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Appendix
A. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS AND VECTOR RELATIONSHIPS

TABLE A.1 U.S. Engineering Units, SI Units, and Their Conversion Factors

International systema Conversion

Quantity English units SI factor

Length inch millimeter 1 in. ⫽ 25.4 mm

foot meter 1 ft ⫽ 0.3048 m
mile kilometer 1 mile ⫽ 1.609 km
Area square inch square centimeter 1 in2 ⫽ 6.452 cm2
square foot square meter 1 ft2 ⫽ 0.09290 m2
Volume cubic inch cubic centimeter 1 in3 ⫽ 16.39 cm3
cubic foot cubic meter 1 ft3 ⫽ 0.02832 m3
gallon 1 gal ⫽ 0.003789 m3
Mass pound-mass kilogram 1 lbm ⫽ 0.4536 kg
slug 1 slug ⫽ 14.59 kg
Density slug/cubic foot kilogram/cubic meter 1 slug/ft3 ⫽ 515.4 kg/m3
Force pound-force newton 1 lb ⫽ 4.448 N
Work or torque foot-pound newton-meter 1 ft-lb ⫽ 1.356 N⭈m
Pressure pound/square inch newton/square meter 1 psi ⫽ 6895 Pa
(pascal)
pound/square foot 1 psf ⫽ 47.88 Pa
Temperature degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius ___ °F ⫽ ᎏ95ᎏ ___°C ⫹ 32
degree Rankine kelvin ___ °R ⫽ ᎏ95ᎏ ___K
Energy British thermal unit joule 1 Btu ⫽ 1055 J
calorie 1 cal ⫽ 4.186 J
foot-pound 1 ft-lb ⫽ 1.356 J
Power horsepower watt 1 hp ⫽ 745.7 W
foot-pound/second 1 ft-lb/sec ⫽ 1.356 W
Velocity foot/second meter/second 1 ft/sec ⫽ 0.3048 m/s
Acceleration foot/second squared meter/second squared 1 ft/sec2 ⫽ 0.3048 m/s2
Frequency cycle/second hertz 1 cps ⫽ 1.000 Hz
Viscosity pound-second/square foot newton-second/square meter 1 lb-sec/ft2 ⫽ 47.88 N⭈s/m2
a
The reversed initials in this abbreviation come from the French form of the name: Systéme International.

733

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734 Appendix

TABLE A.2 Conversions

Length Force Mass Velocity

1 cm ⫽ 0.3937 in. 1 lb ⫽ 0.4536 kg 1 oz ⫽ 28.35 g 1 mph ⫽ 1.467 ft/sec

1 m ⫽ 3.281 ft 1 lb ⫽ 0.4448 ⫻ 106 dyn 1 lb ⫽ 0.4536 kg 1 mph ⫽ 0.8684 knot
1 km ⫽ 0.6214 mile 1 lb ⫽ 32.17 pdl 1 slug ⫽ 32.17 lb 1 ft/sec ⫽ 0.3048 m/s
1 in. ⫽ 2.54 cm 1 kg ⫽ 2.205 lb 1 slug ⫽ 14.59 kg 1 m/s ⫽ 3.281 ft/sec
1 ft ⫽ 0.3048 m 1 pdl ⫽ 0.03108 lb 1 kg ⫽ 2.205 lb 1 km/h ⫽ 0.278 m/s
1 mile ⫽ 1.609 km 1 dyn ⫽ 2.248 ⫻ 10⫺6 lb 1 kg ⫽ 0.06852 slug
1 mile ⫽ 5280 ft 1 lb ⫽ 4.448 N
1 mile ⫽ 1760 yd 1 N ⫽ 0.2248 lb

