Strtess Management Textbook

A Harvard Medical School Special Health Report
Stress Management
Approaches for preventing and reducing stress
In this report:
Mini-relaxations for
quick stress relief
How stress affects your
brain, heart, and lungs
Learn meditation,
breath focus, guided
imagery, and other
techniques
Special Bonus Section

Your portable guide to
stress relief
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Stress management
SPECIAL HEALTH REPORT
Contents
Medical Editor Understanding the stress response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Herbert Benson, M.D. What is stress?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Director Emeritus, Benson-Henry Institute for Mind
Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital The positive side of stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mind/Body Medical Institute Associate Professor The toll of stress on your body and mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Stress in your life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Aggie Casey, M.S., R.N.
Director, Cardiac Wellness Programs, The major life event stress scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine Recognizing the early signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
at Massachusetts General Hospital Unhealthy responses to stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Associate in Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Writers How to prevent and manage stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Francesca Coltrera, Karin Leinwand Producing the relaxation response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Editor Breath focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Annmarie Dadoly Body scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Editor, Special Health Reports Guided imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Kathleen Cahill Allison Mindfulness meditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Art Director Proper nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Heather Derocher Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Production Editors Cognitive restructuring: You are what you think. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Mary Kenda Allen, Melissa Rico The role of positive psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Illustrators Communicating better. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Alex Gonzalez, Scott Leighton, Marcia Williams Social support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Published by Harvard Medical School Nurturing yourself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Anthony L. Komaroff, M.D., Editor in Chief Journals: Easing stress the write way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Edward Coburn, Publishing Director
Copyright ©2011 by Harvard University. Written permission is The different faces of stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
required to reproduce, in any manner, in whole or in part, the Gender and stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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Age and stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10 Shattuck St., 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115 Caregiving and stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
617-432-1485 Fax: 617-432-4719 Work and stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Web Site
For the latest information and most up-to-date publication How stress affects the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
list, visit us online at www.health.harvard.edu. Stress and cardiovascular disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Customer Service Stress and cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
For all subscription questions or problems (rates, subscrib- Stress and high blood pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
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send an e-mail to [email protected], Stress and the immune system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
or write to Harvard Health Publications, P.O. Box 9308, Stress and asthma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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Stress and gastrointestinal disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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Dear Reader,
Turn on the television and you will likely be bombarded by stories of history-making
financial bailouts, terrorist threats, and natural disasters. Add to this backdrop layoffs, illness,
money woes, temper tantrums, and traffic jams—challenges you are more apt to face in your
own life—and you can see that stressful situations are constant and inevitable.
Just as serious as the stressors themselves are the adverse effects stress can have on your
emotional and physical health. Many well-respected studies link stress to heart disease
and stroke—the No. 1 and No. 3 causes of death, respectively, in the United States. Stress
is also implicated in a host of other ailments such as depression and anxiety, chronic lower
respiratory diseases, asthma flare-ups, rheumatoid arthritis, and gastrointestinal problems.
To be clear, stress is not all bad. Your perception of a real or imagined threat can spark the
stress response, which prepares the body to fight or flee. That swift reflex was encoded in
you for survival. Thanks to the stress response, you might suddenly jump out of the path
of a speeding car or flee from a burning house. But when your stress response is evoked
repeatedly, your body experiences unnecessary wear and tear—such as high blood pressure—
that can lead to poor health.
While you can’t avoid stress altogether, you can learn to manage stressful situations in
healthier ways, enabling you to sidestep certain health problems and prevent some ailments
from worsening. One important key is the connection between your mind and your body.
You can learn techniques to help you avoid triggering the stress response. You can also learn
how to use your mind to elicit the opposite physiological response—a calm, relaxed state
called the relaxation response.
This report is intended to help you learn to identify your stress warning signs and develop
new resiliency tools so you can better manage stressful situations. Choose the tools that work
best for you and try them. By doing so, you could ward off the harmful effects of stress on
your health and develop greater peace of mind.
Sincerely,
Herbert Benson, M.D. Aggie Casey, M.S., R.N.

Medical Editor Medical Editor
Harvard Health Publications | Harvard Medical School | 10 Shattuck Street, Second Floor | Boston, MA 02115
Understanding the stress response
W hat is stress? Does it have positive attributes?

How have decades of research shaped current
theories on stress? This section answers these ques-
off a physical reaction of fear. The cat’s heartbeat and
blood pressure shot up, while blood flow to the muscles
increased. Cannon dubbed this occurrence the “fright,
tions and touches briefly on how stress affects the fight, or flight” response. Currently, though, it’s known
body. The list titled “My stress warning signs” on as the fight-or-flight response or the stress response.
page 8 will help you identify how you feel when faced
with stressful situations in your own life. The stress response
The initial hormone Cannon isolated was epinephrine.
It’s also called adrenaline, after the glands that manu-
What is stress? facture it. Next, Cannon found a second stress-response
You may define stress as bumper-to-bumper traffic, a hormone called norepinephrine, or noradrenaline.
deadline bearing down fast, a worrisome illness, or a Other researchers discovered cortisol, which belongs to
contentious argument with your spouse. A friend may a second class of stress hormones (known as glucocorti-
define it as a relationship spiraling downward, the need coids) that play key roles in the stress response.
to care for an ailing parent, or a pile of unpaid bills. The stress response starts with a signal from the
If you were a medical expert, though, you would part of your brain called the hypothalamus. Perched
label these scenarios stressors—that is, examples of above the brainstem, the hypothalamus is a network
stressful events and circumstances. Stress itself can of nerves wired to the rest of your body through the
be defined more broadly as an automatic physical autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous
response to any stimulus that requires you to adjust to system rules such involuntary body functions as
change. Whether it’s a sudden car crash, a loud argu- breathing, blood pressure, heartbeat, and the dilation
ment, or the ache of rheumatoid arthritis, each real or constriction of key blood vessels and small airways
or perceived threat to your body triggers a cascade in the lungs called bronchioles. Its two tributaries are
of stress hormones that produce well-orchestrated the sympathetic nervous system, which revs up the
physiological changes. body in response to perceived dangers, and the para-
All of us know these sensations. Your heart pounds. sympathetic nervous system, which calms the body
Muscles tense. Breathing quickens, and beads of sweat after the danger has passed.
appear. But exactly how and why these reactions occur When the hypothalamus processes certain infor-
and what effects they might have over time are ques- mation—perhaps the sight of your boss bearing down
tions that have intrigued researchers for many years. with an ominous expression, or the sound of screech-
Harvard physiologist Walter B. Cannon was a ing car tires behind you—it sends a chemical messen-
pioneer in exploring the biochemistry of stress. His ger called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) down
research nearly a century ago convinced him that fright a pathway to the nearby pituitary gland (see Figure
was not all in the mind, but also stemmed from the 1). This stimulates cells in the pituitary to send their
adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys. By experi- own chemical messenger, adrenocorticotropic hor-
menting with barking dogs and caged cats, Cannon mone (ACTH), to the adrenal glands, which spill cor-
was able to isolate a hormone secreted by the adrenal tisol into the bloodstream. Surges of epinephrine and
glands of the frightened cats. When he injected that norepinephrine are also released by the adrenal glands
hormone into a second, perfectly calm cat, it touched on instructions from the brain and simultaneously
2 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu
throughout the body by the sympathetic nervous sys- The positive side of stress
tem. (The powerful triumvirate of the hypothalamus, As many people have noted, the stress response can
pituitary gland, and adrenal glands is dubbed the HPA be enormously helpful. Surging epinephrine enables
axis. It governs a multitude of hormonal activities people to perform Herculean feats. Who can forget the
in the body and provides a feedback loop that helps firemen laden with lifesaving equipment who charged
switch off the stress response when levels of certain up flights of smoke-filled stairs in the World Trade
hormones are too high.) Center after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001? Or
Stress hormones race through your bloodstream to the ordinary citizens who carried injured and disabled
different parts of your body, preparing you to fight or people out of the towers?
flee. Your breath quickens as your body takes in extra Fight-or-flight responses are appropriate and essen-
oxygen. Energy-boosting glucose and fats are released tial in such overwhelming situations. When appropri-
from storage sites into your bloodstream. Sharpened
senses, such as sight and hearing, make you more alert. Figure 1 The HPA axis and the stress response
Your heart beats faster—up to two to three times
as quickly as normal—and your blood pressure rises.
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
Certain blood vessels constrict, which helps direct
blood flow to your muscles and brain and away from
your skin and other organs.
Blood cells called platelets become stickier, so
clots can form more easily to minimize bleeding Senses sharpen
from potential injuries. Immune system activity picks
Breath quickens
up. Your muscles—even tiny, hair-raising muscles and lungs take
ACTH released
beneath your skin—tighten, preparing you to spring in more oxygen
into action. Blood pressure rises
Body systems not needed for the immediate emer- Heart beats
gency are suppressed. The stomach and intestines faster
cease operations. Sexual arousal lessens. Repair and

Muscles tighten
growth of body tissues slows. Adrenal
Cannon believed the stress response was tempo- glands
release
rary. Minutes after the rush triggered by epinephrine, cortisol,
he thought, the body would wind down to its normal Glucose and fats adrenaline,
are released into and nor
balance, a physical state known as homeostasis. That bloodstream adrenaline
meant your lungs would slow their rate of breathing.
Your blood pressure would drop as your heartbeat
slowed and blood flowed in normal patterns again.
Your intestines would start their work again, provid-
ing new fuel to replace the energy burned in the emer-
gency. Bones would resume repairs or start growing The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands make
again, and sex might appear more inviting. up the HPA axis, which plays a pivotal role in triggering the
With the challenge that sparked the stress response stress response. By releasing certain chemicals, such as adreno
behind you and the parasympathetic nervous system corticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, the HPA axis rouses
the body for action when it’s faced with a stressor. As the
exerting its calming influence, the day-to-day business
illustration reveals, the effect of this release of hormones is
of your body would resume. Later research showed, widespread. Senses become sharper, muscles tighten, the heart
however, that Cannon was not completely correct (see beats faster, blood pressure rises, and breathing quickens. All of
“The toll of stress on your body and mind,” page 4). this prepares you to fight or flee in the face of danger.
www.h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 3

ately evoked, the stress response helps us rise to many Exercise and social support proved essential. So did
challenges. These challenges may be external forces, control, challenge, and commitment. Stress-hardy peo-
such as a fire or an earthquake, or internal threats, such ple seem to feel a sense of control or the ability to influ-
as your circulatory system teetering on the brink of a ence events, embrace the challenge in situations others
deadly collapse. The fight-or-flight response can prove might find stressful, and describe themselves as com-
beneficial under far less dangerous circumstances, too. mitted to something meaningful. According to one
Physiologist Hans Selye, whose work helped shape study, people with these characteristics report fewer
modern stress theory, advanced the idea that physi- illnesses and are less likely to be absent from work.
cal and psychosocial stressors trigger the same physio
logical response. Selye explored the line between
short-term stress that stimulates people to summon The toll of stress on your body
the resources to hurdle obstacles (“good” stress) and and mind
ongoing or overabundant stress, which wears down Intuitively, the stress response makes sense. It enables us
the ability to adapt and cope (“bad” stress, or distress). to rise to occasions and events that reward heightened
Two Harvard researchers, Robert M. Yerkes and John awareness and abilities. You see a bus rushing toward
D. Dodson, likewise demonstrated that a jolt of stress you, and the surge of epinephrine helps you sprint out
isn’t necessarily bad. They noted that as stress or anxi- of its path far faster than you normally move. The stress
ety levels rose, so did performance and efficiency—up hormones that spilled into your bloodstream at the
to a point (see Figure 2). At this turning point, further sight of the bus found the perfect physical outlet.
stress and anxiety led to significant declines in perfor- But experience tells us obvious dangers are not the
mance and ability. only scenarios that elicit the stress response. Any situa-
Where that turning point falls seems to differ tion you perceive as threatening or which requires you
from person to person. For while the stress response is to adjust to a change may do the same. That’s where
hard-wired into humans and other animals, the events the trouble starts.
and perceptions that set it off vary widely. What you Your body does a poor job of distinguishing
perceive as a threatening situation, your neighbor may between life-threatening events and day-to-day stressful
easily brush aside or even relish. situations. Anger or anxiety triggered by less momen-
Scientists have tackled the question of why some tous sources of stress, such as financial fears or traffic
people appear less vulnerable to stress or even seem to jams, doesn’t find a quick physical release and tends to
thrive on regular doses of it. Some research has iden- build up as the day rolls on. Adding to the turmoil is
tified characteristics common to stress-hardy folks. anticipation of potential problems, such as what you
might experience in waiting for the results of a medi-
Figure 2 Yerkes-Dodson law cal test. Without realizing it, you might make assump-
tions about what the test results will be, which sets off
another cycle of physiological symptoms—such as a
optimal clenched jaw, tight neck and shoulders, and anxiety.
performance When your body repeatedly experiences the stress
or efficiency response or when arousal following a terrible trauma
is never fully switched off (see “Post-traumatic stress
disorder,” page 5), your body’s stress response can be
described as maladaptive, or unhealthy. In this situa
low moderate high
stress or anxiety tion, the stress response kicks in sooner or in more
As stress increases, performance rises to an optimal point, situations than it otherwise would, increasing the
but if stress continues to increase, eventually performance burden your body must handle. Maladaptive stress
and efficiency decline. responses can lead to worrisome health problems. A
prime example of this is high blood pressure, or hyper- Stress linked to health problems
tension, which is a major risk factor for heart disease.
Another is suppression of the immune system, which Stress may contribute to or exacerbate various health
problems, including these:
increases susceptibility to colds and other common ill-
nesses (see “Stress linked to health problems,” at right, • allergic skin reactions
and “How stress affects the body,” page 33). • anxiety
It’s impossible to sidestep all sources of stress, and • arthritis

you wouldn’t want to. Our lives are full of physical and • constipation
psychological challenges, which add zest to life and • cough
sometimes deliver satisfying rewards. But while you • depression
can’t easily erase certain sources of stress, you can learn • diabetes
to perceive and manage them differently. The sec- • dizziness
tion “How to prevent and manage stress” on page 10 • headaches
describes many tools to help you accomplish this. • heart problems, such as angina, heart attack,
and cardiac arrhythmia
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • heartburn
Traumatic experiences often scar the psyche. Many • hypertension
military personnel who have been in combat suffer • infectious diseases, such as colds or herpes
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to • infertility
the National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, • insomnia
11% to 20% of veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan • irritable bowel syndrome
wars, 10% of Gulf War veterans, and as many as 30%
• menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes
of Vietnam veterans have experienced PTSD.
• “morning sickness,” the nausea and vomiting
Other traumatic events—such as rape, physical of pregnancy
assault, accidents, natural disasters, witnessing acts • nervousness
of terrorism, living in a war zone or otherwise vio-
• pain of any sort, including backaches, headaches,
lent locale, and losing a loved one suddenly—may also abdominal pain, muscle pain, joint aches,
trigger PTSD. The risk of developing PTSD is higher postoperative pain, and chronic pain caused by
among people with a family history of depression. many conditions
These are its key symptoms: • periodontal disease
• recurrent flashbacks, dreams, or intrusive thoughts • postoperative swelling
about a traumatic event • premenstrual syndrome
• withdrawal from people and certain situations • side effects of AIDS

• side effects of cancer and cancer treatments
• avoidance of reminders of the event or difficulty
• slow wound healing
recalling it
• trouble sleeping and resulting fatigue
• difficulty sleeping
• ulcers.
• being overly vigilant or easily startled.
To the extent that stress worsens these ailments, the
Not everyone who survives a traumatic event devel- relaxation response (a state of profound rest) and other
ops PTSD. Even if your immediate response to a disas- stress-relief methods can be healing (see “How to prevent
ter is extreme, this is not a sign of an emotional disorder and manage stress,” page 10). More in-depth information
or mental illness. Reaching out to others and resuming about some of the medical effects of stress appears in
“How stress affects the body” (page 33).
normal life may provide solace. Relaxation therapies,
Adapted primarily from The Wellness Book, Herbert Benson, M.D., and
physical activity, and expressing emotions while con- Eileen M. Stuart, R.N., M.S. (Fireside, 1993).
centrating on the future may also prove useful.

