Property Enhancement of Concrete Paver Blocks

Property Enhancement of Concrete Paver Blocks Using Waste Tyre Rubber
PROJECT PHASE-1
PROJECT REPORT ON
“PROPERTY ENHANCEMENT OF CONCRETE PAVER BLOCKS

USING WASTE TYRE RUBBER”
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Harshada Jadhav
Baliram Bijale
Atish Nagre
Nitin Kendre
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof . Raikar S.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune – 412

207Savitribai Phule Pune University 2019– 2020
JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi Page 1
JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi,

Pune.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily carried out
the first semester B.E. project work entitled “Property Enhancement of Concrete
PaverBlocks Using Waste Tyre Rubber”
This work is being submitted for the award of degree of Bachelor of Civil
Engineering. It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune for the academic year 2019- 2020 (Sem-7).
Name of students; Exam seat no.

Harshada A. Jadhav 71830094G
Baliram Bijale 71830563K
Atish Nagare 71830063H
Nitin Kendre 71829973G
Prof. S. Raikar
( Seminar Guide )
Dr. N. V. Khadke Dr. R.S. Deshpande
( HOD ) ( Principal)
External Examiner

CONTENTS
1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Significance
1.3 Basic Concept
2. CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES
3. CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
4. CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1. Natural Aggregate
4.2. Sand
4.3. Cement

4.4. Scrap Rubber
4.5. Potable Water
4.6. Hardner as Admixture
4.7. Tests on natural Aggregate
4.8. Tests on Sand
4.9. Tests on Cement

4.10. Testing of Concrete Specimen
5. CHAPTER 5
SHEDULING OF PROJECT

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In developing countries, utilization of concrete blocks as paving material is
widespread. Cement and aggregate, which are the most important constituents used in concrete
block making, are also a vital material for the construction industry. This inevitably led to quarry
of natural materials used for production of concrete block. Thus, indicate a growing concern for
protecting the environment and a need to preserve natural resources (such as aggregate) by using
alternative materials (recycled or waste tire materials). On the other hand, disposal of the waste
tyres all around the world is increasing every year. This keeps on increasing every year with the
number of vehicles, as do the future problems relating to the crucial environment issues.
Accumulation of discarded waste tire has been a major concern because waste rubber is not
easily biodegradable even after a long period of landfill treatment. Existing or commercial
concrete is characterized as a composite material with high compressive strength, moderate
tensile strength and with a low toughness.
It is anticipated that an ideal concrete block for pavement construction should

have high tensile strength and high toughness. Therefore, high strength and high
toughness concrete has to be developed for block paving. For concrete, it is found that the
higher the strength, the lower the toughness. It is difficult to develop high strength and
high toughness concrete without modifications. Owing to the very high toughness of
waste tires, it is expected that adding crumb rubber into concrete mixture can increase the
toughness of concrete considerably. Laboratory tests have shown that the introduction of
waste tire rubber considerably increase toughness, impact resistance, and plastic
deformation of concrete, offering a great potential for it to be used in sound/crash
barriers, retaining structures and pavement structures. Unfortunately, not much attention
has been paid to the use of waste tires in Portland cement concrete mixtures, particularly
for highway use. Limited work was done by researchers to investigate the potential use of
rubber tires in concrete paving block mixtures. In this work, an experimental study was
conducted on the concrete block mixtures with and without crumb rubber and the basic
engineering properties were investigated.
The use of rubber product is increasing every year in worldwide. India is also
one the largest country in population exceeds 100cr. So the use of vehicles also increased,
according to that the tyres for the vehicles also very much used and the amount of waste
of tyre rubber is increasing. This creates a major problem for the earth and their livings.
For this issue, the easiest and cheapest way of decomposing of the rubber is by burning it.
This creates smoke pollution and other toxic emission and it create global warming.
Currently 75-80% of scrap tyres are buried in landfills. Only 25% or fewer are utilized as
a fuel substitute or as raw material for the manufacture of a number of miscellaneous
rubber goods. Burying scrap tyres in landfills is not only wasteful, but also costly.
Disposal of whole tyre has been banned in the majority of landfill operations because of
the bulkiness of the fires and their tendency to float to the surface with time. Thus, tyres
must be shredded before they are accepted in most landfills. So many recycling methods
for the rubber tyre are carried according to the need. From this one of the processes is to
making the tyre rubber in to crumb rubber. It is used in many works such as Road
construction, Mould making etc.
1.2 Significance
Concrete is one of the most widely and continuously using as a construction

materials in the world wide in which cement and aggregates are the most vital
constituents. Further, these aggregates have been customarily treated as inert filler in
concrete but in fact, aggregates not truly inert but its physical, thermal, and sometimes
chemical properties influence the concrete. Due to tremendous demand of concrete as a
construction material from society, it is need to preserve the natural coarse aggregates by