Work, energy, and power Pressure Volume Flow rate

1 Btu ⫽ 778.2 ft-lb 1 psi ⫽ 2.036 in. Hg 1 ft3 ⫽ 28.32 L 1 ft3/min ⫽ 4.719 ⫻ 10⫺4 m3/s
1 J ⫽ 107 ergs 1 J ⫽ 0.7376 ft-lb 1 psi ⫽ 27.7 in. H2O 1 ft3 ⫽ 7.481 gal (U.S.) 1 ft3/sec ⫽ 0.02832 m3/s
1 cal ⫽ 3.088 ft-lb 14.7 psi ⫽ 22.92 in. Hg 1 gal (U.S.) ⫽ 231 in3 1 m3/s ⫽ 35.31 ft3/sec
1 cal ⫽ 0.003968 Btu 14.7 psi ⫽ 33.93 ft H2O 1 gal (Brit.) ⫽ 1.2 gal (U.S.) 1 gal/min ⫽ 0.002228 ft3/sec
1 kWh ⫽ 3413 Btu 14.7 psi ⫽ 1.0332 kg/cm2 1 m3 ⫽ 1000 L 1 ft3/sec ⫽ 448.9 gal/min
1 Btu ⫽ 1.055 kJ 14.7 psi ⫽ 1.0133 bar 1 ft3 ⫽ 0.02832 m3
1 ft-lb ⫽ 1.356 J 1 kg/cm2 ⫽ 14.22 psi 1 m3 ⫽ 35.31 ft3 Viscosity
1 hp ⫽ 550 ft-lb/sec 1 in. Hg ⫽ 0.4912 psi
1 hp ⫽ 0.7067 Btu/sec 1 ft H2O ⫽ 0.4331 psi 1 stoke ⫽ 10⫺4 m2/s
1 hp ⫽ 0.7455 kW 1 psi ⫽ 6895 Pa 1 poise ⫽ 0.1 N⭈s/m2
1 W ⫽ 1 J/s 1 psf ⫽ 47.88 Pa 1 lb-sec/ft2 ⫽ 47.88 N⭈s/m2
1 W ⫽ 1.0 ⫻ 107 dyn-cm/s 105 Pa ⫽ 1 bar 1 ft2/sec ⫽ 0.0929 m2/s
1 erg ⫽ 10⫺7 J 1 kPa ⫽ 0.145 psi
1 quad ⫽ 1015 Btu
1 therm ⫽ 105 Btu

TABLE A.3 Vector Relationships

A ⭈ B ⫽ AxBx ⫹ AyBy ⫹ AzBz
A ⫻ B ⫽ (AyBz ⫺ AzBy)î ⫹ (AzBx ⫺ AxBz) ĵ ⫹ (AxBy ⫺ AyBx)k̂
If A ⬜ B, A ⭈ B ⫽ 0
If A 얍 B, A ⫻ B ⫽ 0
⭸ ⭸ ⭸
gradient operator ⫽ ⵱ ⫽ ᎏᎏî ⫹ ᎏᎏ ĵ ⫹ ᎏᎏ k̂
⭸x ⭸y ⭸z
⭸u ⭸√ ⭸„
divergence of V ⫽ ⵱ ⭈ V ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ ᎏᎏ ⫹ ᎏᎏ
⭸x ⭸y ⭸z
⭸„ ⭸√ ⭸u ⭸„ ⭸√ ⭸u
curl of V ⫽ ⵱ ⫻ V ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫺ ᎏᎏ î ⫹ ᎏᎏ ⫺ ᎏᎏ ĵ ⫹ ᎏᎏ ⫺ ᎏᎏ k̂
⭸y ⭸z ⭸z ⭸x
冢 ⭸x ⭸y 冣 冢 冣 冢 冣
2
Laplace’s equation ⫽ ⵜ f ⫽ 0
Irrotational (conservative) vector field: ⵱ ⫻ V ⫽ 0
Stokes’ theorem:冖 V ⭈ dl ⫽ 冕冕 (⵱ ⫻ V) ⭈ n̂ dA
C A

A
Gauss’ Theorem: 冗 V ⭈ n̂ dA ⫽ 冕冕冕 ⵱ ⭈ V dV
V

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Appendix 735

B. FLUID PROPERTIES

TABLE B.1 Properties of Water

Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk

Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity tension pressure modulus
T r m n s p√ B
(°C) (kg/m3) (N⭈s/m2) (m2/s) (N/m) (kPa) (Pa)