Relaxation response changes gene activity
It’s clear that the stress response creates physiological for an average of nine years and used a variety of methods—
changes in the body, but what are the physiological effects such as meditation, yoga, breath focus, or repetitive prayer.
of stress management techniques that produce the relax- The researchers found that the activity of certain genes dif-
ation response? As this report explains, stress management fered between these two groups.
techniques can have a host of health benefits such as better Then the participants who hadn’t used relaxation tech-
mood and lower blood pressure. But a study revealed that niques attended an eight-week course on evoking the relax-
relaxation response techniques may also alter the body at a ation response, and their genetic activity was measured
deep, fundamental level—by influencing the expression of again. The researchers now found changes in the expression
certain genes. of those genes similar to those seen in the long-term users of
Genes carry instructions for making proteins (the basic relaxation techniques, but to a lesser extent.
building blocks of the body) in cells. The 2008 study, pub- “We found differences in how certain sets of genes were
lished in the journal PLoS ONE, examined the effects of the being turned on and off. These genes were involved with
relaxation response on certain sets of genes. controlling how the body handles free radicals, inflammation
The study was conducted by the Genomics Center at processes, and cell death,” explained Dr. Benson.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Benson- In order for the genetic changes to persist, relaxation
Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts response techniques have to be done regularly. The
General Hospital. One of the senior authors of the study is researchers also found that any of the relaxation techniques
Dr. Herbert Benson, who is the medical editor of this Spe- produced the same genomic changes, supporting the theory
cial Health Report. that one relaxation technique is not superior to another.
The study compared the activity of genes—whether the However, all the techniques used in the study were well-
genes were being activated or suppressed—in 19 healthy established practices.
adults who were long-term users of relaxation techniques More research is needed to confirm these findings and to
and in 19 healthy adults who hadn’t used relaxation tech- determine if similar changes occur in patients who use relax-
niques. Those who used relaxation techniques had done so ation response techniques to help treat stress-related illnesses.
However, you should seek help from a licensed • irrational feelings of fear, dread, or danger
mental health professional if symptoms affect you for • frequent physical symptoms—such as agitation,
more than a few weeks. Keep in mind, too, that some- shakiness and trembling, nausea, hot and cold
times symptoms don’t occur until six months or more flashes, dizziness, shortness of breath, or frequent
after the triggering event. urination—in the absence of a rational threat
• recurrent distressing thoughts and uncontrollable
Anxiety and depression
repetitive behaviors intended to reduce the anxiety
The buildup of stress often feeds or causes anxiety
triggered by those thoughts.
and depression, too. Adopting the strategies outlined
in this report may help prevent these problems. Prac- Likewise, it’s important to seek a professional opin-
ticing stress management techniques may also bring ion if you have the following symptoms of depression:
some relief from anxiety and symptoms of depression; • prolonged feelings of sadness or irritability
however, it’s important to seek advice from a licensed
• loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed
health professional. He or she can evaluate you and
may recommend a combination of medications and • sleeping or eating markedly more or less than usual
counseling, as well as a mind-body program or other • feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or hopelessness
stress management approaches. • feeling anxious and unable to sit still
Seek a professional opinion if your anxiety is
• trouble concentrating and making decisions.
severe enough to interfere with your daily life. Symp-
toms may include any of the following: Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide are symp-
• extreme worry or fear much of the time, or repeated toms of depression that call for immediate profes-
panicky feelings sional attention.
Stress in your life
The major life event stress scale

In the course of a lifetime, odds are good that you’ll
survive some very stressful events. You’ll also face a
gamut of far smaller day-to-day stressors. The list that
Several decades ago, two psychiatrists at the Univer-
sity of Washington devised a scale for researchers that
appears later in this section will help you recognize the weighed the stress of major life events by asking 394
stress warning signs in your life. Once you’re aware adults to rank specific situations. The subjects were told
of how stress makes you feel and act, you can use the that marriage equaled 50 units out of a possible 100,
many different tools described in “How to prevent and and they were asked to rate other life events with that
manage stress” on page 10, to help quell its effects. in mind. Their responses were averaged (see Table 1).
Table 1 Major life event stress scale (out of a possible 100)

Event Score Event Score
Spouse’s death 100 Son or daughter leaving home 29
Divorce 73 Trouble with in-laws 29
Marriage separation 65 Outstanding personal achievement 28
Jail term 63 Spouse starts or stops working 26
Death of close relative 63 Start or stop school 26
Injury or illness 53 Change in living conditions 25
Marriage 50 Change in personal habits 24
Fired from job 47 Difficulty with boss 23
Marriage reconciliation 45 Shift in job hours or conditions 20
Retirement 45 Change in residence 20
Change in health of family member 44 Changing schools 20
Pregnancy 40 Change in recreation 19
Sexual difficulties 39 Change in church activities 19
New family member 39 Change in social activities 18
Business readjustment 39 Moderate debt 17
Change in finances 38 Shift in sleep habits 16
Death of close friend 37 Change in number of family get-togethers 15
Shift to different type of work 36 Shift in eating habits 15
Shift in number of arguments with spouse 35 Vacation 13
Moderate to high mortgage payments 31 Christmas 12
Foreclosure of mortgage or loan 30 Minor legal violations 11
Shift in work responsibilities 29
Adapted from The Relaxation Response, Herbert Benson, M.D., with Miriam Z. Klipper, updated and expanded edition (Avon Books, 2000).

In subsequent studies, Thomas Holmes and divorced were 12 times as likely to get sick in the fol-
RichardRahe, the scale’s creators, noted that the death lowing year than were married people.
of a spouse—which ranks highest—appeared to have Many researchers have used the scale in study-
a serious impact on health. Surviving spouses were ing how stress affects people. However, it has limita-
10 times as likely to die within the subsequent year tions. The study’s age may limit its relevance today. In
as others in their age group. Likewise, spouses who addition, it covers only major events, which represent
My stress warning signs Emotional symptoms

Being able to recognize when you’re feeling stressed can help you quickly counteract the stress response.
A good first step is to look over the list below and circle all the symptoms you recognize.
Physical symptoms
• Crying
• Tight neck and shoulders
• Irritability
• Back pain
• Edginess
• Sleep difficulties
• Anger
• Tiredness or fatigue
• Feeling powerless to change things
• Racing heartbeat or palpitations
• Nervousness
• Shakiness or tremors
• Feeling anxious
• Sweating
• Quick temper
• Ringing in ears
• Lack of meaning in life and pursuits
• Dizziness or fainting
• Boredom
• Choking sensation
• Loneliness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Unhappiness with no clear cause
• Stomachache
• Depression
• Indigestion
Cognitive symptoms
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Continual worry
• Frequent, urgent need to urinate
• Poor concentration
• Loss of interest in sex
• Trouble remembering things
• Restlessness
• Loss of sense of humor
Behavioral symptoms
• Indecisiveness
• Grinding of teeth
• Lack of creativity
• Inability to complete tasks
• Trouble thinking clearly
• Overly critical attitude
Other symptoms
• Bossiness
_____________________________________________
• Fidgeting
_____________________________________________
• Overuse of alcohol
_____________________________________________
• Emotional eating or overeating
_____________________________________________
• Fist clenching
_____________________________________________
• Changes in the amount of alcohol or food you consume
_____________________________________________
• Taking up smoking or smoking more than usual
• Increased desire to be with or withdraw from others Adapted primarily from The Wellness Book, Herbert Benson, M.D., and Eileen M.
Stuart, R.N., M.S. (Fireside, 1993).
• Rumination (frequent talking or brooding about
stressful situations)
a small fraction of daily stressors. Simple everyday Unhealthy responses to stress
stressors—waiting in long lines, sitting in traffic, or You probably have your own ways of dealing with stress-
coping with the demands of a job—can also accumu- ful times. Some may be healthy, such as calling a friend,
late and endanger your physical and emotional health. cooking a comforting dinner, or curling up in bed ear-
While primarily a tool for researchers, the scale lier than usual. Others may not be as benign. All too
can be helpful for those outside the field, too. You often, people self-medicate or turn to other unhealthy
may find it useful to know that others have catego- behaviors in an attempt to relieve pressure they feel.
rized an event that you may be facing—such as a They may do so in a variety of ways. For example:
change in your finances—as particularly stressful. It’s • watching endless hours of TV
intriguing that many of the events on the scale aren’t • withdrawing from friends or partners or, conversely,
obviously negative. An outstanding personal achieve- jumping into a frenzied social life to avoid facing
ment, a new baby, or a marriage may seem like cause problems
for celebration. But many changes can be construed
• overeating or weight gain
as uplifting or upsetting—or perhaps a bit of both.
Truly, the perception of stress is specific to the person • undereating or weight loss
experiencing it. • sleeping too much
The scale can also serve as a reminder. If you’re • drinking too much alcohol
coping with one or more of the stressors listed in the • lashing out at others in emotionally or physically
major life event stress scale, you may want to spend violent outbursts
extra time practicing stress management techniques • taking up smoking or smoking more than usual
and other self-help strategies.
• taking prescription or over-the-counter drugs that
promise some form of relief, such as sleeping pills,
muscle relaxants, or anti-anxiety pills
Recognizing the early signals
Most likely, you intuitively know how you react to • taking illegal or unsafe drugs.
stressful situations. Certainly big events and obvi- Becoming aware of how you typically handle
ous distress are easy to spot. But smaller ripples may stress can help you make healthy choices. If you nor-
slip by your radar. Noting exactly how you’re affected mally reach for a sugary snack, for example, you might
by stress will make you more aware of your personal instead call a friend. Choosing to connect rather than
stress warning signs early so you can try to put the consume can relieve your stress. Studies suggest that
brakes on unnecessary stress responses (see “My stress emphasizing social ties can provide definite health
warning signs,” page 8). benefits—with no calories!

How to prevent and manage stress
In the late 1970s, working in the same room at

Harvard Medical School where Cannon had
labored years before, a cardiologist named Herbert
Such self-care is an essential ingredient for good
health. The example of cardiovascular disease illus-
trates how it can make a difference. Currently, millions
Benson launched landmark research into the dam- of Americans take medication to lower blood pressure
aging effects of stress and the body’s potential for and unhealthy cholesterol levels, two risk factors for
self-healing. In the years since, he and many other heart disease. Surgical procedures, such as angioplasty
researchers have investigated the stress response and coronary artery bypass, can reopen blocked ves-
and its antidotes—the relaxation response and other sels or divert the flow of blood to healthier vessels.
stress-relieving strategies. These two approaches—medication and medical pro-
Dr. Benson is the medical editor of this report cedures—are invaluable. Yet when used alone, they
and the president of the Benson-Henry Institute for form only two legs of a sturdy three-legged stool that
Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hos- represents the best of modern health care. The third
pital in Boston, which advises using a combination of leg is self-care approaches of proven worth.
approaches for stress management. Among them: Research shows that regularly evoking the relax-
• learning various techniques that elicit the relaxation ation response leads to lasting declines in high
response, such as breath focus and guided imagery blood pressure. Stress management techniques that
short-circuit the stress response, such as cogni-
• using cognitive restructuring, a method of helping
tive restructuring, can also reduce blood pressure.
you reframe negative thoughts in order to cope more
Good nutrition and regular exercise can improve
effectively with a difficult situation
levels of cholesterol, as well as blood pressure. And
• doing regular exercise
social support also has a strong protective effect on
• eating healthy foods health. Over time, the combination of these self-care
• nurturing yourself by setting aside time for socializ- approaches may ward off serious consequences and
ing, relaxing, connecting with others, and pursuing reduce or possibly even eliminate the need for cer-
activities that add joy to your life. tain medications.
Relaxing the brain Producing the relaxation response

A small study of five subjects used functional magnetic reso- The relaxation response—which is the opposite of the
nance imaging (fMRI) to map the parts of the brain that are stress response—can be elicited at will to create a state
active during meditation sessions that induce the relaxation
of profound peace and rest. The relaxation response is
response. Although global brain activity declined, signals
increased in areas of the brain involved in attention as well a physiologic shift that puts the brakes on the runaway
as arousal and control of the autonomic nervous system. This biological changes that first put us into overdrive. By
suggests that meditation induces deep relaxation, yet sparks regularly practicing techniques that evoke the relax-
intense neural activity because of the vigilance required to ation response, you can help your body reduce the
keep the mind from wandering. By shining light on observ-
able biological changes triggered by the relaxation response,
cumulative effects of stress.
this study helps bolster the concept that it is a distinct state A number of physiological changes occur dur-
and may also build support for its use in modern health care. ing the relaxation response. When a person practices
relaxation response techniques, for example, heartbeat
and breathing slow down. The body uses less oxygen, cular activity. Once learned, these techniques can
and blood flows more easily throughout the body. be practiced regularly almost anywhere. No special
Blood lactate levels, which some researchers believe equipment or expert trainer is required, although
are linked with anxiety attacks, decline markedly. many people find mind-body programs and medita-
You can elicit the relaxation response in many dif- tion or yoga classes helpful as they learn a new tech-
ferent ways, including these (see Table 2): nique (see “Resources,” page 46).
• breath focus (see page 12) Rather than choosing just one technique to elicit
the relaxation response, you can benefit from sam-
• body scanning (see page 14)
pling many. You’ll also be able to decide which meth-
• guided imagery or visualization (see page 14) ods work well for you. And if your favorite fails to
• mindfulness meditation (see page 15) engage you sometimes, you will have an alternative. In
• yoga, tai chi, or qi gong (see “Choosing exercise with fact, many people get the best results from combining
relaxation in mind,” page 19) several techniques.
• repetitive prayer (see Table 1, page 7, and “Power of

Creating a routine
prayer,” page 26).
Whether you are trying to lose weight, exercise more,
These are not the only techniques that can elicit or teach your body to relax, establishing new behav-
the relaxation response. You may find that others are iors can be a challenge at first. Developing a routine
quite effective. What’s crucial is that the method you can help you make these new behaviors stick. You may
choose interrupts everyday thoughts by letting you find it helpful to follow these tips:
focus on a word, phrase, prayer, or repetitive mus- • Find a quiet, peaceful place to sit or lie down.
Table 2 Which technique is right for you?

By regularly practicing techniques that elicit the relaxation response, you create a well of calm to dip into as the need arises. As this chart
details, these techniques can be especially beneficial under certain circumstances, but may not be suitable under others.
Method What is it? Especially beneficial May not be suitable
Breath focus Focusing on slow, deep breathing and If you have an eating disorder or tend If you have health problems that make
gently disengaging the mind from to hold in your stomach; may help you breathing difficult, such as respiratory
distracting thoughts and sensations focus on your body in healthier ways ailments, heart failure, or panic attacks
Body scan Focusing on one part of the body For increasing your awareness of the If you have had a recent surgery that
or group of muscles at a time and mind-body connection affects body image or other difficulties
mentally releasing any physical with body image
tension you feel there
Guided imagery Using pleasing mental images to help When you want to reinforce a positive If you have intrusive thoughts that
you relax and focus vision of yourself or a goal you wish make imagery difficult; if you have
to reach difficulty with visualizations
Mindfulness Breathing deeply while staying in the If racing thoughts make other forms of If you find it too hard to commit the
meditation moment by deliberately focusing on meditation difficult needed time
thoughts and sensations that arise
during the meditation session
Yoga, tai chi, and Three ancient arts that combine At times when your mind is racing; If you are not normally active or
qi gong rhythmic breathing with a series of whenever you find it especially hard to have health problems or a painful
postures or flowing movements settle down and focus; if you wish to or disabling condition; if so, speak
enhance flexibility and balance with your doctor before starting any
program of exercise
Repetitive prayer Using a short prayer or phrase from a If religion or spirituality is meaningful If you are not religious
prayer to help enhance breath focus to you

• Focus. Choose something simple to focus on: your The importance of your breath
breath, a sound, or a word or phrase that you repeat Proper breathing goes by many names. You may
aloud or silently. have heard it called diaphragmatic breathing,
• Learn to “let go” and relax. Accept any thoughts, feel- abdominal breathing, or belly breathing. When you
ings, or sensations that arise. breathe deeply, the air coming in through your nose
fully fills your lungs, and you will notice that your
• Practice regularly—aim for once or twice a day. lower belly rises. The ability to breathe so deeply
Sticking with a particular time of day can enhance and powerfully is not limited to a select few. This
the sense of ritual, which will enable you to practice skill is inborn but often lies dormant. Reawakening
more easily. Many people choose to elicit the relax- it allows you to tap one of your body’s strongest self-
ation response in the morning before breakfast since healing mechanisms.
it can be hard to schedule time later in the day. Evi- Why does breathing deeply seem unnatural to many
dence suggests the more regularly you practice these of us? One reason may be that our culture often rewards
techniques, the better the outcome. us for stifling strong emotions. Girls and women are
• A good goal is 10 to 20 minutes daily. expected to rein in anger. Boys and men are exhorted
not to cry. What happens when you hold back tears, sti-
fle anger during a charged confrontation, tiptoe through
Breath focus a fearful situation, or try to keep pain at bay? Uncon-
Breath focus is a simple yet powerful technique that sciously, you hold your breath or breathe irregularly.
can elicit the relaxation response for people of differ- Body image affects breathing, too. The slim or wash-
ent backgrounds. Occasionally, however, health prob- board stomach considered so attractive in our culture
The Resiliency encourages
lems may make using this technique uncomfortable Equation:men and women to constrict their stomach The Re
(see Table 2). The first step to practicing breath÷focus
Resiliency factors muscles.
Stress = Whole This
person adds to tension and anxiety, and gradu-
wellness
on Resiliency factors
is to learn to breathe properly. ally makes shallow “chest breathing” feel normal.
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Resiliency tools: Empowering yourself in the face of stress

t
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ion Resiliency bel ief
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Why is it that two people in rtheespo exact
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Factors itua Fortunately, you have tremendous power to sharpen respoayour
tion Resiliency elief
y spir Whole Person nse Factors
b itu
perhaps
Whole hearing that their flight is late —can react in dra-
Person resiliency tools and expand your coping repertoire. Learn- spir
Stressyells, curses, Wellness
matically
Wellness different ways? While one person ing to evoke the relaxation response, stopping negative or Stress
(examples)
and stomps his feet, his friend stops, takes a breath, and runaway thoughts that trigger the stress response, learning (examples)
calmly gathers information about the other possible trans- how to communicate calmly and effectively, and developing
portation options. Although neither has the power to make social bonds are only some of the many tools you can use
iliency Equation
the flight depart on time, both can control how they per- to change the way you perceive and respond to stressors. It
ceive the situation and how well they cope. is never too late to heed the warning signs of stress and to
Simply put, each of us learn how to better man-
has a resiliency toolbox age challenging or stress-
into which we can add var- The Resiliency Equation ful events in a calmer,
ious tools and techniques Resiliency factors ÷ Stress = Whole-person wellness healthier way. By doing The Re
for handling stressful so, you can reduce the
events. The resiliency equa- (e.g. the relaxation negative effects of stress—
response, cognitive skills, Resiliency Facto
tion below sums up the and social support) such as higher blood pres-(e.g. relaxation respon
relationship between our Resiliency sure—on your physical cognitive skills, social su
Whole-Person and belief & spiritual
coping skills (over which Factors health, as well as improve
Stress Wellness
we have control), stressful (e.g. health or your emotional health.
events (over which we may financial woes or the You might find that your Stress
loss of a loved one)
have little or no control), relationships with others
and our optimal health. benefit as well.
The act of breathing engages the diaphragm, a ine that the air you breathe in washes peace and calm
strong sheet of muscle that divides the chest from the into your body. As you breathe out, imagine that the
abdomen. As you breathe in, the diaphragm drops air leaving your body carries tension and anxiety away
downward, pulling your lungs with it and pressing with it. As you inhale, try saying this phrase to your-
against abdominal organs to make room for your self: “Breathing in peace and calm.” And as you exhale,
lungs to expand as they fill with air. As you breathe say: “Breathing out tension and anxiety.” When you
out, the diaphragm presses back upward against your
lungs, helping to expel carbon dioxide. Figure 3 What happens as you breathe
Shallow breathing hobbles the diaphragm’s range of
motion. The lowest portion of the lungs—which is where Inhalation
many small blood vessels instrumental in carrying oxy- Oxygen
intake
gen to cells reside—never gets a full share of oxygenated Lungs
air. That can make you feel short of breath and anxious.
Deep abdominal breathing encourages full oxygen
exchange—that is, the beneficial trade of incoming
oxygen for outgoing carbon dioxide. Not surprisingly,
this type of breathing slows the heartbeat and can
lower or stabilize blood pressure.
Diaphragm
Practicing breath focus
Diaphragmatic breathing (see Figure 3) is the founda-
tion of breath focus, which is quite simple to do.
Diaphragm pulls downward,
■ First steps. Find a comfortable, quiet place to sit helping lungs expand with oxygen
or lie down. Start by observing your breath. First take a
normal breath. Now try taking a slow, deep breath. The
air coming in through your nose should move down- Exhalation Carbon
ward into your lower belly. Let your abdomen expand dioxide
fully. Now breathe out through your mouth (or your

nose, if that feels more natural). Alternate normal and
deep breaths several times. Pay attention to how you feel
when you inhale and exhale normally and when you
breathe deeply. Shallow breathing often feels tense and
constricted, while deep breathing produces relaxation.
Now practice diaphragmatic breathing for several
minutes. Put one hand on your abdomen, just below
your belly button. Feel your hand rise about an inch
each time you inhale and fall about an inch each time
Diaphragm returns upward,
you exhale. Your chest will rise slightly, too, in concert forcing lungs to expel carbon dioxide
with your abdomen. Remember to relax your belly so
that each inhalation expands it fully. Learning to breathe properly is the first step in practicing breath
■ Breath focus in practice. Once you’ve taken the focus, a stress management technique. As you breathe in, your
diaphragm drops, giving your lungs the room they need to expand.
steps above, you can move on to regular practice of
If you are breathing properly, you should feel your lungs fill com
breath focus. As you sit comfortably with your eyes pletely and your chest and belly rise. As you exhale, your diaphragm
closed, blend your breathing with helpful imagery and pushes up against your lungs, which helps to expel the carbon diox
a focus word or phrase that will help you relax. Imag- ide. If you’re breathing deeply, your belly will fall as you exhale.