using alternative materials which can obtain from recycled or waste materials. Therefore,
the best management strategy for scrap tyres is the recycling which leads to utilization of
scrap tyres with minimizing environmental impact and maximize the conservation of
natural resources. Over the two decades, researchers have underscored to use waste tyre
rubbers in concrete and were remarked that recycling of waste rubber tyre is most viable
in concrete as a partial replacement to mineral coarse aggregates.
The two fold advantage that is it can prevent the depletion of scarce natural
resources and the other will be the prevention of different used materials from their
severe threats to the environment. Partial replacing the coarse aggregates of concrete with
recycled waste tyre aggregates can improve the qualities such as low unit weight, high
resistance to abrasion, durability, absorbing the shocks and vibrations, high ductility etc.
It was estimated that in India alone, more than 13 millions car and truck tyres are being
discarded annually which becomes one of the major environmental challenge the world
facing because waste rubber is not easily biodegradable even after a long period of
landfill treatment.
In recent past, decrease in slump with increasing in rubber aggregate contents by
total aggregate volume and results show that for rubber aggregate content of 40% then
slump is close to zero. Further, increasing the size of rubber aggregates decreases the
workability of mix and subsequently reduction in the slump value. Further, slump values
of mixes containing long, angular rubber aggregates were lower than those for mixes
containing round rubber aggregates. The results of low and high volumes of rubber
aggregates indicated that concrete densities were reduced to 87% and 77% of their
original values, respectively. It has been also observed that reduction in compressive
strength by 85% and tensile splitting strength by 50% but showed the ability to absorb a
large amount of plastic energy under tensile and compressive loads. Through the series of
experiments using partial replacement of rubber tyre aggregates in concrete causes
decrease in compressive strength but which will be compensated by adding Nano silica. It
is also noted that there is still a possibility of improving the compressive strength by
using de-airing agents. Therefore, rubberized concrete has widely used for the
development related projects such as roadways or road intersections, recreational courts
and pathways and skid resistant ramps. With this new property, it is projected that these
concretes can be used in architectural applications; panels that require low unit weight,
rail. Significant problem of rubber tyre waste disposal and other side shortage of natural
coarse aggregates in construction field then to overcome these issue, it is essence to use
recycled waste tyres as an aggregate which can provide the solution for two major
problems, that is, environmental problem created by waste tyres and depletion of natural
resources by aggregate production consequently the shortage of natural aggregates in
some countries.
There is considerable national interest in using waste or recycled materials as
aggregates for cement concrete. The pressures experienced on landfills and the hazardous
nature of some of these materials makes the use of these materials as aggregates a very
attractive option.
The scarcity and availability at reasonable rates of sand and aggregate are now
giving anxiety to the construction industry. Over years, deforestation and extraction of
natural aggregates from river beds, lakes and other water bodies have resulted in huge
environmental problems. Erosion of the existing topography usually results in flooding
and landslides. Moreover, the filtration of rain water achieved by deposits of natural sand
is being lost, thereby causing contamination of water reserves used for human
consumption. Hence, to prevent pollution authorities are imposing more and more
stringent restrictions on the extraction of natural aggregates and its crushing.
1.3 Basic concept
The aggregates typically account for 70–80 % of the concrete volume and play a
substantial role in different concrete properties such as workability, strength, dimensional
stability and durability. Conventional concrete consists of sand as fine aggregate and
gravel, limestone or granite in various sizes and shapes as coarse aggregate. There is a
growing interest in using waste materials as alternative aggregate materials and
significant research is made on the use of many different materials as aggregate
substitutes such as coal ash, blast furnace slag, fibre glass waste materials, waste plastics,
rubber waste, sintered sludge pellets and others.