0 999.9 1.792 ⫻ 10⫺3 1.792 ⫻ 10⫺6 0.0762 0.610 204 ⫻ 107

5 1000.0 1.519 1.519 0.0754 0.872 206
10 999.7 1.308 1.308 0.0748 1.13 211
15 999.1 1.140 1.141 0.0741 1.60 214
20 998.2 1.005 1.007 0.0736 2.34 220
30 995.7 0.801 0.804 0.0718 4.24 223
40 992.2 0.656 0.661 0.0701 3.38 227
50 988.1 0.549 0.556 0.0682 12.3 230
60 983.2 0.469 0.477 0.0668 19.9 228
70 977.8 0.406 0.415 0.0650 31.2 225
80 971.8 0.357 0.367 0.0630 47.3 221
90 965.3 0.317 0.328 0.0612 70.1 216
100 958.4 0.284 ⫻ 10⫺3 0.296 ⫻ 10⫺6 0.0594 101.3 207 ⫻ 107

TABLE B.1—English Properties of Water

Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk

Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity tension pressure modulus
(°F) (slug/ft3) (lb-sec/ft2) (ft2/sec) (lb/ft) (psi) (psi)

32 1.94 3.75 ⫻ 10⫺5 1.93 ⫻ 10⫺5 0.518 ⫻ 10⫺2 0.089 293,000

40 1.94 3.23 1.66 0.514 0.122 294,000
50 1.94 2.74 1.41 0.509 0.178 305,000
60 1.94 2.36 1.22 0.504 0.256 311,000
70 1.94 2.05 1.06 0.500 0.340 320,000
80 1.93 1.80 0.93 0.492 0.507 322,000
90 1.93 1.60 0.83 0.486 0.698 323,000
100 1.93 1.42 0.74 0.480 0.949 327,000
120 1.92 1.17 0.61 0.465 1.69 333,000
140 1.91 0.98 0.51 0.454 2.89 330,000
160 1.90 0.84 0.44 0.441 4.74 326,000
180 1.88 0.73 0.39 0.426 7.51 318,000
200 1.87 0.64 0.34 0.412 11.53 308,000
212 1.86 0.59 ⫻ 10⫺5 0.32 ⫻ 10⫺5 0.404 ⫻ 10⫺2 14.7 300,000

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736 Appendix

TABLE B.2 Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Kinematic Velocity
Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity of sound
T r m n c
(°C) (kg/m3) (N⭈s/m2) (m2/s) (m/s)

⫺50 1.582 1.46 ⫻ 10⫺5 0.921 ⫻ 10⫺5 299

⫺30 1.452 1.56 1.08 ⫻ 10⫺5 312
⫺20 1.394 1.61 1.16 319
⫺10 1.342 1.67 1.24 325
0 1.292 1.72 1.33 331
10 1.247 1.76 1.42 337
20 1.204 1.81 1.51 343
30 1.164 1.86 1.60 349
40 1.127 1.91 1.69 355
50 1.092 1.95 1.79 360
60 1.060 2.00 1.89 366
70 1.030 2.05 1.99 371
80 1.000 2.09 2.09 377
90 0.973 2.13 2.19 382
100 0.946 2.17 2.30 387
200 0.746 2.57 3.45 436
300 0.616 2.93 ⫻ 10⫺5 4.75 ⫻ 10⫺5 480

TABLE B.2—English Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Kinematic Velocity
Temperature Density Viscosity viscosity of sound
(°F) (slug/ft3) (lb-sec/ft2) (ft2/sec) (ft/sec)

⫺20 0.00280 3.34 ⫻ 10⫺7 11.9 ⫻ 10⫺5 1028

0 0.00268 3.38 12.6 1051
20 0.00257 3.50 13.6 1074
40 0.00247 3.62 14.6 1096
60 0.00237 3.74 15.8 1117
68 0.00233 3.81 16.0 1125
80 0.00228 3.85 16.9 1138
100 0.00220 3.96 18.0 1159
120 0.00213 4.07 18.9 1180
160 0.00199 4.23 21.3 1220
200 0.00187 4.50 24.1 1258
300 0.00162 4.98 30.7 1348
400 0.00144 5.26 36.7 1431
1000 0.000844 7.87 ⫻ 10⫺7 93.2 ⫻ 10⫺5 1839

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Appendix 737

TABLE B.3 Properties of the Standard Atmosphere

Velocity
Altitude Temperature Pressure Density of sound
(m) (K) (kPa) (kg/m3) (m/s)

