Section N Notes With Answers

Section N
Binomial Probability Distribution
One of the most important discrete random variables is the binomial random variable. Since this is a
specific type of discrete random variable, we will discuss what makes a random variable binomial, learn
how to use the binomial formula to calculate probabilities, learn how to use the binomial probability table
to find probabilities, as well as learn how to calculate the mean and standard deviation for a binomial
random variable.
What makes a random variable binomial?
If you are conducting an experiment in which the random variable X represents the number of successes
in a sequence of trials and the following 4 conditions hold:
1. A fixed number of trials are conducted.

2. There are two possible outcomes for each trial. One is labeled “success” and the other is labeled “failure.”
3. The probability of success is the same on each trial.
4. The trials are independent. This means that the outcome of one trial does not affect the outcomes of
the other trials.
then X is a binomial random variable.
Notation: n = number of independent trials of the experiment

p = probability of success for each trial, hence 1 – p = the probability of failure
X denotes the number of successes in n independent trials of the experiment. So 0 ≤ X ≤ n.
Formula for Binomial Probabilities
For a binomial random variable X that represents the number of successes in n trials with success
probability p, the probability of obtaining x successes is
𝐏(𝐗 = 𝐱) = 𝐧𝐂𝐱 𝐩𝐱 (𝟏 − 𝐩)𝐧−𝐱 where x = 0,1,2,3,…,n
𝑛!
Note: nCx = 𝑥!(𝑛−𝑥)! , this function can be found on most calculators so you really don’t
need to know this formula
If X is a binomial random variable, then it has a binomial distribution with parameters n and p.
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Examples:
1) Determine the indicated probability for a binomial experiment with the given number of trials n and
the given probability of success, p. Round answers to four decimal places.
a) n = 6, p = 0.45, Find P(4). 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) = 𝟔𝐂𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)𝟔−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟏
𝟐𝟎
b) n = 24, p = 0.6, Find P(20). 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐𝟎) = 𝟐𝟒𝐂𝟐𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟔) (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔)𝟐𝟒−𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗
𝟑𝟓
c) n = 50, p = 0.76, Find P(35). 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑𝟓) = 𝟓𝟎𝐂𝟑𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟕𝟔) (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔)𝟓𝟎−𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟔
𝟏𝟗
d) n = 37, p = 0.34, Find P(19). 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟏𝟗) = 𝟑𝟕𝐂𝟏𝟗 (𝟎. 𝟑𝟒) (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒)𝟑𝟕−𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟕𝟐
e) n = 100, p = 0.82, Find P(72). 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟕𝟐) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟕𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟐) (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐)𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒
Since the binomial distribution is an important distribution in statistics, tables have been created for many
of the different values of n and p and therefore very often you do not need to use the formula to calculate
binomial probabilities.
Table A can be used to find many binomial probabilities. This table is found the section N folder.
Examples:
Use Table A to find probabilities for the following problems:
2) A student takes a multiple-choice test that has 15 questions. Each question has four choices. The
student forgot about the test and decides to guesses randomly on the questions.
𝟏
a) n = 15 p = 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 (Since equation has four choices and of which only one is correct.)
b) Find P(X = 4). P(X = 4) = 0.225 (Found using Table A, with n = 15 and p = 0.25)
c) Find P(X is more than 4).

P(X > 4) = P(5) + P(6) + P(7) + …+P(15) = 0.165 + 0.092 + 0.039 + 0.013 + 0.003 + 0.001 + 0 + …+ 0 = 0.313
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3) A bent coin has a probability of landing on heads equal to 0.40. This coin is tossed 5 times.
a) n = 5 p = 0.40
b) What is the probability of getting at least 3 heads?
P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 0.230 + 0.077 + 0.010 = 0.317
c) What is the probability of getting at most 3 heads?
P(X ≤ 3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 0.078 + 0.259 + 0.346 + 0.230 = 0.913
4) Assistant Professor Ratso, a leading experimental psychologist, is in the habit of sending mice through
mazes. She predicts that a mouse reaching the end of a T-shaped maze is more likely to turn left than
right. She believes that the proportion of mice which turn left is 0.70. If this is true and she sends 9 mice
down the maze, what is the probability that
a) n = 9 p = 0.70
b) exactly 3 will turn left. P(X = 3) = 0.021
c) Less than 5 will turn left. P(X < 5) = 0.000 + 0.000 + 0.004 + 0.021 + 0.074 = 0.099
d) All the mice turn left. P(X = 9) = 0.040
5) According to CTIA, 25% of all U.S. households are wireless-only households (no landline). In a random
sample of 14 households, what is the probability that
a) n = 14 p = 0.25
b) Exactly 5 are wireless-only? P(5) = 0.147
c) Fewer than 3 are wireless-only? P(X < 3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) = 0.018 + 0.083 + 0.180 = 0.281
d) At least 3 are wireless-only?
P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + …+ P(14) =

