Departamento de Fı́sica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile.

Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa. Casilla 653, Correo 1, Santiago

fono: 562 678 7276 fax: 562 271 2973
e-mail: [email protected]

Apuntes de un primer curso de

INGLÉS
versión 1.2-020416

Marı́a Teresa Anabalón

2
Unit 1

1.1 Some basic elements of the sentence.

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives

I : yo my : mi, mis
you : tú your : tu , tus
he : el his : su, sus (de él)
she : ella her : su, sus (de ella)
it : its : su, sus
we : nosotros our : nuestro, a, os, as
you : ustedes your : su, sus (de uds.)
they : ellos, ellas their : su, sus (de ellos)

Demonstrative Adjectives Articles

This : esto, e, a a/an : un, una
That : eso, e, a aquel, lla the : el, la, los, las
These : estos, estas
Those : esos, as, aquellos, as.

Prepositions
in : en in the classroom
in the morning
on : en on the desk
on Monday
at : en at home
at ten o’clock
near : cerca de
far from : lejos de
etc.

3
4 UNIT 1.

1.2 Verb to be: am, is, are.

Positive Negative
I am (I’m) I am not (I’m not)
You are (you’re) You are not (you aren’t)
He ) (he’s) He ) (he isn’t)
She is (she’s) She is not (she isn’t)
It (it’s) It (it isn’t)
We ) (we’re) We ) (we aren’t)
You are (you’re) You are not (you aren’t)
They (they’re) They (they aren’t)

Positive Question
I am Am I?
You are Are you?
He ) ( he?
She is Is she?
It it?
We ) ( we?
You are Are you ?
They they?

1.3 Sentence structure.

Subject Verb Complement
I am a good student
He isn’t at home now
We are in class
She is working hard this term
They aren’t resting now

Examples:
Is this seat free? No, it isn’t.
Are you tired? Yes, I’m exhausted.
1.3. SENTENCE STRUCTURE. 5

Adjectives
big : grande small : pequeño, chico
little : pequeño, chico large : amplio, grande
long : largo tall : alto
short : bajo, corto beautiful : hermoso
nice : agradable, bonito pretty : bonito
good-looking : buen mozo, atractivo thin : delgado
slim : delgado fat : gordo
ugly : feo awful : espantoso
cheap : barato expensive : caro
easy : fácil difficult : difı́cil
hard : difı́cil, duro intelligent : inteligente
foolish : tonto bored : aburrido (estar)
boring : aburrido (ser) tired : cansado (estar)
tiring : cansador (ser) amused : entretenido (estar)
amusing : entretenido (ser) interested : interesado (estar)
interesting : interesante (ser) bad : malo
good : bueno comfortable : cómodo
uncomfortable : incómodo famous : famoso
well-known : muy conocido unknown : desconocido
happy : feliz unhappy : infeliz
sad : triste angry : enojado
young : joven old : viejo
busy : ocupado free : libre,desocupado
available : disponible, desocupado hungry : hambriento
thirsty : sediento (sed) hot : acalorado, calor
cold : frio sleepy : somnoliento (sueño)
lucky : afortunado (suerte) patient : paciente
afraid of : miedo a,de right : correcto (razón)
wrong : incorrecto, equivocado careful : cuidadoso
careless : descuidado married : casado
single : soltero divorced : divorciado
widowed : viudo worried : preocupado
lazy : flojo hardworking : trabajador
funny : divertido healthy : sano, saludable
sick : enfermo ill : enfermo (grave)
private : particular, privado public : público
clean : limpio dirty : sucio
quiet : tranquilo noisy : ruidoso
fast : rápido slow : lento
6 UNIT 1.

cloudy : nublado rainy : lluvioso

windy : ventoso clear : despejado
dark : oscuro sunny : soleado
late : tarde early : temprano
useful : útil useless : inútil
responsible : responsable narrow : angosto
wide : ancho closed : cerrado
open : abierto dangerous : peligroso
safe : seguro asleep : dormido
awake : despierto rich : rico
poor : pobre important : importante
first : primero second : segundo
third : tercero in a hurry : apurado
in love with : enamorado de on time : a tiempo

1.4 Exercises.

CONTINUE TALKING ABOUT THE SUBJECT.

Example: Mr. Johnson is an architect. married

1. Peter is ten and Alice is seven. brother and sister.

2. Today isn’t Sunday. Tuesday.

3. This street is wide but crowded in the morning.

4. Your books aren’t on the table, on the floor.

5. You and I are in class. in room four.

6. Ellen is very pretty. Unfortunately, married.

7. The weather is warm because spring.

FILL IN WITH AM IS ARE:

1. All my pens in my pencil box.

2. Tom in a hurry.

3. Your house very pretty.

4. Her dogs beautiful.

5. I not an engineer.
1.4. EXERCISES. 7

6. All our classes interesting.

7. He and She married to each other.

8. Your sister a nice girl.

9. I not tired. you?

10. That building one thousand years old.

A, AN or X ?

1. That restaurant is expensive.

2. These are interesting books.

3. John is attractive boy.

4. You’re hour and half late.

5. She isn’t wearing uniform.

6. That man is widower and he is honorable person.

7. That lady is housewife and her husband is actor.

8. This is special occasion.

9. Are you in hurry?

10. They are nice boys.

RE-WRITE BY USING AN ADJECTIVE AND THE ARTICLE IF NECESSARY. USE

DIFFERENT ADJECTIVES EACH TIME.

1. It is a day.

2. Is he an engineer? ?

3. Are Bob and Sue friends? ?

4. Jane isn’t an actress.

5. Is it a present? ?

6. Those are your shoes.

8 UNIT 1.

WRITE THESE SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT ORDER. DO NOT ADD ANY WORD.
1. workers – aren’t – responsible – they

2. book – amusing – a – very – it – is

3. in – teacher – her – is – office – the?

4. film – the – is – Lord – Rings – the – of – good–a

5. expensive – a –this – is – hotel – very – not

FILL IN WITH THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE UN-

DERLINED WORD(S).
1. Santiago is a crowded city and streets are very polluted.
2. The Joneses are friendly; house is red and white.
3. Ms. Jenkins is at the park with children.
4. This dictionary is big and covers are strong.
5. David is alone; parents are abroad.
6. We are worried because mother is sick.

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Janet y sus amigos están en la casa de ella.

2. El Sr. Jackson y su señora son abogados. Su oficina queda en el centro.

3. Esta no es la sala de nosotros. Nuestra sala está allá.

4. Los libros de él no están en el suelo.

1.4. EXERCISES. 9

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Is Allan hungry? (sleepy)

2. Is Ellen old? (seventeen)

3. Are you afraid of ghosts? (black cats)

4. Is your dog thirsty? (hungry)

5. Two plus two is five. Am I right? (wrong)

6. Are you patient? (nervous)

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. (a) ¿Tienes hambre?