0 288.2 101.3 1.225 340

500 284.9 95.43 1.167 338
1 000 281.7 89.85 1.112 336
2 000 275.2 79.48 1.007 333
4 000 262.2 61.64 0.8194 325
6 000 249.2 47.21 0.6602 316
8 000 236.2 35.65 0.5258 308
10 000 223.3 26.49 0.4136 300
12 000 216.7 19.40 0.3119 295
14 000 216.7 14.17 0.2278 295
16 000 216.7 10.35 0.1665 295
18 000 216.7 7.563 0.1216 295
20 000 216.7 5.528 0.0889 295
30 000 226.5 1.196 0.0184 302
40 000 250.4 0.287 4.00 ⫻ 10⫺3 317
50 000 270.7 0.0798 1.03 ⫻ 10⫺3 330
60 000 255.8 0.0225 3.06 ⫻ 10⫺4 321
70 000 219.7 0.00551 8.75 ⫻ 10⫺5 297
80 000 180.7 0.00103 2.00 ⫻ 10⫺5 269

TABLE B.3—English Properties of the Atmosphere

Velocity
Altitude Temperature Pressure Density of sound
(ft) (°F) (lb/ft2) (slugs/ft3) (ft/sec)

0 59.0 2116 0.00237 1117

1,000 55.4 2014 0.00231 1113
2,000 51.9 1968 0.00224 1109
5,000 41.2 1760 0.00205 1098
10,000 23.4 1455 0.00176 1078
15,000 5.54 1194 0.00150 1058
20,000 ⫺12.3 973 0.00127 1037
25,000 ⫺30.1 785 0.00107 1016
30,000 ⫺48.0 628 0.000890 995
35,000 ⫺65.8 498 0.000737 973
36,000 ⫺67.6 475 0.000709 971
40,000 ⫺67.6 392 0.000586 971
50,000 ⫺67.6 242 0.000362 971
100,000 ⫺51.4 23.2 3.31 ⫻ 10⫺5 971

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738 Appendix

TABLE B.4 Properties of Ideal Gases at 300 K

R cp

ft-lb kJ ft-lb kJ
Chemical Molar
Gas formula mass slug-°R kg⭈K slug-°R kg⭈K k

Air — 28.97 1,716 0.287 6,012 1.004 1.40

Argon Ar 39.94 1,244 0.2081 3,139 0.5203 1.667
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 1,129 0.1889 5,085 0.8418 1.287
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 1,775 0.2968 6,238 1.041 1.40
Ethane C2H6 30.07 1,653 0.2765 10,700 1.766 1.184
Helium He 4.003 12,420 2.077 31,310 5.193 1.667
Hydrogen H2 2.016 24,660 4.124 85,930 14.21 1.40
Methane CH4 16.04 3,100 0.5184 13,330 2.254 1.30
Nitrogen N2 28.02 1,774 0.2968 6,213 1.042 1.40
Oxygen O2 32.00 1,553 0.2598 5,486 0.9216 1.394
Propane C3H8 44.10 1,127 0.1886 10,200 1.679 1.12
Steam H2O 18.02 2,759 0.4615 11,150 1.872 1.33

c√ ⫽ cp ⫺ R, k ⫽ cp/c√

TABLE B.5 Properties of Common Liquids at Atmospheric Pressure and Approximately 60 to 70°F (16 to 21°C)

Specific Surface Vapor

weight g Density r tensiona s pressure p√

Liquid lb/ft3 N/m3 slugs/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft N/m psia kPa

Alcohol, ethyl 49.3 7 744 1.53 789 0.0015 0.022 — —

Benzene 56.2 8 828 1.75 902 0.0020 0.029 1.50 10.3
Carbon tetrachloride 99.5 15 629 3.09 1 593 0.0018 0.026 12.50 86.2
Gasoline 42.4 6 660 1.32 680 — — — —
Glycerin 78.6 12 346 2.44 1 258 0.0043 0.063 2 ⫻ 10⫺6 1.4 ⫻ 10⫺5
Kerosene 50.5 7 933 1.57 809 0.0017 0.025 — —
Mercury 845.5 132 800 26.29 13 550 0.032 0.467 2.31 ⫻ 10⫺5 1.59 ⫻ 10
SAE 10 oil 57.4 9 016 1.78 917 0.0025 0.036 — —
SAE 30 oil 57.4 9 016 1.78 917 0.0024 0.035 — —
Turpentine 54.3 8 529 1.69 871 0.0018 0.026 7.7 ⫻ 10⫺3 5.31 ⫻ 10⫺2
Water 62.4 9 810 1.94 1000 0.0050 0.073 0.34 2.34
a
In contact with air.

