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    Lesson 1 Nature of Psychology

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    Mariah A.
    Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This chapter discusses the definition and history of psychology from ancient times to modern perspectives. It covers the major schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, gestalt, cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, and existentialism. The chapter also outlines various areas of psychology such as abnormal, clinical, developmental, social, and industrial psychology. It concludes with a brief discussion of Filipino psychology.

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    Lesson 1 Nature of Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Mariah A.
    75 views4 pages
    Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This chapter discusses the definition and history of psychology from ancient times to modern perspectives. It covers the major schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, gestalt, cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, and existentialism. The chapter also outlines various areas of psychology such as abnormal, clinical, developmental, social, and industrial psychology. It concludes with a brief discussion of Filipino psychology.

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    Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This chapter discusses the definition and history of psychology from ancient times to modern perspectives. It covers the major schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, gestalt, cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, and existentialism. The chapter also outlines various areas of psychology such as abnormal, clinical, developmental, social, and industrial psychology. It concludes with a brief discussion of Filipino psychology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    75 views4 pages

    Lesson 1 Nature of Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Mariah A.
    Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This chapter discusses the definition and history of psychology from ancient times to modern perspectives. It covers the major schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, gestalt, cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, and existentialism. The chapter also outlines various areas of psychology such as abnormal, clinical, developmental, social, and industrial psychology. It concludes with a brief discussion of Filipino psychology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY

    CHAPTER 1: NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY

    Learning Objectives:
    ● Definition and Development of Psychology as a Science
    ● Academic and Applied Fields of Psychology
    ● Schools of Psychology or Schools of Thought
    ● Theoretical Perspectives
    ● Brief Introduction to Filipino Psychology
    ● Scientific Approach to Research in Psychology

    A. Definition of Psychology

    Psychology
    ● comes from the greek word “psyche” meaning ​mind or soul ​and “logos” meaning ​study of
    ● The scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organism
    ● According to the American Psychological Association, psychology is a scholarly discipline, profession
    and a science.
    ● Psychology is a science that studies behavior and mental processes
    ● The aim of psychology is to OBSERVE, DESCRIBE, PREDICT, UNDERSTAND , CONTROL

    Additional info [as per book of Aguirre]:

    Differentiate the following: [please research about this]


    ● Emotions vs Feelings
    ● Attitude vs Behavior

    Behavior ​- refers to the actions and reactions of the individual when exposed or placed on a certain situation
    or environment

    Different Types of Behavior:


    ● Overt and Covert
    ● Conscious, Unconscious and Nonconscious
    ● Rational and Irrational
    ● Voluntary and Involuntary
    ● Simple and Complex

    B. History and Development of Psychology


    ● Ancient Period
    ○ The most common way of explaining behavior during these times was through the use of
    Animism​ [please research about this]
    ● Greek Period
    ○ Plato​ - proposed the three distinct elements which are the logical part, spirited part and
    appetitive part [this will also be discussed in your UTS subject]
    ○ Aristotle​ - considered as father of philosophy [rationalism]
    ● Pre-modern Period
    ○ Rene Descartes​ - dualism
    ○ John Locke​ - ​tabula rasa o ​ r blank slate/tablet
    ○ Immanuel Kant​ - disagrees with Locke’s assumption
    ● Modern Psychology
    ○ Wilhelm Wundt​ - German psychologist; known as the Father of modern psychology; established
    the first psychological laboratory in Germany
    ○ William James​ - founder of American Psychology
    ● Contemporary Psychology
    ○ Sigmund Freud​ - father of psychoanalysis
    ○ Carl Jung​ - proposed the Analytic Psychology
    ○ Alfred Adler​ - proposed the Individual Psychology

    C. Areas and Fields of Psychology

    ● Abnormal Psychology​ - looks at ● Industrial Psychology ​- apply psychological


    psychopathology and abnormal behavior; principles and research methods to
    DSM V workplace
    ● Behavioral Psychology​ - learning is based ● Psycholinguistics ​- relationships between
    on the idea of conditioning linguistic behavior and psychological
    ● Biopsychology​ - how the brain influences processes
    behavior ● Cultural Psychology​ - focused on how our
    ● Cognitive Psychology​ - focuses on the emotions and behaviors are influenced by
    internal state such as motivation, or rooted in our individual cultures
    problem-solving, decision-making, thinking ● Educational/School Psychology​ - focuses
    attention on teaching styles, learning styles of
    ● ​ ives assessment,
    Clinical Psychology - g students
    treat mental emotional and behavioral ● Experimental Psychology​ - utilizes scientific
    disorders method to research the brain and behavior
    ● Comparative Psychology -​ study of animal ● Forensics/Legal Psychology​ - applies
    behavior psychological principles to legal issues
    ● Developmental Psychology ​- development ● Social Psychology ​- how a person's mental
    throughout the lifespan life and behavior are influenced by
    ● Engineering Psychology ​ - how people work interactions with other people
    best with machines ● Sports Psychology -​ help with competition
    ● Evolutionary Psychology​ - how evolution goals and motivation of athletes
    affects human thoughts