The consumption of waste materials can be increased manifold if these are used as
aggregate into cement mortar and concrete. This type of use of a waste material can solve
problems of lack of aggregate in various construction sites and reduce environmental
problems related to aggregate mining and waste disposal. The use of waste aggregates
can also reduce the cost of the concrete production. As the aggregates can significantly
control the properties of concrete, the properties of the aggregates have a great
importance.
Therefore a thorough evaluation is necessary before using any waste material as
aggregate in concrete. Significant work has been done on the use of several types of
waste materials as an aggregate in preparation of cement mortar and concrete. In this
section, various properties of some waste materials used as aggregate will be presented.
According to the consensus, the total waste generated by the people in urban areas
is around 40 million tonnes per year. The composition of this waste varies from
biodegradable organic vegetable matter to inorganic materials like metal and rubber. No
official or enforced system of segregation at source has been put in place, either by
recycling or reuse, but some persons have found great use for the waste and thus
nowadays whatever can be used or recycled is taken out of the garbage before throwing it
away Rubber is one of the most difficult materials to recycle and the safe disposal and
reuse of industrial and consumer rubber waste continues to pose a serious threat to
environmental safety and health. Dumping of heaps of mountains of used tires confirm
the belief that chemically cross linked rubber is one of the most difficult materials to
recycle. That coupled with a long history of failed attempts to create quality products
from rubber has resulted in such a resistance to new ideas concerning rubber recycling.
Rubber waste has basically three main sources in India namely: Used Automobile Tyres,
Rubber scrap and Foot wear.
In the past few decades India has witnessed an increasing number of initiatives
and programs by the government as well as individuals , community organizations,
NGO’s and private companies towards improving the existing waste management
systems in the country. But the fact is these efforts are not enough and much more needs
to be done. Apart from the domestically generated waste, there are severe problems being
faced by developing countries like ours regarding waste being dumped by developed
nations. Due to the short sighted understanding of the authorities regarding is long term
ecological impacts, the waste from land starved developed nations is imported as a trade
of land for returns in kind. These are largely in terms of recyclable/reusable materials, but
in some cases they may also contain toxic and hazardous waste. Average import of
rubber waste in India from other countries is around 11 tons which is 5 million rupees in
value.
The best way to overcome this problem is to find alternate aggregates for
construction in place of conventional natural aggregates. Rubber aggregates from
discarded tyre rubber in sizes 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm can be partially replaced natural
aggregates in cement concrete construction. About one crore 10 lakhs all types of new
vehicles are added each year to the Indian roads. The increase of about three crore
discarded tyres each year poses a potential threat to the environment.
Most publications in the field of rubber concrete dealt with this subject as an
environmental issue to utilize and recycle waste rubber tires. Inspite of this fact, rubber
concrete could be regarded as a special concrete manufactured due to its enhanced
toughness and ductility properties that are required in many applications like in railway
buffers, jersey barriers and bunkers. Early investigations on the use of waste rubber tires
in concrete or mortar mixtures had been very encouraging. Therefore it was decided to
produce rubber-concrete mixtures with optimized mechanical properties. And further to
verify its behavior when employed in a full- scale structural beam element tested
statically in flexure and its contribution to the dynamic characteristics of the structural
beam element tested dynamically by modal testing.
Also, the waste tyre rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as
thermal power plant, cement kilns and brick kilns etc. Unfortunately, this kind of usage is
not environment friendly and requires high cost. Thus, the use of waste tyre rubber in the
preparation of concrete has been thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to
protect the environment. It has been observed that the rubberized concrete may be used in
places where desired deformability or toughness is more important than strength like the
road foundations and bridge barriers. Apart from these the rubberized concrete having the
reversible elasticity properties may also be used as a material with tolerable damping
properties to reduce or to minimize the structural vibration under impact effects.
The difficulties associated to the theoretical investigations to identify the

mechanical properties of the rubberized concrete have necessitated the need for the
experimental investigations on rubberized concrete. Therefore, in this study an attempt
has been made to identify the various properties necessary for the design of concrete mix
with the coarse tyre rubber chips as aggregate in a systematic manner. There are
numerous research reports available on the mechanical and chemical properties of cement
concrete. However, the research works carried out for the rubberized cement concrete are
found to be limited. The available results indicate that the influence of the size,
proportion and surface texture of rubber particle on the strength of concrete
contaminating tyre rubber is significant.
During the last three decades, there have been dramatic changes in the way of
thinking about industrial processes and the approach and evaluation of new and
innovative materials. Concrete, in its most basic form, is one of the world’s oldest
building materials. Concrete is a substance composed of only a few simple and
commonly available ingredients that when properly mixed and cured, may last for
centuries. Concrete is an evolving material as well. New techniques and methods for
selecting the right quantities of those simple components are continually being presented
to he design community. New ingredients to include in concrete mixes are also constantly
being researched and developed.
In general, concrete has low tensile strength, low ductility, and low energy
absorption. Concrete also tends to shrink and crack during the hardening and curing
process. These limitations are constantly being tested with hopes of improvement by the
introduction of new admixtures and aggregates used in the mix. One such method may be
the introduction of rubber to the concrete mix. Shredded or crumbed rubber is waste
being of non-biodegradable and poses severe fire, environmental and health risks.
Rubber filled concrete tends to have a reduction in slump and density compared to
ordinary concrete. The reduction is very much on slump has been reported when
comparing with the conventional concrete. Concrete containing rubber aggregate has a
higher energy absorbing capacity referred as toughness.
A typical passenger car tyre contains 24 to 28% of carbon black, 40 to 48% of
natural rubber and 36 to 24% of synthetic rubber including Styrene Butadiene Rubbers
(SBR) and Butyl Rubber (BR). These need to be recovered back from tyres least they are
wasted away. Currently India producing 90 thousand metric ton of the reclaimed rubber,
which is sold at Rs. 25 to 30 per kg but does not produced carbon black and oil from used
tyres.
Fig 1.3.1 Rubber Cubes
The objective of this study is to test the properties of concrete when waste tyre
rubber used as aggregate by partial replacement of natural aggregates. The parameters of
this investigation are compressive strength. Moulds of Paver Block are casted for the
testing of concrete. The concrete having compressive strength of 25 N/mm2 (M25) is
used and percentages of rubber aggregates are 2, 4 & 8 of normal aggregates. The natural
aggregates are replaced by rubber aggregates on weighing basis. The strength
performance of modified concrete specimens was compared with the conventional
concrete. Before the plant trial production, preliminary laboratory trials were conducted.
The results in laboratory trials are further given. Rubberized concrete incorporating
treated rubber particles gives better results than concrete incorporating normal rubber.
Here one treated materials, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are used for treatment the
ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber particles and
cement matrix.

CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVES
General Objective Most of the time, used tire rubber is not noticed to be applied
in a useful way. It is rather becoming a potential waste and pollutant to the environment.
Moreover, the collecting process of waste tires is not very costly as compared to the
extraction or production of mineral aggregates used in normal concrete. Hence, this study
is intended to show the feasibility of using crumb rubber concrete as a partial replacement
for coarse aggregate in concrete .It has been well reported that about 1 billion of used
automobile tires are generated each year globally. Specifically, 275 million of used
rubber tires accumulate in the United States and about 180 million in European Union. In
addition to that, the traditional ways of recycling tires in our country like as a shoe
making material and other tools is decreasing nowadays. This is considered as one of the
major environmental challenges facing municipalities around the world because waste
rubber is not easily biodegradable even after a long period of landfill treatment.
MAIN OBJECTIVES
 To improve the properties of concrete using waste tyre rubber.
 To study an environmental friendly technology, which can benefit the society and
the nation.
 To evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete produced by

replacing part of the natural coarse aggregate with an aggregate produced from
locally available recycled tire rubber.

 To investigate the mix proportion of the tyre rubber mixed concrete and the
properties of concrete.
 To compare conventional concrete blocks and rubberised concrete blocks.
 To find the advantages and disadvantages using the properties of concrete.
 Materials
 Natural aggregate
 Sand
 Cement
 Scrap rubber
 Potable water
 Hardner

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. USE OF TYRE WASTE IN CONCRETE by Vidat Choudhari, Abhay Choudhary :-
This paper reviewed about waste tyre rubber is one of the significant environmental
problems world-wide. With the increase in the automobile production, huge amounts of waste
tire (tyre) need to be disposed. Research had been in progress for long time to find alternatives to
the waste tire (rubber) disposal. These alternatives are the recycling of waste-tire rubber.
Discarded vehicle tires constitute one important part of solid waste which had historically been
disposed of into landfills. An emerging use is the production of concrete, in which tyre rubber
particles partially replace natural aggregates. This has the additional advantage of saving in
natural aggregates used in the production of concrete which are becoming increasingly scarce.
An emerging use is the production of concrete, in which tyre particles partially replace natural
aggregates. This has the additional advantages of saving in natural aggregates used in the
production of concrete which are becoming increasingly scarce. In this paper we will study about
physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled tyre or rubber material
aggregates, to assess its suitability as a construction material.
2. CRUMB RUBBER CONCRETE BLOCK by P. SARALA, E. PAVITHRA,

E.VANATHI, S.S.UJITHA.
The aim of the investigation of this paper is to crumb rubber concrete made up of tire chips,
piece elastic and mix of tire chips. Rubber concrete can help to prevent pollution and to
overcome the problem of storing used tyres. This reduces crack formation and widening which
can withstand much larger tensile loads. These concrete gains importance rapidly due to the
increasing demand of superior structural properties. This has the advantage of saving aggregates
used in production of concrete which is becoming increasingly scares. Rubber concrete gains a
good mechanical properties of concrete when compared to the conventional concrete. Sodium
naphthalene formaldehyde is used as a admixture to reduce the water cement ratio. We have
added silica fume to increase the compressive strength and tensile strength when 7.5% and 10%
of rubber is added to the concrete. The required strength of concrete is attained when silica fume
is added.
3. Experimental Study on Paver Blocks using Waste Tyres by Priya M. MistryHiral P. Lad,
Chaitali A. Patel, Himani H. Patel
Abstract 0f this paper is now a days, a huge quantity of tyre waste is found. Waste
tyres are generally discarded after only a small amount of rubber is worn away. Waste tyre can
be used as sand replacing material through construction point of view. We are replacing some
percent of sand with crumble tyre of different sizes. Hardner is must for the binding of tyre
with crumble particles of waste tyre. Waste tyres are generally discarded after only a small
amount of rubber is worn away. Even so, these tyres are unfit for further use in the vehicles
they were made for. At the same time they are also unwelcome in landfills and have been
proven to be an environmental threat. Whole tyres can be used for a number of applications,
including artificial reefs, breakwaters, erosion control, playground equipment, and highway
crash barriers. Due to the sheer volume of disposable tyres, they take up a great deal of
valuable space in landfills. In addition, they have been known to bubble to the surface of
landfills as they tend to trap methane gas. This bubbling can contaminate local water systems,
as it can damage the landfill liners that are meant to control contaminants. The different
stabilizers and flame retardants added to tires have also been known to kill advantageous
bacteria in the soil, creating yet another economic problem. Originally, this was the primary
form of disposal for scrap rubber (70% in 1977), but due to the decreasing availability of
space, this process is no longer considered feasible. Since the inability for landfills to provide
adequate space for tyre disposal, other forms of disposal and reclamation have been put into
place, using waste tyres as both commodities (new tyres) as well as a form of energy (fuel
alternative).
4. Use of Waste Rubber Chips for the Production of Concrete Paver Block by Shivradnyi
Gaikwad, Sandesh Nalage, Namdev Nazare, Rajendra Joshi
This paper attempts to carry out study on use of waste rubber chips at the percentage
of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% to be used in the production of concrete paver block. Morever,
after preparing this specimens by using mix proportions of M20 to be used, these samples are
kept in water tank for curing period of 7 days. Then samples are taken out and their hardened