first start, 10 minutes of breath focus is a reasonable • Allow your right leg to relax, sinking into the sup-
goal. Gradually add time until your sessions are about port of the floor.
15 to 20 minutes long. • Now repeat these steps, focusing on your left foot
and leg.
• Next, become aware of your back. Does it feel tight
Body scan or tense? Pay attention to each vertebra and the
A body scan is a relaxation technique that incorpo- space that surrounds it. Let each vertebra feel light
rates breath focus and visualization (see “Guided and spacious. Slowly work your way up your back,
imagery,” at right). This technique helps you become relaxing each muscle there.
more attuned to your body and aware of the connec-
• Gradually, move on to your abdomen and chest. Pic-
tion between your mind and body.
ture your organs and the space between them. Allow
Almost everyone carries unnecessary tension in
your belly to feel light and open.
his or her muscles. But where each of us feels it varies.
One woman might have a tight neck and shoulders, • Become aware of your right thumb, and then your
while her husband feels an iron band digging into remaining fingers. Envision each finger one by one,
his forehead. A body scan can help you locate—and then slowly work your way through your hand and
release—the tension in your body. arm: relax your palm, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper
Performing a body scan is quite simple. Concen- arm, and shoulder.
trate on one part of your body at a time. As you do, • Feel your right arm relax and feel warm, spacious,
picture that muscle in your mind. Imagine it open, and light.
warm, and relaxed. Feel any tension melt away. • Do the same thing with your left hand and arm.
As a guide, use these steps, which are adapted • Think about your neck and jaw. Yawn. Allow each
from Dr. Herbert Benson’s and Aggie Casey’s book part of your face to relax, working through your jaw,
Mind Your Heart: eyes, and forehead. Shift your attention to the top
• Sit or lie down. Begin with breath focus. Breathe and back of your head.
deeply, allowing your stomach to rise as you inhale • Let your whole body sink into your chair or bed.
and fall as you exhale. Breathe this way for two min- Does it feel light and relaxed? Focus on your breath.
utes before you start. Imagine yourself breathing in calm and peace. As
• Concentrate on your right big toe. Imagine the atoms you breathe out, imagine any remaining tension
in your toe and focus on the space between each atom. being expelled from your body.
Imagine your toe feeling open, warm, and relaxed. • If any part of your body is still tense, focus on that
• Now shift your focus to each of the other toes on area, releasing tension from that spot as you exhale.
your right foot, visualizing them one by one. Again, • Sit or lie quietly for a few minutes, noting how light
notice the sensations of your toes and envision them and spacious your body feels. Then open your eyes
as open, warm, and relaxed. slowly. Take a moment to stretch, if you’d like.
• Slowly shift your focus to your foot, moving men-
tally from the ball of your foot to the arch, then the
top of the foot. Guided imagery
• Now work your way up your leg, turning your atten- Guided imagery, or visualization, that mentally
tion to your ankle, calf, knee, thigh, and hip. Take conjures soothing scenes can be a powerful way of
your time, slowly working through each area. For evoking the relaxation response. The images you
each body part, envision the atoms and the space choose—whether scenes, places, or experiences—
between those atoms. Picture each muscle feeling enhance the sensation of inner calm. They break
open, warm, and relaxed. the chain of everyday thought. While imagery is
often touted as beneficial for people with cancer or In contrast, mindfulness, which has its roots in
other illnesses, not enough studies support some of Buddhist practices, teaches us to live each moment
the health-enhancing claims. It has, however, been as it unfolds. It is the practice of focusing attention
proved to lessen pain and the side effects of various on what is happening in the present and accepting it
drugs, including chemotherapy. without judgment. And that—many physicians and
Lush descriptions of sandy beaches, bubbling therapists believe—can be a powerful therapeutic tool.
streams, and fields of flowers are often verbalized by a Mindfulness is often learned through meditation,
therapist or recorded on a CD to help people visualize a method of regulating your attention by focusing on
calming scenes. Just be sure that the image is sooth- your breathing, a phrase, or an image. Scientists have
ing to you and has personal significance, because the discovered the benefits of using mindfulness medi-
exercise won’t be effective otherwise. For example, a tation techniques to help relieve stress, treat heart
field of flowers could have negative associations if you disease, and alleviate conditions such as high blood
suffer from hay fever. pressure, chronic pain, sleep problems, and gastroin-
Before you start your guided imagery session, find testinal difficulties.
a quiet place to sit. Arrange your body comfortably. Therapists—particularly cognitive behavioral
Clear your mind while taking deep, even breaths for therapists—have turned to mindfulness techniques to
several minutes. treat mood problems. Studies have found that mind-
If you aren’t using a CD, conjure up your own safe fulness meditation can help prevent relapse in people
or special haven (perhaps a lake cabin, a beach house, who have had several episodes of depression. There
your grandmother’s kitchen, or a garden) and imagine is evidence that meditation has distinct effects on the
yourself there. Allow all of your senses to be present. brain. In one study, researchers measured brain electri-
What do you smell—pine needles, rain steaming off cal activity before, immediately after, and four months
hot pavement, vanilla in a kitchen? What do you hear? after a two-month course in mindfulness meditation.
Are clouds or birds passing by? Drink in the surround- They found persistent increased activity on the left
ing colors. Concentrate on sensory pleasures: a cool side of the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with
breeze on your cheek, gravel crunching underfoot, or joyful and serene emotions.
the scent of flowering trees. Mindfulness offers other benefits. One of the goals
Accept intrusive thoughts passively by observing is to enhance your appreciation of simple everyday
them but not reacting to them. Then return to the web experiences. By learning to focus on the here and now,
woven by your senses. Practice for 10 to 20 minutes. many people who practice mindfulness find that they
See “Harness the power of your mind” on page 43 for are less likely to get caught up in worries about the
some longer guided imagery scripts you can try. future or regrets over the past.
Mindfulness meditation teaches you to focus on
distracting thoughts and sensations that occur. Some
Mindfulness meditation experts in the field—such as Jon Kabat-Zinn, author
In our busy world, multitasking is a way of life. We of Full Catastrophe Living and founder of the Stress
fold the laundry while keeping one eye on the kids and Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts
another on the television. We chat on our cell phones Medical Center—believe that facing what arises and
while commuting to work. We pay the bills, munch opening yourself up to it is the first step toward per-
on a snack, and listen to a spouse complain about a sonal transformation and growth.
work project, all at the same time. But in the rush to
accomplish necessary tasks, we often lose our con- Practicing mindfulness meditation
nection with the present moment. We sprint through Here’s how to get started with mindfulness medita-
daily activities without being truly attentive to what tion. Sit on a straight-backed chair or cross-legged
we’re doing and how we’re feeling. on the floor. Focus on an aspect of your breathing,

such as the sensations of air flowing into your nostrils A less formal approach to mindfulness can also
and out of your mouth, or your belly rising and fall- encourage you to stay in the present and truly partici-
ing as you inhale and exhale. Once you’ve narrowed pate in your life. You can choose any task or moment
your concentration in this way, begin to widen your to practice mindfulness. Whether you are eating,
focus. Become aware of sounds, sensations, and ideas. showering, walking, touching a partner, or playing
Embrace and consider each without judgment. If your with a child or grandchild, attending to these three
mind starts to race, return your focus to your breath- points will help:
ing. Then expand your awareness again. Kabat-Zinn • Start with breath focus and return to it periodically,
recommends committing to 45 minutes of meditation staying aware of each inhalation and exhalation.
at least six days a week without expectations, but if
• Proceed with the task or pleasure at hand slowly and
time is limited you can try a 20-minute session daily.
with full deliberation.
• Engage your senses fully so that you savor every
Tips for achieving nutritional balance sensation.
Supplying your body with good food in the right amounts Peeling and eating an orange offers an excellent
goes a long way toward helping maintain your energy level. example. For a few moments, just concentrate on your
At breakfast: Combine fruits with whole grains and lean breath moving in and out of your nostrils. Look at the
proteins. Good options include a glass of skim milk and a orange, turning it over in your hands. Run your fin-
serving of oatmeal topped with half a cup of fresh blue-
gertips over its bumpy texture and absorb its vibrant
berries, or a couple of pieces of whole-grain toast with a
piece of fresh fruit and skim milk. Or choose low-fat plain color and light citrus scent. As you peel it, engage your
yogurt with berries and a serving of whole-grain cereal. senses fully. Note the slight spray as your fingers dig
For lunch and dinner: Use your plate as a visual guide. into and peel back the hardened skin and soft white
Fill half of it with raw or cooked vegetables. Whole grains pith. How does the orange smell and feel now? Are
should account for one-quarter, and lean protein such as you salivating? When you put a slice of it into your
chicken, turkey, fish, beans, lentils, or tofu should make up mouth and break through the thin membrane into its
the other quarter.
juicy center, what sensations do you feel?
When snacking: Dole out an appropriate-size serving Try not to hurry through one mouthful of orange
and eat that, instead of snacking directly out of the
box. Also, avoid surrounding yourself with temptation. to get to the next. Slow down and stay in the moment.
Instead of stocking the fridge with cartons of ice cream, Before you swallow each portion of the orange, be
fill it with fresh fruits, veggies, and healthful treats. Then, aware of the rising desire to do so. Then note how it
at the times when you’re really craving ice cream, go out feels when you swallow. Throughout the experience,
for a scoop.
remain fully aware. How much are you eating? How
In general: do you feel physically and psychologically before, dur-
• Eat from smaller plates; large plates encourage taking ing, and after eating?
bigger helpings.
• Avoid seconds; if you’re still hungry at the end of the
meal, choose a piece of fruit instead.
• Start your meal with a hot beverage such as tea, soup, or
Proper nutrition
broth. Hot drinks feel more filling than cold ones and can The computer-age aphorism “garbage in, garbage out”
help you avoid overeating. applies to far more than software development. The
• Before snacking, take a deep breath and ask yourself if food choices you make can feed your stress or ease it by
you really are hungry or whether anxiety, boredom, or truly nourishing your body. What you eat plays a big
loneliness is driving your desire to eat. If you are feeling role in your risk of developing many illnesses, includ-
stressed, find another means to relax yourself, like going
ing hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer,
for a walk or calling a friend. Also, try drinking a glass of
water to see if that satisfies you. which in turn affect your overall stress level. Obesity
due to overeating is linked with many ailments, too. It’s
also a source of stress for millions Figure 4 The Healthy Eating Pyramid
of Americans who are continually
reminded of their failure to achieve USE SPARINGLY:
the slim look idolized in this culture. • RED MEAT & BUTTER
• REFINED GRAINS: WHITE RICE,
Undernourishment can be a BREAD, PASTA, POTATOES

• SUGARY DRINKS & SWEETS
problem, too, especially among

• SALT
older people. According to research

done for the Baltimore Longitudinal OPTIONAL:
ALCOHOL IN MODERATION
(Not for everyone)
Study of Aging, most older men and DAIRY (1-2 servings a day)
OR VITAMIN D/CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS
women in America have nutritional
deficits in calcium, zinc, iron, magne-
sium, folic acid, and vitamins B₆, B₁₂,
and D. These nutrients affect your
energy, bones, heart, mental acuity, DAILY MULTIVITAMIN
PLUS EXTRA VITAMIN D
NUTS, SEEDS, BEANS & TOFU FISH, POULTRY & EGGS
HEALTHY FATS & OILS
(For most people)
and mood. Such nutritional deficits • OLIVE, CANOLA, SOY, CORN,
SUNFLOWER, PEANUT &
OTHER VEGETABLE OILS
have implications for stress, too. • TRANS-FREE MARGARINE
Food symbolizes far more than

WHOLE GRAINS:
sustenance for many people. Some BROWN RICE, OATS, 100% WHOLE GRAIN
FRUITS & VEGETABLES HEALTHY FATS & OILS BREAD, WHOLE WHEAT PASTA & CEREAL
people eat to relieve anxiety or to fill
an emotional void. Conversely, eat-
ing can be fraught with anxiety for
DAILY EXERCISE & WEIGHT CONTROL
those with eating disorders.
Adapted from Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating, Walter Willett, M.D.
Making changes
After weighing data gathered from thousands of men olive or canola oil and fats found in nuts and cold-
and women enrolled in well-designed, long-term stud- water fish like salmon)? Could you choose whole
ies, Harvard nutrition experts developed the Healthy grains like brown rice, barley, whole wheat, and qui-
Eating Pyramid (see Figure 4). The recommendations noa more often than refined grains like white rice or
in the pyramid are explained in greater detail in the white flour? These simple steps can have a real impact
book Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical on your health.
School Guide to Healthy Eating, by Dr. Walter Willett,
chairman of the department of nutrition at the Har- Eat mindfully
vard School of Public Health and professor of medi- Food offers comfort and pleasure as well as nourish-
cine at Harvard Medical School. ment. Gulping down fast food while changing lanes
The diet suggested here may bear little resem- on the freeway, however, offers none of these ben-
blance to what you normally eat. Rather than create efits. We’re a culture in a rush, and that influences
more stress about how well or poorly you eat, con- how we eat. Fast-food meals have replaced family
sider a few simple changes to strengthen your current mealtimes, and the practice of eating while driving
diet. Could you increase your daily servings of vege- has become such a cultural phenomenon that the
tables and fruit? Could you expand your color palette, term “dashboard dining” has been coined to describe
choosing a range of deep-hued vegetables and fruits, it. But the problem with eating fast and furiously is
which tend to have more antioxidants and important the likelihood of eating more than you intend—not
nutrients? Could you replace some unhealthy fats to mention the indigestion that is almost sure to fol-
(such as those found in meat, cheese, and most com- low. Taking the time to eat mindfully can renew your
mercial baked goods) with healthier sources (such as enjoyment of food. It will also help you regulate your