    Additional Info:
    Find the difference between [research about this]
    ● Psychiatry
    ● Psychotherapy
    ● Counselling

    D. Schools of Thought
    1. Structuralism
    - Believes in the importance of the structured mind; it focuses on breaking down mental
    processes into the most basic components
    - The first school of thought and introduced ideas associated with experiences
    - The school was advocated by ​Wilhelm Wundt [German]​, but it was his student,
    Edward Titchener [English]​ who would formally establish and name structuralism
    - Structuralists primarily use the method called ​introspection ​[subjects were trained to
    observe and report as accurately as they could their mental processes, feelings, etc.]
    - Introspection was thought to be a long tedious method that required intelligent subjects
    with verbal facility
    2. Functionalism
    - Originated from the US
    - It focuses on the importance of the ‘function of the mind’ rather than the ‘structure of the
    mind’
    - It also stressed the functional adjustment of an organism to his environment
    - How the mind affects what people do
    - Charles Darwin’s theory rooted this school of thought; functionalists assumed that the
    conscious mind evolved
    - G. Stanley Hall [leader], William James [most famous], John Dewey, James
    Rowland Angell, Harvey Carr ​spearheaded functionalism
    3. Psychoanalysis
    - It was founded by Sigmund Freud [Austrian neurologist] \
    - He advanced the belief called ​psychic determinism ​[explains that the unconscious
    psychological conflicts in the human mind usually related to sex and aggression motivate
    both normal and abnormal human behavior
    - Freud assumes that from early childhood, people repress [force out of conscious
    awareness] any desires or needs that are unacceptable to themselves or the society.
    - Includes conscious, preconscious and unconscious levels of the mind, the id, ego, ad
    super ego, psychosexual stages, free association, dream analysis, and slips of the
    tongue
    4. Behaviorism
    - John B. Watson, ​was an American psychologist at the John Hopkins University
    - This school of thought believed that observable behavior, no inner experience, was the
    only reliable source of information
    - Behaviorists stressed the importance of the environment in shaping an individual’s
    behavior
    - Ivan P. Pavlov, ​Russian Psychologists​, ​besame famous for his Classical Conditioning
    [research about this]
    - B.F. Skinner, ​American psychologist, became famous for his Operant/Instrumental
    Conditioning [research about this]
    5. Gestalt
    - It developed as a reaction to structuralism [disagree]
    - It was founded by German psychologist, ​Max Wertheimer
    - Gestalt literally means​ “to configure or to form or pattern”
    - It believes that human beings and other animals perceive the external world as an
    organized pattern
    - Thus the familiar saying: ​The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
    - Phi phenomenon, ​illustrates that the mind organizes stimuli into related wholes
    6. Cognitive Psychology
    - A theoretical perspective that focuses on the realms of human perception, thought and
    memory
    - Jean Piaget, ​articulated that students learn better when they can invent knowledge
    through inquiry and experimentation instead of acquiring facts presented by a teacher in
    class
    - Lev Vygotsky, ​emphasized the role of social interactions in knowledge construction
    [social constructivism]
    7. Humanistic Psychology
    - Known as the 3rd force in psychology
    - It strayed away from psychoanalysis and behaviorism
    - Believed that an individual’s behavior is primarily determined by his perception of the
    world around him
    - Abraham Maslow, ​was the proponent of this school of thought along with ​Carl Rogers
    - It promoted a positive view of human nature; it emphasized the natural motivation of a
    person to develop higher levels of creativity and fulfillment to reach his potential/
    self-actualization [see Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs]
    8. Existential
    - Søren Kierkegaard​ and Friedrich Nietzsche, were mostly associated with existentialism
    - It asks the questions: Why are we here? What is the purpose of life?

    E. Theoretical Perspectives [​ the same as the schools of thought]

    ● Evolutionary Perspective ● Humanistic Perspective


    ● Psychodynamic Perspective ● Psychobiological Perspective
    ● Behavioral Perspective ● Neuropsychological Perspective
    ● Cognitive Perspective

    F. Filipino Psychology
    Zeus Salazar​ identified four lines of history and filiations of Philippine Psychology namely:
    1. Academic-scientific 3. Ethnic or indigenous
    psychology psychology
    2. Academic philosophical 4. Psycho-medical psycholo​gy
    psychology

    G. Scientific Approach to Research in Psychology​ [Please research the steps of the scientific method.]

    The scientific method includes three steps:


    1. Formulating the problem or purpose of the study
    2. Developing a conceptual or theoretical framework on the specific phenomenon to be studied
    3. Carrying the research to gather pieces of evidence the either support or refute the research

    ● Correlation Methods of Research


    ● Experimental Methods of Research
    ● Indigenous Methods of Research

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