concrete properties such as unit weight and compressive strengths test are carried out and their
strengths are calculated. Conclusions are drawn from the results of the tests.
Worldwide uses of rubber products are increasing every year. A significant proportion
of waste rubber is generated during the manufacturing process of rubber products, and the
disposal of such waste has been a problem due to the non-degradable complex structure of
rubber and categorized as hazardous waste. Previous studies have shown that adding waste
rubber increases the skid resistance and decreases abrasion resistance while making it more
flexible. However, compressive strength get reduced with the addition of rubber waste.
Therefore, further studies are necessary to find a balance between the desired properties and
come up with an optimum mix design for rubberized concrete. Most of previous studies are
related to use of crumb rubber. Therefore, attempts are made to carry out an experimental
study to develop a mix which gives the required compressive strength with the highest
proportion of waste rubber content in the mix to give a value addition to this waste product.
(Gamalath H., 2016).
Advantages of using Rubber in concrete:
 The rubber concrete is affordable and cost effective.
 It resists the high pressure, impact and temperature.
 They have good water resistance with low absorption, improved acid resistance, low
shrinkage, high impact resistance, and excellent sound and thermal insulation.

CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY
4.1. Natural Aggregate
Gravels are obtained by crushing natural basalt stone obtain from quarries nearby
Pune. They are hard, strong, tough, clear and free from veins, alkali, vegetable matter and
other deleterious substances. Aggregates are free from such material, which will reduce
strength or durability of concrete.
Natural river sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm was used as fine aggregate.
Crushed stone with a maximum size of 20 mm was used as coarse aggregate. It was
tested as per Indian Standard specification IS: 383(1970). The physical properties of
aggregate were tested according to IS: 2386(1963).
Fig 4.1.1: Natural Aggregate
4.2. Sand
Natural sand free from silt, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances,
obtained from Mutha River, Pune..

Fig 4.1.2: Sand
4.3. Cement
Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) fly ash based is the most common type of
binder used for concrete production and Grade conforming to Indian Standard IS 1489
was used as a binder. The local brand name of the PPC cement used is Birla A1.

Fig 4.1.3: Portland Cement
4.4. Scrap Rubber
Most of the waste tyre rubber are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as a
thermal power plant, cement kilns and brick kilns. Scrap tyre rubber cubes, has been used
as course aggregate with the replacement of conventional course aggregate.
Tyre used was of truck and tractor tyres. These tyres are different from other tyres
with regard to constituent materials & properties. Rubber aggregates from discarded tyre
rubber in sizes 20-10 mm, 10-5 mm are used as replacement for natural aggregates in
cement concrete. The percentage of rubber mixed is 0, 5, 10, 15 & 20 of normal
aggregates. The natural aggregates are replaced by rubber aggregates on volume basis.
The strength performance of modified concrete specimens was compared with the
conventional concrete

Fig 4.1.4: Scrap Rubber
4.5. Potable Water
Water used for drinking purpose is used for mixing and curing. Water used in
concrete is free from sewage, oil, acids, strong alkalies or vegetable matter, clay & loam.
The water used is Potable, and is satisfactory to use in concrete.
4.6. Hardner as Admixture
To reduce the setting time of the concrete blocks, we have used hardner. The
hardner was thoroughly mixed with the concrete mix which gave the desired strength in a
day or couple of days, compared to that strength at 7 days and 28 days.

Fig 4.1.6: Admixture
4.7. Tests on natural Aggregate
4.7.1. Specific Gravity and Water absorption of Aggregate (IS 2386 PART-3-1963)
 A sample 2 kg of aggregate to be taken for the test.
 The sample thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and then
placed in wire basket and immersed in water at temperature 22 o c to 32o c with cover of
20 cm of water above the top of basket.
 Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting
the basket containing 25 mm above the base of the tank and allows it to drop 25 times at
the rate of about 1 drop per sec.
 The basket and aggregate remains completely immersed during the operation and for a
period of 24 hours.
 The basket and the sample are then jolted and weighed in water at temperature 28o c
and weighed as weight A1.