(b) No, pero estoy muy cansada.

2. El papá de ellos no tiene mucha suerte pero es feliz.

3. Nuestros amigos no tienen mucho cuidado con sus cosas.

4. (a) ¿Tu hermano tiene veinte años?

(b) No, tiene veintitrés.

5. (a) ¿Hace calor en Santiago en Junio?

(b) No. Hace frio.
10 UNIT 1.
Unit 2

2.1 Prepositions.

In : en
on : en
at : en
behind : detrás de
in front of : delante de
between : entre (dos)
among : entre (varios)
next to : junto a, al lado de
near : cerca de
far from : lejos de
under : debajo de

2.2 Some uses of in.

inside parts of a building

in the box in the kitchen
in the bag in the room
in the wallet in the classroom
in her purse in the office
in my pocket in the garden
in the house
in my hand
in bed
in the corner

11
12 UNIT 2.

a town, country or area a book, magazine,

a newapaper etc.
in the north in this novel
in the south in that magazine
in the second region in the newspaper
in England in your notebook
in Osorno in the news

parts of the day months and seasons

in the morning in January
in the afternoon in (the) summer
in the evening in (the) spring
(but: at night)

dressed transportation

the car
the woman in red in
the taxi
the boy in green 

 bus
 airplane


the girl in jeans by train
ship




bicycle

others
in class in a hurry
in two hours in the mood
in fashion in a good/bad mood
in the sun in love
in the street
in time

2.3 Some uses of on.

touching a surface days and dates streets and avenues
on the table on Sunday on Broadway Avenue
on the floor on Friday morning on the Highway
on the second floor on January 1 st . on the corner of Kent and Oak Street
on the wall on July 10 th .
on my lap on Christmas day
on my shoulders on Thanksgiving day
2.4. SOME USES OF AT. 13

transportation
on the bus on that train
on the plane on the ship
on a horse on a bicycle
(and . . . on foot)

others
on fire the radio is on/off
on the telephone on time
on the radio on vacation
on television on channel 36
on business on my way

2.4 Some uses of at.

a point in time places

at three o’clock at school
at noon at home
at sunset at work
at night at the university
at lunch/dinner time at the bank
at this/that time at the doctor’s
at this/that moment at Carla’s
at the bus stop
adresses at the corner
at 456 Oxford Street at the door
at 705 Central Park Avenue at the table
at the board
others at the window
at the beginning at the desk
at the end at the airport
at once at the cinema
at last at the restaurant
at present at the hotel
at the end at the gym
at the corner at the stadium
14 UNIT 2.

omission
abroad : en el extranjero
downtown : en el centro
next class : la próxima clase
last week : la semana pasada
upstairs : (en el piso de) arriba
downstairs : (en el piso de) abajo

2.5 Question words.

When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Cuándo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Where . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Dónde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Qué . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
What time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : (a) Qué hora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
What color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? : (de)Qué color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
How . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Cómo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
How old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Qué edad / cuántos años . . . . . . ?
How far . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : A qué distancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
How much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Cuánto cuesta(n)/vale(n) . . . . . ?
Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Por qué . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Quién . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : De quién (pertenencia) . . . . . . . . ?

2.6 Possessive pronouns.

Mine : ex: that book is mine.
Yours : ex: The guitar is yours.
His : ex: Those pens are his.
Hers : ex: These notes are hers.
Its
Ours : ex: The decision is ours.
Yours : ex: Your life is yours.
Theirs : ex: That piece of land is theirs.

2.7 The genitive case: ’(s).

Tom’s dog.
James’s friends.
The children’s books.
My sisters’ friends.
Peter and Jason’s father.
The dog’s tail.
Sunday’s newspaper.
2.8. EXERCISES. 15

2.8 Exercises.

COMPLETE WITH IN-ON-AT or X

1. Their coffee break is 9:45 the morning.

2. That bank is Kingston Avenue.

3. We are classroom 4 the first floor.1

4. The meeting is next Monday nine sharp.

5. What time are you home?

6. Carmen is not Chile. She is abroad.

7. Mother isn’t the kitchen; she is upstairs.

8. The party is Paula’s Friday night.

9. The weather is warm Santiago September.

10. The bank is the corner of Madison and Broadway.

11. Her children are school this time.

12. Are all the passengers the plane?

13. We are always time for class.

14. Is Oxford England or the United States?

15. There is a man the door.

WRITE THE CORRESPONDING QUESTIONS:

1. ?
That jacket is $200.

2. ?
Those things over there are tea cups.

3. ?
We are sleepy because it’s late.

4. ?
Their puppy is two months old.
1
American English: first floor. British English: ground floor.
16 UNIT 2.

5. ?
My birthday is in July.

6. ?
Her office is ten blocks from here.

7. ?
His wife is a lawyer.

8. ?
Your socks are under your bed.

9. ?
No, I’m not very worried.

10. ?
The bank is in front of the supermarket.

11. ?
Magnum is a private investigator.

12. ?
It’s a quarter to one now.

13. ?
His new sweat shirt is red and white.

14. ?
Your project is perfect.

15. ?
Their sister is a fashion designer.

16. ?
She is upset because he is late for lunch.

FILL IN WITH THE CORRESPONDING QUESTION WORD.

1. is the station from here?

It’s ten minutes by bus.

2. are your mother’s eyes?

They’re brown.
2.8. EXERCISES. 17

3. are you so happy?

Because I’m in love.

4. the next show?

It’s at 9:45.

5. are those boys?

They’re my brothers.

6. are those sneakers?

They are $29.

7. is her husband?
He is an expert in electronics.

8. is in the kitchen?
The boys are there.

TRANSLATE

1. (a) ¿Dónde está el paradero?

?
(b) Está cerca de aquı́. Está en la esquina de Norton y Fresh.
.

2. (a) ¿A qué hora es su clase (de ella)?

?
(b) Es a las 11 de la mañana.

3. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
?
Es el 31 de marzo.

(a)
4. ¿Qué hora es? Tengo hambre.
5. ¿Dónde están tus hermanos a esta hora? ¿Están en el colegio?
?

6. (a) ¿A qué hora estás en la casa?

(b) Después de la 7:00 p.m.

18 UNIT 2.

7. (a) Mis apuntes no están en el cajón. ¿Dónde están?

?
(b) ¡Mira! Están en el suelo, debajo de tu escritorio.

8. (a) ¿Por qué estás preocupado?

?
(b) No estoy preocupado, tengo hambre y sueño.
?

PROVIDE THE CORRESPONDING QUESTION TAG.

