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    Regulation of Gene Expression

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    SH Mannan
    Regulation of gene expression is crucial for organisms to respond to metabolic needs and the environment. There are two types of genes: inducible genes, which require small molecules called inducers for activation, and constitutive genes, which are always active. The lac operon demonstrates how gene expression is regulated through a repressor protein that binds to DNA and blocks transcription until an inducer like allolactose causes a conformational change that stops repression. Regulation can be positive, increasing expression, or negative, decreasing expression. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression through transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification, as well as processes like gene amplification and rearrangement.

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    Regulation of Gene Expression

    Uploaded by

    SH Mannan
    191 views18 pages
    Regulation of gene expression is crucial for organisms to respond to metabolic needs and the environment. There are two types of genes: inducible genes, which require small molecules called inducers for activation, and constitutive genes, which are always active. The lac operon demonstrates how gene expression is regulated through a repressor protein that binds to DNA and blocks transcription until an inducer like allolactose causes a conformational change that stops repression. Regulation can be positive, increasing expression, or negative, decreasing expression. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression through transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification, as well as processes like gene amplification and rearrangement.

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    363549181-REGULATION-OF-GENE-EXPRESSION-ppt

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    Regulation of gene expression is crucial for organisms to respond to metabolic needs and the environment. There are two types of genes: inducible genes, which require small molecules called inducers for activation, and constitutive genes, which are always active. The lac operon demonstrates how gene expression is regulated through a repressor protein that binds to DNA and blocks transcription until an inducer like allolactose causes a conformational change that stops repression. Regulation can be positive, increasing expression, or negative, decreasing expression. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression through transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification, as well as processes like gene amplification and rearrangement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    191 views18 pages

    Regulation of Gene Expression

    Uploaded by

    SH Mannan
    Regulation of gene expression is crucial for organisms to respond to metabolic needs and the environment. There are two types of genes: inducible genes, which require small molecules called inducers for activation, and constitutive genes, which are always active. The lac operon demonstrates how gene expression is regulated through a repressor protein that binds to DNA and blocks transcription until an inducer like allolactose causes a conformational change that stops repression. Regulation can be positive, increasing expression, or negative, decreasing expression. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression through transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification, as well as processes like gene amplification and rearrangement.

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    Regulation of Gene

    Expression
    Intro
     Regulation of Gene Expression is a crucial
    process.
     Survival of an organism depends on how it
    responds to its metabolic needs and
    environmental conditions.
     Ultimate aim of gene expression is to form
    RNAs or Proteins
     At any given moment a cell requires
    thousands of different proteins
     Proteins are synthesized from RNA which
    in turn is synthesized from DNA.
     So Transcription and Translation must be
    on to produce functional proteins, but not
    for all proteins
     There are two types of genes exists in the
    cell
     Inducible genes
     Constitutive genes or housekeeping genes

     Inducible Genes
     The gene activation requires small molecules
    called inducers
     Constitutive Genes
     Does not require any inducer as these genes
    are always active
     Types of Regulation
     Positive
     When the expression of gene is increased
     Negative
     When the expression of the gene is decreased
    The Lac Operon
     The concept is introduced by Jacob and
    Monod
     Operon is a segment of DNA consists of
     Structuralgenes
     Operator gene
     Regulator gene
     Promoter site
    Mechanism of Regulation
     In the absence of Lactose
     Repressor binds to the operator region and
    prevents the binding of RNA polymerase
     Inhibits the transcription of proteins involved
    in lactose catabolism
     Repressor is synthesized by the laci gene
     In the presence of Lactose

     Lactoseenters the cell and few lactose


    molecules are converted to allolactose.

     Allolactoseis positive regulator, it binds with


    the repressor and changes its structure
     Repressor that binds with allolactose can no
    longer stay in operator region

     Dissociation of repressor from operator


    permits RNA polymerase to initiate
    transcription

     The levels of proteins required for catabolism


    of lactose increases.
     Role of CAP (Catabolite gene Activator
    Protein)
    A positive regulator of Lac Operon
     It helps in the binding of RNA polymerase to
    promoter region
     CAP requires cAMP
     Binding of CAP-cAMP complex enhances the
    activity of RNA polymerase
     cAMP concentration increases when glucose
    level decreases

     When glucose level is increased cAMP cannot


    bind CAP thus decreasing the transcription of
    gene
    Regulation in Eukaryotes
     Regulation may occur in any one of the
    following stages
     Transcription
     Post Transcriptional Modification
     Translation
     Post Translational Modification
     Apart from the above mentioned process
    some other process also controls gene
    expression in Eukaryotes
     They are
     Gene amplification
     Gene rearrangement
     Binding of DNA regulatory proteins
     Presence of Enhancers and Silencers
    Tissue Specific Gene Expression

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