 The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed draining for a
few minutes.
 After which the aggregate emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes.
 The basket returned to the water, jolted 25 times and weighed in water as weight A2.
 Then the aggregate placed on the dry cloth and gently surfaced dried with the cloth.
 Aggregate spread out not more than one stone deep on the second cloth, and left
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight for 3 minutes, so it appears
completely surface dry.
 The aggregate are turned over at least once during this period. A gentle current of
unheated air may be used after the first 10 min to accelerate the drying of difficult
aggregate. The aggregate are then being weighed as weight B.
 The aggregates placed in oven in a shallow tray at a temperature of 110 o c and
maintained as this temperature for 24 hrs.
 The aggregate removed from oven, pulled in air tight container weighed as C.
 Calculations
Water absorption = 100(B−C)
Specific gravity= B−A
Where,
B= Weight in gm of the saturated surface dry aggregate in air. C= Weight in gm of

oven-dried aggregate in air.
G= (M2-M1)/((M4-M1)-(M3-M2))

4.7.2. Crushing strength of aggregate (IS: 2386 PART 4)-1963
 The test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5 mm IS sieve and retained on 10
mm IS sieve and thoroughly separated on these sieve before testing.
 The aggregate dried by heating for four hours at a temperature of 100o c to 110oc and cooled
to
a room temperature before testing.
 The weight of material comprising the test sample determined as a weight A and same
weight of sample is taken for the repeat test.
 The cylinder of the test apparatus shall be put on the base plate and the test sample
added in three layers and each layer is subjected to 25 strokes from the tamping rod.
 The surface of the aggregate shall be leveled and the plunger inserted so that the
plunger does not jam in the cylinder.
 The apparatus in the test sample and plunger in position then placed between the
platens of the testing machine and loaded at as uniform a rate as possible so that the load
40 tons is reached in 10 minutes.
 The load released and whole of the material removed from the cylinder and sieved on a
2.36 mm IS sieve. The fraction passing the sieve weighed as weigh B.
 Calculations
The aggregate crushing value is the ratio of the weight of fines forms to the total sample
weight in each test. It is expressed as percentage.
Aggregate crushing value=B X 100
A
Where,
B= weight of the fraction passing the appropriate

sieve A= weight of the surface dry sample.

4.7.3. Aggregate impact value (IS 2386 PART 4)-1963
 The test sample consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5 mm IS sieve
and is retained on 10 mm IS sieve.
 The aggregate comprising the test sample be oven dried for 4 hrs at a temperature of 100oc
to 110o c.
 The measure filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamp with 25 strokes of
the rounded end of the tamping rod.
 Further similar quantity of aggregate added and tamped with 25 strokes.
 The measure finally be filled to overflowing, tamped 25 times and surplus aggregate
struck off, using the tamped rod as a straight-edge.
 The net weight of aggregate in the measure determined and weighed as weight A.
 The cup firmly fixed in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample place and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
 Then the hammer raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of
aggregate in the mould and allows falling freely on to the aggregates.
 The test sample subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an
interval of not less than one second.
 The crushed aggregate then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved it on
the 2.36 mm IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
 The fraction which passing the sieve weighed as weight B.
 The fraction retained on the sieve and weighed as weight C and if the total weight
(B+C) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram then the result
discarded and a fresh test made.
 Calculation:-
The aggregate impact value is the ratio of the weight of fines forms to the total sample
weight in each test and it is expressed as a percentage.

Aggregate impact value= B X100

A
Where,
B= weight of fraction passing 2.36 mm

IS sieve. A= weight of the oven dried
sample.
4.8. Tests on Sand
4.8.1. Sieve Analysis of a Sand (IS: 2386 PART 1)-1963
 The sample brought to be air dry before weighing and sieving. This is achieved by
heating at temperature of 100o c to 110o c.
 The air dry sample weighed and sieved successively on the 4.75 mm,2.36 mm,1 mm,
900 micron, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, 90 micron sieves and pan.
 The shaking is done with sieve shaker for 2 minute with varied motion, backwards and
forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anticlockwise, and with frequent jarring, so
that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing direction.
Lumps of fine material, if present then broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the
side of the sieve.
 Light brushing with a soft brush on the underside of the sieve used to clear the sieve
openings.
 After completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, weighed.
 The results of sieve analysis recorded graphically.
4.8.2. Specific Gravity and Water absorption of Sand by Pycnometer method
 A sample of about for 500 gm placed in the tray and covered with distilled water at a
temperature of 22o to 30oc.

 Soon after immersion, air entrapped on the surface of the aggregate removed by gentle
agitation with a rod.
 The sample remains immersed for 24 hours and air bubbles on the surface of the
aggregate removed by gentle agitation by rod. The water carefully drained from the
sample by decantation through a filter paper. Material retained on filter paper returned to
the sample.
 The aggregate including any solid matter retained on the filter paper exposed to
evaporate surface moisture and stirred at frequent intervals to ensure uniform drying until
no free surface moisture can be seen and the material just attains a ‘free-running’
condition. Care to be taken to ensure that this stage is not passed.
 The saturated and surface-dry sample then weighed as weight A. The sand then placed
in the pycnometer and filled with distilled water.
 Any trapped air to be eliminated by rotating the pycnometer on its side, the hole in the
apex of cone being covered with a finger.
 The pycnometer topped up with distilled water to remove any froth from the surface
and so that the surface of the water in the hole is flat.
 Then the pycnometer dried on the outside and weighed as a weight B.
 The content of pycnometer emptied into the tray; care to be taken to ensure that all the
aggregate is transferred.
 The pycnometer then refilled with water to the same level as before, dried on the
outside and weighed as weight C.
 The sample then drained from sample by a filter paper and any material retained
returned to the sample.
 The sample placed in the oven in the tray at a temperature of 100oc to 110oc for 24 hours.
 Then it is cooled in the air tight container and weighed as weight D.
 Calculations
D
The Specific Gravity=
A−(B−C)