1. This is a nice sweater, ?

2. Your boots aren’t too dirty, ?

3. Your mother is a teacher, ?

4. The students are very busy, ?

5. I’m not late, ?

6. The Gibsons are at home, ?

7. The bus stop is far ?

8. These grapes aren’t very sweet, ?

9. It’s hot today, ?

10. Unfortunately, we aren’t on vacation, ?

11. Your phone number is 246-3123, ?

12. I’m not wrong, ?

2.8. EXERCISES. 19

EXPRESS CORRECTLY USING THE ’(S)

example: This is the book of John. This is John’s book.

1. The new dress of Lucille is very elegant.

2. This is the toilet of the men, and that is the toilet of the women.

3. The classroom of those students is upstairs.

4. The meeting of the students is very important.

5. The wife of James is a nurse.

6. The bicycle of the brother of Alice is good.

7. The house of Jenny and Pat is far away.

8. The tail of that dog is cute.

9. I’m the mother of Jason and Sam.

10. The office of my boss isn’t very big.

TRANSLATE

1. La reunión de alumnos es a las 7:00, ¿verdad?

2. Las pruebas de los alumnos de Mr. Collins están muy buenas, ¿cierto?
20 UNIT 2.

3. Esa es la oficina del jefe de ellas.

4. Mi diccionario está al lado del de Jim.

5. ¿Cuándo es el cumpleaños de tu papá?

6. ¿Cómo se llama tu tı́o?

7. ¿Alo? ¿Dónde estás? -Estamos donde Felipe.

8. ¿Cómo se llama el hermano de la amiga de tu polola?

9. El hermano de Michael Jackson no es blanco, ¿verdad?

10. El diario del domingo es interesante y entretenido, ¿cierto?

AVOID REPETITION. REPHRASE USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

1. These shoes are my shoes.

2. Those pencils aren’t her pencils.

3. These notes aren’t your notes. Where are my notes?

4. Their project is very good, but your project is excellent, isn’t it?

5. These gloves aren’t my gloves. Are they your gloves?

2.8. EXERCISES. 21

6. Her brother is sixteen. How old is your brother?

7. His house is near here. My house is far. What about your house?

8. John’s dad is an accountant. What’s your dad?

WRITE WHOSE QUESTIONS.

1. ?
That jacket is mine.

2. ?
This is my brother’s car.

3. ?
This new computer is Peter’s.

4. ?
Katty’s toys are under her bed.

5. ?
This dictionary is yours.

6. ?
That’s the dog’s ball.

7. ?
They are the teacher’s documents.

8. ?
These potato chips are ours.

TRANSLATE

1. Mi oficina queda cerca del centro. ¿A qué distancia queda la tuya?

La mı́a queda a media hora en metro.

22 UNIT 2.

2. Hay unos apuntes debajo de la mesa. ¿De quién son? ¿Son tuyos?

No. Son de Jackie.

3. ¿Por qué estás tan pálida? ¿Tienes frı́o?

No, me da miedo la oscuridad.

4. Este sandwich está exquisito. ¿Cómo está el tuyo John? ¿Jenny, no tienes hambre?

5. La casa de la esquina es super vieja; pero es interesante, ¿no?

6. ¿Cuánto valen esos C.Ds? No son muy caros, ¿verdad?

No mucho. Valen sólo $15.

Unit 3

3.1 Some regular verbs.

Infinitive Past Past participle Spanish
answer answered answered : contestar, responder
ask asked asked : preguntar, pedir
call called called : llamar
close closed closed : cerrar
cook cooked cooked : cocinar
cry cried cried : llorar
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed : disfrutar
finish finished finished : terminar
hate hated hated : odiar,disgustar
invite invited invited : invitar
laugh laughed laughed : reir
learn learned/learnt learn/learnt : aprender
like liked liked : gustar
listen listened listened : escuchar
live lived lived : vivir
look looked looked : mirar
love loved loved : amar, encantar
marry sb. married married : casarse con alguien
miss missed missed : echar de menos, extrañar, perder
need needed needed : necesitar
open opened opened : abrir
play played played : jugar, tocar (piano)
pronounce pronounced pronounced : pronunciar
rain rained rained : llover
snow snowed snowed : nevar
show showed showed : mostrar
smell smelled smelled : oler

23
24 UNIT 3.

Infinitive Past Past participle Spanish

smile smiled smiled : sonreir
start started started : comenzar
stay stayed stayed : permanecer, quedarse
study studied studied : estudiar
talk talked talked : conversar
taste tasted tasted : gustar, tener gusto
translate translated translated : traducir
travel traveled traveled : viajar
type typed typed : escribir a máquina
use used used : usar, utilizar
visit visited visited : visitar
wait waited waited : esperar
walk walked walked : caminar
wash washed washed : lavar
work worked worked : trabajar

3.2 Some irregular verbs.

Infinitive Past Past participle Spanish
be was/were been : ser, estar
begin began begun : comenzar
bring brought brought : traer
buy bought bought : comprar
come came come : venir
cut cut cut : cortar
do did done : hacer
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed : soñar
drink drank drunk : beber
drive drove driven : conducir, manejar
eat ate eaten : comer
fall fell fallen : caer
feel felt felt : sentir
get got got/gotten : obtener, conseguir (entre otros)
go went gono : ir
have had had : tener, servirse
hear heard heard : oir
know knew known : saber, conocer
leave left left : irse, dejar, abandonar
lose lost lost : perder
make made made : hacer, confeccionar
3.3. VERBS + PREPOSITIONS. 25

Infinitive Past Past participle Spanish

meet met met : conocer, reunirse
pay paid paid : pagar
read read read : leer
ring rang rung : sonar (teléfono, timbre)
run ran run : correr
see saw seen : ver
sell sold sold : vender
sit sat sat : sentarse
sleep slept slept : dormir
speak spoke spoken : hablar
stand stood stood : pararse
swim swam swum : nadar
take took taken : tomar
teach taught taught : enseñar
wake up woke up waken up : despertar
wear wore worn : vestir, usar
write wrote written : escribir

3.3 Verbs + Prepositions.

NOTE : sth = something

sb = somebody

listen to sb/sth : escuchar a alguien/algo

wait for sth/sb : esperar algo/a alguien
laugh at sth/sb : reirse de
talk to sb : hablar con
talk about sb/sth : hablar de/acerca de
look at sth/sb : mirar algo/alguien
look for sth/sb : buscar
look after sb/sth : cuidar
ask for sth : pedir algo
ask sb for sth : pedirle algo a alguien
think about-of sth/sb : pensar en
shout at sb : gritarle a
26 UNIT 3.