food consumption, since it takes 20 minutes from Think of how you feel before you begin to eat,
the time you start eating for the “fullness signal” in while you’re eating, and afterward. Are you feeling
the brain to kick in. That means that when you rush physical signs of hunger, or is it simply “time” for din-
through a meal, you may well eat more than neces- ner? Are you eating to quell stress? As you become
sary because you continue to eat until your brain reg- more aware of your feelings, you may find other stress-
isters that your body is satisfied. control techniques just as satisfying as eating.
Instead, try to take the time to savor each bite.
To practice mindful eating, start by setting a place
for yourself and sitting down. Close your eyes for Exercise
several seconds, and inhale and exhale deeply to Nearly every form of exercise offers a host of health-
help yourself focus. Bring your full attention to enhancing benefits if performed regularly at moderate
the moment. Look at your food and breathe in its intensity. Exercise improves cholesterol levels, lowers
aromas before you taste it. Chew slowly so you blood pressure, keeps bones strong and healthy, and
can delight in textures and flavors. Try not to rush enhances the immune system. It also boosts metabolism
through one mouthful to get to the next. Bringing and mood, and helps you maintain your vitality and
all your senses into play can sharpen your taste for independence in later years. Research suggests that even
fresher, healthier foods and help break the cycle of so-called lifestyle activities, such as gardening or playing
stress-related eating. active games with children, offer many of these benefits.
You can use exercise to stifle the buildup of stress
in several ways. If you exercise shortly after the stress
Putting stress relief in someone else’s response is engaged—let’s say by sprinting away from
hands: The benefits of massage an oncoming bus—you burn off stress hormones just
A massage at the hands of a skilled practitioner can be as nature intended. Just about any form of motion
rejuvenating. Research shows massage has a physiological helps relieve pent-up muscle tension. And certain
impact, too. Massage lowers blood pressure and heart rate activities, such as yoga, tai chi, or qi gong (see “Choos-
and may enhance certain measures of immune function.
ing exercise with relaxation in mind,” page 19), and
A 2005 review of research studies involving massage
therapy showed that massage increased the activity of repetitive exercises, such as walking, running, or
pleasure-related brain chemicals in patients with a broad rowing, elicit the relaxation response, too. Regularly
range of physical and psychological conditions. That engaging in these kinds of activities can help you ward
review also found that massage lowered levels of cortisol, off everyday stress.
though another recent analysis of studies involving mas-
sage found this wasn’t the case.
To boost the stress-relief rewards, make an effort
to shift your attention to become aware of yourself—
One study showed that women with breast cancer who
participated in massage therapy three times a week for what and how you’re feeling—and your surroundings
five weeks showed more immune system activity and during exercise. This should leave you feeling calmer
reported less depression, anxiety, and fatigue than the and more centered. This approach can also be incor-
women who didn’t receive massages regularly. Some stud- porated into resistance training. As you raise and
ies have found that massage is also beneficial in boosting
the immune systems of people with HIV. lower the weights, coordinate your breathing with
your movements, and focus your attention on the sen-
Whether it’s for therapeutic reasons or purely for plea-
sure, massage offers the comforts of a warm touch and sations in your body as you perform each exercise.
release from muscle tension. Experienced practitioners A few words of care are in order:
can be found through professional organizations, such • If you aren’t normally active, or if you have health
as the American Massage Therapy Association (www. problems or a painful or disabling condition,
amtamassage.org or toll-free at 877-905-0577) and the
National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and speak with your doctor before beginning any exer-
Bodywork (www.ncbtmb.org or toll-free at 800-296-0664). cise program.
•W hen you do exercise, listen to your body. Perform
only movements that feel comfortable to you. As leukin-6 (IL-6)—suspected of playing a part in con-
you grow stronger or more limber, gradually expand ditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
your range. disease—to be 41% higher than the blood levels of
• Try to integrate deep, calm breathing into your rou- the yoga experts. In addition, the novices were nearly
tine. You may find it easiest to first familiarize your- five times as likely as the yoga experts to have high
self with the movements of the exercises you select blood levels of a protein associated with inflamma-
and then combine them with deep breathing. tion (C-reactive protein). Some studies have found
that those with high levels of C-reactive protein are
• If you wish to try yoga, tai chi, or qi gong, join a
more likely to have a heart attack or recurrent heart
class with an experienced instructor who can help
disease and stroke. The yoga experts also boasted
you learn the movements correctly and adapt the
lower heart rates than the novices in response to
program to your needs.
stress-inducing events.
A small 2009 study found that yoga improved lung
Choosing exercise with relaxation in mind function in people with asthma and allowed them to
Some exercises, such as the following, are especially use less medication to control their asthma (see “Stress
effective at promoting relaxation. Try working some and asthma,” page 37).
or all of these activities into your routine. A 2005 study of lifestyle and health habits revealed
■ Yoga. Based on Indian philosophy, yoga is an another potential benefit for yoga practitioners. Middle-
excellent way to develop body awareness and elicit the aged adults of average weight who practiced yoga for
relaxation response. The many different types of yoga four or more years gained 3 fewer pounds over a 10-year
share certain basic elements: pranayamas (rhythmic period than those who did not do yoga. Overweight
breathing), meditation, and asanas (stretching pos- individuals who regularly practiced yoga over the same
tures). Like tai chi and qi gong, yoga increases flexi period actually lost an average of 5 pounds. Since yoga
bility and coordination, releases muscle tension, and is generally not vigorous enough for this effect to be
enhances tranquility. attributed to extra calorie expenditure, the study authors
A 2010 study conducted at Ohio State Univer offered two other possible explanations. One hypothe-
sity’s Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research high- sis is that yoga affects weight control on a cellular level,
lights the benefits of regular, sustained yoga practice. because it lowers concentrations of the stress hormone
Although yoga delivered a mood boost both to yoga cortisol in the body. High levels of cortisol are impli-
novices and experts, it seemed to help the experts cated in the thickening waistline that often accompanies
recover from stressful events more rapidly than their middle age. Another theory is that the mindfulness cul-
less-experienced counterparts. Experts were defined tivated by the practice of yoga helps create a heightened
as women who practiced yoga once or twice a week awareness of one’s body—a state of mind that translates
for at least two years (and at least twice a week during into healthier eating and exercise habits.
the previous year). Novices were women who either ■ Tai chi. This series of slow, fluid, circular motions
participated in yoga classes or did yoga at home using originated as a martial art. Tai chi especially bene
yoga videos for six to 12 sessions. fits older people. By enhancing balance and muscle
Researchers assessed the women’s cardiovascular, strength and improving aerobic capacity, it helps pre-
inflammatory, and endocrine responses before and vent falls that can lead to fractures and girds against
after they participated in three activities: practicing gradual decline in physical function. One randomized
yoga, walking slowly on a treadmill, and watching a trial published in the Journal of the American Geriat-
video. The study also measured the women’s physi- rics Society concluded that tai chi nearly halved the
ological responses before and after certain stress- risk of falling in men and women ages 70 or older. Its
inducing events. The researchers found the novices’ low-intensity movements produce declines in blood
blood levels of the stress-related compound inter- pressure similar to those achieved with moderate-

intensity aerobics, according to another randomized Cognitive restructuring:
study of sedentary adults ages 60 or older. You are what you think
Some doctors recommend tai chi for people with Stop for a moment and try to remember the thoughts
osteoarthritis as a way to reduce joint swelling and that were running through your head the last time you
improve range of motion. A 2010 study based in Nor- were late for work. Perhaps a simple thought, such as
way found that rheumatoid arthritis patients ages 33 “the train is late,” quickly transformed into “I’ll be late
to 70 who practiced tai chi twice a week for 12 weeks to work. I won’t make it to my meeting on time. My
not only experienced less pain, greater confidence in boss will be angry with me. My job is in jeopardy. This
moving, and better balance, but also reported lower always happens to me.”
levels of stress. Sometimes even seemingly happy thoughts hurtle
■ Qi gong. This ancient Chinese art melds breath- down the same track. “Wonderful, the lab report says
ing, meditation, gentle exercise, and flowing move- my biopsy results are negative!” can quickly turn to “I
ments. Qi, or chi, is the Chinese word for the life wonder how good that lab is? Maybe the results were
energy believed to course through the body. Qi gong positive, and the lab didn’t pick it up. Cancer that’s
aims to unblock and properly balance the flow of qi. undetected gets worse. By the time the error is found,
When practiced regularly, it can lower your blood it could be too late.”
pressure, pulse, and demand for oxygen. These effects These scenarios are examples of automatic thinking.
are all components of the relaxation response. Qi gong They can engage the stress response almost as easily as a
may also enhance balance and flexibility. growling Doberman bounding in your direction.
■ Rhythmic, repetitive activities. Rhythmic exercises, So, too, can the barrage of negative thoughts that
such as walking, jogging, swimming, or bicycling, can many people play through their minds on an endless
be calming and relaxing. Once you get under way, loop, or flip on automatically when faced with certain
become aware of how your breathing complements people or situations. Familiar examples include: “I
the activity. Breathe rhythmically, repeating the focus look awful,” “I can’t do this,” “I’m stupid,” “I’m such a
word, phrase, or prayer you’ve chosen. Remember to screw-up,” and “I’m a loser.” The voice may be yours or
adopt a passive attitude. When disruptive thoughts that of someone else from your life, such as an overly
intrude, gently turn your mind away from them and critical parent. Even in the absence of obviously stress-
focus on moving and breathing. ful situations, this inner critic can make you miserable
■ A mindful walk. Taking a mindful walk is a good and stressed.
example of exercising with relaxation in mind. As you Cognitive therapy is built on the premise that
move and breathe rhythmically, be aware of the sen- thoughts and perceptions shape moods and emotions.
sations of your body. How does it feel as your breath A stream of highly negative thoughts may contribute
flows in through your nostrils and out through your to depression and anxiety. These negative thoughts
mouth? Gradually expand your awareness to the sights are often riddled with irrational distortions and exag-
and smells around you. Notice the freshly mown grass, gerations. They can be examined and deflated, though,
flowers, trees, fallen leaves, dappled sun, or gray clouds. once you learn the skills of cognitive restructuring, a
How does the outside air feel against your body? How cognitive therapy technique that helps people change
does the surface beneath your feet feel and sound? the way they think.
What thoughts are moving through your head? A slow,
mindful walk helps center and relax you. Alternatively, Recognizing your distortions
a brisker pace that pushes your limits can be calming Ten common cognitive distortions appear in this sec-
and energizing in equal parts. In this case, place more tion. They are based on theories of cognitive therapy
emphasis on the sensations of your body, such as your expounded by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, which were further
quickened breathing and heartbeat and the way your refined and brought to popular attention by Dr. David
muscles respond as you tax them. D. Burns. Do any of these distortions resonate with
you? Use this list to help make you aware of ingrained bothers you, you pin a global label on him or her:
negative thought patterns and try to substitute more “She’s so controlling.”
realistic, positive thoughts. ■ Personalization. You blame yourself for triggering
■ All or nothing. Everything is black or white; noth- a negative event that occurred for complex reasons or
ing is gray. If you don’t perform flawlessly, you con- for something that was largely out of your control. “If I
sider yourself a complete failure. had taken care of myself properly, I never would have
■ Overgeneralization. One negative event, such as a gotten cancer.”
slight from your spouse or an encounter with a dis- Other clues can also help you identify distorted
honest merchant, is perceived to be part of an endless thinking. Sentences that include the words “must,”
pattern of dismaying circumstances and defeat. For “should,” “ought,” “always,” and “never” are often
example, you might think, “He’s always cold” or “You harsher than necessary and reflect rigid thinking that
can’t trust anyone.” could stand to be softened.
■ Mental filter. One negative episode, such as a rude
comment made to you during an otherwise enjoyable Stop, breathe, reflect, choose
evening, shades everything like a drop of food color- If you’re like most people, some of the distortions
ing in a glass of water. It’s as though you are filtering listed above are familiar to you. The next step is to
out all the light and only see darkness. challenge any overly simplistic, negative thoughts that
■ Disqualifying the positive. You are unable or unwill- cause you unnecessary distress. It’s easiest, of course,
ing to accept a compliment or praise. You deflect all when the thoughts are patently untrue: “I never do
compliments with self-deprecation. You might say, anything right,” for example. It’s harder when there’s
“It’s no big deal” or “It was nothing.” an element of truth mixed in with simplistic false-
■ Jumping to conclusions. You draw negative con- hoods: “At my age, I know I’ll never reach my goals.”
clusions without checking to see if they have any foun- If you always longed to be a famous opera singer but
dation in fact. You may be mind-reading: “My friend you lacked the time and talent to bring your dream to
seems upset; she must be mad at me.” Or you may be fruition, that statement may apply. For one goal. Most
fortune-telling: “I just know the results of my medical likely, though, you could list other goals that you did
test won’t be good.” reach. And if you scaled down your dream by realizing
■ Magnification or minimization. You exaggerate that you enjoy singing, whether or not the audience of
potential problems or mistakes until they take on the the Metropolitan Opera pays rapt attention, you could
proportions of a catastrophe. Or you minimize any- even set course for a new goal and actually meet it.
thing that might make you feel good, such as appre- This four-step process taught at the Benson-
ciation for a kind act you did or the recognition that Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine is one way
other people have flaws, too. to help derail stress that stems from distortions and
■ Emotional reasoning. You assume your negative negative thoughts:
emotions reflect the way things are. For example, “I ■S top. Consciously call a mental time-out. The
feel inferior. Therefore, I must not be as good as oth- next time you feel stressed, simply say “Stop.” This
ers.” Often these emotions are residual feelings that stops the negative stress cycle in its tracks.
linger from other experiences in your past. ■B reathe. Take a few deep breaths to reduce phys-
■ “Should” statements. You adhere to a rigid ical tension and help you relax.
set of beliefs and internal rules about what you ■R eflect. Ask yourself the following questions: Is
“should” be doing and feel guilty when you don’t this thought or belief true? Did I jump to a conclusion?
stay the course. What evidence do I actually have? Am I letting nega-
■ Labeling. Rather than describe a mistake or tive thoughts balloon? Is there another way to view the
challenge in your life, you label yourself negatively: situation? What would be the worst that could happen?
“I’m a screw-up.” When another person’s behavior Does it help me to think this way?

■ Choose. Decide how to deal with the source of When you notice these stress warning signs, use
your stress. If a distortion is the root of the problem, them as a signal to yourself to interrupt your nega-
challenge your thinking and adjust your view of real- tive thoughts by following the steps in “Stop, breathe,
ity. Ask yourself the following questions: How else can reflect, and choose” (see page 21). For more stress
I think about this? What else can I do to cope more warning signs, see page 8.
effectively? Remember, most things we worry about
never come to fruition. Schedule your worries
Restructuring negative thoughts and distortions You may also find it helpful to structure your worry—
takes practice. You needn’t ignore reality or put on an either by setting aside a time to worry or creating a
artificially happy face. Often it’s possible to shift your place to “hold” your worries (see “Make a worry box,”
focus toward the positive, rather than dwelling on page 42). These techniques can help you keep negative
the negative. At other times, you can acknowledge a thoughts and fears from weaving their way through-
painful truth without losing sight of the larger, more out your days.
positive picture. At times when your mind is racing, you feel
For example, “I should be practicing relaxation overwhelmed and anxious, and you can’t seem to
response techniques every day” can be rephrased as “I focus, call a time-out for yourself. Set a timer for 15
want to practice relaxation response techniques every minutes and write down everything that you’re wor-
day,” or “I feel calmer and happier when I practice ried about. But when the buzzer sounds, put your
relaxation response techniques regularly.” Rather than worries away and allow yourself to be fully present.
berating yourself for falling short, encourage yourself Try to accept your concerns and fears without judg-
to keep finding time. ment. Practicing mindfulness meditation may help
When an illness flares up and leaves you feeling with this task.
hopeless, it may help to acknowledge this without If you are going through a tumultuous or difficult
allowing it to engulf you. Change “I’ll never get any time—perhaps you are in the midst of a divorce or you
better” to “I feel sick and in pain today. I know that I are facing a financial setback—and worry is persistent,
can try a combination of medications and techniques you may find it helpful to set aside a specific time each
to help relieve my discomfort. Tomorrow, I’ll probably day to record your worries.
feel better and be able to follow my normal schedule.”
Often, you can benefit from a friend’s perspective Consider the goose in a bottle
on a problem or issue that seems insurmountable. He When you find yourself jumping to conclusions or
or she may recognize a major flaw in your thinking dwelling on negative thoughts, the “goose in the bottle”
that has escaped your notice. Or it may help to dis- exercise may help challenge your thinking. The exer-
tract yourself from the problem rather than continu- cise has its roots in a well-known Zen koan that asks us
ing to worry about it. Try a mini-relaxation or calm to consider how to free a goose from a glass bottle.
yourself through imagery. In this story, an official asks a Zen master to imag-
If distortions are particularly thorny or deeply ine this problem: a man places a gosling in a bottle,
ingrained, seek help from a licensed mental health feeding it through the neck of the bottle until it is fully
professional who has experience with cognitive grown and there is no room in the bottle anymore.
restructuring, or attend a mind-body program. How can the man get the goose out without harm-
ing it or breaking the bottle? The master imagines the
Learn your stress warning signs scene and then shouts, “See! The goose is out.”
Along with these negative thoughts, you might also The mind created this problem; the goose was
experience physical changes in your body such as imagined in the bottle and can just as easily be imag-
clenching your jaw, holding your breath, sweaty ined out of it. The story is a reminder that worry is the
palms, or a tightening of your neck and shoulders. misuse of imagination.
The next time you are playing out worst-case sce- Optimists may fare better physically, too. A long-
narios or allowing negative thoughts to snowball, term study of more than 830 people found that those
stop and picture the goose. Ask yourself: “Is this just classified as pessimists had a 19% higher risk of dying
a goose in a bottle?” And consider how else you can over the course of 30 years than the optimists. In addi-
think about the situation. tion, a 10-year study of 1,300 men suggested that a sense
of optimism protected older men against heart disease.
Supporting that is a 2007 study of approximately 2,900
The role of positive psychology healthy adults that found that those who reported upbeat
Positive psychology is an emerging field recog- moods had lower levels of cortisol, one of the stress hor-
nized by the American Psychological Association, mones that may contribute to high blood pressure and
and many experts who design stress management decreased immune function. In addition, women with
programs harness its principles. It focuses on positive outlooks had lower levels of two inflammatory
determining and promoting the factors that per- markers, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6; high lev-
mit people to thrive. Rather than search for the els of these substances may contribute to type 2 diabe-
roots of unhappiness, research coming out of this tes and atherosclerosis, the buildup of fatty deposits in
field investigates the ingredients of a good life and arteries that can cause heart attacks and strokes.
weighs the effects of traits like optimism, humor, If you’re not a natural optimist, this information
and even eccentricity. could merely fuel your pessimism. Don’t let it. Take a
Optimists, for example, tend to do better than deep breath and relax. Evidence suggests that avoid-
pessimists when coping with stressful situations. They ing pessimism is more important than boosting opti-
are more likely to put a positive spin on stressors, look mism. It’s true that there are people with naturally
for ways to make the best of a bad situation, and use sunny natures, but it’s equally true that the way you
problem-solving strategies to tackle difficulties. handle yourself emotionally owes a great deal to nur-
Boost your happiness

Looking for ways to feel happier and fight off depression? tant to record these in a journal, rather than simply noting
One study found that these exercises delivered positive them in your head. The things don’t need to be momen-
results, particularly when they are done regularly. tous. They could be as simple as reading a bedtime story
• A gratitude visit. Identify someone who has been par-
to your toddler or having your spouse pick up ice cream
for dessert. Then, next to each positive event, answer this
ticularly kind to you whom you haven’t thanked prop
question: “Why did this good thing happen?” For example,
erly—perhaps a parent, friend, teacher, coach, teammate,
someone might write that her husband picked up ice cream
or employer. Try to choose someone you can meet with in
“because my husband is really thoughtful sometimes.”
person. In the next week, write a letter of gratitude to that
person and then hand-deliver it. Make your letter as spe- • Using signature strengths in a new way. The study
cific as possible, spelling out what the person did for you, participants were asked to fill out a character survey that
how often you remember those efforts, and what effect identified their top five strengths. The survey is available
they had on you. When you meet, read your letter aloud to online at www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu. You can
the recipient. Afterward, think about the following ques- take the survey to identify your character strengths. Or, if
tions: How did you feel as you wrote your letter? How did this isn’t possible, reflect on your own character and try to
the other person react to your letter, and how were you find five qualities that are your strong suits. You may want
affected by the reaction? Is there someone else you would to ask a supportive friend or family member to help you
like to express your gratitude to in a similar way? identify these character strengths. After doing this, choose
• Three good things in life. For the next week, each night
one of your strengths, and every day for the next week, try
to use it in a different way.
reflect on your day and find three things that went really
well. Spend 10 minutes writing about them in a journal, Adapted and reprinted with permission from Martin E.P. Seligman, Ph.D., Director
of the University of Pennsylvania Positive Psychology Center and author of Authen
including information on why they went well. It’s impor- tic Happiness (Free Press, 2002) and Learned Optimism (Vintage Books, 2006).