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Appendix 739

Temperature (°F)
20 60 100 140 180 220

2.0 Glycerine 4

1.0 2
8
6 Castor oil 1 × 10–2
4 8
6
SAE 30 oil 4
2

1 × 10–1 2
8
6 1 × 10–3
4 8
SAE 10W-30 oil 6
2 4

Viscosity μ (lb-sec/ft2)
Viscosity μ (N⋅s/m2)

SAE 10W oil

1 × 10–2 2
8
6 Mercury 1 × 10–4
4 8
6
Kerosene
2 Carbon tetrachloride 4

1 × 10–3 2
8
6 1 × 10–5
4 8
6
Water 4
2 Octane
Heptane
1 × 10–4 2
8
6 1 × 10–6
4 Helium Carbon dioxide Methane 8
Air 6
2 4

1 × 10–5 2 × 10–7
8 Hydrogen

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (°C)

FIGURE B.1 Viscosity as a function of temperature. (From R. W. Fox and

T. A. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 1978.)

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740 Appendix

Temperature (°F)
20 60 100 140 180 220
1 × 10–2
8
6
4 1 m2/sec = 10.76 ft2/sec 4

Gl
2 2

yc
SA

eri
E

n
1 × 10–3 1 × 10–2

30
SA
E

oil
8 8

10
6 6

W
-3
4 4

0
oi
Helium

l
2 2

Kinematic viscosity ν (ft2/sec)

Hydrogen
Kinematic viscosity ν (m2/s)

1 × 10–4 1 × 10–3
8 SA 8
6 E 6
10
W 4
4 oil Methane

2 Air 2

1 × 10–5 1 × 10–4
8 ide 8
6 Carbon diox 6
4 4
Kero
sine
2 2
Wat
er
1 × 10–6 1 × 10–5
8 8
6 Heptane Octane 6
4 4
Carbon tetr
2 achloride 2
Mercury
1 × 10–7 1 × 10–6
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°C)

FIGURE B.2 Kinematic viscosity (at atmospheric pressure) as a function of

temperature. (From R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1978.)

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67730_15_appendix_p732-772.qxd 11/30/10 10:05 PM Page 741

C. PROPERTIES OF AREAS AND VOLUMES

TABLE C.1 Areas

Second
Sketch Area Centroid moment

b
–
y
Rectangle h bh y苶 ⫽ h/2 I苶 ⫽ bh3/12
I苶xy ⫽ 0
d
–
y h
Triangle b+d bh/2 苶y ⫽ h/3 I苶 ⫽ bh3/36
3 I苶xy ⫽ (b ⫺ 2d)bh3/72
b
–
y
D
Circle pD2/4 y苶 ⫽ r I苶 ⫽ pD4/64

D –
y
x
Semicircle pD2/8 苶y ⫽ 4r/3p Ix ⫽ pD4/128

2a
–
y
Ellipse 2b pab y苶 ⫽ b I苶 ⫽ pab3/4

– 2a
y b
x
Semiellipse pab/2 y苶 ⫽ 4b/3p Ix ⫽ pab3/8

TABLE C.2 Volumes

Surface
Sketch area Volume Centroid

D
–
y
Cylinder h pDh ⫹ pD2/2 pD2h/4 y苶 ⫽ h/2

–
y
D
Sphere pD2 pD3/6 苶y ⫽ r

–
y h
Cone p(r2 ⫹ r兹苶
r2 ⫹ h2苶 ) pD2h/12 y苶 ⫽ h/4
D
–
y
Hemisphere 3pD2/4 pD2/12 苶y ⫽ 3r/8

741

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