3.4 Verbs without Preposition.

visit sb/sth : visitar
invite sb : invitar a alguien
call sb : llamar
ask sb : preguntar a alguien
help sb : ayudar a alguien
tell sb : contar a alguien

3.5 Present Continuos.

TO BE + ING

It is used to express an action that takes place in the moment of speaking.

Examples: We are studying English now.

The students aren’t watching T.V. now

3.6 Exercises.

TRANSFORM INTO NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE:

1. That girl is eating a big ham and cheese sandwich.

2. The new student is working very hard.

3. The children are playing soccer.

4. We’re listening to the radio.

5. It is raining very hard.

3.6. EXERCISES. 27

6. She is wearing a yellow jacket.

COMPLETE WITH THE VERB IN -ING

1. The children are (have) lunch.

2. The students are (pay) attention.

3. Bob is (live) in Los Angeles and he is (study) there

too.

4. I’m (cook) my lunch. What are you (do)?

5. The dog is (run) and (play) with the boys.

6. We aren’t (listen) to music at the moment. We are

(work) now.

7. David is (write) a letter to his girlfriend Terri.

8. Hurry up ! The train is (leave).

9. Those girls are (wait) for the bus.

WHAT’S HAPPENING AT THE MOMENT?

1. We – read – the newspaper.

2. I – learn – English.

3. My classmates – watch– TV.

4. We – do – exercises in class.

5. Our teacher – drink – coffee.

6. It– rain – in the south.

28 UNIT 3.

7. I – practise – my pronunciation.

8. We – write – in our notebooks.

COMPLETE WITH THE ING FORM OF ONE OF THE VERBS GIVEN:

TAKE-BUILD-GET UP-RAIN-COME-HAVE-WEAR-COOK-STAND

1. (a) They a new hotel downtown, aren’t they?

(b) You on my foot.
(c) Oh, I’m sorry.

2. Mary is in the kitchen. She a delicious cake.

3. Hurry up! The bus .

4. My sister breakfast, my brother a shower and I’m

.

5. They raincoats and umbrellas because it

.

WRITE THE QUESTION.

1. (you – watch television?)

No, I’m not. I’m cooking in the kitchen.

2. (Mrs. Kent’s children – play?)

No, they aren’t. They are asleep.

3. (What – you – do?)

I’m preparing a report.

4. (that clock – work?)

No, it isn’t. It’s broken.

5. (Why – you – run?)

Because I’m in a hurry.

6. (What – Rod – do?)

He’s swimming in the sea.

7. (Why – you – cry?)

Because this movie is very sad.
3.6. EXERCISES. 29

8. (Whose shoes – Penny – wear?)

She’s wearing Annie’s.

9. (What – he – read?)
He’s reading East of Eden.

10. (Who – Paul – wait for – at – the

corner?)
He is waiting for his fiancèe.

GIVE A SHORT AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE ANSWER AND ADD INFORMATION

USING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF TO
BE.

1. Are you feeling well?

2. Is it raining?

3. Are we all watching television?

4. Is your teacher singing?

5. Are you eating?

6. Is your classmate laughing?

7. Is the sun shinning?

8. Am I wearing yellow shoes?

9. Is the secretary typing a paper?

10. Are the girls going out tonight?

30 UNIT 3.

TRANSLATE

1. (a) ¿Qué están haciendo aquı́?

(b) Estamos esperando a nuestras compañeras.

2. (a) ¿A dónde vas?

(b) Voy para arriba, porque la biblioteca está en el cuarto piso.

3. (a) ¿Qué está comiendo tu hermano?

(b) Esá comiendo pollo con papas fritas.

4. (a) Profe, ¿El ejercicio de quién está revisando?

(b) Estoy revisando el suyo y está muy bueno.

5. (a) ¿Dónde está tu perrito?

(b) Está en el parque muy contento porque está jugando con los niños.

6. (a) ¿Qué está escribiendo la profesora en el pizarrón?

(b) Está escribiendo las respuestas correctas.

7. (a) Esos niños están celebrando el cumpleaños de Christian, ¿verdad?

(b) Sı́, y lo están pasando super bien.

3.6. EXERCISES. 31

8. (a) ¿Por qué estás usando bufanda? No hace frı́o.

(b) ¿No? bueno, yo tengo frı́o.

32 UNIT 3.
Unit 4

4.1 The simple present.

Affirmative S (F.A.) present complement

I always do my work
you sing very well
he never watches television
she works in a restaurant
It usually rains a lot in that city
we call them up
you seldom attend classes on Saturday
they live far from here

negative s auxiliary infinitive complerment

do/does not
I don’t (do not) work on Saturday
you don’t need an umbrella
he doesn’t (does not) have much common sense
she doesn’t like that kind of music
It doesn’t rain much
we don’t usually listen to jerk conversation
you don’t come on foot
they don’t have any interest, do they?

33
34 UNIT 4.

interrogative Q.W. auxililary s infinitive complement

do/does
do I need a dictionary?
do you like sugar in your tea?
does he have any brothers?
does she live alone?
does it hurt?
do we have a hammer at homer?
do they play soccer well?
Where do you spend your vacation?
Why does she always arrive late?
How much do these shoes cost?
Where does their sister work?
Who do they live with?

4.2 Short answers and tags.

Examples: Do you like bananas?

Yes, I do.
Does she play tennis?
No, she doesn’t.
Does she buy the paper everyday?
Yes, she does.
Do the girls cook?
No, they don’t. Their mother does.

• Those students don’t work very hard, do they?

• Their father doesn’t like pop music, does he?

• Mary doesn’t have a car, does she?

• You live in an appartment, don’t you?

• She dances very well, doesn’t she?

• That exercise has a lot of mistakes, doesn’t it?

4.3. FRECUENCY ADVERBS, EXPRESSIONS AND OTHER TIME EXPRESSIONS. 35

4.3 Frecuency adverbs, expressions and other time ex-

pressions.
always : siempre
almost always : casi siempre
very often : muy a menudo, muy seguido
often : a menudo, seguido
usually : usualmente
frequently : frecuentemente, con frecuencia
generally : generalmente
sometimes : algunas veces, a veces
seldom : rara vez, no muy seguido
rarely : rara vez, no muy seguido
hardly ever : casi nunca
almost never : casi nunca
never : nunca
 

day 
 los dı́as
 
week  las semanas

 

 
every year : todos los años
 
Saturday los sabados

 


 


summer 
 los veranos

once a week : una vez a la semana

twice a month : dos veces al mes
three times a day : tres veces al dı́a
every toher day : dı́a por medio
from nine to four : de nueve a cuatro
on Monday(s) : el (los) lunes
on weekends : los fines de semana
in (the) summer : en el verano

Still: todavı́a, aún.

• She still loves him.

• We still live in that house.

• Sam still works for that company, doesn’t he?