ture. With practice, your current outlook and behav- Communicating better
iors can change for the better. Communicating effectively is a powerful tool. It
You may have already tried some techniques helps ward off the stress you experience from behav-
used in positive psychology. They include cognitive ing either too passively or too aggressively. Learning
restructuring (see page 20) and journal writing (see to actively listen and communicate assertively can
page 27), as well as emphasizing the importance of improve your ability to manage conflicts, prevent
intimate bonds (see “Social support,” at right). Other situations from escalating, and lessen the likelihood of
techniques help people tap into a sense of gratitude stressful misunderstandings.
and thankfulness or simply a sense of humor. All of ■ Speaking assertively. People who are assertive
these therapeutic approaches focus on amplifying believe “I count and you count.” They use language
the positive. that both acknowledges the other person’s perspective
A study that assessed the effects of several differ- and allows their own opinion to be heard. Assertive
ent “happiness exercises” found a few that were partic- language is calm and unemotional.
ularly effective in increasing happiness and decreasing ■ Listening actively. Active listeners are empa
depressive symptoms. The researchers—who included thetic—they appreciate other people’s realities without
Martin Seligman, the director of the University of making judgments. This kind of empathetic listening
Pennsylvania Positive Psychology Center and a leader takes practice but it can make a difference in the tone
in the positive psychology field—asked 577 adults to discussions take.
perform one of five happiness exercises or a placebo Here is an exercise that will help you practice both
(writing down their early memories every night for speaking assertively and listening actively. First, find
one week). The participants completed two surveys—a a partner. One of you will be the communicator and
happiness index and a depression scale—before and the other, the listener. The communicator will tell the
after performing the exercises. other person about a stressful or frustrating experi-
Two of these exercises—“Using signature strengths ence. Use clear, calm, assertive language. Avoid accu-
in a new way” and “Three good things”—had lasting sations such as “You always make me feel…” and stick
effects, increasing happiness and decreasing depressive to first-person language such as “I feel ____ when you
symptoms for as long as six months. The researchers ___.” Meanwhile, the listener should listen and resist
had asked the participants to perform these exercises the urge to interrupt. Then, switch roles. At the end
for one week, but in follow-up interviews they found of the exercise, take turns paraphrasing what each of
that those who continued the exercises on their own you heard your partner say. Ask for validation. How
got better, longer-lasting results. Another exercise, did it feel to be listened to without interruption or
“Gratitude visit,” delivered the best initial results— judgment? Think about how you can use these tech-
boosting happiness scores and lowering depressive niques in real-life situations, especially in those you
symptoms considerably—but the effects disappeared find stressful or contentious.
by the three-month mark. For information on how to
perform these three exercises, see “Boost your happi-
ness” on page 23. Social support
In addition, there have been many intriguing stud- Just as a boat is protected by the rubber bumpers that
ies on humor. Researchers have found that laughter separate it from a hard dock, so, too, do people benefit
boosts immune system activity and lowers the amount when social buffers soften the inevitable bumps and
of circulating stress hormones, such as epinephrine bruises of life. Studies show that social ties—at least
and cortisol. No wonder many mind-body practition those that represent positive relationships—signifi-
ers prescribe laughter. They often urge patients to rent cantly protect health and well-being.
funny movies, read amusing books, and embrace the In Sweden, researchers following more than 17,000
absurd in daily life. men and women for six years found that the group
that reported the most isolation and loneliness had Check with VolunteerMatch (www.volunteermatch.
almost four times the risk of an early death as those org) or Senior Corps (www.seniorcorps.org), or call
with good social networks. California researchers who your local chapter of the United Way for opportuni-
tracked roughly 7,000 Alameda County residents for ties that fit your talents and interests.
nine years found that a lack of strong community and • Harness the warmer side of technology. E-mail and
social bonds multiplied the likelihood of dying during telephones extend your reach around the world.
the study period by nearly two to three times. Libraries and senior centers may offer free online
Confidants, friends, acquaintances, co-workers, time and may even help you set up a free e-mail
relatives, and spouses or companions weave a life- account.
enhancing social net. Their support may involve out-
• Find like-minded people through intriguing classes
right assistance or may be largely emotional. Studies
and organizations.
show that people who have greater social support fare
better on measures of immune function when faced • If it’s hard to get to religious services, ask fellow congre-
with stressors as diverse as caregiving, surgery, exams, gants to escort you. If a significant illness keeps you away,
and job strain. For example, women with breast can- find out if your spiritual leader makes home visits.
cer who felt they had high-quality emotional support • Social support is a two-way street. Offer assistance to
from an intimate relationship, social support from a friends, family, and neighbors, and accept it when it’s
doctor, and nourishment from other connections had offered to you.
more natural killer cells—capable of destroying virus- • Share a confidence. Doing so can turn a friendly
laden cells and certain tumor cells—than those who relationship into an even deeper one.
lacked these advantages.
• Consider adopting a pet. Research shows that pets
Not surprisingly, the quality of relationships
can have beneficial effects on your physical and
counts. Research suggests that negative ones—such
emotional health.
as an embattled marriage or a draining caretaking
arrangement—can be more harmful than helpful. A • If depression, low self-esteem, or social phobias
2009 study of breast cancer patients who were liv- affect your ability to make connections, seek help.
ing with a spouse or significant other examined the Start by talking with your doctor. Many people have
effects of relationship stress on recovery. Researchers been aided by therapy, medications, or both.
found that even five years after the original diagno-
sis, patients in stressful relationships recovered more
slowly—showing greater signs of psychological dis- Nurturing yourself
tress, poorer physical health, and a steeper reduction Learning to nurture yourself is another key task in
in physical activity—than their counterparts who were managing stress. While you may know a great deal
in stable relationships. about nurturing others, satisfying your own needs
may not be second nature.
Strengthening your social bonds It’s common wisdom, for example, that women
Given the pleasures and benefits of social ties, why not spend a larger percentage of their waking hours nur-
grasp opportunities to expand your social circle and turing others than men do. Whether or not women
deepen the ties you’ve already made? Here are some work outside the home, studies suggest that they
ways to do just that: spend more time than men do tending house and
• If you normally wait for others to reach out, pick up loved ones. If you’re a woman, odds are good that
the phone and propose a date. you provide the emotional glue that holds relation-
• Explore some of the many volunteer opportunities ships and families together. You buy the birthday
available, from wielding tools to spruce up afford- cards, pick up the phone to offer help when someone
able housing to mentoring a child or businessperson. is sick, and do much of the work or coordination of

services involved in caring for elderly parents, chil- feel comfortable taking time to refresh yourself. If
dren, grandchildren, and spouses in need of assis- you’re a man, you may not have much practice creat-
tance. Our culture expects you to be self-sacrificing. ing your own nurturing rituals and, like your female
Your needs may take last place; putting yourself first counterpart, you may feel uneasy doing so. Clearly,
is cast as selfishness. both women and men can benefit from learning to
For men, our society places great emphasis on get- focus on themselves in healthy, rejuvenating ways.
ting ahead. That can encourage a single-minded focus
on career to the detriment of other activities. In this Learning to care for yourself
way, men are discouraged from indulging their nur- The art of nurturing yourself is not a single technique.
turing side. Rather, it’s an overarching concept for your life, says
Just as women are pressed from the get-go to give Harvard psychologist Alice D. Domar in her book
to others, men are pushed toward the receiving end. Self-Nurture. The spark you gain from nurturing your
That creates imbalances and potential sources of dis- imagination, career, relationships, sex life, or spiritual
tress for both sexes. If you’re a woman, you may not side amplifies the healing effects of other stress-relief
techniques. The many, varied options for self-nurture
include
Power of prayer • journal writing
Several large studies suggest that people with an active
religious life tend to stay healthier, live longer, and be
• cognitive restructuring
happier. For example, a review article in the Journal of the • relaxation exercises
American Geriatrics Society cited an international study
of nearly 170,000 men and women from 14 countries
• affirmations and prayer
that found religious affiliation and attendance at services • social support
significantly increased the likelihood of happiness and
satisfaction. Twelve years of data from 2,800 older adults • creative, productive, and leisure activities.
enrolled in the Yale Health and Aging Study, reported in
The Journals of Gerontology, showed members of religious
Imagine these techniques and self-nurturing
congregations had a slower onset of physical disability. acts as dry seeds for a garden. Lush growth rewards
Other studies on how religion affects health have noted those who do more than scratch the earth, toss in a
less hostility and anxiety, lower blood pressure, and better few seeds, and step back to see what comes up. Dig
quality of life among people with strong beliefs.
deep. Water frequently. Remove choking weeds from
But the power of prayer is not easy to document. A 2002
the plot when necessary. Combining the richness of
study in Annals of Behavioral Medicine sifted through
research claiming religion and spirituality have positive your past experiences, a willingness to expand your
effects on cardiovascular disease and hypertension. The in- current boundaries, and a desire to fill your life with
vestigators disputed these results, citing numerous flawed courage, love, and joy can make a great deal of differ-
or irrelevant supporting studies. ence in what you reap.
Still, prayer offers solace and comfort to many people. Re-
ligious communities can be part of a larger social network
that keeps a person afloat with emotional support and Creativity, productivity, and leisure
outright assistance (see “Social support,” page 24). By re- The nerve-jangling pressure of lengthy daily “to do”
inforcing positive emotions, religious belief might stimulate lists can leach away energy. The thought of adding
healthy physiological responses through complex nervous more items to the list may fill you with more dismay
system pathways, much as a constant flood of negative
thoughts may set the opposite reaction in motion. And, of
than delight, even if the addition is relaxation, crea
course, certain religions encourage better health habits, tivity, or time with a loved one. Yet when you refresh
such as avoiding alcohol and tobacco. yourself in ways that are meaningful to you, you add
If prayer is meaningful to you, it can enhance the relaxation to your stock of energy and joy.
response and perhaps your health as well. You may want to What does “creativity” mean to you? Writing a
use your favorite prayer or a phrase from it to help you focus.
short story? Sculpting clay? Designing a retreat? Pulling
out a paint box? Dancing around the room? Building a
deck? Cooking up a feast? Landscaping a garden? Affirmations
If you have a dream you’ve never explored, find Affirmations are statements that express love, acceptance,
small and big ways to follow through. Sing in the and, often, a joyous vision for your self and your life. A
stream of positive thoughts can drown out more nega-
shower, take lessons from a pro, or try out a song in tive ones. Try incorporating simple affirmations, such as “I
front of friends. If you have no idea where to turn, sign breathe in healing” or “I breathe out tension,” into relax-
up for a class you think you might enjoy. Give yourself ation techniques. Or paste them to your mirror or another
the opportunity to try a variety of options. Don’t give prominent place where you can read them several times
a day. The more often you repeat an affirmation, the more
up if the first one fails to captivate you or if the results
likely you are to believe it and act on it.
of your effort don’t meet your expectations. Discover Whether you write your own affirmation or borrow
what creative work you love, and do it. one from a helpful bumper sticker, the words should
Productive work forges links between you and the resonate for you. When creating an affirmation, choose
world and invests life with meaning. It matters little a stressful aspect of your life and decide what a positive
outcome would be or how you wish you felt about the
whether these tasks are performed via a paid or vol- situation. Try to craft statements in first person and pres-
unteer job or while digging in the garden. They offer ent tense, such as these:
pleasure and sometimes the chance to be creative. • “I can do this.”
If you’re retired or find that the work that pays your • “It’s just a bump in the road.”
bills offers few opportunities for satisfaction, indulge • “I can handle this situation.”
your productive side elsewhere. The simplest task, such • “I am doing my best.”
as slicing vegetables for dinner or scrubbing a floor, • “I am calm.”
may be less tedious and more joyful if you approach
• “I deserve respect.”
it mindfully. Jobs that involve other people can spark
• “Week by week, I am growing healthier and stronger.”
connections that nurture you in other ways. Work that
• “I can relax my body.”
benefits others often offers special satisfactions. Such
• “I am a loving, caring person.”
volunteer opportunities abound for people of every age
• “I like myself.”
and level of ability. Check with local volunteer organi-
zations for tasks that fit your talents and available time.
The job many of us find hardest is setting aside time
for pursuits defined as leisure. Reading a novel, playing Journals: Easing stress
a game of tennis, soaking in a hot bath, or spending a the write way
half-hour meditating may seem like selfish activities. If you’re like most people, you’ve learned to bottle up
Productive and even creative pursuits are more likely “unacceptable” emotions, such as anger, fear, frustration,
to meet with accepting nods. Yet playfulness invites joy and grief. Sometimes, of course, the cap slips off. Then
back into your life. And relaxation enhances “flow,” a these emotions spill forth at high intensity, although not
state described by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi necessarily in the right direction. One safe way to decant
in which creative juices are freed and their full expres- any emotions—even the most hurtful, terrifying, or sad
sion is directed to all pursuits. feelings—is journal writing. A blank sheet of paper and
So, stretch out on a hammock for a nap. Enjoy a a pen, or an empty computer document, can offer enor-
massage. Carve out 20 minutes during your busy day for mous release and, possibly, insight into hidden conflicts.
breath focus or a body scan. Soak in the sounds of music Writing about traumatic events can have physi-
you find calming or invigorating or simply pleasurable. cal benefits, too, according to psychologist James W.
Taking this time for yourself helps ward off exhaustion Pennebaker, who began studying this issue in the late
and burnout, allowing you to focus more attentively and 1970s. A series of studies required one group of peo-
less resentfully on the tasks of your day. Consider it a gift ple to write down their deepest thoughts and feel-
to yourself that also pays dividends to others. ings about the most traumatic event they recalled. A

control group wrote only about trivial events. Both • If you’re physically healthy, choose the most stress-
groups wrote for 15 minutes a day for four days. In ful event or problem you currently face. It’s usually
one study, the group that expressed deep emotions one that you frequently dwell upon. Or, if you think
reported feeling better and also had significantly your current problems stem from past circumstance,
fewer doctors’ visits and symptoms of illness for write about upsetting events in your past.
nearly half a year afterward. After a similar experi- • Truly let go. Write down what you feel and why you
ment, the group that revealed deep emotions had feel that way.
livelier immune system defenders called T cells for
• Write for yourself, not others. Don’t worry about gram-
the next six weeks.
mar or sentence structure. If you run out of things to
Why does writing about emotional issues make
say in the time allotted, feel free to repeat yourself.
a difference in physical and emotional health?
Pennebaker theorizes that confiding bottled-up feel- • Do this exercise for 15 to 20 minutes a day for three
ings relieves stress that otherwise would ratchet up to four days, or as long as a week if you feel writing
blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tension. continues to be helpful.
Writing it out Bringing more joy to your life

Clinicians at the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind You needn’t only write about sources of stress.
Body Medicine have found that the following jour- Another approach is to write about a positive event
nal exercise helps relieve ongoing sources of stress. A to identify ways to bring more joy and meaning to
single attempt is not enough, though. When you first your life. For this exercise, set aside 10 minutes to
sit down to write about a problem, you may feel more write about any positive event that’s taken place
anxious. The wound, once exposed, may initially hurt in your life. Perhaps it was having a baby, getting
more than it did while hidden. But continuing to write a coveted job, touring the French countryside, or
about the same problem over the course of several getting an advanced degree. Focus on the details of
days often enables you to work through difficult emo- the event as well as how you felt at the time. After
tions and reach resolution or acceptance. you’re done writing, take a few minutes to think
Here’s some advice before you begin: about your feelings. Were you proud of a hard-
• Deeply troubling events and situations, such as won accomplishment? Exhilarated by a new expe-
domestic violence, rape, or direct exposure to acts rience? Awash in love and acceptance because of
of terrorism or war are best explored with an expe- a connection with a loved one? Now look for ways
rienced therapist. For other situations, you can pro- to experience those feelings again. Can you find
ceed on your own and seek professional help only if opportunities in the present that might bring you
you feel you need assistance. those same feelings?
The different faces of stress
P erceptions of what constitutes a stressful situation

and reactions to stress vary from person to per-
son. Yet all of us are influenced by a number of broad
arguments and overloads at home and work, for six
weeks. Wives proved 5% more likely than husbands
to report days marked by “any distress” and 19%
issues. Are you male or female? How old are you? Are more likely to experience “high-distress” days. The
you working? Or do you wish you were? Are you car- women did not typically carry feelings of “high dis-
ing for an elderly or sick relative? This section explores tress” from one day to the next, but did report facing a
the different faces of stress. greater overall number of stressful situations. Certain
demands affected men or women more. Men reacted
more strongly to an argument with a child, financial
Gender and stress woes, or work overload, for example, while women
The physiology of the stress response is similar for were more distressed by arguments with a spouse,
everyone. But some researchers believe that there are transportation difficulties, or family demands.
distinct differences in the way women and men expe- Some interesting preliminary research suggests
rience and respond to stress. women and men tend to cope with stressful situa-
Community surveys taken in many countries find tions differently, too. A team of UCLA psychologists
women consistently report greater distress than men published a study in Psychological Review suggesting
do. A study of roughly 1,100 American adults that that women are less likely to fight or flee when faced
appeared in the Journal of Personality and Social Psy- with stressors. Instead, they are likely to “tend-and-
chology found that women were more likely than men befriend.” “Tending” is nurturing behavior designed
to experience ongoing stress and feel that their lives to protect and relieve distress. “Befriending,” which
were out of their control. may support tending, refers to seeking and maintain-
Why the disparity? Some researchers believe ing social connections.
that the social responsibilities typically handled by The researchers believe sex hormones and the
women—including child care, care of older relatives, pituitary hormone oxytocin are partly responsible for
and housework—expose them to more abundant such differences and suggest the behavior may have
opportunities for distress. These responsibilities consti- held evolutionary advantages for women. Oxytocin
tute the “second shift” for women who work outside the dampens anxiety and induces relaxation. Its effects
home. This additional burden can lay the groundwork are enhanced by female sex hormones and diminished
for long-term health problems, as was demonstrated by male sex hormones. When under stress, both men
in a large study of nurses. The women in the study and women release epinephrine and cortisol; men also
charged with caring for a disabled or chronically ill release testosterone, which tends to increase hostil-
spouse for nine or more hours a week were at increased ity and aggression. The impulse to fight or flee in the
risk of having a heart attack or other manifestation of face of danger could have disastrous consequences for
coronary artery disease over a four-year period. Men, women, who tend to be smaller than men and may be
on the other hand, more often report financial stress pregnant or caring for small children. It is intriguing
than women do, which makes sense since men are tra- to speculate on whether “tend-and-befriend” could
ditionally expected to be breadwinners. have positive consequences for women. After all,
Another study asked 166 married couples to keep social connections are key to reducing the damaging
a daily diary tracking 21 common stressors, such as effects of stress (see “Social support,” page 24).

