Implikasi Farmakokinetik Klinis
Implikasi Farmakokinetik Klinis
Implikasi Farmakokinetik Klinis
•CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
FARMAKOKINETIKA KLINIK
MENGAPA ?
• TEPAT INDIKASI
• TEPAT PENDERITA
• TEPAT OBAT
• TEPAT DOSIS, RUTE, SAAT
PEMBERIAN & LAMA
PEMBERIAN
• WASPADA TERHADAP E.S.O.
KESALAHAN PADA CUSTOMER
(TENAGA DOKTER )
PENULISAN RESEP BERLEBIHAN
(MELAMPAUI BATAS) (EXTRAVAGANT
PRESCRIBING)
PENULISAN RESEP TERLALU BANYAK (OVER
PRESCRIBING)
PENULISAN RESEP YANG SALAH
(INCORRECT PRESCRIBING)
PENULISAN RESEP GANDA (MULTIPLE
PRESCRIBING)
PENULISAN RESEP YANG KURANG (UNDER
PRESCRIBING)
OBAT
PELANGGAN
(CUSTOMER)
KONSUMEN
(PASIEN)
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
Elimination
Figure Simple compartmental model
Central Examples of
Compartment Peripheral
Compartment
Heart
Fat Tissue
Liver
Lungs Muscle
Tissue
Kidney
Cerebrospinal
Blood Fluid
Pharmacologic Response
Figure When pharmacologic effects relate to plasma drug concentrations,
the latter can be used to predict the former
Drug in Drug in
Blood Tissue
Figure Blood is the fluid most often sampled for drug concentration
determination
Concentration of Drug
High
in Plasma
Kidney
Plasma
Receptor
Low
Concentration of Drug Time
in Tissues
100 100
Effect (%)
Effect (%)
50 50
EC50
5 10 20 10 100
Plasma Drug Concrentration (mg/L) Plasma Drug Concrentration (mg/L)
(log scale)
Effect (%)
50
Dosage
Regimen
Clinical Factors
Other Factors
Route of administration,
Management of therapy State of patient
Dosage form, Tolerance-
Multiple drug therapy Age, weight Pharmacogenetics-
ACTIVITY –TOXICITY
TERAPEUTIC WINDOW
SIDE EFFECT
TOXICITY
CONCENTRATIONS-RESPONS RELATIONSHIPS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
CLINICAL FACTORS
STATE OF PATIENT :
AGE, WEIGHT,GENDER, NUTRITIONAL,
CONDITION BEING TREATED, RENAL DYSFUNCTION,
LIVER DEASESE, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
EXISTENCE OF OTHER DESEASE STATES
MANAJEMEN OF THERAPY :
MULTIPLE DRUG THERAPY
CONVENIENCE OF THERAPY
COMPLIANCE OF PATIENT
OTHER FACTORS
- ROUTE OF ADMINISTRARION
- DOSAGE FORM
- TOLERANCE
- PHARMACOGENETICS
- DRUG INTERACTIONS : ENVIROMENTAL
FACTORS (SMOKING)
- CELL TARGET (RECEPTOR) SENSITIVITY
- COST
A diagnosis is made
A drug is selected
Dosage schedule is
designed to reach a
target plasma
concentration
If dosage adjustment
Drug is administered
necessary
A pharmacokinetic
model is applied and
clinical judgement is
used
Figure Process for reaching dosage decisions with therapeutic drug
monitoring
• PEMILIHAN OBAT
– INDIKASI TERAPETIK SAMA –ELIMINASI DAN
METABOLISME BERBEDA
– DIDASARKAN PADA DIGNOSIS YANG TEPAT
– FARMAKODINAMIK DAN KADAR TERAPETIK
– F.KINETIKA OBAT
– KONDISI PATO-FISIOLOGIS
– RIWAYAT OENGOBATAN SEBELUMNYA
– TERAPI TUNGGAL / GANDA
– ALERGI / KEPEKAAN
– DAFTAR OBAT ESENSIAL
– HARGA
– KENYAMANAN & KEPATUHAN
PENILAIAN RESPON PENDERITA
RESPON KURANG :
-EVALUASI DOSIS & INTERVAL ; INTERAKSI
-EVALUASI FARMAKODINAMIK
-KEPATUHAN
Optimal Therapeutic
Therapy Range
Sub-therapeutic
LEBIH RENDAH:
- KEPATUHAN PASIEN
- KESALAHAN ATURAN DOSIS
- SALAH PRODUK OBAT (PELEPASAN KENDALI SEBAGAI GANTI
PELEPASAN SEGERA)
- BIOAVAILABILITAS YANG JELEK
- ELIMINASI CEPAT
- PENINGKATAN VOL. DISTRIBUSI
- JADWAL PENGAMBILAN CUPLIKAN
LEBIH TINGGI :
- KEPATUHAN PASIEN
- KESALAHAN ATURAN DOSIS
- SALAH PRODUK OBAT
- BIOAVAILABILITAS CEPAT
- ELIMINASI LAMBAT (GAGAL GINJAL)
- VOLUME DISTRIBUSI LEBIH RENDAH
- KEPEKAAN BERUBAH
- INTERAKSI OBAT-RESEPTOR
KEAKURATAN FARMAKOKINETIKA
SEBAGAI “POWER TOOL” DALAM TERAPI
TERGANTUNG PADA 3 HAL :
Female :
for female patients use 85% of the Clcr value obtained
in males
GIUSTI HAYTON METHODE
METODE INI BERASUMSI BAHWA : PENURUNAN FUNGSI
GINJAL DAPAT BERPENGARUH TERHADAP TETAPAN
KECEPATAN ELIMINASI GINJAL. PERUBAHAN INI DAPAT
DIPERKIRAKAN DARI PERBANDINGAN / RASIO ANTARA
KLIREN KREATININ UREMIA TERHADAP KLIREN KREATININ
NORMAL