36 UNIT 4.

Not . . . anymore: ya no, no más.

• She doesn’t love him anymore.

• We don’t live in that house anymore.

• Sam doesn’t work for that company anymore, does he?

4.4 Questions to ask about frequency.

How often . . . ?: ¿Con qué frecuencia? o ¿Cada cuánto tiempo?

• How often do they go to the cinema?

They go there twice a week.

• How often does their grandmother visit them?

She seldom visits them because she lives far away.

• How often do you have tests?

We have tests every two weeks.

. . . ever. . . ?: ¿Alguna vez?

• Do you ever watch television?

Yes, I do. I watch TV everyday.

• Does your boss ever arrive late?

No, he doesn’t. He never arrives late.

• Does their friend ever cook?

No, she doesn’t. She always eats fast food.

4.5 Exercises.
Read the following and translate it orally, into Spanish.
Mr. Rogers is a taxi driver. He works long hours. He generally gets up at six or six thirty
in the morning; then he has a shower, he drinks a cup of coffee and he leaves home at about
seven. He doesn’t get back home until eight thirty in the evening. He drives long hours,
doesn’t he?. Fortunately, he enjoys his job very much and he gets enough money.
He has two boys. They are eight and ten. They attend school in the morning and they
go home for lunch. After lunch, they take a rest and then they do their homework. They
are very good students and they always get very good grades. Their mother helps them with
their duties and then the boys see some cartoons, but Mrs. Rogers doesn’t let them watch
television after seven, because she doesn’t like the programs that they show at that time.
She thinks that they aren’t good for children. She is right, isn’t she?
4.5. EXERCISES. 37

What tense did we use to describe personal opinions, likes, routine and daily activities?

Write complete AFFIRMATIVE sentences using the information given.

Example: Mandy–come–school–bus
Mandy comes to school by bus.

1. I–like–cinema.

2. They–watch–television–night.

3. Tommy–play–soccer–friends.

4. He and I–listen–radio–everyday.

5. We–cut–grass–twice a month.

6. He–like–read–science fiction–books.

7. I–want–piece–that pie.

Fill in with DO or DOES.

1. (a) Nick and Jenny get up early?

(b) Nick , but Jenny n’t.

2. (a) lessons start at two here?

(b) No, they n’t.

3. you like to live in the city?

38 UNIT 4.

4. The little girl n’t like dogs, she?

5. His children n’t watch movies after seven, they?

6. (a) his sons play tennis?

(b) Yes, they and they play very well.

7. Their mother n’t teach French. What language she

teach?

8. You’re wrong. Peanuts n’t grow in trees.

9. This pen isn’t mine. I n’t have any red pen because I
not like them.

10. (a) Their mother work in a bank?

(b) No, She n’t.
(a) Where she work? you know?
(b) Yes, I . She works in a hospital.

Change the following sentences into negative.

1. Tom attends classes on Saturday.

2. I write postcards very often.

3. Samantha helps her classmates with work.

4. My brother’s daughter likes to eat vegetables.

5. I have money.

6. He gets up at six on Saturday morning.

7. They live near here.

4.5. EXERCISES. 39

8. Their sister has three children.

Write complete interrogative sentences.

1. He–lives–parents.
?

2. You–study–alone.
?

3. They–do–homework–everyday.
?

4. What time–you–have–lunch–weekdays?
?

5. When–you–have–another–test?
?

6. How far–he–live–here?
?

7. How many–apples–that–lady–want?
?

8. Whose–telephone number–you–need?
?

9. How much–water–you–drink–daily?
?

10. Where–this bus–stop?

?

11. How often–snow–town?

?
40 UNIT 4.

Answer these questions with a short answer and another containing additional
information.

1. Do you like romantic movies?

2. Does your teacher give you much homework?

3. Do you study everyday?

4. Does this building have four floors?

5. Do you go home by subway?

6. Do you want some cherries?

Answer these questions. Give short or complete answers as it corresponds.

1. Where do you live?

2. Do you like to go shopping?

3. How often do you go to the movies?

4. Does it rain much in your hometown?

5. Do you play any sports on weekends?

6. What time do you get up on weekdays?

4.5. EXERCISES. 41

7. Do you have any brothers or sisters?

8. How many days a week do you attend English classes?

9. Do you have a dictionary?

10. How do you come to the university?

11. What time does your first class begin?

12. Why do you want to learn English?

13. Do you ever try to practice English with your classmates?

Choose one of the verbs to complete sentences in the Simple Present, affir-
mative or negative. You may use the verb more than once.

work – cost – boil – like – cook – open – be – have – teach – close – speak – wash – drive –
go – sell – eat

1. She very clever. She three languages.

2. Banks at nine in the morning and they at two in some

countries.

3. We usually lunch at one thirty or two.

4. He films very much and he often to the cinema.

5. They newspapers in that stand, don’t they?

6. My friend a nurse. She in a hospital for children.

7. Those T–shirts on sale and they are very inexpensive. They

only three dollars.

8. Water at 100◦ C.
42 UNIT 4.

9. He to eat fruit. He always two or three units a day.

10. Mr. Fit home on foot, doesn’t he?

11. You a twin sister, don’t you?

12. He married, he?

13. Their father Maths and he a very good teacher.

Write the corresponding question.

1.
No, their elder brother doesn’t work in a bank.

2.
We have only one test a month.

3.
The train leaves at 6:00 o’clock.

4.
No, Sasha and Melissa never eat meat.

5.
They go to the theater twice a year.

6.
Samantha usually does her homework in the evening.

Translate into English. Be careful with the tenses.

1. (a) ¿Qué hace tu hermana? ¿Trabaja o estudia?

(b) Trabaja en una tienda en las tardes y estudia en las mañanas.

4.5. EXERCISES. 43

2. (a) ¿Cuántos hijos tiene la Sra. Allen?

(b) Tiene dos, creo.

(a) Estás equivocada, porque tiene tres y está esperando el cuarto.

3. (a) ¿Qué haces los fines de semana? ¿Te quedas en la casa o sales con tus amigos?

(b) Los sábados salgo y los domingos me quedo en casa con mi familia. Almorzamos
juntos y eso me gusta mucho, porque en la semana todos estamos ocupados y
apurados y no tenemos mucho tiempo para conversar.

4. (a) ¿Qué estás haciendo aquı́?

(b) Estoy haciendo mis tareas. ¿Quieres trabajar conmigo?

(a) Si, pero dime, ¿siempre las haces en la cafeterı́a? Yo no puedo trabajar aquı́
porque hay mucho ruido.

(b) Yo no tengo problemas con eso, pero si quieres podemos trabajar en la sala.

(a) Buena idea. Trabajemos allá.