Age and stress do adapt to changing abilities, it’s true, but the road to
Does age have any effect on stress? Certainly some that point may not be smooth.
major life events, such as the death of a spouse, illness, Cultural training may make a difference, too.
and accidents, are more likely to touch you with time. Many older people were raised in environments where
Ailments more common among older people, such emotional displays were frowned upon. Many older
as heart disease, arthritis, and cancer, are significant women never learned how to state needs directly or
sources of pain and disability. Side effects from medi- handle uncomfortable conflicts before they become a
cations and other treatments can be unpleasant daily source of stress; nor did they have abundant opportu-
realities. Sleep disturbances are also common in later nities for work outside the home, which offers a crea
life. Any or all of these can be sources of stress. tive, productive outlet to some women. On the other
A dwindling interest in exercise—tied, perhaps, hand, many do take comfort from religion, which may
to osteoporosis or compromised vision, hearing, and have an effect on health and longevity.
balance as you grow older—can make you more of a Some preliminary evidence suggests that dis-
shut-in than you would like to be. This can set off a turbances in the HPA axis, which controls the stress
cycle of declining physical abilities and increasing response, compound certain health problems that
frailty. Is that stressful? Just ask anyone who worries are common among older people, such as cardio-
that a walk outside might end in broken bones or finds vascular disease and stroke. Aging and long-term
it difficult to do simple tasks around the house. People stress both appear to trigger these disturbances in
some people. Constant exposure to certain stress
Tips for taming stress for older adults hormones, such as cortisol, can harm nerve cells in
• Attend a mind-body program. Some are specifically the hippocampus, potentially affecting learning and
designed for seniors. Others may focus on chronic memory processing.
pain or specific ailments, such as heart disease (see Fortunately, not all of these consequences are writ-
“Resources,”page 46). ten in stone. Once you identify key sources of stress in
• Ask your doctor whether you might benefit from certain
your life, odds are good that you can overcome them.
types of exercise, such as tai chi, which enhances bal-
ance, or strength training, which has been shown to
It’s possible to prevent or at least combat physical
build bone density and muscle strength in elderly people. decline and some age-related ailments through exer-
Many other kinds of physical activity improve your cise, good nutrition, appropriate medications, and
health, lift your mood, and reduce stress, too. stress-control techniques. Also try the “Tips for tam-
• If insomnia is a considerable source of stress, cognitive ing stress for older adults” at left.
behavioral therapy may help. This form of therapy aims
to correct ingrained patterns of self-defeating behavior
and negative thoughts. In a randomized, controlled study
of 78 older adults published in The Journal of the Ameri- Caregiving and stress
can Medical Association in 1999, cognitive behavioral Caring for others fulfills a basic social contract in ways
therapy was significantly more effective than sleep medi- that can draw generations and individuals closer to
cation for improving insomnia over sustained periods.
one another. Certainly, caring for an elderly parent or
Ask your doctor to recommend a therapist or counselor
who could help. ailing spouse is a worthy, often satisfying pursuit. But
• If disability is a source of stress, talk with your doctor, a it isn’t easy. If you’re a caregiver, you may often wres-
geriatrician, an occupational therapist, or a staff mem- tle with stress as well as exhaustion, anger, guilt, grief,
ber at your local council on aging about changes in your and other difficult emotions.
home that might help you live more independently. More often than not, caregivers are women. The
• Consider whether you might benefit from cognitive task is especially hard on women in the so-called
restructuring techniques or a course in assertiveness
sandwich generation, who are simultaneously caring
training that would help you state your wishes and
handle conflicts. for children and older parents, quite possibly while
working outside the home, too.
While you attend to the needs of others, your own in poor health when data collection started. They also
sense of well-being may head south. Studies of men suffered greater functional declines during the next
and women responsible for the long-term care of rela- four years. In this study, published in BMJ, job control
tives show higher rates of illness, suppressed immune depended on the worker’s ability to acquire and apply
response, slower healing, and even increased mor- new skills on the job and to have decision-making
tality among caregivers. Additionally, research pub- authority. Women in jobs with the highest control and
lished in 2003 revealed that ongoing stress endured lowest demands stayed healthiest.
by older adults caring for spouses with Alzheimer’s Another study linked job stress and heart dis-
disease had a negative impact on the caregiver’s own ease. Researchers conducting this 2008 study, which
mental functioning. involved 10,000 London-based male and female civil
In order to give care, you need stress relief, sup- servants, found that chronic work stress was associ-
port, and time for yourself and your family. The “Tips
for taming caregiver stress” at right may help. Tips for taming caregiver stress
• Relaxation response techniques and self-nurturing tech-
Work and stress niques (see “Nurturing yourself,” page 25) are vital.
Practicing them often will enable you to feel calmer,
Americans spend more time working than they did happier, and better able to help others. If it’s too hard
in previous decades. Cell phones, telecommuting, to find the time, consider getting extra help with some
e-mail, and fax machines have breached the wall household tasks.
between work and leisure time. Frequent threats of • Protect your own health. Research suggests that a care-
giver’s immune function is often suppressed by the stress
layoffs and the flight of industries to markets where
of caring for others. Boost your resistance by eating well,
labor is cheaper fuel worker worries. The jobs of getting enough rest and exercise, and pursuing activities
older workers may be jeopardized by younger aspi- that bring you pleasure.
rants who are well-versed in new technologies or • A blend of assertiveness and cognitive restructuring
simply less costly to a corporation. A generally shaky skills can help you share the work, instead of taking on
economy and the rise in food and gas prices also everything yourself. Spell out to other family members
what needs to be done and what sort of help would
feed anxiety.
be best. If no one offers help, ask for it. When someone
Given this picture, is work-related stress increas- offers, accept it. Write out a list of smaller tasks people
ing? It’s hard to be certain. Some researchers have can do, such as calling regularly, cooking an occasional
pointed out that the scales designed to measure stress dinner, and running errands, and dole these out. Or sim-
at work may be too narrow to fit people in a wide range ply ask people to check off what they can do.
• Take advantage of regular respite care from professionals,
of occupations and aren’t always applicable to current
family, and friends to give yourself much-needed breaks.
work practices. In addition, beneficial changes, such
• Join a support group to talk out frustrations with other
as the elimination of some dirty, tedious jobs and a
people in your situation and to get helpful ideas. Some
growth in opportunities available in challenging new caregiver support groups are available online (such as a
fields, generally get little attention. So do the positive nationwide chat group run by AARP), while others are run
psychological effects of work. by local hospitals, senior centers, and community groups.
Perhaps a better question, then, is how does your • Periodically, consider what you can offer and what assis-
job affect you? Does it engage and energize you or tance you need. If it’s getting too hard for you to fulfill cer-
tain needs, ask family members for help or consider other
leave you sapped? Does it satisfy you? Do you get the options, such as hiring paid caregivers to take on these
support you need to do your job? How much con- tasks. Consult a geriatric care manager or a social worker
trol do you have over your work? A study of almost for help; your local council on aging or visiting nurse asso-
21,300 female registered nurses found those reporting ciation should be able to help you find one. If necessary,
consider another living arrangement that would help you
minimal control over their jobs, little social support
meet your needs and those of your loved one.
at work, and high job demands were more likely to be

Not working can be as stressful as working.
Tips for taming work-related stress
Answering the often-asked question “What do you
• Try a mini-relaxation (see page 41) for fast relief. do?” can be troubling to people who are unemployed
• Halt cognitive distortions before they get too strong a or retired. Even those who work as homemakers may
toehold. Remember to stop, breathe, reflect, and choose feel anxious about it. Too often, the jobs held by peo-
(see “Cognitive restructuring: You are what you think,”
page 20).
ple define their places in society. Labels such as “stay-
• Take a 10-minute break for a body scan (see page 14)
at-home mom,” “retired,” and “laid off ” conjure up
on days when tension builds up. stereotypes. Then there are the financial pressures of
• Practice self-nurturing techniques at work as well as out- not working or working in a nonpaying job.
side of it (see “Nurturing yourself,” page 25). Buy flowers You can counter these stressors in many ways.
for your desk, have lunch with your favorite co-workers, Addressing cognitive distortions (see “Cognitive
or strap on your in-line skates for a lunchtime spin. restructuring: You are what you think,” page 20) can
(For more tips, see “Use mindfulness to reduce workday stress,” page 43.)
help you manage realistic and unrealistic fears. Prac-
ticing relaxation and self-nurturing techniques will
ated with coronary artery disease, especially among lower your stress levels. And bookstores are filled
people under age 50. with career advice ranging from identifying the work
No matter how you rate your job, you can find you love to acing job interviews. Be aware, too, that
ways to defuse the stress response whenever work there is a life beyond work where satisfaction and
triggers it. Start by trying the “Tips for taming work- opportunity exist (see “Creativity, productivity, and
related stress” above. leisure,” page 26).
How stress affects the body
A great deal of research suggests exposure to long

term stress can harm your body. Chronic stress
influences high blood pressure and heart disease. It
sands of miles of blood vessels that nurture cells
throughout the body. Three obvious examples are
atherosclerosis (the accumulation of fatty deposits on
may also suppress the immune system and have impli- artery walls), heart attacks, and strokes.
cations for asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, can- The landmark Framingham Heart Study noted
cer, and ulcers. Additionally, emerging research now that certain factors raise the risk of cardiovascular dis-
supports the popular notion that high levels of stress ease. Some, such as race, age, gender, and genetics, are
somehow speed up the aging process. beyond your control. But others lie within your sphere
A 2004 study that followed mothers of chronically of influence. Traditionally, the controllable risk factors
ill children showed that the stress of caregiving actually have included smoking, inactivity, obesity, high blood
caused these women to age faster on a cellular level than pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes.
did the mothers of healthy children who constituted the Psychological stress appears to be a potent risk fac-
control group. When cells divide, the protective caps on tor as well. One three-year study asked 2,700 Ameri-
the ends of the chromosomes, called telomeres, shorten can adults to complete an online survey of physical and
slightly with each replication. The telomere length of mental health following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
the stressed caregiving mothers indicated that their People who had high levels of stress immediately after
cells had aged an additional nine to 17 years compared the attacks were nearly twice as likely to develop high
with the normal aging pace of the low-stress group. blood pressure and more than three times as likely to
What explains the physical toll of stress? Reasons develop heart problems during the following two years
stress could be harmful include direct effects—such as compared with those who had low stress levels.
through long-term suppression of the immune system, In addition, research indicates that a number of
causing stickier-than-normal platelets, slowing wound psychological and social factors—including depres-
healing, or constricting major blood vessels—and indi- sion, anxiety, anger and hostility, a lack of social sup-
rect effects on behavior. People respond to stress in port, work stress, marital stress, low socioeconomic
many ways, not all of them healthy. Overeating, smok- status, and caregiver strain—play significant roles in
ing, drinking too much, not exercising enough, and the development of cardiovascular disease. Acting
engaging in other risky behavior can certainly take a toll. alone, each of these factors heightens the chances of
What does this body of research mean to you? It developing heart disease. When combined, their power
suggests that you can avoid or ease the negative effects increases exponentially. On a more positive note, the
of stress through regular use of the methods outlined reverse is also true—treating depression, controlling
in “How to prevent and manage stress” on page 10. anger and hostility, and improving social support can
While stress-relief techniques can help, some condi- lower your odds of developing cardiovascular disease.
tions require other treatment. Your doctor can recom- How might stress contribute to cardiovascular dis-
mend the treatment plan that’s best for you. ease? Several avenues are under study. The release of
stress hormones, such as epinephrine, into the blood-
stream appears to increase the amount of cholesterol
Stress and cardiovascular disease made by the body. Repeated arousal of the sympathetic
Cardiovascular disease encompasses a range of ail- nervous system can trigger changes that increase the
ments that affect the heart or impinge upon the thou- risk of heart disease. For example, when the sympa-

thetic nervous system is aroused, blood pressure rises to do complex equations during laboratory experi-
and platelets become stickier (see “The stress response,” ments. A sudden spasm can block blood flow to part
page 2). Stickier platelets make blood clots more likely, of the heart, causing temporary chest pain or even a
while ongoing high blood pressure damages the heart, heart attack.
blood vessels, and other organs, and greatly increases An ambitious research project published in The
your chances of developing heart disease. Lancet in 2004, which involved over 24,000 participants
Dysregulation of the immune system and inflam- from 52 countries, demonstrated the role of stress in
mation have also been implicated. Chronic inflam- heightening heart attack risk. Roughly 11,000 patients
mation plays a key role in the process leading to who had just had a first heart attack were asked, as they
cholesterol-clogged arteries and heart attacks. Inflam- left the hospital, about various forms of stress they had
mation is an intricate dance involving different types experienced in the preceding 12 months. The ques-
of white blood cells, the antibodies they make, and tions probed reactions to job and home stress, financial
a dizzying array of chemical messengers known as problems, and major life events. Members of a control
cytokines. Its aim is to defend the body against bac- group, who were matched to the patients for age and
teria, viruses, and other foreign invaders, to remove gender but had no history of heart disease, underwent
debris, and to help repair damaged tissue. Inside similar assessments. Despite variations in the preva-
arteries, however, inflammation helps kick off ath- lence of stress across countries and ethnic groups,
erosclerosis and keeps the process smoldering. Ath- increased stress levels conferred a greater risk for heart
erosclerosis can narrow blood vessels dangerously, attack than did hypertension, abdominal obesity, dia-
causing chest pain, a heart attack, or a stroke (see Fig- betes, and several other risk factors.
ure 5). Inflammation even influences the formation An evaluation by the Centers for Medicare and
of artery-blocking clots, the ultimate cause of heart Medicaid Services examined two programs aimed
attacks and many strokes. at improving cardiovascular health through lifestyle
In addition, stress has an indirect influence, with modifications, including stress management, exercise,
negative emotions shaping behaviors that affect cardio- and nutrition counseling. The study, which involved
vascular risk. People who are stressed are more likely 589 patients who had already had heart disease and
to smoke and less likely to engage in physical activity. was conducted from 1999 through 2007, evaluated
Research also shows that sudden spasms in coro- two nationally recognized programs: the Benson-
nary arteries can be brought on by mental stress—at Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine program and
least when people with existing heart disease are asked the Dr. Dean Ornish program.
Figure 5 Inside a narrowed artery
Blood vessel wall

LDL cholesterol Stress may damage your arteries. Scientists theorize that
stress hormones increase cholesterol levels. People with
high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
are more likely to develop atherosclerosis, which is the
buildup of fatty deposits on artery walls. As the mixture
of fats, calcium deposits, and cell debris accumulates on
artery walls, the channel that the blood flows through
becomes progressively narrower. Eventually, blood flow
is obstructed. The blockage can cause angina, a heart
attack, or stroke.
Atherosclerosis
Both programs had a positive effect on cardiac risk frequently for a variety of reasons, but the immune
factors; for example, participants lost weight, reduced system recognizes the cells as aberrant and destroys
their blood pressure levels, improved cholesterol lev- them. Only when the immune system becomes inef-
els, and reported greater psychological well-being. fective are the cancer cells able to multiply. Chronic
Participants in both programs also appeared to have stress can hamper the immune system, and this might
better cardiac function. Moreover, participants in the affect the body’s ability to head off the uncontrolled
Benson-Henry program (which was created by Dr. proliferation of cancerous cells.
Herbert Benson, the medical editor of this report) also What is clear, however, is that stress management
had lower death rates and were less likely to be hos- can have a role in cancer recovery. A 2005 study of
pitalized for heart problems, compared with controls. women undergoing breast cancer treatment concluded
The study concluded that these kinds of intensive life- that a high stress level preceding the cancer diagnosis
style modification programs are clinically effective. resulted in a lower physical and emotional quality of
While this study is good news for those with heart dis- life immediately after treatment and even a year later.
ease, more studies are needed to confirm these results. In another study, women with Stage I or II breast
cancer underwent a 10-week program of stress man-
agement and relaxation training. Similarly diagnosed
Stress and cancer women in a control group were not offered the train-
Can stress cause cancer? Currently, there isn’t any evi- ing. At the end of the study period, researchers mea-
dence to suggest that stress can do so by itself. But sured the levels of the stress hormone cortisol in each
whether long-term stress may play a role by tamper- group. Women in the group that received the train-
ing with immune defenses is a question that bears ing had lower cortisol levels. Interestingly, their lower
closer scrutiny. One theory about how cancer devel- cortisol levels were connected not to lower stress lev-
ops suggests that cancerous changes in cells occur els, but to a greater awareness of the positive effects of
Exploring the links between relaxation techniques and protective chemicals in the body
Can relaxation response techniques boost the production communications between key body systems, dampens the
of certain substances that protect the body from illness and activity of certain immune cells, and inhibits blood clotting.
help stifle pain? Research suggests that they can. It also has antibacterial and antiviral properties. In fact, it
In 2005, a team of Harvard Medical School researchers led stimulates activation of an enzyme that leads to the release
by Dr. Jeffrey A. Dusek found that the relaxation response is of enkelytin, an antibacterial peptide, and enkephalins,
associated with production of nitric oxide, a substance that compounds that enhance mood, reduce pain perception, and
offers a variety of health benefits. In this study, oxygen con- stimulate some immune system cells. To the researchers, this
sumption and nitric oxide exhalation were measured in par- suggested that having sufficient levels of nitric oxide offers
ticipants at the start of the trial, then again after eight weeks potential protection against microbes, health problems such
of training in evoking the relaxation response. While there as hypertension, and overzealous activity in the immune and
was no correlation between the two measurements at the vascular systems.
beginning of the program, by the end, oxygen consumption Stefano and his team also pondered intriguing connections
had decreased in proportion to an increase in nitric oxide between the relaxation response and the placebo effect, a
production in the people who used the relaxation response. phenomenon that turns a person’s positive expectations or
A control group showed no such change. deeply held beliefs into an effective tool against illness. They
What are the benefits of nitric oxide? In a complex study posited that both the relaxation response and the placebo
published in 2001 in Brain Research Reviews, a research effect work through a complex connection of mind-body
team led by George B. Stefano investigated its multifaceted networks that prompts the release of nitric oxide, enkelytin,
and enkephalins and harnesses their beneficial effects. The
role. This molecule is present in human tissues and is best
placebo effect, which can have beneficial health effects, is
known for dilating blood vessels. But it performs other vital
automatic, or perhaps the result of conditioning. The relax-
functions as well. It acts as a signaling molecule shuttling
ation response, on the other hand, can be learned.