= 0.24 + 0.220 + 0.147 + 0.073 + 0.028 + 0.008 + 0.002 + 0 + …+ 0 = 0.718
e) Between 5 and 7, inclusive are wireless-only?
P(5 ≤ X ≤ 7) = P(5) + P(6) + P(7) = 0.147 + 0.073 + 0.028 = 0.248
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Mean (expected value) and standard deviation of a binomial random variable
Let X be a binomial random variable with n trials and success probability p.
Then the mean of X = 𝛍 𝐱 = 𝐧𝐩 and standard deviation of X = 𝛔𝐗 = √𝐧𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩)
Note: For a fixed p, as the number of trials n in a binomial experiment increases, the probability
distribution of the random variable X becomes bell-shaped. As a rule of thumb, if np(1 – p) ≥ 10, the
probability distribution will be approximately bell-shaped.
Examples:
6) According to CTIA, 25% of all U. S. households are wireless-only households. In a simple random
sample of 200 households, determine the mean and standard deviation for the number of wireless-only
households.
n = 200 μX = np = (200)(0.25) = 50
p = 0.25 σX = √𝐧𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩) = √𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) = 6.12
7) According to flightstats.com, American Airlines flights from Dallas to Chicago are on time 80% of the
time. Suppose 100 flights are randomly selected. Determine the mean and standard deviation for the
number of on time flights.
n = 100 μX = np = (100)(0.80) = 80
p = 0.80 σX = √𝒏𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑) = √𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟖𝟎)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎) = 4
8) In a recent poll, the Gallup Organization found that 45% of adults Americans believe that the overall
state of moral values in the United States is poor. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the
number of adults who believe that the overall state of moral values in the United States is poor based on
a random sample of 500 adult Americans.
n = 500 μX = np = (500)(0.45) = 225
p = 0.45 σX = √𝒏𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑) = √𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓) = 11.12
9) According to the American Lung Association, 90% of adult smokers started smoking before turning
before turning 21 years old. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the number of smokers who
started before turning 21 years old in 200 trials of a probability experiment.
n = 200 μx = np = (200)(0.90) = 180
p = 0.90 σx = √𝐧𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩) = √𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟗𝟎)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎) = 4.24
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Section N

Binomial Probability Distribution

What makes a random variable binomial?

1. A fixed number of trials are conducted.

then X is a binomial random variable.

Notation: n = number of independent trials of the experiment

Formula for Binomial Probabilities

𝐏(𝐗 = 𝐱) = 𝐧𝐂𝐱 𝐩𝐱 (𝟏 − 𝐩)𝐧−𝐱 where x = 0,1,2,3,…,n

a) n = 6, p = 0.45, Find P(4). 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) = 𝟔𝐂𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)𝟔−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟏

c) Find P(X is more than 4).

b) What is the probability of getting at least 3 heads?

P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 0.230 + 0.077 + 0.010 = 0.317

c) What is the probability of getting at most 3 heads?

b) exactly 3 will turn left. P(X = 3) = 0.021

d) All the mice turn left. P(X = 9) = 0.040

b) Exactly 5 are wireless-only? P(5) = 0.147

d) At least 3 are wireless-only?

P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + …+ P(14) =

e) Between 5 and 7, inclusive are wireless-only?

P(5 ≤ X ≤ 7) = P(5) + P(6) + P(7) = 0.147 + 0.073 + 0.028 = 0.248

Let X be a binomial random variable with n trials and success probability p.

Then the mean of X = 𝛍 𝐱 = 𝐧𝐩 and standard deviation of X = 𝛔𝐗 = √𝐧𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩)

p = 0.25 σX = √𝐧𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩) = √𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) = 6.12

p = 0.80 σX = √𝒏𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑) = √𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟖𝟎)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎) = 4

n = 500 μX = np = (500)(0.45) = 225

p = 0.45 σX = √𝒏𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑) = √𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓) = 11.12

n = 200 μx = np = (200)(0.90) = 180

p = 0.90 σx = √𝐧𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩) = √𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟗𝟎)(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎) = 4.24

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