44 UNIT 4.

Tell us something about your and your family’s daily activities, likes, dislikes
and/or opinions.
Unit 5

5.1 Imperatives.
Commands, orders, instructions:

infinitive, will you? Don’t + infinitive.

Come and sit down, please. Don’t chew gum in class.
Stay in the house, will you? Don’t make noise, will you?
Get up. Don’t shout at me, will you?
Mix the butter with the sugar. Don’t walk.
Be quiet, will you? Don’t be lazy.

Invitations, suggestions:

Let’s + infinitive. Let’s not +infinitive.

Let’s go, shall we? Let’s not go by subway.
Let’s study together. Let’s not buy that material.
Let’s have lunch at two. Let’s not eat here, shall we?

5.2 Complement/object pronouns.

me : me, mı́.
you : te, tı́, le, usted.
him : le, él.
her : le, ella
it : lo, el, la.
us : nos, nosotros.
you : les, ustedes, las, los.
them : les, ellos.

Examples:

• I’m looking at her.

• Listen to me, please.

45
46 UNIT 5.

• Our friend is waiting for us upstairs.

• This present is for him.

5.3 Exercises.

Replace the underlined word by the corresponding complement pronoun:

1. Luke and Derby are busy. The manager is talking to Luke and Derby.

2. Our teacher is explaining the lesson and we’re listening to the teacher.

3. We’re checking our exercises. Stan is writing the exercises on the board.

4. The whiteboard is on the wall. Bill is standing in front of the whiteboard.

5. Grandmother’s with her grandchildren and she is telling the grandchildren some tales.

6. Are they staying with you and your family?.

7. Is this delicious pizza for you and me?

8. Jack isn’t here. Are you waiting for Jack?

9. Your homework is excellent. Why are you doing your homework again?

10. These pictures are wonderful. Show these pictures to your friends.
5.3. EXERCISES. 47

Translate:

1. Seque al sol.

2. No me grites.

3. Coma poca sal.

4. Apúrense, ¿quieren?

5. Hierva por quince minutos.

6. No planche.

7. Haz todas las tareas.

8. No coma en la sala.

9. Ayúdame con estas bolsas, ¿ya?

10. Lleguen temprano, ¿ya?

11. Ven para arriba.

12. Préstame tu lápiz rojo, ¿ya?

13. Démosles sus notas.

14. ¿Salgamos hoy? ¿ya?

15. ¿Invitemos a Paul? ¿ya?

16. No hagamos este ejercicio.

17. No comamos después de las siete, ¿ya?

18. Llamemos a Jim.

19. Visitémoslas el domingo.

20. Comprémosle un vestido.

21. No veamos televisión.

22. ¿Escuchemos radio? ¿ya?

23. Esperémosla aquı́.

24. No arrendemos este video.

48 UNIT 5.

Suggest something using an imperative.

1. (a) It’s raining.

(b)

2. (a) I’m hungry.

(b)

3. (a) Mary’s alone.

(b)

4. (a) I’m not feeling well.

(b)

5. (a) It’s too hot in here.

(b)

6. (a) This exercise is very difficult.

(b)

7. (a) My car isn’t working well.

(b)

Do you know how to cook?. Write your favorite receipe.

Unit 6

Simple Past
INTERROGATIVE: (QW)+DID+ S + INFINITIVE + C?

AFFIRMATIVE: S+Verb in Past + C.

NEGATIVE: S+ DID NOT + INFINITIVE + C.

Examples:

• Did you have lunch?

Yes, Idid. Ihad lunch at two o‘clock.

• Where did you go last night?

We went to the movies.

• Did she call her mother?

No, she didn’t.

• Sarah and Tom left home early today, didn’t they?

Remember that verb BE does not use auxiliaries but its own conjugated forms

I?
Was He?
She?
It?
You?
Were We?
They?

Examples:
A:Were you at the lecture?
B: Yes, I was. Where were you?
A: I wasn’tthere because I was very busy?

49
50 UNIT 6.

Time expressions: 


 night




 week



 month

year




LAST summer

Tuesday








 time




 term

 winter
. . . ago = hace, atrás.

Examples:

• a week ago = hace una semana.

• long time ago = largo tiempo atrás.

• months ago = hace meses, meses atrás.

Exercises:

1. Transform into negative:

(a) She studied a lot for that test.

(b) He wrote that wonderful book.

(c) He was a good writer.

(d) The little girl received a lot of gifts on her birthday.

(e) I did my homework better this time.

 51

2. Transform into interrogative.

(a) He tried to understand the message.

(b) The maid opened the door.

(c) David climbed up the mountain.

(d) She left her purse on the bus.

(e) Jack’s mother sent him to bed.

3. Ask the corresponding question.

(a)
She put all the sandwiches on the table.

(b)
Yes, all of us came on time.

(c)
We had little time to do the exercises.

(d)
Patsy and Linda arrived at 8:10 today.

(e)
She answered only one question.

(f)
Columbus discovered America more than five hundred years ago.

(g)
He bought a delicious red wine.

(h)
The C.D. cost only five dollars.

(i)
We finished our supper half an hour ago.
52 UNIT 6.

4. Translate:

(a) ¿Qué te pasó la clase pasada? No te vı́.

(b) No pude venir porque tuve mucho que hacer en la oficina y mi jefe no estaba. Era
muy tarde cuando terminé mi trabajo. ¿Hicieron muchos ejercicios?

(c) Sı́, hicimos varios? Te los presto?

(d) Sı́ por favor. ¿Me podrı́as prestar tu cuaderno hasta el martes?

(e) No estuviste el domingo en tu casa, ¿verdad?

(f) No, fuimos fuera de Santiago con unos amigos.Lo pasamos muy bien.El tiempo
estuvo muy bueno.

(g) ¿Qué más hicieron?

(h) Caminamos harto, jugamos futbol, y preparamos un asado.Volvimos tarde en la

noche. ¿Y tú que hiciste?

(i) Fuı́ al cine con una amiga y aunque la pelı́cula era bien buena, a ella no le gustó
mucho. Me fuı́ a la casa temprano y vı́ televisión. Un poco fome, ¿verdad?
 53

5. Answer these questions with short or complete answers as it corresponds.

(a) Where were you born?

(b) What time did you get up today?

(c) What did you have for breakfast?

(d) How did you get from your house to this place today?

(e) How long did you have to wait for the bus/ subway etc.?

(f) Were you a good student at school? Did you study hard?

(g) What did you do yesterday after class?

(h) How was the weather last weekend?

Write five lines telling us about your last vacation, weekend, trip or any other
past event.
54 UNIT 6.
Unit 7

7.1 The Past Continuous

.
S WAS/WERE (not)VERB+ING

They were studying

She wasn’t cooking
Were you sleeping?
What was he doing?