their illness, such as better family relationships and an and oxygen to billions of cells and carts off carbon diox-
increased sense of purpose in life. ide and other metabolic debris to the organs responsible
A small pilot study yielded similarly promising for their disposal. The force that moves the blood along
results for men being treated for prostate cancer. The can be measured as blood pressure. Blood pressure fluc-
study examined the men’s interest in and the effec- tuates throughout the day, spiking when you exercise or
tiveness of two complementary treatments, relax- get upset and dipping when you rest quietly or sleep.
ation response therapy and Reiki therapy, which were As mentioned earlier in this report, the release of
offered in addition to the primary radiation treatment. stress hormones causes your heart to beat faster and
(Reiki therapy is an energy therapy used to improve a your blood pressure to rise. Often, this rise is tempo-
body’s ability to heal itself.) Researchers found that the rary, and your heartbeat slows and your blood pres-
men in the study were interested in trying the comple- sure drops once a threat has passed. But if the stress
mentary treatments, and that the treatments had posi- response is triggered repeatedly, blood pressure may
tive outcomes. Patients who were anxious before the remain consistently high.
radiation treatment were less anxious after receiving High blood pressure, or hypertension, is danger-
one of the complementary treatments—regardless of ous for several reasons. It forces the heart to pump
whether they had the relaxation response therapy or harder to circulate blood. Eventually, the muscles of
the Reiki therapy. Those who received the relaxation the heart respond by thickening. But this doesn’t nec-
response therapy also showed improvement in their essarily translate into added strength. In fact, often
sense of emotional well-being. the heart’s blood supply doesn’t increase to the same
degree, and, over time, the heart weakens. This can
lead to heart failure.
Stress and high blood pressure High blood pressure also damages artery walls
The pumping action of your heart keeps blood circulat- in a way that promotes atherosclerosis. By narrowing
ing throughout your body. That blood carries nutrients arteries and interfering with blood flow, atheroscle-
Figure 6 High blood pressure and kidney damage

Nephron
4 Nephron’s filtering Stress can contribute to high blood
capacity is impaired pressure, which can set the stage
for atherosclerosis and sometimes
LDL cholesterol Kidney kidney damage. High blood pressure
can cause tiny cracks in the lining of
1 Increased pressure Atherosclerosis
on vessel wall
arteries. These cracks provide a breed
ing ground for fatty deposits. As the
deposits accumulate along artery walls,
blood flow is hampered. If the arter
ies that feed blood to the kidneys are
affected, the body reacts by producing
renin, a hormone that causes small
2 Reduced arteries known as arterioles to narrow
3 Released hormone blood supply further. This kicks off a cycle of even
increases blood pressure to kidney higher blood pressure and further kid
ney damage. Over time, the diminished
blood flow can damage or destroy the
nephrons, the tiny filtering units inside
Renin released your kidneys. When this happens, the
kidney cannot filter wastes properly.
rosis can lead to a host of health problems, including Figure 7 Provoking an asthma attack
angina (chest pain), heart attack, stroke, and kidney
damage (see Figure 6). In fact, the higher your blood
pressure, the greater your risk for heart attack, heart
failure, stroke, and kidney disease.
Stress and the immune system

Studies suggest that the immune system is affected by
both short-term sources of stress, such as academic
exams or a fender-bender, and long-term sources,
such as job strain or ongoing conflict with a spouse. Stress can cause the small airways inside the lungs, known as
However, while a great deal of research has been done bronchioles, to tighten. This constriction interferes with the flow of
air into and out of your lungs. In people who are prone to asthma,
on this topic, until the science of human immunity
this can trigger wheezing, breathlessness, and other symptoms of
is more fully understood, the effect of stress on the an asthma attack.
body’s ability to resist disease remains uncertain.
With that said, short-term stress creates a tempo- through the bronchioles to be expelled by the lungs as
rary increase in certain measures of immune system you breathe out. The autonomic nervous system con-
activity. For example, it’s been shown to boost the trans- stricts and dilates the bronchioles. Strong arousal can
fer of infection-fighting cells called lymphocytes from provoke bronchiole constriction, which makes it more
the bloodstream to the skin, which some researchers difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. As a result,
think could help block infection and enhance healing. stress and strong emotions such as fear or anger com-
Long-term stress, however, appears to have different monly trigger asthma attacks (bouts of breathlessness
effects on certain immune cells. For example, natu- and wheezing) in some people who have asthma (see
ral killer cells, which attack virus-laden cells and cer- Figure 7). Of course, physical stressors, such as cold
tain tumor cells, may be suppressed by chronic stress. weather and exercise, can do the same.
Viruses may also exploit vulnerability created by stress. The extent of the role stress plays in the develop-
Once affected by stress, how swiftly does the ment of asthma is still being debated. Intense family
immune system rebound? That depends on the origi- stress early in life has been proposed as one of sev-
nal source of stress and the individual. But worrisome eral key risk factors. However, genetic predisposition,
changes in immune function have remained apparent exposure to certain allergens, viral infections, and
for weeks and months following earthquakes and hur- raised levels of certain allergy markers in the blood are
ricanes. One study of current and former caregivers also considered important.
of spouses with Alzheimer’s disease found that natu- A small study published in 2009 in the online
ral killer cells were significantly subdued among the journal BMC Pulmonary Medicine tested the effects
caregivers compared with a control group. On aver- of a yoga-based lifestyle modification and stress man-
age, this dampening of the immune system continued agement program on 57 adults with mild or moder-
for three years after the role as caregiver ended. ate bronchial asthma. The results showed a steady
improvement in lung function, a decrease in exercise-
induced airway constriction, improved quality of life as
Stress and asthma reported by participants, and a lower rate of medication
The bronchioles are small airways inside the lungs. Oxy- use compared with a control group whose members
gen passing through them reaches air sacs called alveoli received only physical care. Further study is needed to
and is released into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide pinpoint the physiological mechanisms involved, but
from the blood collects in the alveoli and passes back this study offers some hope to those with asthma.

Stress and gastrointestinal disorders can increase, which may lead to heartburn and inflam-
According to an influential report published in Gut mation of the esophagus. Stress may play a role in the
in 1999, a combination of psychological and physi- development of ulcers, too (see “Stress and ulcers,” at
cal factors can trigger gastrointestinal pain and other left). Stress can also cause abnormal contractions in
bowel symptoms. Severe life stress, it also noted, often the small intestine and colon and affect the pace at
precedes the onset of functional bowel disorders for which food travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
patients in gastrointestinal clinics. Laboratory experi- Interestingly, the parasympathetic nervous system,
ments show the digestive system responds to emo- which brings the body back to normal after the stress
tional arousal and mental stress. Gastric acid secretion response occurs, is responsible for the change in colon
contractions and the increase in gastric acid. Equally
Stress and ulcers intriguing, the effect of stress on the gastrointestinal
tract seems to differ from person to person. Irritable
Ulcer patients used to be routinely advised to eat bland
bowel syndrome (IBS), which is associated with stress,
foods and cut sources of stress from their lives. Then
scientists identified the bacterium Helicobacter pylori as offers one example of such variation. IBS is char-
a key instigator in the development of peptic ulcers, and acterized by abnormal contractions of the large and
antibiotics became the weapon of choice to combat them. small intestines and abdominal discomfort with no
Now the pendulum is swinging back some of the way. A apparent organic cause. Two English gastroenterolo
13-year study of more than 4,000 people found that those
who believed their lives were stressful were nearly twice
gists found that when IBS patients were under stress,
as likely to get ulcers. food moved more slowly through the small intestine
Experts believe that stress may hamper the body’s ability
in those patients who usually suffered from constipa-
to repair the wall of the gut. Many studies have found that tion. The opposite held true for those who typically
stress affects wound healing, which could clearly have had diarrhea.
implications for ulcers, even those created by bacteria. A wide variety of triggers may cause IBS to flare
One experiment with medical students, for example, found
up. Among them are a high-fat diet, certain hormones
that small incisions made in the forearm three days before
a major exam took 40% longer to heal on average than that affect the gastrointestinal tract, and everyday
when they were given during summer vacation. Stress stressors, such as arguments or work pressures. Some
might affect ulcers in other ways, too. It may trigger more research suggests that the early loss of one or both par-
gastric secretions, which increase inflammation and lessen ents through death or divorce results in higher-than-
the body’s ability to buffer gastric acids.
average rates of IBS and peptic ulcer disease.
S p e c i a l S e c t ion
Your portable guide

to stress relief
T
he best-written book on stress control is no help to you if you can’t find time to read it. If you
have only a short while to spare, dip into the stress-busting suggestions described in this sec-
tion. Whether you have one minute or half an hour, you’ll find ways to ease your day.
1 Take the sting out of 10 common stressors
Sometimes just thinking about ness stems from dragging your you might get the answers or skills
embarking on a program of stress heels, consider the underlying you need. Turn to CDs, books, or
control can be stressful. Rather issue. Are you anxious about what classes, for example, if you need a
than freeze in your tracks, start will happen after you get to work little tutoring. This works equally
small and bask in the glow of your or to a social event, for example? well when you’re learning relax-
successes. Give yourself a week to Or maybe you’re trying to jam too ation response techniques, too.
focus on practical solutions that many tasks into too little time.  Overextended? Clear the deck
could help you cope with just one  Often angry or irritated? Con- of at least one time-consuming
stumbling block or source of stress sider the weight of cognitive dis- household task. Hire a house-
in your life. Pick a problem, and see tortions. Are you magnifying a cleaning service, shop for grocer-
if these suggestions work for you. problem, leaping to conclusions, ies through the Internet, convene
 Frequently late? Apply time or applying emotional reasoning? a family meeting to consider who
management principles. Consider Take the time to stop, breathe, can take on certain jobs, or barter
your priorities (be sure to include reflect, and choose (see “Deflate with or pay teens for work around
time for yourself) and delegate or cognitive distortions,” page 42). the house and yard. Consider what
discard unnecessary tasks. Map out  Unsure of your ability to do is truly essential and important to
your day, segment by segment, set- something? Don’t try to go it alone. you and what might take a back-
ting aside time for different tasks, If the problem is work, talk to a co- seat right now.
such as writing or phone calls. If worker or supportive boss. Ask a  Not enough time for stress
you are overly optimistic about knowledgeable friend or call the relief? Try mini-relaxations (see
travel time, consistently give your- local library or an organization that page 41). Or make a commitment
self an extra 15 minutes or more can supply the information you to yourself to pare down your
to get to your destinations. If late- need. Write down other ways that schedule for just one week so you
www. h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 39

Special Section | Your portable guide to stress relief
can practice evoking the relaxation  Upset by conflicts with others? want a particular task at work to
response every day. Slowing down State your needs or distress directly, be taken off your hands? Do you
to pay attention to just one task avoiding “you always” or “you want to do it at a later date? Do
or pleasure at hand is an excellent never” zingers. Say, “I feel _____ you need someone with particu-
method of stress relief. when you _____.” “I would really lar expertise to assist you?
 Feeling unbearably tense? Try appreciate it if you could _____.” “I  Feeling lonely? Connect
massage, a hot bath, mini-relax- need some help setting priorities. with others. Even little con-
ations, a body scan, or a mindful What needs to be done first and nections—a brief conversation
walk. Practically any exercise—a what should I tackle later?” If con- in line at the grocery store, an
brisk walk, a quick run, a sprint flicts are a significant source of dis- exchange about local goings-on
up and down the stairs—will tress for you, consider taking a class with a neighbor, a question for
help, too. Done regularly, exercise on assertiveness training. a colleague—can help melt the
wards off tension, as do relaxation  Worn out or burned out? ice within you. It may embolden
response techniques. Focus on self-nurturing. Carve you, too, to seek more opportu-
 Frequently feel pessimistic? out time to practice relaxation nities to connect. Be a volunteer.
Remind yourself of the value of response techniques or at least Attend religious or community
learned optimism: a more joyful life indulge in mini-relaxations. Care functions. Suggest coffee with
and, quite possibly, better health. for your body by eating good, an acquaintance. Call a friend
Practice deflating cognitive distor- healthy food and for your heart by or relative you miss. Take an
tions. Rent funny movies and read seeking out others. Give thought interesting class. If a social pho-
amusing books. Create a mental list to creative, productive, and lei- bia, low self-esteem, or depres-
of reasons you have to feel grateful. sure activities. Consider your pri- sion is dampening your desire to
If the list seems too short, consider orities in life: is it worth feeling reach out, seek help. The world
beefing up your social network and this way, or is another path open is a kinder, more wondrous place
adding creative, productive, and to you? If you want help, consider when you share its pleasures and
leisure pursuits to your life. what kind would be best. Do you burdens.
2 Practice meditation on the go
Meditation can evoke the relaxation response, and it appears to have health benefits as well. It’s also simple to perform.
Here’s how to get started:
• Choose a mental device to help you focus. • Now slowly relax your muscles, moving
Silently repeat a word, sound, prayer, or your attention gradually from your face
phrase (such as “one,” “peace,” “Om,” or to your feet. Breathe easily and naturally
“breathing in calm”). You may close your eyes while using your focal device for 10 to 20
if you like or focus your gaze on an object. minutes. After you finish, sit quietly for a
• Adopt a passive attitude. Disregard dis- minute or so with your eyes closed. Then
tracting thoughts or concerns about how open your eyes, and wait another minute
well you’re doing. Any time your attention before standing up.
drifts, simply say, “Oh, well” to yourself and • Try to practice this meditation daily for
return to silently repeating your focus word 10 to 20 minutes, preferably at a specific
or phrase. time each day.
40 Stre s s M a n a g e m e n t www.health.har vard.edu
Your portable guide to stress relief | Special Section
3 Try a mini-relaxation
Mini-relaxations can help allay fear reach zero, you should feel more back of your neck. Next, use your
and reduce pain while you sit in relaxed. If not, go through the thumbs to work tiny circles around
the dentist’s chair. They’re equally exercise again. the base of your skull. Slowly mas-
helpful in thwarting stress before sage the rest of your scalp with
an important meeting, while stuck When you’ve got three minutes your fingertips. Then tap your fin-
in traffic, or when faced with peo- While sitting down, take a break gers against your scalp, moving
ple or situations that annoy you. from whatever you’re doing and from the front to the back and then
Here are a few quick relaxation check your body for tension. Relax over the sides.
techniques to try. your facial muscles and allow your Now massage your face. Make
jaw to fall open slightly. Let your a series of tiny circles with your
When you’ve got one minute shoulders drop. Let your arms fall thumbs or fingertips. Pay particular
Place your hand just beneath your to your sides. Allow your hands attention to your temples, forehead,
navel so you can feel the gentle rise to loosen so that there are spaces and jaw muscles. Use your middle
and fall of your belly as you breathe. between your fingers. Uncross your fingers to massage the bridge of
Breathe in slowly. Pause for a count legs or ankles. Feel your thighs sink your nose and work outward over
of three. Breathe out. Pause for a into your chair, letting your legs fall your eyebrows to your temples.
count of three. Continue to breathe comfortably apart. Feel your shins Finally, close your eyes. Cup
deeply for one minute, pausing for and calves become heavier and your hands loosely over your face
a count of three after each inhala- your feet grow roots into the floor. and inhale and exhale easily for a
tion and exhalation. Now breathe in slowly and breathe short while.
Or alternatively, while sitting out slowly.
comfortably, take a few slow deep When you’ve got 10 minutes
breaths and quietly repeat to your- When you’ve got five minutes Try imagery. Start by sitting com-
self “I am” as you breathe in and “at Try self-massage. A combination fortably in a quiet room. Breathe
peace” as you breathe out. Repeat of strokes works well to relieve deeply for a few minutes. Now pic-
slowly two or three times. Then muscle tension. Try gentle chops ture yourself in a place that con-
feel your entire body relax into the with the edge of your hands or tap- jures up good memories. What
support of the chair. ping with fingers or cupped palms. do you smell—the heavy scent of
Put fingertip pressure on muscle roses on a hot day, crisp fall air, the
When you’ve got two minutes knots. Knead across muscles, and wholesome smell of baking bread?
Count down slowly from 10 to try long, light, gliding strokes. You What do you hear? Drink in the
zero. With each number, take one can apply these strokes to any part colors and shapes that surround
complete breath, inhaling and of the body that falls easily within you. Focus on sensory pleasures:
exhaling. For example, breathe your reach. For a short session like the swoosh of a gentle wind; soft,
in deeply, saying “10” to your- this, try focusing on your neck cool grass tickling your feet; the
self. Breathe out slowly. On your and head. salty smell and rhythmic beat of
next breath, say “nine,” and so Start by kneading the muscles the ocean. Passively observe intru-
on. If you feel lightheaded, count at the back of your neck and shoul- sive thoughts, and then gently dis-
down more slowly to space your ders. Make a loose fist and drum engage from them to return to the
breaths further apart. When you swiftly up and down the sides and world you’ve created.

