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    Active High-Pass Filters

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    موسى سعد لعيبي
    The document summarizes an experiment on implementing active high-pass filters of different orders using Multisim software. The experiment studied the frequency response of 2nd, 4th, and 6th order filters. It was found that increasing the filter order resulted in a sharper roll-off rate that more closely approximated the ideal filter response. Specifically, the 2nd order filter had a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade as expected, while the 4th and 6th order filters had even steeper roll-off rates of -80 dB/decade and -120 dB/decade respectively. However, higher order filters also have greater complexity and cost.

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    Active High-Pass Filters

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    موسى سعد لعيبي
    30 views10 pages
    The document summarizes an experiment on implementing active high-pass filters of different orders using Multisim software. The experiment studied the frequency response of 2nd, 4th, and 6th order filters. It was found that increasing the filter order resulted in a sharper roll-off rate that more closely approximated the ideal filter response. Specifically, the 2nd order filter had a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade as expected, while the 4th and 6th order filters had even steeper roll-off rates of -80 dB/decade and -120 dB/decade respectively. However, higher order filters also have greater complexity and cost.

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    Active High-Pass Filters

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    CEL-2

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    The document summarizes an experiment on implementing active high-pass filters of different orders using Multisim software. The experiment studied the frequency response of 2nd, 4th, and 6th order filters. It was found that increasing the filter order resulted in a sharper roll-off rate that more closely approximated the ideal filter response. Specifically, the 2nd order filter had a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade as expected, while the 4th and 6th order filters had even steeper roll-off rates of -80 dB/decade and -120 dB/decade respectively. However, higher order filters also have greater complexity and cost.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views10 pages

    Active High-Pass Filters

    Uploaded by

    موسى سعد لعيبي
    The document summarizes an experiment on implementing active high-pass filters of different orders using Multisim software. The experiment studied the frequency response of 2nd, 4th, and 6th order filters. It was found that increasing the filter order resulted in a sharper roll-off rate that more closely approximated the ideal filter response. Specifically, the 2nd order filter had a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade as expected, while the 4th and 6th order filters had even steeper roll-off rates of -80 dB/decade and -120 dB/decade respectively. However, higher order filters also have greater complexity and cost.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    University of Technology

    Department of Communication Engineering


    Optical Communication Systems Engineering Branch

    Active High-Pass Filters


    Experiment No.2 in Communication Electronics Laboratory II
    June 3, 2021

    Mousa Saad Luaibi


    Second Year
    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    ▪ Objective
    To implement active low pass filters and study the frequency response for different filter order
    settings.

    ▪ Equipment
    1. Personal computer.
    2. Multisim software.
    3. Bread board.
    4. Electrical components.

    ▪ Theory
    A first order high pass filter and its response are shown in Figure (1).

    Figure (1)
    a. A single pole active low pass filter. b. The frequency response of the filter.

    1
    The cut-off frequency of the filter is given by: 𝑓𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
    The ideal frequency response of a single pole high pass filter is shown in Figure (2). A three
    poles filter is shown in Figure (3).

    The number of poles determines the roll-off rate of filter. A Butter-worth response produces
    (-20 dB/decade/pole). So, a 1st order "one-pole" filter has a roll-off of (-20 dB/decade), a 2nd
    order "two-pole" filter has a roll-off of (-40 dB/decade), a 3rd order "three-pole" filter has a roll-
    off rate of (-60 dB/decade), and so on.
    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    Figure (2) The ideal frequency response of a single pole low pass filter.

    Figure (3) A three pole filter.

    Figure (4) Idealized low-pass filter responses.


    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    A basic 2-ploe high pass Sallen-Key filter is shown in Figure 5 below.

    Figure (5) Second order Sallen-Key high pass filter.

    ▪ Procedure
    1. I’ll use Multisim software to implement the circuit shown in Figure (6).

    Figure (6) Filter under test.

    2. I’ll apply a sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz and amplitude of 1 Vpk-pk to the input of the filter,
    and I’ll measure the amplitude of the output signal.
    3. I'll repeat step (2) for the range of frequencies and construct the table below.
    4. I’ll plot the gain in dB against frequency on a semi-log graph paper.
    5. From the obtained graph, I’ll determine the cutoff frequency of the filter and compare
    with theoretically calculated value.
    6. I'll connect the output of the filter in Figure (5) to the input of an identical cascaded
    section to produce 4th order high-pass filter.
    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    7. I'll repeat steps (1-5) and compare response with the 2nd order section.
    8. I’ll repeat for 6th order section by adding another and plot the frequency
    response.
    9. In all cases, I'll set the value of R3 to give Butterworth frequency response according to
    the table given in my lecture notes.

    Frequency (Hz) Vout(pk-pk) Gain (AV) Gain (dB)


    100 Hz
    200 Hz
    300 Hz
    500 Hz
    1 kHz
    1.5 kHz
    2 kHz
    2.5 kHz
    3 kHz
    4 kHz

    ▪ Discussion
    1. I'll discuss the effect of increasing the order of the filter on the frequency response of
    the filter.

    ➢ Same the responses for each filter order, but the difference in the roll-off rate
    that becomes sharper and speed, and the response approaches from the
    response of the ideal filter.

    2. I'll measure the slope of the transition line in each case and comment on the type of
    response whether it matches theory or not.
    dB
    ➢ The roll-off rate (transition region) = (order × −20 ):
    decade
    At order=2, (-40 dB/decade).
    At order=4, (-80 dB/decade).
    At order=6, (-120 dB/decade).

    ➢ The type of response is high-pass Butterworth (pass the high frequencies and
    cut low frequencies), and I noticed that the higher the filter order, the roll-off
    rate becomes sharper and speed, and this according to theory.
    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    3. I'll discuss how I can make the filter gives the ideal response.

    ➢ In practice, can't produce the ideal filter because the stopband starts directly
    after the passband, which means that there is no transition region, and this,
    unlike practical filters, so at increasing the order of the practical filter will
    approach from the properties of the ideal filter.

    4. I'll discuss the disadvantages of increasing the order of the filter.

    ➢ Increases the complexity and the cost of the filter, and requires more space.

    5. I'll suggest how I would test the capability of the filter to remove unwanted signals
    from useful ones.

    ➢ I'll notice the order of the filter because it when is higher especially above the
    8th order, will become that possible.

    ▪ Circuits used

    2nd order high-pass filter.


    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    4thorder high-pass filter.

    6th order high-pass filter.

    “Done choose the voltage = 0.5V, because the voltage source chosen is the peak, so will the
    output is peak to peak and equal to 1V”
    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    ▪ Result sheets
    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    ▪ Graph papers

    Frequency response of 2nd order filter.

    Frequency response of 4th order filter.


    Communication Electronics Laboratory II Exp.No.2: Active High-Pass Filters

    Frequency response of 6th order filter.

    1 1
    𝑓𝑐 = = ≅ 1.3 𝑘𝐻𝑧
    2𝜋𝑅𝐶 (2)(3.14)(2.7 × 103 )(0.047 × 10−6)

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