7.2 Exercises.
Ask the corresponding questions.

1.
The policemen were talking to the driver.

2.
We were standing there for an hour or more.

3.
The Joneses were living abroad for three months.

4.
I was working in a bank in 1992.

5.
We were having lunch at that time.

6.
He was sleeping at that hour because he was really tired.

55
56 UNIT 7.

7.
Y was wearing my sister’s jacket at the conference.

8.
Peter was telling me why he didn’t come last class.

9.
No, I’m sorry. I wasn’t listening to you.

10.
Her mother was cleaning her shoes this morning.

7.3 Review of other tenses.

Fill in with am, is, are, was, were, will, do, does, did, let’s, shall.

1. your father sleeping at that time?

2. you here at 7:00 this morning?

3. Pass me the salt, you?

4. Look! Who that pretty girl over there?

5. I planning to have a party next Saturday. you want to come?

6. It hot in here. open the window?

7. When you born?

8. What your favorite music?

9. I right? – Sorry, I not think so.

10. I not know about the test. Look! The teacher coming there.
ask her.

11. What she study?

12. Where your brother work?

13. When you last go to the beach?

14. you call me last night? I at home.

7.4. EXERCISES: 57

7.4 Exercises:
Choose between am-is-are-was-were (aff. or neg.) to complete the conversation.

1. (a) Please, be quiet. I trying to do this homework and it hard. By

the way, where the dictionary?
(b) It here a while ago, but Jane using it now.

2. (a) What happened here? There a lot of canapes on this tray a moment ago,
but now there any.
(b) I sorry, Claire, but very hungry and those canapes so
good!
(a) Would you like some more?
(b) No, thanks. I very hungry anymore. But there some more
whisky? My glass empty.
(a) Certainly Bob. I’ll bring you some more in a minute. one bottle enough?

7.5 Translate into correct English:

1. El último gran terremoto fue en marzo de 1985, ¿verdad?

2. Pedro estaba en el teléfono, te estaba esperando. Deberı́as apurarte porque dijo que
estaba en un teléfono público.

3. Estuve haciendo mis compras esta mañana. Habı́a unas botas en liquidación pero no
eran mi talla . Lo sentı́ mucho porque hace frı́o y las necesito.

4. Vi a Freddy como a las tres de la mañana. Venı́a de una fiesta, parece, porque iba
bailando sólo por la calle. Estaba de muy buen humor, pero los vecinos no, porque
tenı́amos mucho sueño y no pudimos dormir más con sus cantos.
58 UNIT 7.

5. ¿Por qué estuviste ausente ayer?

6. Cuando llegué a mi casa anoche, me encontré sola. El perro dormı́a frente a la chimenea
y el gato jugaba con una pelotita en en rincón. Mis padres no estaban porque andaban
en el supemercado haciendo compras.

7.6 Complete the story with the past tense of the verbs
in brackets.

Last year, my husband and I (go)went to a friend’s wedding in Italy. We (drive) to

Sorrento and then, after the wedding we (do) some sightseeing and we (take)

some photographs. It (be) quite hot and we (decide) to go to the beach outside the

city.We(change) into our swimsuits and (leave) our clothes, passports and

cameras in the car. We (spend) the day on the beach. Then we (go) back to

the car at four o’clock but we couldn’t find the car!. We (have) nothing except our swimsuits

and little money. We ( buy) some cheap clothes and (go) to the police

station. We (tell) the police what had happened. The (find) the car two

days later quite near the beach. Our passports, clothes and even our camewras (be)

in the car . There (be) a note that (read) “Thanks for the ride . We

(like) your car very much. Ciao”

Unit 8

8.1 Modals

Can : Know how to,strong possibility,capacity.

could : Requests, past of can.
May : Permission, probability.
Might : Remote probability.
Must : Obligation, deduction, strong advice.
Mustn’t : Prohibition.
Shall : Suggestion, invitation.
Should : Advice, suggestion.
Needn’t : Absence of obligation or necessity.

Examples:
Our brother can swim very well.
She can’t run very fast, Can she?
May I open the window?
I’m sorry, but you may not go out tonoight.
Could you do me a favour?
I’m not very sure, but there mightnot be classes next week.
You must bring your homework next class.
Look at his car! It must cost a fortune.
Students mustn’t cheat on exams.
Shall we go to the cinema?
Shall I bring you a cup of coffee?
You look sick. You should see a doctor.
Girls shouldn’t go out alone at night. It’s very dangerous.
You needn’t bring anything for the party. We have enough of everything.

59
60 UNIT 8.

8.2 Excercises.
Write three things that you can do and three things you can’t do.

1
2
3

1
2
3

Turn the following imperatives into polite requests using could.

1. Turn on the air conditioner.

2. Repeat the question, please.

3. Tell me your name.

4. Spell that word.

5. Bring us some more coffee.

Ask polite-formal questions in the following situations.

1. You’re in class. You’re hot. You want to open the window.

2. You’re at the bank. Your pen isn’t working. You want to use the cashier’s pen.
8.2. EXCERCISES. 61

3. You’re in a meeting. You want to give your opinion.

4. The room is a little dark. You want to turn on the light.

5. You call your friend but he isn’t in. You want to leave a message.

Suggest something asking the other person’s (s’)opinion.

1. You’re in class. It’s very noisy outside and the door is open.

2. You’re at your friend’s house and you want to help her wash the dishes.

3. You’re in class. Your teacher is coughing. You offer to bring a glass of water.

4. You and your friends are hungry. You think that hot-dogs are delicious and easy to
make.

Read the different situations and ask a polite question for each using an appropriate modal:
can, could, may, shall,must, mustn’t,should etc.

1. You’re at a friend’s house. There are some sandwiches on a tray. You want one.

2. You’re at a restaurant. You want the bill.

3. You’re at the train station. You want to help a lady with her heavy suitcase.

4. You want to know the time. There are some boys playing near you.

5. You’re at a friend’s house. The bell is ringing. He is busy.You want to help.

62 UNIT 8.

6. You have a big trouble. Ask a friend for advice.

7. Your friend is drinking a lot. He is driving a car. That bothers you.

8. You and your family are planning a picnic. Suggest something to take.

9. Your classmate has an appointment. He/she is late. Suggest soemthing.

10. A little boy is playing with a knife. Say something to him.

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal.

1. I’m afraid that you smoke here.

2. I bring you some more tea?
3. I have one of those cookies?
4. Henry isn’t an expert, but I’m sure he help you with your computer.
5. Excuse me, sir/madam. you repeat the last sentence?
6. People drive when the drink.
7. People enter that club if they are not members.
8. Children play with fire.
9. You sit in this chair if you want.
10. we go to the cafeteria to have some coffee?
11. If you don’t feel well, you smoke less.

