee

Relationship Model Levels of Relationship There are eight levels of
interaction which range from the relatively uninvolved civility of pakikitungo
to the total sense of identification in pakikiisa. These eight levels of
interaction can be divided into two categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) and
the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).

 85. Santiago-Enriquez Research ModelResearcher-Researchee

Relationship Model Levels of Relationship Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility) pakikisalimuha (interaction) pakikilahok
(participation, joining) pakikibagay (conforming) pakikisama (adjusting,
being along with)

 86. Santiago-Enriquez Research ModelResearcher-Researchee

Relationship Model Levels of Relationship Hindi ibang-tao category (one-
of-us) pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust) pakikisangkot (active
involvement) pakikiisa (full trust)
 87. Filipino indigenous research methods Collective indigenous
method partakes of the characteristics of: a community dialogue focused
group discussion natural cluster interview group attestation puts premium
on: cultural appropriateness an ordinary get-together

 88. Filipino indigenous research methods Approaches &

Techniques Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method) Pagtatanong-tanong
(asking questions) Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities) Pakikialam
(concerned interference) Pakikilahok (participation) Pakikisangkot
(integral involvement) Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)

 89. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Pakapa-kapa an approach characterized by groping, searching, probing
into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be able to obtain
order, meaning, and directions for research. Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.)
(1989) UP Press Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,
metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

 90. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Pakapa-kapa implies an exploration into cultural, social or psychological
data without the chains of overriding theoretical framework borrowed from
observations outside the focus of investigation. can be related to
unobtrusive techniques because the actual procedures for collecting
information may range from observation, documentation, intervention,
participation.

 91. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Panunuluyan approach interaction techniques, levels of relationship mula
paninimbang hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob. Erlinda
Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit.
Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC. Josefina B. San Juan &
Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985) National
Bookstore Inc.: Manila.

 92. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Panunuluyan approach Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at
teknolohikal. Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng
pakikipanuluyan.

 93. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Panunuluyan approach Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw,
paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno. Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at
pakikikain. Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan ng
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.

 94. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Panunuluyan approach Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at
pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na
ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita
(talas ng pakiramdam).

 95. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Panunuluyan approach Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality
disposition, as a situational behavior, as a coping mechanism; closely
related to many general psychological concepts such as empathy and
sensitivity. Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw,
at kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). National
Bookstore Inc.: Manila

 96. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Panunuluyan approach Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido
komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang namasid, nadama, o
napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang
kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
 97. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques
Panunuluyan approach Pamamaraan panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno paghimpil sa pook pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring
panuluyan paghanap ng tulay pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan

 98. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPanunuluyan approach Pagsasakatuparan pagbati at
pagpapakilala pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo paggawa ng
pananaliksik pamamaalam at pasasalamat

 99. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPanunuluyan approach Suliraning etikal pagsasabi ng layunin
ng pananaliksik pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan pagsasabi sa
kinalabasan ng pananaliksik paghingi ng pahintulot pagtanaw ng utang na
loob/pamemerwisyo pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian

 100. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Pagtatanong-tanong Method Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for
“asking questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong- tanong’ indicates
seriousness of purpose, one is truly determined to get answers to ones
questions. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA

 101. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPagtatanong-tanong MethodMajor Characteristics –
Participatory in nature – Equality of status – Appropriate and adaptive –
Integrated with other indigenous methods

 102. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Pagtatanong-tanong Method Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of
everyday casual interaction, researcher must plan very well for certain
conditions, consider convenience and comfort of informants, their
language, norms, values, and background (history, within/between group
differences, activities, policies).
 103. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and
techniquesProcedure of pagtatanong-tanongGet to know the people, place,
lifestyleGreet informants, give credentials (name the go- between)Go tell
them the purpose of the studyGive an estimate of the expected length of
the sessionGuide questions are used when necessaryGoodbye and thank
you is not abrupt

 104. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPrinciples of pagtatanong-tanongThe level of the relationship
that exists betweenthe researcher and the informant significantlyinfluences
the quality of data obtained(Santiago-Enriquez Model).The language of the
respondent is used in theconduct of pagtatanong-tanong.

 105. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPrinciples of pagtatanong-tanongThe use of pakikiramdam as
‘feeling for another’(cultural sensitivity), through this the researcherknows
when to ask or avoid questions, interpretsa ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.The equality of
status is maintained, as it is adialogue (informant is a kausap or
personspoken with) not an interview.

 106. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPrinciples of pagtatanong-tanongThe issue of reliability:
consistency of responsecan be checked by repeating the question in
adifferent way.The problem of investigator bias and datacontamination can
be solved by having morethan one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.

 107. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPrinciples of pagtatanong-tanongRepeated sampling from as
many informants aspossible can produce commonalities of lexicaldomain
which can then constitute a ‘construct.’Familiarity with the language,
values, culturalnorms, will optimize accuracy and relevance
ofinterpretations.

 108. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPakikipagkwentuhan MethodKuwentuhan is an occasion for
exchange ofinformation, ideas, insights, and opinions also itis a sharing of
beliefs, thoughts, andexperiences.Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004).
Methodological Properties ofPakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research
Project Report.

 109. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPakikipagkwentuhan MethodOral (pasalita)Written
(pasulat)Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through timeRequest (paki – paghingi
ng pahintulot)

 110. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesPakikipagkwentuhan MethodPakikipagkwentuhan is an informal,
free, as wellas a social process of exchanging information,thoughts, and
knowledge that is part of humandaily activities.Grace O. Oteza (1997).
Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik,
pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.PPRTH Occasional
Papers Series 1997, No. 1.

 111. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and

techniquesProcedure of pakikipagkwentuhan initially make visits
(padalaw-dalaw) before living-in the community (panunuluyan) introduce
yourself to the community invite yourself to community gatherings initiate
a conversation when in a natural cluster invest time in story sharing
sessions

 112. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan may
‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento may pakinabang sa kwentuhan libangan
linangan ng kaalaman lunas sa karamdaman

 113. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan collective orientation (pananaliksik na
sama-sama) contains the process of validation (pagpapatotoo)
construction of social reality (pagbubuo) cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali
sa likas na umpukan)
 114. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques
Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan with a topic to talk about but without a
theme (may pakay pero walang paksa) worth or value of story produced
from the kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)

 115. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Validity: trustworthiness not truth
(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan) Reliability: certification not
consistency (process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator) (pagpapatotoo,
pagpapatibay)

 116. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques

Ginabayang Talakayan Method collective discussion technique ‘sama-
sama’ orientation Roberto Galvez