Water Absorption or percent of dry weight=100(A−D)

D
Where,
A= weight in gm of saturated surface dry sample
B= weight in gm of pycnometer filled with

distilled water C= weight in gm of pycnometer
filled with distilled water D= weight in gm of
oven dry sample
G= (W2-W1)/((W4-W1)-(W3-W2))
Specific gravity of Sample

1= 2.58 Specific gravity of
Sample 2=2.568
Average of specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.57
4.9. Tests on Cement
4.9.1. Fineness of cement (IS: 4031 PART 1)-1996
 Agitate the sample of cement by shaking for 2 minutes in a stoppered jar to disperse
agglomerates.
 Stir the resulting powder gently using a clean dry rod I order to distribute the fines
throughout the cement.
 Disperse any agglomerates and fit the lid over the sieve.
 Fit the tray under the sieve, weigh approximately 10 gm of cement to the nearest 0.1
gm and place it on the sieve.
 Agitate the sieve in such a way that until no more fine material pass through it and
then remove and weigh the residue.
 Remove and weigh the residue.

 Express its mass as a percentage, R1 of the quantity first placed in the sieve to the
nearest 0.1 percent.
 Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve into the tray.
 Repeat the procedure using fresh 10 gm sample to obtain R2.
 Calculate the residue of the cement R as mean of R1 and R2 as a percentages,

expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent.
5.9.2. Standard consistency of cement (IS: 4031 PART 4)-1988
 The standard consistency of cement is defined as that consistency which will permit
the vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of vicat mould when
the cement paste is tested.
 Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement with a weighed quantity of potable
water and time of gauging is in between 3 to 5 minutes.
 The gauging time shall be counted until commencing to fill the mould.
 Fill the Vicats mould resting upon non porous plate with the paste.
 After completely filling the mould up to upper face of mould.
 The mould may slightly shake to expel the air.
 Repeat the procedure by preparing trial pastes with varying percentages of water and
test until the amount of water necessary for making up the standard consistency.
Standard consistency of cement paste

References: IS 5513:1976 Specifications for Vicat
apparatus.
5.9.3. Initial and final setting time of cement (IS: 4031 PART 5)-1988

 Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required
to give a paste of standard consistency and prepare test block same as that of standard
consistency.
 Place the test block confined the mould resting on non-porous plate under the rod
bearing the needle.
Determination of initial setting time-
 Lower the initial setting time needle gently to touch the surface of test block
immediately after filling the mould and quickly release, allowing sink into the paste.
 In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block.
 Repeat this procedure after every 5 minutes until the needle, when brought in contact
with the test block and released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5±.5
mm measured from the bottom of mould.
 The period elapsing between time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5±0.5 mm measured from the bottom
of mould shall be taken as initial setting time.
Determination of final setting time-
 Replace the initial setting time needle of the vicat apparatus by the needle with an
annular attachment.
 The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time
at which needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block while the attachment
fails to do so shall be taken as final setting time.
Initial and final setting time of cement
References:
IS 8112:1989 Specifications for 53 grade Portland pozzolona cement

5.9.4. Compressive strength of Masonry cement (IS: 4031 PART 6)-1988
 For determining compressive strength of cement the material for each cube shall be
mixed separately and the quantity of-
 Cement - 200 gm.
 Standard sand – 600 gm.
 Water- (P+3) % of mass of cement and sand.

4
 Place on a nonporous plate, a mixture of cement and standard sand. Mix it dry with a
trowel for one minute and then with water until the mixture is of uniform color.
 The time of mixing shall in any event be not less than 3 min and should the time taken
to obtain a uniform color exceed 4 min, the mixture then rejected and then rejected and
the operation repeated with a fresh quantity of cement, sand and water.
 In assembling the mould ready for use, cover the joint between the halves of the mould
with a thin film of petroleum jelly and apply a similar coating of petroleum jelly between
the contact surface of the bottom of the mould and its base plate in order to ensure that no
water escapes during vibration. Treat the interior feces of the mould with a thin coating of
mould oil.
 Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and hold it firmly in
position by means of a suitable clamp.
 Attach the hopper of suitable size and shape securely at the top of the mould to
facilitate filling and this completion of the vibration period.
 Immediately after mixing the mortar place the mortar in the cube mould and prod with the
rod.
 The mortar shall be prodded 20 times in about 8s to ensure elimination of entrained air
and honey-combing.
 Place the remaining quantity of mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and again.
 The period of vibration shall be two minutes at the specific speed of 12000 vibrations
per minute.
 At the end of vibration, remove the mould together with the base plate from the
machine and finish the top surface with the blade of a trowel.
 Keep the filled mould in moist closet for 24 hours after completion of vibration.
 At the end of that period, remove them from the mould and immediately submerge in
clean fresh water for period of 28 days.
 Then the cube tested on testing machine. One of the patterns carried on base and shall
be self-adjusting.
 The load applied at steadily and uniformly rate starting from zero at a rate of 35
N/mm2/min.
Compressive strength of cement:
References:
 IS 650:1966 specifications for standard sand for testing cement.
 IS 8112 :1989 specifications for 53 grade Portland pozzolona cement