4 Keep a gratitude journal

5 Deflate cognitive distortions
Reflecting on the positive experiences, feelings, and When you recognize negative thoughts cropping up,
take the following steps.
relationships in your life can bring you greater joy. A
gratitude journal is a good way to acknowledge the Stop: Consciously call a mental time-out.
things that brighten your life and help you turn your Breathe: Take a few deep breaths to help release bur-
focus away from negative thoughts and feelings. geoning tension.
Keep a journal by your bed so that at the end Reflect: Ask some hard questions. Is this thought or
of each day, you can spend five to 10 minutes writ- belief true? Did I jump to a conclusion? What evidence
ing about something that you were grateful for in do I actually have? Am I letting negative thoughts bal-
loon? Is there another way to view the situation? What
your day. Savor pleasant sights, sounds, and experi
would be the worst that could happen? Does it help me
ences—a sunset, the birds chirping outside your win- to think this way?
dow, a hug from your child, or a call from a friend.
Choose: Decide how to deal with the source of your
Celebrate accomplishments large and small—learn- stress. If distortion is the root of the problem, can you
ing to master a new hobby, doing well on a project at recognize this and let go? Think about the goose in the
work, or getting the kids off to school on time. bottle (see page 22). Is the problem or constraint a real
Conjure up the scene in your mind and try to write one, or is it one of your mind’s making? If the problem
is real, are there practical steps you can take to cope
about it in detail. Then, spend a few minutes soaking in with it? Practicing a mini-relaxation (see page 41) may
the experience again. You can also use this journal to also help.
reflect on things from the past that you are grateful for.
6 Make a worry box
Everyone gets distracted by wor- box is handy, you can write down
ries and concerns, but sometimes worries as each crops up and drop
these worries can spill over, seep- your worries into the box through-
ing into the fabric of your day. out the day.
Having a place to contain your The worry box allows you to
worries—quite literally—may help mentally let go of your worries.
you set them aside so that you can focus on the Once your worries are deposited in the box, try to
more pleasurable or meaningful parts of your life. turn your attention to other matters.
Begin by finding or making a worry box. Any What you do with your slips of paper is up
box will do. This is a great exercise for children, to you. Some people choose to throw out the
but youngsters may find it even more appealing if notes without reading them again, while others
they can decorate the box as they like and keep it benefit from looking through them periodically
in a special place. before tossing them away. In that case, you may
At the end of the day, take a few minutes to be surprised to find that most of your worrying
write down two or three of your concerns on slips was fruitless; the scenarios you imagined never
of paper and place them inside the box. Or if the came to pass.
7 Use mindfulness to reduce workday stress
Given the rapid pace technology has enabled us to achieve on • Take a five-minute break every few hours, but use this time
the job, it is not surprising that roughly 75% of Americans cite to take a walk instead of simply pausing.
work as a significant source of stress in their lives, according • Deliberately set aside a few minutes every hour or two to
to a 2007 national poll by the American Psychological Associa- take some deep, diaphragmatic breaths.
tion. Try these tips to take the edge off the stress you feel dur-
• Have a mindful lunch in a new location, eating slowly and
ing your workday.
enjoying your time with yourself.
• While driving to work, do a body scan. Loosen your death
• At the end of your workday, think back on the day and acknowl-
grip on the steering wheel, lower your tensed shoulders, and
let your tight tummy relax. edge and congratulate yourself on your accomplishments.
• Stay in the right lane, and travel just at the speed limit. • As you are driving home, be conscious of whether or not you
are rushing. How does it feel? Try to slow down and relax.
• After you park, stay in your car for a minute and orient your-
self to your day before going in to work. • When you arrive home, change out of your work clothes,
take some deep breaths to center yourself and, when pos-
• Throughout your workday, monitor your tension levels and
sible, allow yourself five minutes of quiet before delving into
stress warning signs. Consciously try to relax and let go of
activities there.
your tension.
8 Harness the power of your mind
If you are feeling stressed or are in as you enter the meadow. What and lifts off the
pain, these visualization exercises sounds do you hear? The wind? ground. Pick up
may help. They are especially effective The rustle of leaves underfoot? the other sandbag.
once you have elicited the relaxation Or the songs of birds or insects? Notice what this
response (see “Breath focus,” page Does the air smell of flowers? Or bag represents. Toss this bag over
12), because your brain is calmer of dampness or leaves? the side and then sit comfortably
and more focused, and you tend to In the middle of the meadow down in the basket. The balloon
be more open to suggestion and new is a colorful balloon. Come closer gets lighter and rises higher in the
information. Try making a record- to it. Look carefully at the pattern sky. You notice that with each bur-
ing of these visualizations—either of colors. You can choose to stay in den you release, you also feel lighter
in your own voice or that of a friend the meadow and rest, or take a ride and lighter just like the balloon. As
whose voice you find soothing. in the hot-air balloon. you feel lighter, you begin to relax.
If you choose to take a ride, Your muscles relax, and your mind
Up, up, and away: slowly step into the basket. You see becomes quiet. You might drift
Hot-air balloon visualization two small sandbags on the floor; quietly among the clouds, floating
Imagine that you are standing on each sandbag are written words. lightly, feeling content, peaceful,
beside a grassy meadow. Now, Bend over and pick up one of the and free of worries. Perhaps you
allow all of your senses to be pres- bags. This bag represents a bur- choose to travel to a special or safe
ent. Pay attention to every detail. den, concern, or stress in your life. place. Sit quietly for several min-
Is it chilly outside? Can you see Notice what the words say, and then utes, and continue to savor this time
your breath? Or is it a warmer gently toss this bag over the side of of silence with yourself.
time of year? Is it sunny or cloudy? the balloon basket. As you let go of It is time to begin your journey
Continue to use all of your senses the sandbag, the balloon gets lighter home. Remember that the balloon

does not need the sandbags in order Evaporating pain: Visualization The light continues to melt
to land; there is no need to collect for headache sufferers your pain. You feel your forehead
your burdens. Just leave them where Close your eyes and try to imag- loosen slightly as the hard band
they dropped. As the balloon slowly ine what your headache looks or releases its grip. Now, the entire
glides back toward the meadow, feels like. Imagine that it is a hard band is liquid, and it begins to
remember how it felt to release your steel band weighing down your evaporate. Your eyelids and fore-
burdens and concerns. forehead, eyelids, and nose. It is so head feel lighter as the liquid turns
Focusing on how you felt dur- hard that it is difficult for you to to steam, rising above your head.
ing the balloon ride will help you move the muscles in your face. Your entire face relaxes as you see
repeat the experience when you Now, you notice a dim, blue the last of the liquid disappear
feel stressed again in your daily light appear. It settles above the above you. You are engulfed in a
life. Gently step out of the balloon hard steel band of headache and soothing vapor. Your head and face
and walk slowly back through the locks onto it. As the blue rays tar- feel light and relaxed, and you can
meadow, paying attention to your get your headache, the hard sur- breathe easily.
surroundings and being mindful of face begins to soften. Gradually, it Now, focus on your breath. Take
the experience of the moment. As becomes softer and more pliable. a few more slow, diaphragmatic
you reach the edge of the meadow, You notice movement in the band breaths, paying attention to how
transition back into the room, and like ripples on a lake. Take a few peaceful and relaxed you feel. When
become aware of the sights, sounds, slow breaths, allowing the muscles you are ready, slowly open your eyes,
and smells around you. of your face to relax. stretch, and resume your day.
9 Developing your personal plan for stress relief
Having a personalized stress-relief plan Remember to take one step at a time. the chart refresh your memory of the
can help you manage stressful situa- The more you practice, the easier the primary techniques that help disarm
tions better and even prevent stress from process gets. the stress response. Then decide what
building in the first place. As you begin While these steps can help you man- you’re willing to try and when you can
to create your personalized plan, go back age stress when it strikes, you’ll also do it. Even small changes—penciling
for a moment to “My stress warning want to apply the techniques you’ve in a few mini-relaxations to break up
signs” on page 8, which helps you iden- learned in this report on a regular daily tasks, reconnecting with a friend
tify how stress affects you personally. basis to keep stress at bay. You’ll over lunch, or taking a mindful walk—
Whenever you notice these symptoms, get the best results if you elicit the are important steps toward your goal.
take a moment to do the following: relaxation response every day for 10 By writing down what you noticed
• Stop and breathe. Can you identify a to 20 minutes. after taking these steps, you can en-
specific stressful event? courage yourself to keep at it. Try your
The chart provided (see Table 3) can plan for one or two weeks before you
• Reflect. What were your automatic help you start to do this by working make any changes.
thoughts? Write these down. Were these and other key components of an
there any distortions? effective stress management program What if you don’t stick to the sched-
• Choose. Ask yourself: Is there another into your daily routine. Practicing these ule you’ve drawn up? Try not to feel
way to think about this situation? Can techniques regularly may put you on the discouraged. Consider what got in the
you use an affirmation? What steps can path toward a more peaceful, joyous, way and whether you set out to do
you take to reduce your stress level? and healthy life. too much. Ask yourself what strate-
gies could help you circumvent these
• Notice how you feel now and Aim to try a variety of techniques, so obstacles next week. Finally, embrace
write it down. Congratulate yourself that you can find the ones that work what felt good and find the opportunity
for coping with the situation better. best for you. Let the first column of to repeat it.
Table 3 My plan for stress management

Key tasks This week I will try Days and times set aside What I noticed
Evoke the relaxation response

through techniques such as
deep breathing and a body
scan (see “How to prevent and
manage stress,” page 10).
Change the pattern of how you

appraise and respond to sources of
stress through cognitive restructuring.
Stop, breathe, reflect, and choose.
(See “Cognitive restructuring: You
are what you think,” page 20.)
Practice communicating assertively

and listening actively to reduce the
chance of misunderstandings and
frustration (see “Communicating
better,” page 24).
Nurture yourself by setting

aside time for relaxation, eating
well, exercising, connecting with
others, and pursuing activities
that add joy to your life (see
“Nurturing yourself,” page 25).

Resources
Organizations Books
Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Harvard Medical School Guide to Lowering Your
Massachusetts General Hospital Blood Pressure
151 Merrimac St., 4th Floor Aggie Casey, M.S., R.N., and Herbert Benson, M.D.
Boston, MA 02114 (McGraw-Hill, 2005)
617-643-6090 In this book, the medical editors of this report present an inno-
and vative, proven plan to lower your blood pressure. In addition to
offering nutrition and exercise advice, the book describes tech-
Massachusetts General Hospital West
niques that can help you manage your stress levels.
40 Second Ave., Suite 510
Waltham, MA 02451 Mind Your Heart: A Mind/Body Approach to Stress
781-487-6100 Management, Exercise, and Nutrition for Heart Health
www.bhimgh.org Aggie Casey, M.S., R.N., and Herbert Benson, M.D., with
Home base to Dr. Herbert Benson (one of the medical editors of Ann MacDonald
this report) and his colleagues, who have investigated the stress (Free Press, 2004)
response and taught the relaxation response and other stress The medical editors of this report offer a balanced and holistic
management approaches for many years. The institute offers approach to heart health that combines lifestyle changes with
programs for people with stress-related medical conditions, such cutting-edge medical procedures. The book discusses the impor-
as heart disease, chronic pain, cancer, or infertility. It also offers tance of risk factors such as depression, anger, and hostility,
exercise, nutrition, wellness, and prevention programs, as well as decreased social support, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition,
school-based programs for children and young adults. and outlines self-care strategies to combat these problems.
Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, The Relaxation Response (updated and expanded edition)
and Society Herbert Benson, M.D., with Miriam Z. Klipper
55 Lake Ave. N. (Avon Books, 2000)
Worcester, MA 01655
508-856-2656 A groundbreaking book that revealed the health benefits of
www.umassmed.edu/cfm stress management techniques. The revised edition describes the
therapeutic effects of the relaxation response and teaches a vari-
Founded by Jon Kabat-Zinn, author of Full Catastrophe Living, ety of methods to elicit it.
the center offers information and programs on stress reduction.
Its clinical treatment program is affiliated with the University of Relaxation Revolution: Enhancing Your Personal Health
Massachusetts Medical School. Through the Science and Genetics of Mind Body Healing
Herbert Benson, M.D., and William Proctor
National Center for Complementary and Alternative (Scribner, 2010)
Medicine (NCCAM)
NCCAM Clearinghouse The authors, including one of the medical editors of this report,
P.O. Box 7923 present the latest scientific findings on how the mind can
Gaithersburg, MD 20898 influence the body, including gene function. The book explores
888-644-6226 (toll-free) how people can harness the power of the mind to prevent
www.nccam.nih.gov life-threatening medical conditions, self-heal diseases, and
supplement drugs and surgery—an approach that effectively
Part of the National Institutes of Health, this government agency constitutes the “third pillar” of medicine.
offers a wealth of publications on a variety of health problems. It
also sponsors valuable research on alternative and complemen- Self-Nurture: Learning to Care for Yourself as Effectively
tary medicine. as You Care for Everyone Else
Alice D. Domar, Ph.D., and Henry Dreher
(Penguin Books, 2001)
Written for women, this book offers a prescription for enrichment
and self-nurture techniques intended to revitalize your life and
reconnect your body to your mind.
Glossary
autonomic nervous system: The part of the nervous system mindfulness meditation: A form of meditation, with its roots
that rules such involuntary body functions as breathing, blood in ancient Buddhist practice, where the person has a calm
pressure, heartbeat, and the dilation or constriction of arteries awareness of his or her body and feelings and is fully engaged
and small airways in the lungs. Includes the sympathetic and in the present; also called insight meditation.
parasympathetic nervous systems.
parasympathetic nervous system: One of two offshoots of
breath focus: A form of meditation that elicits the relaxation the autonomic nervous system; it calms body systems excited
response; breath focus relies on deep, even breathing, a by the release of stress hormones.
passive attitude, and a focus word or focal point.
positive psychology: An emerging field recognized by the
cortisol: One of a class of stress hormones, called American Psychological Association that focuses on identifying
glucocorticoids, released by the adrenal glands during the and promoting factors that allow people to thrive.
stress response.
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A prolonged
epinephrine and norepinephrine: Also called adrenaline and reaction to trauma characterized by recurrent flashbacks,
noradrenaline, these key stress hormones cause a cascade of dreams, or intrusive thoughts about the traumatic event;
physiological responses in the body, such as faster heartbeat withdrawal from people and certain situations; a tendency to
and respiration, a rise in blood pressure, and the release of be easily startled; and difficulty sleeping.
energy-boosting fats and glucose.
relaxation response: A term coined by Dr. Herbert Benson to
focus words: Words or phrases that enhance your sense of describe the physical effects of meditation and certain other
peace, relaxation, and connection while you practice deep techniques that are opposite to those of the stress response.
breathing and other techniques that elicit the relaxation Effects include marked drops in oxygen consumption, carbon
response. dioxide expiration, heartbeat, and respiration, as well as
stabilization or lowering of blood pressure.
HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis: A system that
governs many hormonal activities in the body, including the stress response: Physiological changes, such as quickened
stress response. breathing and heartbeat and increased blood pressure,
brought on by stress hormones released in response to a real
hypothalamus: A brain region, located above the brainstem, or perceived threat to your safety or ability to cope. Also called
that contains a network of nerves that helps control the the fight-or-flight response.
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and,
through the pituitary gland, the endocrine system. It sparks stressors: Stressful events or circumstances that may be real
the stress response by releasing the first of several chemical or perceived threats to your equilibrium and well-being.
messengers that put the body on alert.
sympathetic nervous system: An offshoot of the autonomic
maladaptive stress response: An unhealthy physiological nervous system; it cranks up the body when stress hormones
response to stressors, in which the stress response often does are released in response to perceived or real dangers.
not turn off even when the stressor disappears.
mindfulness: A set of techniques that encourages you to slow

your pace and live fully in the moment.

Notes
Order this report
and other publications from
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phone 877- 649-9457 (toll-free)
mail Harvard Health Publications
P.O. Box 9306
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A Harvard Medical School Special Health Report

Special Bonus Section

Here’s what you CAN do

• Copy, on an occasional basis, a couple of

Herbert Benson, M.D. Aggie Casey, M.S., R.N.

W hat is stress? Does it have positive attributes?

2 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

cease operations. Sexual arousal lessens. Repair and

www.h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 3

4 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

and “How stress affects the body,” page 33). • anxiety

It’s impossible to sidestep all sources of stress, and • arthritis

• recurrent flashbacks, dreams, or intrusive thoughts • postoperative swelling

about a traumatic event • premenstrual syndrome

• withdrawal from people and certain situations • side effects of AIDS

www.h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 5

6 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

The major life event stress scale

Table 1 Major life event stress scale (out of a possible 100)

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My stress warning signs Emotional symptoms

8 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

www.h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 9

In the late 1970s, working in the same room at

Relaxing the brain Producing the relaxation response

10 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

• repetitive prayer (see Table 1, page 7, and “Power of

Table 2 Which technique is right for you?

www.h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 11

Resiliency tools: Empowering yourself in the face of stress

12 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

fully. Now breathe out through your mouth (or your

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14 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

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16 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

Undernourishment can be a BREAD, PASTA, POTATOES

problem, too, especially among

older people. According to research

Food symbolizes far more than

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18 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

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20 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

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22 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

Boost your happiness

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24 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

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26 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

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Writing it out Bringing more joy to your life

28 Stress Management www.health.har vard.edu

P erceptions of what constitutes a stressful situation

www.h e a l t h . h a r v a r d . e d u Stress Management 29

• Copy, on an occasional basis, a couple of

• recurrent flashbacks, dreams, or intrusive thoughts • postoperative swelling

• withdrawal from people and certain situations • side effects of AIDS

• repetitive prayer (see Table 1, page 7, and “Power of

bulk rate 203-653-6270