8.3 Exercises.
Translate into English.
1. ¿Profesor, me podrı́a explicar este ejercicio de nuevo? No lo puedo entender.
8.3. EXERCISES. 63

2. ¿Perdón señor, puedo dejar mi abrigo aquı́?

3. El teléfono está sonando, ¿lo contesto?

4. El hermano chico de Annie no puede decir la hora, porque sólo tiene 4 años.

5. Mañana es el cumpleaños de Tom, ¿Comprémosle un regalo?

6. ¿Debo decirle toda la verdad? Aunque creo que no es necesario hacerlo.

Express these sentences using NEEDN’T.

Example:
It isn’t compulsory (or necessary) for you to marry an American to learn English.
You needn’t marry an American to learn English.

1. It isn’t compulsory for us to be here until 10:00 o’clock.

2. It isn’t necessary for you to arrive two hours before class.

3. It isn’t compulsory for Frank and Betty to invite them every week-end.

4. It isn’t necessary for you to wear formal clothes for that class.

5. It isn’t compulsory for students to have fun in class all the time.

6. It isn’t necessary for him to cut his hair for that job.
64 UNIT 8.

Translate.

1. (a) ¿Debo traerte el desayuno a la cama? No puedes levantarte a desayunar con

nosotros en el comedor?

(b) No, no es necesario que tu lo hagas siempre, pero estoy viendo una pelı́cula muy
buena y no quiero perdérmela. Se buena y tráemelo, ¿ya?

2. (a) Señor Thomson, ¿A qué hora deben estar listos estos informes?

(b) En realidad los necesito antes del mediodı́a. Pero entiendo que usted debe almorzar
y descansar un poco. Por lo tanto me los puede entregar a las tres. ¿Podrı́a ser?

3. No es necesario que pagues mi entrada al cine, pero debes pagarte la tuya.

4. Creo que no deberı́as salir esta noche. Debes descansar un poco ya que tienes exámenes
toda la próxima semana. Invita a Pablo. Creo que puede venir, ¿no?
Unit 9

9.1 Present Perfect.

Statements = S+have/has (not) + Past participle + C.

Questions = Have/has + S + Past Participle.

Examples:
Dave : Have you travelled?
Nora : Yes, I have been to many different countries.
Dave : Really? Have you gone to China?
Nora : Yes, I have visited China twice.
Dave : What about India?
Nora : No, I have never been to India.
Note:
When we talk about a period of time, that continues up to the present, we use PRESENT
PERFECT.
We use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to say or to ask how long something has
been happening . This time the action or situation began in the past and is still happening
or has just stopped .
Examples:
It’s raining now. It began to rain two hours ago and it is still raining, so...
It has been raining for two hours.

9.2 For - Since.

FOR = period of time.
SINCE = point in time when the action started.

65
66 UNIT 9.

Example:
They have lived here for ten years, since 1992.

9.3 Expressions of time used with present perfect.

• Lately, recently.

• Today, this month /week/year; all morning/day/ night.

• Ever-never.

• Always , usually, seldom etc.

• Just.

• Already, yet, Not yet.

• For, since.

9.4 Exercises.
• Put the verbs in the sentences below into the correct tense: Simple Past or Present Perfect.

1. I (visit) New York six months ago.

2. Hans (never be) to England.

3. They (just move) to a new flat.

4. Tom (visit) Chile last January.

5. I’m afraid I (do) it several times.

6. I (not be) not very well last week.

7. Goodness! I am hot. I (work) in the garden all morning.

8. Ellen (live) here for the last three months.

9. They (change) their phone number last month.

10. I (not see) Sally since she was a little girl.

9.4. EXERCISES. 67

• You’re writing letter to friend and giving news about people you know. Use the words
given to make sentences and put the verbs in the correct tense:
e.g. Phil/find a new job = Phil has found a new job.

1. Charles/go/ Brazil twice.

2. Jack and Jill /decide/ to get married.

3. Susan /have / a baby/ last year.

4. Alice / give up/ smoking / recently.

5. George /pass / his driving test.

6. Mary / finish/ her English course.

7. The children / grow up / a lot.

8. Little Chris / enter/ school / last March.

• Answer the questions in negative using the words in brackets.

e.g. When did you last smoke? (for two years)= I haven’t smoked for two years.

1. When did it last snow? (for ages)

2. When did they last visit you? (since june)

3. When did you last play tennis? (for a long time)

68 UNIT 9.

4. When did you last eat lobster? (never).

5. When did you last go to a discoteque? (since last Friday).

6. When did the boys last go to the USA? (never).

7. When did she last write to you? (since summer).

• Make questions with the words given.

e.g. You/ hear/ from George recently ? Have you heard from George recently?

1. John / call/ you lately?

2. You / see/ Paul / in the past few days?

3. Jeremy / eat / at the new restaurant / already?

4. You/ have / any tests this term?

5. Anything interesting/ happen / recently?

6. It / rain/ much this year?

• Answer the questions using FOR.

1. How long have you been studying English?

2. How long have you lived in Santiago?

9.4. EXERCISES. 69

3. How long have you known your best friend?

4. How long have the pyramids of Egypt existed?

• Answer the questions using SINCE.

1. How long have you been out of school?

2. How long has Santiago had pollution problems?

3. How long have your parents been married?

4. How long have you had English classes?

5. How long has Santiago been a Republic?

• Translate the following story. Then ask questions about it.

Un equipo de televisión que está trabajando en un programa acerca del Amazonas, ha
descubierto recién a un joven estudiante de Oxford que vive en una tribu de indios primitivos.
La gente de la televisión lo entrevistó para su programa.

Entrevistador: Por supuesto nos sorprendió mucho descubrir un hombre blanco viviendo
aquı́. Exactamente, ¿qué estás haciendo?

Joven: Estoy viviendo en esta aldea hace seis meses. Estoy estudiando la vida y costumbres
de esta gente y voy a escribir un libro.

Entrevistador: Has aprendido harto, ¿verdad?

Joven: ¡Sı́! He estado compartiendo la vida diaria de ellos. He estado también en sus expe-
diciones de caza. He participado en sus rituales y festivales, He aprendido a entender
su idioma. Siento que de verdad, ellos han comenzado a confiar en mi. ¡Son gente
maravillosa!

Entrevistador: Y ¿Cuánto piensas quedarte?

70 UNIT 9.

Joven: Bueno, depende de varios factores. Estoy aquı́ desde septiembre. Planeo quedarme
hasta agosto, por lo menos. A lo mejor me quedo un poco más. Podrı́a ser, hasta
diciembre. No se todavı́a.
9.4. EXERCISES. 71