Fig 4.4.4: Compressive Testing Machine

 Mixing of Concrete:
 The concrete batch mixed on a water tight, non-absorbent platform with a shovel, trowel.
 The cement, coconut shell aggregate and fine aggregate mixed dry until mixture is
thoroughly blended and is uniform in color.
 Then coarse aggregates are added and mixed with the cement, coconut shell aggregate,
sand fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the
batch.
 Then water added and the entire batch mixed until the concrete appears to be
homogeneous and the desired consistency.

Fig 4.5.1: Concrete Mixing
5.10. Testing of Concrete Specimen
5.10.1 Test for Compressive Strength on Concrete Cube Specimen (IS: 516)-1959
 Specimen stored in water and tested immediately on removal from the water, while
they are in the wet condition.
 Surface water and grit is then wiped off the specimens and any projecting fins removed.
 The weight of specimen noted before testing.
 The bearing surfaces of the testing machine wiped clean and loose sand or other
material removed from the surface of the specimen, which are to be in contact with the
compression platens.

 The cube specimen placed in the machine in such a manner that the load applied to
opposite sides of the cube as cast.
 The axis of the specimen carefully aligned with the centre of thrust of the spherically
seated platen.
 As the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, the movable
portion rotated gently by hand so uniform seating may be obtained.
 The load applied without shock and increased continuously until the resistance of the
specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained.
 The maximum load applied to the specimen then recorded and the appearance of the
concrete and any usual features in the type of failure recorded.
 Calculation:-
The measured compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing the

maximum load applied to the specimen during the test by the cross-sectional area of
specimen average of three values taken as the representative. The individual variation is
to be checked.
Compressive strength=Maximum load applied to the specimen

Cross−sectional area of specimen

Fig 4.6.1: Testing Of Concrete Cube Specimen

CHAPTER 5
PROJECT SHEDULING
Task Duration Start Finish
Literature Survey 188 Days 29-7-2019
Mix Design 11 Days 30-08-2019 10-09-2019
Raw Material 25 Days` 20-09-2019 15-10-2019
Cube Cast 12 Days 20-12-2019 31-12-2019
Test on Cube 28 Days 27-12-2019 29-01-2020

1)Compression test
2) Tension Test
3) Flexural Test
Result 2 Days 01-01-2020 02-02-2020


Property Enhancement of Concrete Paver Blocks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Property Enhancement of Concrete Paver Blocks

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Property Enhancement of Concrete Paver Blocks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Property Enhancement of Concrete Paver Blocks Using Waste Tyre Rubber

“PROPERTY ENHANCEMENT OF CONCRETE PAVER BLOCKS

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune – 412

JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi,

Name of students; Exam seat no.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1.3 Basic Concept

4.1. Natural Aggregate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4.4. Scrap Rubber

4.5. Potable Water

4.6. Hardner as Admixture

4.7. Tests on natural Aggregate

4.8. Tests on Sand

4.9. Tests on Cement

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

It is anticipated that an ideal concrete block for pavement construction should

Concrete is one of the most widely and continuously using as a construction

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1.3 Basic concept

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

The difficulties associated to the theoretical investigations to identify the

Fig 1.3.1 Rubber Cubes

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 To improve the properties of concrete using waste tyre rubber.

 To evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete produced by

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 To compare conventional concrete blocks and rubberised concrete blocks.

 To find the advantages and disadvantages using the properties of concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. CRUMB RUBBER CONCRETE BLOCK by P. SARALA, E. PAVITHRA,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4.1. Natural Aggregate

Fig 4.1.1: Natural Aggregate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fig 4.1.2: Sand

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fig 4.1.3: Portland Cement

4.4. Scrap Rubber

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fig 4.1.4: Scrap Rubber

4.5. Potable Water

4.6. Hardner as Admixture

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fig 4.1.6: Admixture

4.7. Tests on natural Aggregate

 A sample 2 kg of aggregate to be taken for the test.

20 cm of water above the top of basket.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 The aggregates placed in oven in a shallow tray at a temperature of 110 o c and

maintained as this temperature for 24 hrs.

Water absorption = 100(B−C)

Specific gravity= B−A

B= Weight in gm of the saturated surface dry aggregate in air. C= Weight in gm of